1
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Zeng F, Liu X, Chen Y, Li H, Mao H, Guo W. The Cellular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Nano-CaCO 3/Ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer Composites Prepared by an In-Mold-Decoration/Microcellular-Injection-Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3604. [PMID: 37688231 PMCID: PMC10490399 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP)-composite foams were prepared by a combination process of microcellular injection molding (MIM) and in-mold decoration (IMD). The effect of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) on the crystallization properties, rheological properties, microstructure, and mechanical properties of PP-composite foams was studied. The effect of the additives on the strength and toughness of PP-composite foam as determined by the multiscale simulation method is discussed. The results showed that an appropriate amount of EPDM was beneficial to the cell growth and toughening of the PP blends. When the content of EPDM was 15 wt%, the PP-composite foams obtained the minimum cellular size, the maximum cellular density, and the best impact toughness. At the same time, the mesoscopic simulation shows that the stress concentration is the smallest, which indicates that 15 wt% EPDM has the best toughening effect in these composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fankun Zeng
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Guangqi Honda Automobile Research & Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China;
| | - Yingxian Chen
- Guangqi Honda Automobile Research & Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China;
| | - Hao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajie Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Xu Y, Guo P, Zhang H, Ren M, Lyu M. Effect of Janus Nanosheets in Polypropylene on Rheological Properties and Autoclave Foam Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3433. [PMID: 37631491 PMCID: PMC10458347 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our experiment revealed that the addition of Janus nanosheets to polypropylene (PP) has a significant impact on the viscoelasticity of the composite system. Specifically, when 0.10 wt% of Janus nanosheets were added, the complex viscosity of the composite system increased. However, when we added less than 0.05 wt% of Janus nanosheets, there was a reduction in complex viscosity, which is known as the non-Einstein phenomenon. The Cole-Cole plot showed that the nanosheet network structure did not have a significant effect on the viscosity of the composite system. Additionally, we used carbon dioxide as a foaming agent to autoclave foaming using modified PP from Janus nanosheets, and the results demonstrated that increasing the number of Janus nanosheets decreased the apparent density and strengthened the cell structure of foaming beads, resulting in improved closed porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingfu Lyu
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China; (Y.X.); (P.G.); (H.Z.); (M.R.)
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3
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The Cellular Structure and Toughness of Hydrogenated Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer Reinforced Polypropylene Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061503. [PMID: 36987283 PMCID: PMC10056458 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene nanocomposites containing varying amounts of Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) were prepared through the supercritical nitrogen microcellular injection-molding process. Maleic anhydride (MAH)-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) copolymers were used as compatibilizers. The influence of SEBS content on the cell structure and toughness of the SEBS/PP composites was investigated. Upon the addition of SEBS, the differential scanning calorimeter tests revealed that the grain size of the composites decreased, and their toughness increased. The results of the rheological behavior tests showed that the melt viscosity of the composite increased, playing a role in enhancing the cell structure. With the addition of 20 wt% SEBS, the cell diameter decreased from 157 to 66.7 μm, leading to an improvement in the mechanical properties. Compared to pure PP material, the impact toughness of the composites rose by 410% with 20 wt% of SEBS. Microstructure images of the impact section displayed evident plastic deformation, effectively absorbing energy and improving the material’s toughness. Furthermore, the composites exhibited a significant increase in toughness in the tensile test, with the foamed material’s elongation at break being 960% higher than that of pure PP foamed material when the SEBS content was 20%.
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4
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Golmohammadi M, Salehabadi M, Janani H. Role of polymorphism in solid-state production of double-melting expanded polypropylene beads. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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5
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Kowalczyk Ł, Korol J, Chmielnicki B, Laska A, Chuchala D, Hejna A. One More Step towards a Circular Economy for Thermal Insulation Materials-Development of Composites Highly Filled with Waste Polyurethane (PU) Foam for Potential Use in the Building Industry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:782. [PMID: 36676519 PMCID: PMC9864609 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of the building sector has created increased demand for novel materials and technologies, while on the other hand resulting in the generation of a severe amount of waste materials. Among these are polyurethane (PU) foams, which are commonly applied as thermal insulation materials. Their management is a serious industrial problem, due to, for example, their complex chemical composition. Although some chemical and thermochemical methods of PU foam recycling are known, their broader use is limited due to requirements related to the complexity and safety of their installation, thus implicating high costs. Therefore, material recycling poses a promising alternative. The incorporation of waste PU foams as fillers for polymer composites could make it possible to take advantage of their structure and performance. Herein, polypropylene-based composites that were highly filled with waste PU foam and modified using foaming agents were prepared and analyzed. Depending on the foam loading and the foaming agent applied, the apparent density of material was reduced by as much as 68%. The efficient development of a porous structure, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution computed micro-tomography, enabled a 64% decrease in the thermal conductivity coefficient. The foaming of the structure affected the mechanical performance of composites, resulting in a deterioration of their tensile and compressive performance. Therefore, developing samples of the analyzed composites with the desired performance would require identifying the proper balance between mechanical strength and economic, as well as ecological (share of waste material in composite, apparent density of material), considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kowalczyk
- Central Mining Institute, Department of Material Engineering, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Korol
- Central Mining Institute, Department of Material Engineering, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Błażej Chmielnicki
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Center for Paints and Plastics, ul. Chorzowska 50A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Laska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology and EkoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Chuchala
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology and EkoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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6
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Lu Y, Lyu D, Han C, Yang X, Lee PC, Men Y. Crystallization of Polybutene-1 into Forms I′, II, and III Under High Pressure CO 2: In situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction, WAXD Mapping, and DSC Investigations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun130022, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun130022, P. R. China
| | - Cenhui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- SINOPEC Research Institute of Maoming Petrochemical Company, Maoming525021, P. R. China
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, TorontoM5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
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7
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Rainglet B, Besognet P, Benoit C, Delage K, Bounor-Legaré V, Forest C, Cassagnau P, Chalamet Y. TPV Foaming by CO 2 Extrusion: Processing and Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214513. [PMID: 36365507 PMCID: PMC9655171 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the extrusion foaming under CO2 of commercial TPV and how the process influences the final morphology of the foam. Moreover, numerical modelling of the cell growth of the extrusion foaming is developed. The results show how a precise control on the saturation pressure, die geometry, temperature and nucleation can provide a homogeneous foam having a low density (<500 kg/m3). This work demonstrates that an optimum of CO2 content must be determined to control the coalescence phenomenon that appears for high levels of CO2. This is explained by longer residence times in the die (time of growth under confinement) and an early nucleation (expansion on the die destabilizes the polymer flow). Finally, this work proposes a model to predict the influence of CO2 on the flow (plasticizing effect) and a global model to simulate the extrusion process and foaming inside and outside the die. For well-chosen nucleation parameters, the model predicts the final mean radius of the cell foam as well as final foam density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Rainglet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Besognet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Cyril Benoit
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Karim Delage
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charlène Forest
- Centre de Recherche, Hutchinson, Rue Gustave Nourry—B.P. 31, 45120 Chalette-sur-Loing, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Ma Y, Xin C, Huang G, Wang Y, He Y. Fundamental influences of propylene‐based elastomer on the foaming properties of high melt strength polypropylene based on extrusion foaming. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education Beijing China
| | - Gang Huang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research & Development Co Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Research & Development Co Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education Beijing China
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9
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Shojaei S, Rodrigue D. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Functionally Graded Polyolefin Elastomer Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194124. [PMID: 36236072 PMCID: PMC9572381 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, uniform and graded polyolefin elastomer (POE) foams were prepared using a single-step technology based on a fixed chemical blowing agent (azodicarbonamide) concentration of 4 phr (parts per hundred rubber). The effect of molding temperature, including the average temperature (Tavg) and temperature difference (ΔT), on the foams’ morphology, mechanical properties (tension, compression and hardness) and thermal conductivity was investigated. Two series of samples were produced by fixing Tavg with different ΔT or setting different ΔT, leading to different Tavg. The morphological analyses showed that two or three regions inside the foams were produced depending on the molding conditions, each region having different cellular structure in terms of cell size, cell density and cell geometry. The results obtained for the conditions tested showed a range of density (0.55–0.72 g/cm3), tensile modulus (0.44–0.70 MPa) and compression elastic modulus (0.35–0.71 MPa), with a thermal conductivity between 0.125 and 0.180 W/m.K. Based on the information provided, it can be concluded that the foam’s properties can be easily controlled by the cellular structure and that graded samples are more interesting than uniform ones, especially for thermal insulation applications, such as packaging, construction, transportation, automotive and aerospace industries.
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10
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Facile one-step method to manufacture polypropylene bead foams with outstanding thermal insulation and mechanical properties via supercritical CO2 extrusion foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Sandino C, Peuvrel-Disdier E, Agassant JF, Laure P, Boyer SAE, Hibert G, Trolez Y. Extrusion foaming of linear and branched polypropylenes – input of the thermomechanical analysis of pressure drop in the die. INT POLYM PROC 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper aims at a better understanding of the polypropylene (PP) physical extrusion foaming process with the objective of obtaining the lowest possible foam density. Two branched PPs were compared to the corresponding linear ones. Their shear and elongation viscosities were measured as well as their crystalline properties. Trials were conducted in a single screw extruder equipped with a gear pump and a static mixer cooler to adjust the melt temperature at the final die. The effect of decreasing this temperature on the PP foamability and on the pressure drop in the die was analyzed. The foam density of branched PPs varies from high to low values while decreasing the foaming temperature. In the same processing conditions, the foam density of linear PPs does not decrease so much, as already evidenced in the literature. The foamability transition coincides with an increase of the pressure drop in the die. The originality of the work lies in the thermomechanical analysis of the polymer flow in the die which allows the identification of the relevant physical phenomena for a good foamability. The comparison of the experimental pressure drops in the die and the computed ones with the identified purely viscous behavior points out the influence of the foaming temperature and of the PP structure. At high foaming temperature the discrepancy between experimental measurements and the computed pressure drops remains limited. It increases when decreasing the foaming temperature, but the mismatch is much more important for branched PPs than for linear ones. This difference is analyzed as a combination of the activation energy of the viscosity, the elongational viscosity in the convergent geometry of the die which is much more important for branched PPs than for linear ones, and the onset of crystallization which occurs at higher temperature for branched PPs than for linear PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandino
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Edith Peuvrel-Disdier
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Jean-François Agassant
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Patrice Laure
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
- Laboratoire J.-A. Dieudonné, CNRS UMR 6621 , Université Côte d’Azur , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02 , France
| | - Séverine A. E. Boyer
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Geoffrey Hibert
- TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium , Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B 7181 Feluy , Belgium
| | - Yves Trolez
- TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium , Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B 7181 Feluy , Belgium
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12
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Chai K, Xu Z, Chen D, Liu Y, Fang Y, Song Y. Effect of nano
TiO
2
on the cellular structure and mechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene composite foams via mold‐opening foam injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chai
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Dong Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yingtao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yongming Song
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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13
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The Impact of Selected Laser-Marking Parameters and Surface Conditions on White Polypropylene Moldings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091879. [PMID: 35567048 PMCID: PMC9102095 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser marking of polymer materials is a technology that is increasingly used in industry. Polypropylene (PP) shows a low ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the near-infrared range (λ = 1064 nm). The paper presents the influence of the surface condition of white-colored polypropylene moldings on the efficiency of their marking with a laser beam. In addition, the operation of the commercial laser marking additive (LMA) Lifolas M 117009 UN, intended to support the process of laser marking of polyolefin surfaces, was verified. The study is an attempt to combine laser operating parameters, material, and geometric properties of PP moldings to obtain the expected quality of graphic symbols. The test samples were made by injection molding method with the use of a specially designed modular injection mold. The molding cavities were prepared with various methods of metal processing, thanks to which obtained moldings differed in surface condition. The marking effects were assessed based on colorimetric tests and digital image analysis. The 0.5 wt% LMA content resulted in obtaining a graphic sign with high contrast in comparison to the background. The gradual increase in the modifier content resulted in a further increase in contrast. These values depended on the degree of surface finish of the samples, and therefore on the roughness parameters. Samples with a rough surface finish showed higher contrast compared to surfaces with a high surface finish. It was also found that for the analyzed moldings, the laser-marking process should be performed with the use of a low head velocity (450–750 mm/s) and a high concentration of the laser beam (0.03–0.05 mm).
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14
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Rainglet B, Verron L, Chalamet Y, Bounor‐Legaré V, Delage K, Forest C, Cassagnau P. New Reactive Formulations For Polypropylene Foams. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Rainglet
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Lucas Verron
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Véronique Bounor‐Legaré
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Karim Delage
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Charlène Forest
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche Rue Gustave Nourry – B.P. 31 Chalette‐sur‐Loing 45120 – France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
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15
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Guo P, Xu Y, Lyu M, Zhang S. Fabrication of Expanded Ethylene–Propylene–Butene-1 Copolymer Bead. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, SINOPEC, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Xu
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, SINOPEC, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfu Lyu
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, SINOPEC, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, SINOPEC, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Kweon MS, Embabi M, Shivokhin ME, Gupta A, Yan X, Pehlert G, Lee PC. Tuning High and Low Temperature Foaming Behavior of Linear and Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene via Partial and Complete Melting. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010044. [PMID: 35012070 PMCID: PMC8747320 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While existing foam studies have identified processing parameters, such as high-pressure drop rate, and engineering measures, such as high melt strength, as key factors for improving foamability, there is a conspicuous absence of studies that directly relate foamability to material properties obtained from fundamental characterization. To bridge this gap, this work presents batch foaming studies on one linear and two long-chain branched polypropylene (PP) resins to investigate how foamability is affected by partial melting (Method 1) and complete melting followed by undercooling (Method 2). At temperatures above the melting point, similar expansion was obtained using both foaming procedures within each resin, while the PP with the highest strain hardening ratio (13) exhibited the highest expansion ratio (45 ± 3). At low temperatures, the foamability of all resins was dramatically improved using Method 2 compared to Method 1, due to access to lower foaming temperatures (<150 °C) near the crystallization onset. Furthermore, Method 2 resulted in a more uniform cellular structure over a wider temperature range (120–170 °C compared to 155–175 °C). Overall, strong extensional hardening and low onset of crystallization were shown to give rise to foamability at high and low temperatures, respectively, suggesting that both characteristics can be appropriately used to tune the foamability of PP in industrial foaming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Sung Kweon
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Mahmoud Embabi
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Maksim E. Shivokhin
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Anvit Gupta
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Xuejia Yan
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - George Pehlert
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-946-5407
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17
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Najihi I, Ennawaoui C, Hajjaji A, Boughaleb Y. Theoretical modeling of longitudinal piezoelectric characteristic for cellular polymers. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211055830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient energy harvesting is a difficult challenge that consists in the development of systems allowing charging autonomous and low-power devices. In addition to traditional piezoelectric polymers, mono-crystals, and ceramics, cellular electrets offer consistent solutions by converting wasted vibration energy from the environment to usable electrical energy. This paper presents an electromechanical model to study the energy harvesting capability of cellular polymers. The theoretical study models the response of these materials to investigate the effect of different parameters on the piezoelectric coefficient d33, particularly. The model considers the percentage of porosity, surface charge density in each polymer–gas surface, the properties of the polymer matrix and the gas encapsulated in the pores, and the Young’s modulus of the porous film. For poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), the results showed that the piezoelectric performance of the film declines with the increase of the film thickness. However, the variation of the d33 as a function of the percentage of porosity is exponential and can achieve 4.24 pC/N for a porosity of 80%. Compared to a previously published experiment, the theoretical results have proven a good agreement with only 3.3% error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikrame Najihi
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Chouaib Ennawaoui
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Abdelowahed Hajjaji
- Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Yahia Boughaleb
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
- Laboratory of Bio-Geosciences and Materials Engineering, Ecole normale supérieure, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
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18
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Yao J, Hu H, Sun Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Gao L, Jiang X, Wang X, Xiong C. Synchronously Strengthen and Toughen Polypropylene Using Tartaric Acid-Modified Nano-CaCO 3. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102493. [PMID: 34684937 PMCID: PMC8540848 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the challenge of synchronously strengthening and toughening polypropylene (PP) with a low-cost and environmental technology, CaCO3 (CC) nanoparticles are modified by tartaric acid (TA), a kind of food-grade complexing agent, and used as nanofillers for the first time. The evaluation of mechanical performance showed that, with 20 wt.% TA-modified CC (TAMCC), the impact toughness and tensile strength of TAMCC/PP were 120% and 14% more than those of neat PP, respectively. Even with 50 wt.% TAMCC, the impact toughness and tensile strength of TAMCC/PP were still superior to those of neat PP, which is attributable to the improved compatibility and dispersion of TAMCC in a PP matrix, and the better fluidity of TAMCC/PP nanocomposite. The strengthening and toughening mechanism of TAMCC for PP involves interfacial debonding between nanofillers and PP, and the decreased crystallinity of PP, but without the formation of β-PP. This article presents a new applicable method to modify CC inorganic fillers with a green modifier and promote their dispersion in PP. The obtained PP nanocomposite simultaneously achieved enhanced mechanical strength and impact toughness even with high content of nanofillers, highlighting bright perspective in high-performance, economical, and eco-friendly polymer-inorganic nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, No. 368 Friendship Avenue, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Hanchao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhengguang Sun
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, No. 368 Friendship Avenue, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Yucong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Huabo Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (L.G.); (C.X.)
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, No. 8 Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (L.G.); (C.X.)
| | - Xueliang Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, No. 206 Guanggu 1st Road, Wuhan 430205, China; (J.Y.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (X.J.); (X.W.)
| | - Chuanxi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (L.G.); (C.X.)
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19
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Rostami M, Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R, Moradian M. A study on fabrication of nanocomposite polyethylene foam through extrusion foaming procedure. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foaming a polymer not only turns it into a lightweight material but also gives some special properties to it. However, the most important issue is controlling the foaming process to achieve a desirable structure with high cell density and low relative density. In the present study, the extrusion foaming process of polyethylene was studied through stepwise amendments. An innovative extrusion system was designed and implemented to produce extrusion foams under different material and process conditions using N2 as blowing agent. In the first step, the final cooling condition was investigated. The air-cooling condition led to a higher cell density/lower cell size compared to the water-cooling condition although a higher relative density was obtained. In the second step, the effects of the addition of talc and the synergetic effect of talc/nanoclay at different contents were investigated in detail. The hybrid of talc/nanoclay had a noticeably improving effect on the cellular structure. In the third step, the effects of processing parameters including the die temperature and screw speed were studied on the foam properties. Finally, up to 49.4% decrease in the relative density of samples was observed, also cell densities up to 2.5 × 104 cell/cm3 and cell sizes as small as 280 µm were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rostami
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Taher Azdast
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Milad Moradian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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20
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Cao Z, Lu G, Gao H, Xue Z, Luo K, Wang K, Cheng J, Guan Q, Liu C, Luo M. Preparation and Laser Marking Properties of Poly(propylene)/Molybdenum Sulfide Composite Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9129-9140. [PMID: 33842782 PMCID: PMC8028170 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) as laser-sensitive particles and poly(propylene) (PP) as the matrix resin, laser-markable PP/MoS2 composite materials with different MoS2 contents ranging from 0.005 to 0.2% were prepared by melt-blending. A comprehensive analysis of the laser marking performance of PP/MoS2 composites was carried out by controlling the content of laser additives, laser current intensity, and the scanning speed of laser marking. The color difference test shows that the best laser marking performance of the composite can be obtained at the MoS2 content of 0.02 wt %. The surface morphology of the PP/MoS2 composite material was observed after laser marking using a metallographic microscope, an optical microscope, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). During the laser marking process, the laser energy was absorbed and converted into heat energy to cause high-temperature melting, pyrolysis, and carbonization of PP on the surface of the PP/MoS2 composite material. The black marking from carbonized materials was formed in contrast to the white matrix. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, the composite materials before and after laser marking were tested and characterized. The PP/MoS2 composite material was pyrolyzed to form amorphous carbonized materials. The effect of the laser-sensitive MoS2 additive on the mechanical properties of composite materials was investigated. The results show that the PP/MoS2 composite has the best laser marking property when the MoS2 loading content is 0.02 wt %, the laser marking current intensity is 11 A, and the laser marking speed is 800 mm/s, leading to a clear and high-contrast marking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
- ;
| | - Guangwei Lu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Gao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Xue
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Keming Luo
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of
Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Changzhou
University Huaide College, Changzhou 213016, P. R. China
- National
Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering
(Changzhou University), Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- School
of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute
of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P. R. China
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21
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Mechanical and Adsorptive Properties of Foamed EVA-Modified Polypropylene/Bamboo Charcoal Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061524. [PMID: 33804695 PMCID: PMC8003926 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its excellent adsorption and humidity control function, bamboo charcoal (BC) has often been mixed with polypropylene (PP) to produce PP/BC composites for interior paneling applications. However, due to the poor foaming quality of PP, PP/BC composites suffer as a result of their high density, which limits their scope of use. Here, to improve its foaming quality, PP was modified with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and then the EVA-modified PP (E-PP) was mixed with different contents of BC (0 wt.%–50 wt.%), as well as foaming agent (Azodicarbonamide, AC) and its auxiliaries (ZnO, Znst), in a twin-screw extruder, followed by hot-pressing at high temperature to obtain foamed E-PP/BC composites. The resulting composites showed good porosity and pore distribution with an increase of BC content by up to 20%. Further increase in the BC content seemed to cause the foaming performance to decrease significantly. The product density and adsorption rate increased, while the mechanical strength decreased with increasing BC content. At a BC content of 40 wt.%, the foamed E-PP/BC composite showed the best combined performance, with a density of 0.90 g/cm3, 24-h formaldehyde adsorption rate of 0.48, and bending strength of 11.59 MPa.
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22
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Suethao S, Ponloa W, Phongphanphanee S, Wong-Ekkabut J, Smitthipong W. Current challenges in thermodynamic aspects of rubber foam. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6097. [PMID: 33731832 PMCID: PMC7971059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) foam can be prepared by the Dunlop method using concentrated natural latex with chemical agents. Most previous studies have focused on the thermodynamic parameters of solid rubber in extension. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the NR matrix concentration on the static and dynamic properties of NR foams, especially the new approach of considering the thermodynamic aspects of NR foam in compression. We found that the density and compression strength of NR foams increased with increasing NR matrix concentration. The mechanical properties of NR foam were in agreement with computational modelling. Moreover, thermodynamic aspects showed that the ratio of internal energy force to the compression force, Fu/F, and the entropy, S, increased with increasing matrix concentration. The activation enthalpy, ∆Ha, also increased with increasing matrix concentration in the NR foam, indicating the greater relaxation time of the backbone of the rubber molecules. New scientific concepts of thermodynamic parameters of the crosslinked NR foam in compression mode are proposed and discussed. Our results will improve both the knowledge and the development of rubber foams based on the structure-properties relationship, especially the new scientific concept of the thermodynamical parameters under compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitta Suethao
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Worachai Ponloa
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saree Phongphanphanee
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jirasak Wong-Ekkabut
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Wirasak Smitthipong
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Office of Research Integration on Target-Based Natural Rubber, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Office of Natural Rubber Research Program, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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23
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Rainglet B, Chalamet Y, Bounor-Legaré V, Delage K, Forest C, Cassagnau P. Polypropylene foams under CO2 batch conditions: From formulation and rheological modeling to cell-growth simulation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Thakur AK, Gupta SK, Chaudhari P. Slurry-phase ethylene polymerization processes: a review on multiscale modeling and simulations. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Slurry polymerization processes using Zeigler–Natta catalysts, are most widely used for the production of polyethylene due to their several advantages over other processes. Significant advancements have been made in the modeling of these processes to obtain high-quality final products. The modeling work in this field has a very wide scope due to the great diversity of the catalyst types, polymerization processes, polymerization conditions, product qualities and microstructures that exist at the commercial scale. In this article, we have reviewed and discussed the slurry polymerization processes for the production of polyethylene and the multiscale modeling and simulation framework in slurry reactors. The multiscale modeling framework mainly comprises of the kinetic model, single-particle diffusion models, multiphase hydrodynamics, phase equilibria, reactor residence time distribution and the overall mass and heat balances. Guidelines to implement the multiscale mathematical modeling and simulation in slurry-phase olefin polymerization processes are proposed. Special focus is given on the need to reduce the computational effort for the simulation of industrial reactors so that the models can be used as an effective tool-kit for optimization studies using state-of-art algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Santosh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Pranava Chaudhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) , Dehradun , 248007 , Uttarakhand , India
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25
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Rahimi SK, O'Donnell K, Haight B, Machado A, Martin C, Meng F, Listro T, Zhang F. Supercritical-CO 2 Foam Extrusion of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Acetate Succinate/Itraconazole Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Processing-Structure-Property Relations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1444-1456. [PMID: 33285183 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of supercritical CO2 as a foaming agent on structure and physical properties of hot melt extruded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-itraconazole (ITZ) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with the aim of improving the milling efficiency and tabletability of these ASDs. Two different grades of AFFINISOLTM HPMCAS, the standard grade (Std) and the High Productivity grade (HP) were used. The HP-grade has a lower molecular weight, melt viscosity and wider processing temperature range. Extrudates with different ITZ concentrations (0%, 20% and 40%) and CO2 injection pressure of 100 and 200 bar were prepared. The cellular microstructure of the foams showed that HP-grade HPMCAS had better affinity with the CO2 resulting in better distribution of CO2. The results of DSC and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the supercritical CO2 did not affect the amorphous state of the API in the extrudates. Milling efficiency of the ASDs was significantly improved up to around 90% increase in the mass recovery. The tabletability of the milled extrudates showed a considerable increase in tablet tensile strength. In addition, foaming considerably improved the supersaturation of HP-grade ASD while showing minimal improvement in dissolution behavior of the Std-grade material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Kashani Rahimi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX 78712
| | - Kevin O'Donnell
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Pharma Solutions, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland MI 48674
| | - Brian Haight
- Leistritz Extrusion, 175 Mesiter Ave, Somerville NJ 08876
| | - Augie Machado
- Leistritz Extrusion, 175 Mesiter Ave, Somerville NJ 08876
| | - Charlie Martin
- Leistritz Extrusion, 175 Mesiter Ave, Somerville NJ 08876
| | - Fan Meng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX 78712
| | - Tony Listro
- Foster Delivery Sciences, 45 Ridge Road, Putnam CT 06260
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX 78712.
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26
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Cellular Polyolefin Composites as Piezoelectric Materials: Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112698. [PMID: 33207700 PMCID: PMC7697639 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Piezoelectric polymers characterized by flexibility are sought for applications in microelectronics, medicine, telecommunications, and everyday devices. The objective of this work was to obtain piezoelectric polymeric composites with a cellular structure and to evaluate their usefulness in practice. Composites based on polyolefins (isotactic-polypropylene and polyethylene) with the addition of aluminosilicate fillers were manufactured by extrusion, and then polarized in a constant electric field at 100 V/µm. The content of mineral fillers up to 10 wt% in the polymer matrix enhances its electric stability and mechanical strength. The value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 attained ~150 pC/N in the range of lower stresses and ~80 pC/N in the range of higher stresses, i.e., at ~120 kPa. The materials exhibited high durability in time, therefore, they can be used as transducers of mechanical energy of the human motion into electric energy. It was demonstrated that one shoe insert generates an energy of 1.1 mJ after a person walks for 300 s. The miniaturized integrated circuits based on polyolefin composites may be applied for the power supply of portable electronics. Due to their high sensitivity, they can be recommended for measuring the blood pulse.
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27
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Zhou Y, Cao G, Cheng Y. Effect of cellular uniformity on the necking propagation of foam injection Molded PP/HDPE blend parts. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture and Process for Marine Mechanical EquipmentJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Gang‐He Cao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Yi‐Fan Cheng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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Suethao S, Shah DU, Smitthipong W. Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4060. [PMID: 32933128 PMCID: PMC7560401 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses. The vast majority of these manufactured foams are homogeneous with respect to porosity and structural properties. In contrast, while cellular materials are also ubiquitous in nature, nature mostly fabricates heterogeneous foams, e.g., cellulosic plant stems like bamboo, or a human femur bone. Foams with such engineered porosity distribution (graded density structure) have useful property gradients and are referred to as functionally graded foams. Functionally graded polymer foams are one of the key emerging innovations in polymer foam technology. They allow enhancement in properties such as energy absorption, more efficient use of material, and better design for specific applications, such as helmets and tissue restorative scaffolds. Here, following an overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams, we explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams and their emerging structures and properties. Processes can be as simple as utilizing different surface materials from which the foam forms, to as complex as using microfluidics. We also highlight principal challenges that need addressing in future research, the key one being development of viable generic processes that allow (complete) control and tailoring of porosity distribution on an application-by-application basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitta Suethao
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Darshil U. Shah
- Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK;
| | - Wirasak Smitthipong
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Office of Natural Rubber Research Program, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Office of Research Integration on Target–Based Natural Rubber, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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29
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Dual role of PDMS on improving supercritical CO2 foaming of polypropylene: CO2-philic additive and crystallization nucleating agent. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Wu MH, Wang CC, Chen CY. Preparation of high melt strength polypropylene by addition of an ionically modified polypropylene. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Bianchin OS, Melo GHF, Bretas RES. Effect of MWCNT carboxyl functionalization on the shear rheological and electrical properties of HMS-PP/MWCNT foams. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20943096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Different concentrations of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carboxyl functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH) were added to a high melt strength polypropylene (HMS-PP) to produce foams with high dielectric constants, using azodicarbonamide (AZO) as blowing agent. The AZO foaming behavior and the crystallization, thermal properties, steady state and oscillatory shear rheological properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed by polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA) and parallel plate rheometry. The morphology, the dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA) of the foams were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance spectroscopy and bending method, respectively. A decrease in crystallite size and an increase in the HMS-PP overall crystallinity promoted by the presence of both types of MWCNTs was observed, as well as an increase in the crystallization temperatures. From these results and from the analyses of the rheological properties, it was possible to predict that the 5 wt.% MWCNT foam would have the lowest bubble growth rate, the 1.5 wt.% MWCNT-COOH the highest, while the 3 wt.% MWCNT-COOH composition would have the slowest bubble stability (and consequently the highest cellular density) and the 1.5 wt.% MWCNT-COOH the fastest. Also, it was possible to predict that only the 5 wt.% MWCNT-COOH foam would have a percolated and electrically conductive structure. All these predictions were confirmed by the resultant morphology and impedance spectroscopy results. The highest mechanical damping was displayed by the 3 wt.% MWCNT-COOH foam, while the lowest by the 5 wt.% MWCNT-COOH foam. Regarding the dielectric properties, the 1.5 wt% MWCNT-COOH foam was found to be the most suitable to be used as a capacitor material; this foam was also the less dense of all the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavo S Bianchin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme HF Melo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosario ES Bretas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Razzaz Z, Mohebbi A, Rodrigue D. Gas transport properties of cellular hollow fiber membranes based on LLDPE/LDPE blends. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489320929300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of foamed hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) is presented based on polymer blends using various concentrations of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LPDE) combined with azodicarbonamide (chemical blowing agent) to prepare samples via twin-screw extrusion. In particular, the blowing agent concentration as well as the stretching speed were found to be the most important parameters to achieve a good cellular structure for membrane application. From the samples obtained, a complete set of morphological, thermal, and gas transport characterization was performed. The results show that LLDPE/LDPE blends compared to neat LLDPE lead to higher cell density at high stretching speed, which is appropriate for membranes having higher gas permeability and selectivity due to lower cell wall thickness. The results also show that the developed cellular structure has high potential for the continuous production of HFMs for different gas separation, especially for hydrogen recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Razzaz
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Zhou Y, Chen T. Combining foam injection molding with batch foaming to improve cell density and control cellular orientation via multiple gas dissolution and desorption processes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture and Process for Marine Mechanical EquipmentJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
| | - Tuo‐Yang Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
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34
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Yuan W, Wang F, Gao C, Liu P, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang M. Enhanced foamability of isotactic polypropylene/polypropylene‐grafted‐nanosilica nanocomposites in supercritical carbon dioxide. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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35
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Chen Y, Xia C, Liu T, Hu D, Xu Z, Zhao L. Application of a CO 2 Pressure Swing Saturation Strategy in PP Semi-Solid-State Batch Foaming: Evaluation of Foamability by Experiments and Numerical Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
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36
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Zhou Y, Zhao X, Dong B, Liu C. Improvement of the dispersity of micro‐nano particles for PP/PVC composites using gas‐assisted dispersion in a controlled foaming process. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture and Process for Marine Mechanical EquipmentJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu‐Dong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin‐Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
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37
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Tan XT, Zhou YG, Zhou JJ, Dong BB, Liu CT, Xu BP. Effect of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer on the foaming behavior of polypropylene. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319852331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the cellular foam structure of common polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (ABS) and compatibilizer were used to blend with PP, and the foaming behavior of PP/ABS blends was investigated. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/ABS blend with different component were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by conventional injection molding with or without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, and rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using the tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and torque rheometry. The results suggest that ABS is a suitable candidate to improve the foamability of PP. The effect of ABS and compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to three possible mechanisms, that is, the weak interaction between phases that facilitates cell nucleation, the improved gas-melt viscosity that prevents the escape of gas, and the influence of crystallization behavior that helps to form a fine foaming structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bai-Ping Xu
- Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Industry Technical Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Auclerc M, Sahyoun J, Tauleigne A, Da Cruz-Boisson F, Vanhille Bergeron A, Garois N, Cassagnau P, Bounor-Legaré V. Development of Copolyamide-66/6 Cross-Linked Foams by a One-Step Reactive Extrusion Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Auclerc
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jihane Sahyoun
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adrien Tauleigne
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fernande Da Cruz-Boisson
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 17 Av Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garois
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche, Rue Gustave Nourry - B.P. 31, 45120 Chalette-sur-Loing, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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39
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Hou J, Zhao G, Zhang L, Wang G, Li B. High-expansion polypropylene foam prepared in non-crystalline state and oil adsorption performance of open-cell foam. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 542:233-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Hou J, Zhao G, Wang G, Zhang L, Dong G, Li B. Ultra-high expansion linear polypropylene foams prepared in a semi-molten state under supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Hamdi O, Mighri F, Rodrigue D. Time and thermal stability improvement of polyethylene ferroelectrets. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ouassim Hamdi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversité Laval Quebec Quebec G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversité Laval Quebec Quebec G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversité Laval Quebec Quebec G1V0A6 Canada
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42
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Su B, Zhou YG, Dong BB, Yan C. Effect of Compatibility on the Foaming Behavior of Injection Molded Polypropylene and Polycarbonate Blend Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E300. [PMID: 30960284 PMCID: PMC6419180 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the foaming behavior of a common linear polypropylene (PP) resin, polycarbonate (PC) was blended with PP, and three different grafted polymers were used as the compatibilizers. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/PC 3:1 blend with different compatibilizers were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by injection molding (IM) with and without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, morphological structure, and relative rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using a tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and torque rheometer. It can be found from the experimental results that the influence of the compatibility between the PP and PC phases on the foaming behavior of PP/PC blends is substantial. The results suggest that PC coupling with an appropriate compatibilizer is a potential method to improve the foamability of PP resin. The comprehensive effect of PC and a suitable compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to two possible mechanisms, i.e., the partial compatibility between phases that facilitates cell nucleation and the improved gas-melt viscosity that helps to form a fine foaming structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Cao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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43
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Abstract
Mathematical modeling of olefin polymerization processes has advanced significantly, driven by factors such as the need for higher-quality end products and more environmentally-friendly processes. The modeling studies have had a wide scope, from reactant and catalyst characterization and polymer synthesis to model validation with plant data. This article reviews mathematical models developed for olefin polymerization processes. Coordination and free-radical mechanisms occurring in different types of reactors, such as fluidized bed reactor (FBR), horizontal-stirred-bed reactor (HSBR), vertical-stirred-bed reactor (VSBR), and tubular reactor are reviewed. A guideline for the development of mathematical models of gas-phase olefin polymerization processes is presented.
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44
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Kim ES, Park HE, Lopez-Barron CR, Lee PC. Enhanced Foamability with Shrinking Microfibers in Linear Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E211. [PMID: 30960196 PMCID: PMC6419035 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain hardening has important roles in understanding material structures and polymer processing methods, such as foaming, film forming, and fiber extruding. A common method to improve strain hardening behavior is to chemically branch polymer structures, which is costly, thus preventing users from controlling the degree of behavior. A smart microfiber blending technology, however, would allow cost-efficient tuning of the degree of strain hardening. In this study, we investigated the effects of compounding polymers with microfibers for both shear and extensional rheological behaviors and characteristics and thus for the final foam morphologies formed by batch physical foaming with carbon dioxide. Extensional rheometry showed that compounding of in situ shrinking microfibers significantly enhanced strain hardening compared to compounding of nonshrinking microfibers. Shear rheometry with linear viscoelastic data showed a greater increase in both the loss and storage modulus in composites with shrinking microfibers than in those with nonshrinking microfibers at low frequencies. The batch physical foaming results demonstrated a greater increase in the cell population density and expansion ratio with in situ shrinking microfibers than with nonshrinking microfibers. The enhancement due to the shrinkage of compounded microfibers decreasing with temperature implies that the strain hardening can be tailored by changing processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Heon E Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, 33 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Carlos R Lopez-Barron
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown Technology and Engineering Complex, Baytown, TX 77520, USA.
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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45
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Razzaz Z, Mohebbi A, Rodrigue D. Effect of processing conditions on the cellular morphology of polyethylene hollow fiber foams for membrane applications. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489318795967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous method without any solvent is proposed to produce porous hollow fibers for membrane (HFM) applications. In this case, linear low-density polyethylene was combined with azodicarbonamide to produce samples via extrusion. In particular, the processing (chemical blowing agent content and temperature profile) and post-processing (stretching velocity) conditions were optimized to obtain a cellular structure having a high cell density and uniform cell size distribution. From the samples obtained, a complete set of characterization was performed (morphological, mechanical, physical, and gas transport). The results show that HFM having a higher cell density can increase gas permeability, especially for hydrogen. Overall, it is shown that low-cost polyolefins having a suitable cellular structure can be used for gas separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Razzaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Mohebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Kim ES, Park HE, Lee PC. In situ shrinking fibers enhance strain hardening and foamability of linear polymers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Liu C, Lu Y, Xiong Y, Zhang Q, Shi A, Wu D, Liang H, Chen Y, Liu G, Cao Z. Recognition of laser-marked quick response codes on polypropylene surfaces. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Wang L, Hikima Y, Ohshima M, Yusa A, Yamamoto S, Goto H. Development of a Simplified Foam Injection Molding Technique and Its Application to the Production of High Void Fraction Polypropylene Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yusa
- Technology
Development Department, Hitachi Maxell, Ltd., Kyoto 618-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Technology
Development Department, Hitachi Maxell, Ltd., Kyoto 618-8525, Japan
| | - Hideto Goto
- Technology
Development Department, Hitachi Maxell, Ltd., Kyoto 618-8525, Japan
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49
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Vincent T, Dumazert L, Dufourg L, Cucherat C, Sonnier R, Guibal E. New alginate foams: Box-Behnken design of their manufacturing; fire retardant and thermal insulating properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Ludivine Dufourg
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Claire Cucherat
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Eric Guibal
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
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Wang L, Hikima Y, Ishihara S, Ohshima M. Fabrication of lightweight microcellular foams in injection-molded polypropylene using the synergy of long-chain branches and crystal nucleating agents. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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