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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Bassan A, Alves VM, Amberg A, Anger LT, Beilke L, Bender A, Bernal A, Cronin MT, Hsieh JH, Johnson C, Kemper R, Mumtaz M, Neilson L, Pavan M, Pointon A, Pletz J, Ruiz P, Russo DP, Sabnis Y, Sandhu R, Schaefer M, Stavitskaya L, Szabo DT, Valentin JP, Woolley D, Zwickl C, Myatt GJ. In silico approaches in organ toxicity hazard assessment: Current status and future needs for predicting heart, kidney and lung toxicities. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 20:100188. [PMID: 35721273 PMCID: PMC9205464 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The kidneys, heart and lungs are vital organ systems evaluated as part of acute or chronic toxicity assessments. New methodologies are being developed to predict these adverse effects based on in vitro and in silico approaches. This paper reviews the current state of the art in predicting these organ toxicities. It outlines the biological basis, processes and endpoints for kidney toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, respiratory irritation and sensitization as well as functional and structural cardiac toxicities. The review also covers current experimental approaches, including off-target panels from secondary pharmacology batteries. Current in silico approaches for prediction of these effects and mechanisms are described as well as obstacles to the use of in silico methods. Ultimately, a commonly accepted protocol for performing such assessment would be a valuable resource to expand the use of such approaches across different regulatory and industrial applications. However, a number of factors impede their widespread deployment including a lack of a comprehensive mechanistic understanding, limited in vitro testing approaches and limited in vivo databases suitable for modeling, a limited understanding of how to incorporate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) considerations into the overall process, a lack of in silico models designed to predict a safe dose and an accepted framework for organizing the key characteristics of these organ toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bassan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Vinicius M. Alves
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lennart T. Anger
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andreas Bender
- AI and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United States
| | | | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | | | - Raymond Kemper
- Nuvalent, One Broadway, 14th floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Louise Neilson
- Broughton Nicotine Services, Oak Tree House, West Craven Drive, Earby, Lancashire BB18 6JZ UK
| | - Manuela Pavan
- Innovatune srl, Via Giulio Zanon 130/D, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Amy Pointon
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Pletz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, United States
| | - Yogesh Sabnis
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Reena Sandhu
- SafeDose Ltd., 20 Dundas Street West, Suite 921, Toronto, Ontario M5G2H1, Canada
| | - Markus Schaefer
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lidiya Stavitskaya
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | | | - David Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - Craig Zwickl
- Transendix LLC, 1407 Moores Manor, Indianapolis, IN 46229, United States
| | - Glenn J. Myatt
- Instem, 1393 Dublin Road, Columbus, OH 43215, United States
- Corresponding author: (G.J. Myatt)
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3
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Single-Dose Toxicity Study on ML171, a Selective NOX1 Inhibitor, in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5515478. [PMID: 34195263 PMCID: PMC8181097 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5515478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background ML171 is a potent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor with isoform selectivity only for NOX1. This study is aimed at investigating the safety of ML171 after a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection in mice. Methods The toxicity of a single dose of ML171 was evaluated in 6-week-old Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice in a good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory. Twenty-five mice of each sex were assigned to five groups: negative control, vehicle control, and 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of ML171. All mice were acclimatized for one week before beginning the study. Mice received an IP injection of ML171 or vehicle. The general condition and mortality of the animals were observed. The mice were sacrificed to evaluate histopathology 14 days after the administration of ML171 or vehicle. Results Bodyweights were not significantly different in any group. Three males and one female died due to ML171 administration in the 500 mg/kg dose group. Autopsies of the surviving mice did not reveal any significant abnormalities after the injection of 125 mg/kg of ML171. However, the anterior lobe edge of the liver was thickened and adhesions between the liver and adjacent organs were observed in mice treated with 250 or 500 mg/kg of ML171. In addition, hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed after injection of 250 and 500 mg/kg of ML171. Conclusion Our results indicate that the lethal IP injection dose of ML171 is 500 mg/kg for both males and females. Mortality were not observed for lower doses of ML171. The safe dose of single IP ML171 in ICR mice was 250 mg/kg or less. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety of ML171 in the human body.
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Meyerholz DK, Brayton C, Beck AP. Challenges and Opportunities for the Veterinary Pathologist in Biomedical Research. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:258-265. [PMID: 33327888 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820974005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have critical roles in biomedical research in promoting understanding of human disease and facilitating development of new therapies and diagnostic techniques to improve human and animal health. In the study of myriad human conditions, each model requires in-depth characterization of its assets and limitations in order for it to be used to greatest advantage. Veterinary pathology expertise is critical in understanding the relevance and translational validity of animal models to conditions under study, assessing morbidity and mortality, and validating outcomes as relevant or not to the study interventions. Clear communication with investigators and education of research personnel on the use and interpretation of pathology endpoints in animal models are critical to the success of any research program. The veterinary pathologist is underutilized in biomedical research due to many factors including misconceptions about high fiscal costs, lack of perceived value, limited recognition of their expertise, and the generally low number of veterinary pathologists currently employed in biomedical research. As members of the multidisciplinary research team, veterinary pathologists have an important role to educate scientists, ensure accurate interpretation of pathology data, maximize rigor, and ensure reproducibility to provide the most reliable data for animal models in biomedical research.
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Sills RC, Johnson GA, Anderson RJ, Johnson CL, Staup M, Brown DL, Churchill SR, Kurtz DM, Cushman JD, Waidyanatha S, Robinson VG, Cesta MF, Andrews DMK, Behl M, Shockley KR, Little PB. Qualitative and Quantitative Neuropathology Approaches Using Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) and Stereology in a Hexachlorophene Model of Myelinopathy in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:965-980. [PMID: 33334257 PMCID: PMC7755100 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that hexachlorophene, which is used as an antibacterial agent, causes intramyelinic edema in humans and animal models. The hexachlorophene myelinopathy model, in which male Sprague-Dawley rats received 25 to 30 mg/kg hexachlorophene by gavage for up to 5 days, provided an opportunity to compare traditional neuropathology evaluations with magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) findings. In addition, stereology assessments of 3 neuroanatomical sites were compared to quantitative measurements of similar structures by MRM. There were positive correlations between hematoxylin and eosin and luxol fast blue stains and MRM for identifying intramyelinic edema in the cingulum of corpus callosum, optic chiasm, anterior commissure (aca), lateral olfactory tracts, pyramidal tracts (py), and white matter tracts in the cerebellum. Stereology assessments were focused on the aca, longitudinal fasciculus of the pons, and py and demonstrated differences between control and treated rats, as was observed using MRM. The added value of MRM assessments was the ability to acquire qualitative 3-dimensional (3-D) images and obtain quantitative measurements of intramyelinic edema in 26 neuroanatomical sites in the intact brain. Also, diffusion tensor imaging (fractional anisotropy [FA]) indicated that there were changes in the cytoarchitecture of the white matter as detected by decreases in the FA in the treated compared to the control rats. This study demonstrates creative strategies that are possible using qualitative and quantitative assessments of potential white matter neurotoxicants in nonclinical toxicity studies. Our results lead us to the conclusion that volumetric analysis by MRM and stereology adds significant value to the standard 2-D microscopic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Sills
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, 3065Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy, 3065Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael Staup
- 25913Charles River Laboratories Inc, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - David M Kurtz
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Veronica Godfrey Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Danica M K Andrews
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter B Little
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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6
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Adams DC, Szabari MV, Lagares D, McCrossan AF, Hariri LP, Tager AM, Suter MJ. Assessing the progression of systemic sclerosis by monitoring the tissue optic axis using PS-OCT. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2561. [PMID: 32054932 PMCID: PMC7018967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical assessment of fibrosis is critical to the diagnosis and management of patients with systemic sclerosis. Current clinical standards for patient assessment is to use skin fibrosis as an indicator of organ involvement, though this approach is highly subjective and relies on manual palpation. The development of a new method for accurately quantifying collagen content may therefore significantly improve the accuracy of the traditional skin score in patients with systemic sclerosis and may additionally aid in the monitoring of anti-fibrotic therapies in clinical practice. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a high-speed volumetric imaging modality that can be used to assess birefringent tissues including collagen. In this work we demonstrate a novel computational approach using PS-OCT for the assessment of fibrosis. This approach, based on the measured distribution of optic axis values associated with a given volume of collagen orientation, characterizes fibrotic changes independently from the depth of the region of interest in the tissue. This approach has the potential to accurately quantify collagen content and orientation faster and more robustly compared to traditional PS-OCT metrics. We investigate the viability of this approach for assessing the development of fibrosis in a bleomycin induced skin fibrosis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Adams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Margit V Szabari
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - David Lagares
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew F McCrossan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Melissa J Suter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA. .,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
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7
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Watford S, Edwards S, Angrish M, Judson RS, Paul Friedman K. Progress in data interoperability to support computational toxicology and chemical safety evaluation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114707. [PMID: 31404555 PMCID: PMC7705611 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical safety evaluation are being explored to address the current public health implications of human environmental exposures to chemicals with limited or no data for assessment. For over a decade since a push toward "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century," the field has focused on massive data generation efforts to inform computational approaches for preliminary hazard identification, adverse outcome pathways that link molecular initiating events and key events to apical outcomes, and high-throughput approaches to risk-based ratios of bioactivity and exposure to inform relative priority and safety assessment. Projects like the interagency Tox21 program and the US EPA ToxCast program have generated dose-response information on thousands of chemicals, identified and aggregated information from legacy systems, and created tools for access and analysis. The resulting information has been used to develop computational models as viable options for regulatory applications. This progress has introduced challenges in data management that are new, but not unique, to toxicology. Some of the key questions require critical thinking and solutions to promote semantic interoperability, including: (1) identification of bioactivity information from NAMs that might be related to a biological process; (2) identification of legacy hazard information that might be related to a key event or apical outcomes of interest; and, (3) integration of these NAM and traditional data for computational modeling and prediction of complex apical outcomes such as carcinogenesis. This work reviews a number of toxicology-related efforts specifically related to bioactivity and toxicological data interoperability based on the goals established by Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) Data Principles. These efforts are essential to enable better integration of NAM and traditional toxicology information to support data-driven toxicology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Watford
- Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen Edwards
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle Angrish
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Richard S Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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8
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Watford S, Ly Pham L, Wignall J, Shin R, Martin MT, Friedman KP. ToxRefDB version 2.0: Improved utility for predictive and retrospective toxicology analyses. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:145-158. [PMID: 31340180 PMCID: PMC6944327 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Toxicity Reference Database (ToxRefDB) structures information from over 5000 in vivo toxicity studies, conducted largely to guidelines or specifications from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the National Toxicology Program, into a public resource for training and validation of predictive models. Herein, ToxRefDB version 2.0 (ToxRefDBv2) development is described. Endpoints were annotated (e.g. required, not required) according to guidelines for subacute, subchronic, chronic, developmental, and multigenerational reproductive designs, distinguishing negative responses from untested. Quantitative data were extracted, and dose-response modeling for nearly 28,000 datasets from nearly 400 endpoints using Benchmark Dose (BMD) Modeling Software were generated and stored. Implementation of controlled vocabulary improved data quality; standardization to guideline requirements and cross-referencing with United Medical Language System (UMLS) connects ToxRefDBv2 observations to vocabularies linked to UMLS, including PubMed medical subject headings. ToxRefDBv2 allows for increased connections to other resources and has greatly enhanced quantitative and qualitative utility for predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Watford
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, United States
| | - Ly Ly Pham
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; ORISE Postdoctoral Research Participant, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew T Martin
- ORAU, Contractor to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the National Student Services Contract, United States; Currently at Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Investigative Toxicology, Pfizer, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, United States.
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9
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Sills RC, Cesta MF, Willson CJ, Brix AE, Berridge BR. National Toxicology Program Position Statement on Informed ("Nonblinded") Analysis in Toxicologic Pathology Evaluation. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:887-890. [PMID: 31522628 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319873974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) uses histopathological evaluation of animal tissues as a key element in its toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The initial histopathological evaluations are subjected to a rigorous peer review process involving several steps. The NTP peer review process is conducted by multiple, highly trained, and experienced toxicological pathologists employing standardized terminology. In addition, ancillary data, such as body and organ weights and clinical pathology findings, are used to corroborate the diagnoses. The NTP does employ masked analysis to confirm subtle lesions or severity scores, as needed, and during its Pathology Working Groups. The use of masked analysis can have a negative effect on histopathological evaluation because it is important for the pathologist to compare treated groups to the concurrent controls, which would not be possible in a blinded evaluation. Therefore, the NTP supports an informed approach to histopathological evaluation in its toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Sills
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Amy E Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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10
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Steinberg P, van der Voet H, Goedhart PW, Kleter G, Kok EJ, Pla M, Nadal A, Zeljenková D, Aláčová R, Babincová J, Rollerová E, Jaďuďová S, Kebis A, Szabova E, Tulinská J, Líšková A, Takácsová M, Mikušová ML, Krivošíková Z, Spök A, Racovita M, de Vriend H, Alison R, Alison C, Baumgärtner W, Becker K, Lempp C, Schmicke M, Schrenk D, Pöting A, Schiemann J, Wilhelm R. Lack of adverse effects in subchronic and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies on the glyphosate-resistant genetically modified maize NK603 in Wistar Han RCC rats. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1095-1139. [PMID: 30756133 PMCID: PMC7261740 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, a controversial study on the long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and the glyphosate-tolerant genetically modified (GM) maize NK603 was published. The EC-funded G-TwYST research consortium tested the potential subchronic and chronic toxicity as well as the carcinogenicity of the glyphosate-resistant genetically modified maize NK603 by performing two 90-day feeding trials, one with GM maize inclusion rates of 11 and 33% and one with inclusion rates of up to 50%, as well as a 2-year feeding trial with inclusion rates of 11 and 33% in male and female Wistar Han RCC rats by taking into account OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals and EFSA recommendations on the safety testing of whole-food/feed in laboratory animals. In all three trials, the NK603 maize, untreated and treated once with Roundup during its cultivation, and the conventional counterpart were tested. Differences between each test group and the control group were evaluated. Equivalence was assessed by comparing the observed difference to differences between non-GM reference groups in previous studies. In case of significant differences, whether the effects were dose-related and/or accompanied by changes in related parameters including histopathological findings was evaluated. It is concluded that no adverse effects related to the feeding of the NK603 maize cultivated with or without Roundup for up to 2 years were observed. Based on the outcome of the subchronic and combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, recommendations on the scientific justification and added value of long-term feeding trials in the GM plant risk assessment process are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Hilko van der Voet
- Wageningen University and Research, Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul W Goedhart
- Wageningen University and Research, Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
- CRAG-CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Nadal
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Dagmar Zeljenková
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radka Aláčová
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Babincová
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Rollerová
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Jaďuďová
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Kebis
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Szabova
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Tulinská
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aurélia Líšková
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Melinda Takácsová
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Zora Krivošíková
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Armin Spök
- Graz University of Technology, Schlögelgasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Schlögelgasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Monica Racovita
- Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Schlögelgasse 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Huib de Vriend
- LIS Consult, Hogesteeg 9, 3972 JS, Driebergen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lempp
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Annette Pöting
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Schiemann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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11
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Siegel G, Regelman D, Maronpot R, Rosenstock M, Hayashi SM, Nyska A. Utilizing novel telepathology system in preclinical studies and peer review. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:315-319. [PMID: 30393436 PMCID: PMC6206289 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for board certified toxicologic pathologists and expansion of IT capabilities
has resulted in an increase of “virtual” and “distance” pathology (telepathology), and a
need for greater flexibility in real time consultations. Newly developed
microscope-integrated telepathology systems enable geographically remote stakeholders to
view the live histopathology slide as seen by the microscope user. Simultaneous online
viewing, annotation, and dialog between pathologists and study experts facilitates good
science and economic benefits by enabling more timely and informed clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siegel
- Augmentiqs, LIAD building, P.O. Box 10, Techelet Street, Teradion Business Park - D.N. Misgav 2017400, Israel
| | - Dan Regelman
- Augmentiqs, LIAD building, P.O. Box 10, Techelet Street, Teradion Business Park - D.N. Misgav 2017400, Israel
| | - Robert Maronpot
- Maronpot Consulting, LLC, 1612 Medfield Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Moti Rosenstock
- LEA, Nonclinical Safety Consultancy, Talmei Elazar, 38812, Israel
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen, F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Toxicologic Pathology, Haharuv 18, P.O. Box 184, Timrat 36576, Israel
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12
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Ward JM, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP. Reproducibility of histopathological findings in experimental pathology of the mouse: a sorry tail. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:146-151. [PMID: 28328876 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproducibility of in vivo research using the mouse as a model organism depends on many factors, including experimental design, strain or stock, experimental protocols, and methods of data evaluation. Gross and histopathology are often the endpoints of such research and there is increasing concern about the accuracy and reproducibility of diagnoses in the literature. To reproduce histopathological results, the pathology protocol, including necropsy methods and slide preparation, should be followed by interpretation of the slides by a pathologist familiar with reading mouse slides and familiar with the consensus medical nomenclature used in mouse pathology. Likewise, it is important that pathologists are consulted as reviewers of manuscripts where histopathology is a key part of the investigation. The absence of pathology expertise in planning, executing and reviewing in vivo research using mice leads to questionable pathology-based findings and conclusions from studies, even in high-impact journals. We discuss the various aspects of this problem, give some examples from the literature and suggest solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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13
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Nestmann ER. Safety of micronized palmitoylethanolamide (microPEA): lack of toxicity and genotoxic potential. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:292-309. [PMID: 28265364 PMCID: PMC5332261 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a natural fatty acid amide found in a variety of foods, which was initially identified in egg yolk. MicroPEA of defined particle size (0.5-10 μm) was evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium, for clastogenicity/aneuploidy in cultured human lymphocytes, and for acute and subchronic rodent toxicity in the rat, following standard OECD test protocols, in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). PEA did not induce mutations in the bacterial assay using strains TA1535, TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102, with or without metabolic activation, in either the plate incorporation or liquid preincubation methods. Similarly, PEA did not induce genotoxic effects in human cells treated for 3 or 24 h without metabolic activation, or for 3 h with metabolic activation. PEA was found to have an LD50 greater than the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw), using the OECD Acute Oral Up and Down Procedure. Doses for the 90-day rat oral toxicity study were based on results from the preliminary 14-day study, that is, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The No Effect Level (NOEL) in both subchronic studies was the highest dose tested.
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14
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Bucher JR, Birnbaum LS. Commemorating Toxicology at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:A192-A195. [PMID: 27801649 PMCID: PMC5089890 DOI: 10.1289/ehp463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1978, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) was established and headquartered at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the NIEHS, this article documents some of the historical and current NTP programs and scientific advances that have been made possible through this long-standing relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USA
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15
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Malarkey DE, Willson GA, Willson CJ, Adams ET, Olson GR, Witt WM, Elmore SA, Hardisty JF, Boyle MC, Crabbs TA, Miller RA. Utilizing Whole Slide Images for Pathology Peer Review and Working Groups. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1149-57. [PMID: 26511845 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315605933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the results of comparisons of digitally scanned whole slide images (WSIs) and glass microscope slides for diagnosis of tissues under peer review by the National Toxicology Program. Findings in this article were developed as a result of the data collected from 6 pathology working groups (PWGs), 1 pathology peer review, and survey comments from over 25 participating pathologists. For each PWG, 6-14 pathologists examined 10-143 tissues per study from 6- and 9-month perinatal studies and 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Overall it was found that evaluation of WSIs is generally equivalent to using glass slides. Concordance of PWG consensus diagnoses based upon review of WSIs versus glass slides ranged from 74% to 100% (median 86%). The intra- and interobserver diagnostic variation did not appear to influence the conclusions of any study. Based upon user opinions collected from surveys, WSIs may be less optimal than glass slides for evaluation of subtle lesions, large complex lesions, small lesions in a large section of tissue, and foci of altered hepatocytes. These results indicate that, although there may be some limitations, the use of WSIs can effectively accomplish the objectives of a conventional glass slide review and definitely serves as a useful adjunct to the conduct of PWGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Malarkey
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Willson
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia J Willson
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - E Terence Adams
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg R Olson
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - William M Witt
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jerry F Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Torrie A Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney A Miller
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Schmidt CW. NTP nonneoplastic lesion atlas: a new tool for toxicologic pathology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A76-A79. [PMID: 24583717 PMCID: PMC3948027 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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