Identifying Preferences for Exercise and Sport in Australians With Mild Multiple Sclerosis: Looking Beyond Clinical Characteristics when Implementing Exercise Interventions

OBJECTIVE

Exercise is a salient component in delaying disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study considers personal preferences regarding exercise program prescription and the resources needed to facilitate exercise.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Community online, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

Adults with MS.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Participants completed online questionnaires on current exercise and sport, and preferences toward exercise prescription variables, facilitative resource needs, and delivery method.

MAIN OUTCOMES

We established preference responses for the entire sample, and separately, we used logistic regression and analysis of variance to compare preferences between participants stratified according to (1) geographical rurality (ie, metro vs rural and remote) and (2) current exercise engagement (ie, active, moderately active, and insufficiently active).

RESULTS

Fifty people with a diagnosis of MS completed the survey. Participants had mild disability; most were metro-dwelling (74%) and physically active (58%). Preferences included a program of at least 6 months (70%), where exercise sessions are performed 5 d/wk (38%) at a moderate intensity (50%). Half (50%) of responders wanted to participate in sports for exercise. There was a significant difference in the preference toward higher-intensity exercise in active persons compared with inactive persons. Facilitative resources selected included a behavioral exercise coach (80%) who provides MS-specific information (46%) and behavioral change strategies (41%).

CONCLUSIONS

Persons with mild MS are interested in participating in various exercises and sports. Encouraging participation will have long-term benefits. We recommend that HCPs and researchers consider individual social factors, in addition to patient symptoms and disability, when designing exercise programs for an Australian MS population.

Elaborating the knowledge structure and emerging research trends of physical activity for multiple sclerosis: A bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2023

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis is a common inflammatory neurological disease among young adults and is the tenth leading cause of the global burden of disease. Existing common treatments such as pharmacological and palliative therapies do not control the neurodegenerative process or cure multiple sclerosis. Numerous epidemiological surveys, randomised controlled trials, and systematic reviews with meta-analyses support the effects of physical activity on health-related outcomes among patients with multiple sclerosis. Moreover, bibliometric analysis can provide a broad evidence synthesis beyond systematic reviews and meta-analyses, allowing researchers and other stakeholders to obtain a one-stop overview of this research field. Therefore, this bibliometric analysis aims to provide insight into the knowledge structure of the field of physical activity for multiple sclerosis over the past three decades, and to predict emerging research trends.

METHODS

This study strictly complied with step-by-step guidelines of bibliometric analysis, combining performance analysis and science mapping. Four indexes from the Web of Science Core Collection were selected as data sources, and articles and review articles in the field of physical activity for multiple sclerosis from 1994 to 2023 were included in this analysis. Mircrosoft Excel, RStudio, VOSviewer 1.6.20, and CiteSpace 6.3.R1 (64-bit) Advanced were used to perform performance analysis and science mapping.

RESULTS

Over the past three decades, this field published a total of 1,271 documents, with the scientific output showing a rapid upward trend over the past two decades. Robbert W Motl was the most prolific author in this field, with a total of 300 publications. The USA contributed nearly half of the publications in this field (549 documents), and the University of Illinois System was the institution with the highest number of publications (222 documents). Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders was the journal that published the highest number of documents in this field (117 documents), while more than a third of this field's publications were included in the category: Clinical Neurology (438 documents). The Reference co-citation analysis identified three main research trends, including shifts in research methodology, changes in health outcomes in randomised controlled trials, and shifts in different types of physical activity interventions. Combining the results from reference co-citation analysis and citation burst analysis, the combination of behaviour change technique and telerehabilitation may be the emerging research trend.

CONCLUSION

This bibliometric analysis identifies rapid growth in the field of physical activity for multiple sclerosis over the past two decades. Moreover, the combination of performance analysis and science mapping provides insight into knowledge structure in this field and informed future research trends for researchers and the relevant stakeholders.

Allied health professionals knowledge and clinical practice in telehealth exercise behavioural change for multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

The growing importance of telehealth in multiple sclerosis (MS) necessitates an understanding of current practices and training needs of health professionals. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge, preparedness, and training preferences of Australian allied health professionals (AHPs) in telehealth exercise therapy and exercise behavioural change for MS patients to inform the development of educational training.

METHODS

An online survey was completed by 58 Australian AHPs, including 34 physiotherapists, 14 exercise physiologists, and 10 occupational therapists, focusing on their current practices, preparedness, and training preferences in telehealth exercise and behavioural change for MS. The survey included multiple-choice, Likert scale, and free-text response questions. Data were analysed using binary and multinomial logistic regressions.

RESULTS

Not all AHPs were aware of MS exercise guidelines (67% awareness), with exercise physiologists showing the highest familiarity. There was a significant understanding of the difference between physical activity and exercise, though definitions often lacked clarity. Most AHPs (91%) employed behavioural change strategies in their practice, especially goal-setting (95%), identifying facilitators (67%), and reinforcing progress (66%). While most (72%) felt prepared in promoting exercise to MS clients, there were differences in confidence levels concerning the prescription, modification, and teaching of telehealth exercise programs, with occupational therapists have significant less confidence in those domains compared to other AHPs. Most AHPs expressed interest in additional training, with a preference for online workshops focusing on exercise prescription for MS, behaviour change, and telehealth delivery methods.

CONCLUSION

In our Australian AHP sample we identified that a quarter to a third of AHPs in MS care may not be confident or prepared to promote telehealth exercise and behavioural change to people with MS. Moreover, the findings highlight some disparity in knowledge and confidence levels amongst different AHPs concerning exercise therapy for MS, indicating the need for tailored multidisciplinary training programs. Such programs should address profession-specific educational gaps and training preferences, ensuring effective and safe telehealth exercise prescription in MS care.

Home-based exercise improves subclinical atherosclerosis marker in multiple sclerosis

PURPOSE

Using a 12-week, randomized controlled trial coupled with social cognitive theory behavioral coaching, we aimed to assess the effect of a home-based aerobic training intervention versus an attention-control on aerobic fitness, subclinical atherosclerosis, and mobility in persons with MS.

METHODS

Persons with MS with an expanded disability status scale score between 0 and 4 were randomized to a 12-week aerobic exercise (EX) (n = 26; 19 females; 49 yrs; 28.8 kg/m2) or attention-control (CON) condition (stretching; n = 22; 16 females; 44 yrs; 29.2 kg/m2). Aerobic capacity was assessed via a graded cycle ergometry test with indirect calorimetry. The co-primary measures of subclinical atherosclerosis assessed included carotid intima media thickness, a test of vasodilatory reactivity, and arterial stiffness. Mobility was assessed via a timed 25-foot walk test (T25FW) and a 6 min walk test. The EX group engaged in cycle ergometry 3d/wk with gradual increases in the intensity and duration of the exercise sessions. CON participated in standardized stretching designed to provide the same contact time as EX 3d/wk. Behavioral coaching took place via weekly phone/video chats to track adherence.

RESULTS

Aerobic capacity, vasodilatory reactivity, and T25FW speed increased only in the EX group, 7%, 16%, and 13% (p<0.05), respectively; whereas the CON group did not change.

CONCLUSION

The EX group had modest, yet significant, increases in aerobic capacity over the 12-week period, coupled with improvements in T25FW speed and vasodilatory reactivity. A home-based exercise intervention can improve outcomes of a subclinical marker of atherosclerosis, which provides a basis for examining these outcomes in persons prescreened for CVD-related comorbidities and/or mobility issues.

The MoxFo initiative - outcomes: Outcome measures in studies of exercise training in multiple sclerosis; scoping review of reviews and classification according to the ICF framework

BACKGROUND

The number of published studies of exercise training in multiple sclerosis (MS) has grown exponentially with increasing numbers of outcomes capturing exercise effects. This has complicated the selection of relevant indicators and interpretation of intervention effects.

OBJECTIVES

The Outcomes subgroup of the MoXFo initiative aimed to (1) identify outcome measures and biomarkers in studies of exercise training in MS; (2) systematically map retrieved outcomes to International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories; (3) identify gaps where relevant ICF categories have been omitted.

METHODS

Electronic databases and registers were searched from 2010 to July 2020 to identify systematic reviews or meta-analyses of controlled trials of exercise training on any outcome in MS. Retrieved outcomes/biomarkers were mapped to the corresponding ICF category.

RESULTS

Eighty-one review articles reporting 235 different outcomes were included. The outcomes corresponded to 15 chapters and 45 categories within the ICF. Outcomes mapped primarily to body function (30 categories) and activities and participation (9 categories) components. Few outcomes mapped to body structures (2 categories) or environmental factors (1 category).

CONCLUSION

This sets the stage to develop a resource for researchers/clinicians that will aid in the selection of appropriate outcomes/biomarkers when examining exercise effects in MS.

Adherence to physical rehabilitation delivered via tele-rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: a scoping review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Using tele-rehabilitation methods to deliver exercise, physical activity (PA) and behaviour change interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) has increased in recent years, especially since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the literature regarding adherence to therapeutic exercise and PA delivered via tele-rehabilitation for pwMS.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Frameworks described by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac et al underpin the methods. The following databases will be searched from 1998 to the present: Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Health Management Information Consortium Database, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Pedro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, US National Library of Medicine Registry of Clinical Trials, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform portal and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. To identify papers not included in databases, relevant websites will be searched. Searches are planned for 2023. With the exception of study protocols, papers on any study design will be included. Papers reporting information regarding adherence in the context of prescribed therapeutic exercise and PA delivered via tele-rehabilitation for pwMS will be included. Information relating to adherence may comprise; methods of reporting adherence, adherence levels (eg, exercise diaries, pedometers), investigation of pwMS' and therapists' experiences of adherence or a discussion of adherence. Eligibility criteria and a custom data extraction form will be piloted on a sample of papers. Quality assessment of included studies will use Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. Data analysis will involve categorisation, enabling findings relating to study characteristics and research questions to be presented in narrative and tabular format.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was not required for this protocol. Findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. Consultation with pwMS and clinicians will help to identify other dissemination methods.

Factors influencing adults who participate in a physical activity coaching intervention: a theoretically informed qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

Behaviour change interventions targeting changes in physical activity (PA) can benefit by examining the underlying mechanisms that promote change. This study explored the use of the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to code and contextualise the experiences of participants who completed a PA coaching intervention underpinned by motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioural therapy.

DESIGN

Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of participants.

SETTING

Interviews were conducted in a tertiary hospital in regional Victoria, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

Eighteen participants who completed a PA coaching intervention were interviewed. The participants were recruited into the coaching intervention because they were insufficiently physically active at the time of recruitment.

RESULTS

Thirteen (72%) participants were women and the average age of participants was 54 (±5) years. Four participant themes mapped directly onto five components of the COM-B model, and ten of the TDF domains. Increases in PA were influenced by changes in motivation and psychological capability. The autonomy-supportive PA coaching intervention helped to evoke participants' own reasons (and motives) for change and influenced PA behaviours. Participants reflected on their own social and/or professional strengths, and used these skills to set appropriate PA goals and action plans. The structure of the PA coaching intervention provided clarity on session determinants and a framework from which to set an appropriate agenda. Relational components (eg, non-judgemental listening, collaboration) were continually highlighted as influential for change, and should be considered in future behaviour change intervention design.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate the beneficial effect of using theory-informed behaviour change techniques, and delivering them in a style that promotes autonomy and relatedness. The views of participants should be a key consideration in the design and implementation of PA coaching interventions TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12619000036112. Post-results analysis.

Experiences of people with multiple sclerosis participating in a social cognitive behavior change physical activity intervention

BACKGROUND

Understanding the experiences of people with MS taking part in physical activity interventions is critical to inform future interventions.

AIM

The aim was to gain insight into the experiences of people with MS taking part in a behavior change group physical activity intervention with a novel social cognitive theory component.

METHODS

A qualitative semi-structured interview format was utilized. Questions focussed on expectations, views and beliefs at being involved in the study, beliefs on physical activity, and subjective evaluation of the trial content and delivery. Seventeen people were interviewed and data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Three themes were generated: psychological and social factors, intervention processes, and MS identity. The acceptance of MS as an identity acted as an initial barrier to exercise, with a more positive, exercise-enabling identity post-intervention. Psychological factors such as self-efficacy and anxiety, as well as social factors such as social support, were found to play an important role in how participants experienced the program. Similarly, intervention processes included support for group-based activities and structure of exercise classes, and were also inter-linked to the other themes.

CONCLUSION

It appears that group-based exercise interventions are acceptable and feasible for people with MS. The qualitative findings support previously reported quantitative findings that the Step it Up intervention is effective at promoting physical activity and improving psychological outcomes.

Validity and Acceptability of Wearable Devices for Monitoring Step-Count and Activity Minutes Among People With Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple wearable devices that purport to measure physical activity are widely available to consumers. While they may support increases in physical activity among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) by providing feedback on their performance, there is little information about the validity and acceptability of these devices. Providing devices that are perceived as inaccurate and difficult to use may have negative consequences for people with MS, rather than supporting participation in physical activity. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the validity and acceptability of commercially available devices for monitoring step-count and activity time among people with MS. Nineteen ambulatory adults with MS [mean (SD) age 52.1 (11.9) years] participated in the study. Step-count was assessed using five commercially available devices (Fitbit Alta, Fitbit Zip, Garmin Vivofit 4, Yamax Digi Walker SW200, and Letscom monitor) and an activPAL3μ while completing nine everyday activities. Step-count was also manually counted. Time in light activity, moderate-to-vigorous activity, and total activity were measured during activities using an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer. Of the 19 participants who completed the validity study, fifteen of these people also wore the five commercially available devices for three consecutive days each, and participated in a semi-structured interview regarding their perception of the acceptability of the monitors. Mean percentage error for step-count ranged from 12.1% for the Yamax SW200 to −112.3% for the Letscom. Mean step-count as manually determined differed to mean step-count measured by the Fitbit Alta (p = 0.002), Garmin vivofit 4 (p < 0.001), Letscom (p < 0.001) and the research standard device, the activPAL3μ (p < 0.001). However, 95% limits of agreement were smallest for the activPAL3μ and largest for the Fitbit Alta. Median percentage error for activity minutes was 52.9% for the Letscom and 100% for the Garmin Vivofit 4 and Fitbit Alta compared to minutes in total activity. Three inductive themes were generated from participant accounts: Interaction with device; The way the device looks and feels; Functionality. In conclusion, commercially available devices demonstrated poor criterion validity when measuring step-count and activity time in people with MS. This negatively affected the acceptability of devices, with perceived inaccuracies causing distrust and frustration. Additional considerations when designing devices for people with MS include an appropriately sized and lit display and ease of attaching and charging devices.

A web-based life-style, exercise and activity intervention for people with progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a single-arm feasibility study

BACKGROUND

People with progressive Multiple Sclerosis often struggle to access appropriate and inclusive support for regular physical activity. The Lifestyle, Exercise and Activity Package (LEAP-MS) intervention, is a co-designed web-based physical activity intervention for people with progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS). It consists of two key components; (1) web-based physical activity coaching with physiotherapists using self-management support strategies and 2) an interactive web-based platform including a physical activity information suite, an activity selection and planning tool and a participant-physiotherapist messaging system. We aimed to evaluate recruitment, retention and uptake, in a single arm feasibility study.

METHODS

Participants with primary or secondary progressive MS with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 6 to 8 were recruited. Assessments included the MS Impact Scale (MSIS-29) and measures of participation at baseline, three and six months. All participants received the intervention which consisted of up to six web-based physiotherapy- led physical activity coaching sessions alongside access to web-based education and activity suites. Recruitment, retention and uptake data were summarised. Pre-defined progression criteria were used to guide feasibility assessment. Clinical outcome data were analysed descriptively.

RESULTS

Fifty-eight percent (21/36) of those submitting expressions of interest were recruited; 76% completed follow-up. Pre-specified progression criteria for retention were met but recruitment did not meet progression criteria. The intervention achieved set fidelity criteria. At three months, 12 participants (75%) reported improvements in routine activities after the intervention. MSIS-29 physical scores improved by an average of eight points (95% CI -12.6 to -3.3). Improvements were also seen in MSIS-29 psychological scores and fatigue. Some improvements were maintained at six months.

CONCLUSIONS

The LEAP-MS intervention is feasible and associated with improvements in MSIS-29 scores. The intervention facilitated partnership working between physiotherapists and people with progressive MS. Users developed valuable skills in supported self-management by focussing on enhancing physical activity to support overall wellbeing. This work has laid the foundations for a large-scale evaluation of a co-designed intervention with potential for far reaching impact on the lives of people with progressive MS.

Exercise Training for Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review of History, Benefits, Safety, Guidelines, and Promotion

Background: There have been significant advances in the medical treatment and management of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, relapse and disease progression over the past 30 years. There have been advancements in the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis, including management of secondary multiple sclerosis expressions such as walking, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue and depression. Scientific evidence and expert opinion suggest that exercise may be the single most effective non-pharmacological symptomatic treatment for multiple sclerosis. This article presents the historical context of exercise training within the multidisciplinary management of multiple sclerosis. We guide neurologists and healthcare providers on the recommended prescription of exercise and practical, theoretical methods to overcome barriers to exercise. Method: We undertook a critical search of the historical and current literature regarding exercise and multiple sclerosis from the viewpoint of exercise promotion by neurologists and the multidisciplinary care team. Results: We highlight the ever-strengthening body of research indicating that exercise is safe and effective for improving symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Further, exercise training may be necessary for reducing disease progression. Conclusion: We seek to encourage neurologists and specialists in multidisciplinary healthcare teams to prescribe and promote exercise at diagnosis and across all stages of the disease trajectory using prescriptive guidelines as part of comprehensive MS care. Available tools include clinical education to dispel any historical myths related to exercise in multiple sclerosis, clinical exercise guidelines and behaviour change theory to overcome patients barriers to exercise.

Maximising Abilities, Negotiating and Generating Exercise options (MANAGE) in people with multiple sclerosis: A feasibility randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a group self-management exercise and education program in people with multiple sclerosis.

DESIGN

Feasibility randomised controlled trial.

SETTING

Outpatient rehabilitation facility.

SUBJECTS

Twenty-three adults (age 48.6 (11.7) years) recruited from a Multiple Sclerosis Clinic register.

INTERVENTIONS

The intervention group undertook a 12-week group program incorporating behaviour change education, exercise and community integration. This was compared with a waitlist control group.

MAIN MEASURES

Feasibility was measured by recruitment, adherence and safety. Efficacy outcomes included measures of physical function (6-metre and 6-min walk, Functional Reach) and self-report questionnaires (fatigue, quality of life, exercise benefits and barriers) at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Of 74 individuals identified through the register, 48 (65%) were contacted and deemed eligible, and 23 (48%) agreed to participate. There was high adherence for attendance at education (57 of 72, 79%) and exercise (135 of 174, 78%) sessions. No adverse safety events occurred within the intervention sessions. Missed attendances at assessment sessions was high (5 to 8 participants missed at each time point) predominately due to health issues. The intervention group demonstrated positive changes in walking endurance, Functional Reach and fatigue, whereas the control had some reductions in walking speed and more perceived exercise barriers.

CONCLUSIONS

The MANAGE program appears feasible and safe for people with mild-to-moderate multiple sclerosis, with high adherence to exercise and education sessions. Future trials should consider strategies such as flexible scheduling or alternative methods of data collection to improve follow-up assessment attendance.

Perspectives From Persons With Multiple Sclerosis for a Comprehensive Real-World Change Therapy for Mobility

Objective

To assess the personal perspectives of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) on the acceptability of a novel physical therapy program that is designed to transfer gains from the clinic to their real-world lower extremity (LE) use, termed LE constraint-induced therapy (CIT). The program includes several behavior change techniques (prescribed home exercises, daily structured therapist interviews and problem solving for LE activities, keeping an activity diary) and a concentrated physical treatment schedule.

Design

Anonymous internet survey.

Setting

Participants accessed the survey from computers in the community.

Participants

Five hundred adults (N=500) were recruited from an MS support organization's registry for having indicated from mild to total limb spasticity because they were anticipated to have markedly impaired LE use in the community.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants were offered the options on a nonnumerical Likert scale of “Very likely,” “Likely,” “Neutral,” “Unlikely,” or “Very unlikely” to indicate their personal acceptability for each of 5 different key treatment procedures after these were explained. Totals for each option within each key procedure were analyzed for their acceptability.

Results

Of the 281 persons who responded, 90% expressed interest in participating in LE CIT. A large majority of persons who completed the survey selected either “Very likely” or “Likely” for each key procedure (median=88%, range=65%-90%, P<.01). This indicated strong acceptance for the procedures of LE CIT. In addition, more respondents who already had had previous physical therapy accepted LE CIT than did respondents who had not had physical therapy (P<.01).

Conclusions

The results suggest there is strong acceptance of CIT for mobility with preliminary evidence of benefiting community LE use for persons with MS. The results support further clinical trials of LE CIT for persons with MS.

Consumer experience of a flexible exercise participation program (FEPP) for individuals with multiple sclerosis: A mixed-methods study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The flexible exercise participation program (FEPP) is a novel intervention developed to enable individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) participate and progress in an exercise or sport of their choice. The FEPP is underpinned by guidelines on aerobic exercise for individuals with MS and is supported by a physiotherapist using behaviour change techniques. As part of a FEPP feasibility trial, the aim of this nested study was to explore the experience of participation in the FEPP from the perspective of individuals with MS. The objectives were to (i) determine the acceptability of the FEPP and (ii) identify recommendations for improvement.

METHODS

A mixed methods study using a sequential explanatory design was conducted. Part I consisted of a quantitative participant survey. Survey data were analysed descriptively using SPSS and informed the protocol for part II - qualitative interviews. Interview data were analysed thematically using NVivo. Part III consisted of integration of quantitative and qualitative data to allow greater explanation of survey responses. Individuals with MS who had participated in the FEPP feasibility trial were invited to take part in the study.

RESULTS

The FEPP was highly acceptability to the 10 participants. Five themes emerged to describe the experience of participating in the FEPP: (i) exploring exercise boundaries, (ii) measuring energy, (iii) acknowledging accountability, (iv) adjusting to exercising in a pandemic and (v) sustaining participation. Recommendations for improving the FEPP included changes to energy level monitoring and incorporation of peer support mechanisms.

DISCUSSION

Participants found the FEPP highly acceptable and valued the flexibility to choose their own activity and the health professional support. Based on participant recommendations, future versions of the FEPP will include daily rather than weekly monitoring of exercise and peer support to further enable individuals with MS to find the right balance with exercise and sport.

Participation of people living with disabilities in physical activity: a global perspective

Approximately 1·5 billion people worldwide live with a physical, mental, sensory, or intellectual disability, about 80% of which are in low-income and middle-income countries. This Series paper provides a global overview of the prevalence, benefits, and promotion policies for physical activity for people living with disabilities (PLWD). PLWD are 16-62% less likely to meet physical activity guidelines and are at higher risk of serious health problems related to inactivity than people without disabilities. Meta-analyses have shown that physical activity has beneficial effects on cardiovascular fitness (average standardised mean difference [SMD] 0·69 [95% CI 0·31-1·01]), musculoskeletal fitness (0·59 [0·31-0·87]), cardiometabolic risk factors (0·39 [0·04-0·75]), and brain and mental health outcomes (0·47 [0·21-0·73]). These meta-analyses also show that health benefits can be achieved even with less than 150 min of physical activity per week, and suggest that some physical activity is better than none. Meta-analyses of interventions to increase physical activity for PLWD have reported effect sizes ranging from SMD 0·29 (95% CI 0·17-0·41, k=10) to 1·00 (0·46-1·53, k=10). There is increasing awareness among policy makers of the needs of PLWD for full participation in physical activity. Physical activity action plans worldwide must be adequately resourced, monitored, and enforced to truly advance the fundamental rights of PLWD to fully participate in physical activity.

Lifestyle, exercise and activity package for people living with progressive multiple sclerosis (LEAP-MS): protocol for a single-arm feasibility study

BACKGROUND

We have co-designed a tailored blended physiotherapy intervention for people with progressive multiple sclerosis (PwPMS) who often struggle to access support for physical activity. Underpinned by self-management principles, the Lifestyle, Exercise and Activity Package for people with Multiple Sclerosis (LEAP-MS) intervention incorporates face-to-face or online physiotherapy coaching sessions with an accompanying online physical activity platform. The LEAP-MS platform is a multi-user system enabling user and physiotherapist to co-create activity plans. The LEAP-MS platform consists of an information and activity suite, interactive components enabling selection of exercises into an activity programme, goal setting and activity logging. The platform also facilitates online remote support from a physiotherapist through an embedded online messaging function. We aim to evaluate the LEAP-MS platform in a feasibility trial.

METHODS

LEAP-MS will be evaluated within a single-arm feasibility study with embedded process evaluation. After registration and initial eligible screening, 21 participants will be required to complete baseline self-completion measures. This will be followed by an initial home-based or online coaching session with a physiotherapist (who has received tailored self-management and digital resource training) and access to the online intervention for an initial 3-month period. During this period, participants are given the option to request up to five further home-based or online physiotherapy coaching sessions. Follow-up questionnaires and semi-structured interviews will be administered 3 months after baseline with participants and intervention physiotherapists. The LEAP-MS platform will be available to participants for a further 3 months. Usage of the LEAP-MS platform will be tracked during the full 6-month period and final follow-up will be conducted 6 months after baseline.

DISCUSSION

Feasibility outcomes (recruitment, retention, intervention uptake and safety) will be reported. The process evaluation will be undertaken to identify possible mechanisms for any observed effects. The data will inform full-scale evaluations of this co-produced, blended physiotherapy intervention.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03951181 . Registered 15 May 2019.

Effective rehabilitation interventions and participation among people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of reviews

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability in people aged 10 to 65 years. Evidence exists for the effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation and exercise. However, the effectiveness of other rehabilitation approaches in MS needs further evaluation.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to systematically synthesize and evaluate knowledge on effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions and determinants for participation among people with MS (pwMS) to inform clinical guidelines on rehabilitation.

METHODS

Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was used. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses published during 2009-2019. All types of rehabilitation interventions provided to pwMS at any time and in all settings were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data. The most recently published reviews on mixed and specific modalities were included. The findings were reported in a narrative summary and a mixed-methods analysis.

RESULTS

Among 108 eligible reviews, 6 qualitative or mixed-methods reviews and 66 quantitative reviews were included (total pwMS >90,000). This overview provides solid evidence for the effectiveness of a spectrum of modalities. Among the modalities, there was strong evidence for the effectiveness of multidisciplinary, cognitive and exercise approaches, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy, including full body training on functioning, and participation outcomes. Employment significantly affected quality of life; thus, vocational rehabilitation should be initiated early. Healthcare professionals should identify personal factors including relations and coping, and the rehabilitation process should involve partners or close family.

CONCLUSIONS

The mixed-methods analysis revealed insufficient consensus between the perspectives of pwMS on their rehabilitation and reported effects, indicating that further research should target the experiences of pwMS. Furthermore, rehabilitation should be patient-centred, focus on the complexity of needs, and be organised and performed by an experienced multidisciplinary team. Evidence-based rehabilitation should be initiated early after pwMS are diagnosed and follow international guidelines. Database registration. PROSPERO ID (CRD42020152422).

Web-based physical activity intervention for people with progressive multiple sclerosis: application of consensus-based intervention development guidance

OBJECTIVES

People with progressive multiple sclerosis (PwPMS) report that they recognise the benefits of activity on their physical and psychological health but need support to achieve their physical activity goals. We aimed to systematically develop a theoretically informed intervention that would enable PwPMS to more readily engage in regular physical activity.

DESIGN

We used an intervention mapping approach to inform intervention development.

SETTING

We conducted semistructured interviews with PwPMS and their families/carers and physiotherapists recruited from secondary care settings.

PARTICIPANTS

Fourteen PwPMS with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of between 6 and 8 and 7 of their families/carers and 13 physiotherapists and 1 physiotherapy technician participated.

RESULTS

Interview data suggested that the development of supportive coaching relationships with physiotherapists could promote the ability of PwPMS to achieve a desirable and achievable physical activity plan. These interview data informed the prototype 'Lifestyle Exercise and Activity Package for Multiple Sclerosis' (LEAP-MS) consisting of a secure multiuser web-based platform (with an education and activity suite, interactive components enabling selection of exercises, goal setting and activity logging), up to six flexible face-to-face or web-based physiotherapy coaching sessions and remote support via an embedded web-based messaging function that all together draw on specific theory-based methods to achieve physical activity behaviour change, namely active learning, reinforcement, modelling, feedback, facilitation, goal setting and guided practice. Implementation is within a multiuser platform accessible to participants, trained physiotherapists and researchers.

CONCLUSIONS

We have followed an inclusive, systematic and transparent process to develop the LEAP-MS intervention that enables detailed description of components, context and guiding principles to inform ongoing evaluation. Importantly, PwPMS expressed the need for autonomy in developing physical activity plans. This has been achieved through the embedding of self-management principles in the design and delivery of the LEAP-MS intervention.

Behavior Change Techniques in Physical Activity Interventions for Multiple Sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To identify and summarize the behavior change techniques (BCTs) included in behavior change interventions for promoting physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Complete, Scopus, and Embase were initially searched in November 2019, and data extraction began in June 2020.

STUDY SELECTION

The inclusion criteria for studies were: adults older than 18 years with diagnosed MS, English language, clinical trial designs (ie, pre-post or randomized controlled trials), group or individual interventions, and home or community-based settings wherein physical activity was defined as a primary or secondary outcome. Exclusion criteria for studies included protocol manuscripts pending results, case studies, studies focused on populations with multiple chronic diseases, and interventions targeting multiple behaviors. Two researchers completed screening for study selection, and a third researcher served as a referee. Of the initially identified 8681 studies, 54 studies met selection criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION

Data extraction was completed by 3 researchers. Each article was coded by 2 of the 3 researchers, and a fourth researcher resolved discrepancies. Data extracted from each paper included study title, authors, country, year, sample size, study design, intervention details, physical activity outcomes, and BCTs.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Thirty-eight unique behavior change interventions were identified, and 53 of the 93 possible BCTs were included across the studies. The mean number of BCTs per study was 15, and studies and effect sizes across studies ranged from 0.04-1.49.

CONCLUSIONS

This review provides a comprehensive overview of BCTs as the active ingredients in behavior change interventions targeting physical activity in MS. Results from this study provide a compendium for future intervention development for increasing physical activity and improving overall health in MS.

Well-being and disease severity of multiple sclerosis patients following a physical activity program

Abstract Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects young adults, promoting a great impact on functionality. Fatigue is a very common symptom, associated with multiple impairments in sensitivity, muscle activity, neuromotor control, balance, cognition and problem-solving ability. MS leads to strong functional restrictions, particularly in the context of daily living activities, as well as in patient participation. Objective: To understand the implications of a self-regulation program in the perception of well-being and mental health in MS patients. Methods: A set of exercises was implemented for use in daily activities, supported by different studies with MS patients. Patients were asked to classify the severity of their disease and to use the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38), at the beginning (time A) and at the end (time B) of the self-regulation program. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. A non-parametric statistical hypothesis test (Wilcoxon test) was used to analyze the variables. Results: The mean age was 44 years old, with patients between the ages of 20 and 58. 58.3% were women, 37.5% were currently married, 67% were retired and the mean level of education was 12.5 years. The correlation between the perception of disease severity and psychological well-being before the self-regulation program (r = 0.26, p < 0.05) and after the intervention (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) suggests a low to moderate correlation. Conclusion: The implementation of the self-regulatory model, through the promotion of physical activity in patients with MS, had a positive impact of clinical rehabilitation, well-being, and perception of disease severity of these people.

Motivations Toward Exercise Participation: Active Persons With Multiple Sclerosis Have Greater Self-directed and Self-capable Motivations

OBJECTIVE

To investigate differences in motivation perceptions toward exercise per self-determination theory and theory of planned behavior between active and insufficiently active persons with multiple sclerosis, given the well-being enhancements associated with exercise engagement for this population.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional between-groups design where active persons ≥14 points on the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, and insufficiently active <14.

SETTING

Community setting in Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

Australian participants (N=70; mean age, 49.61±12.79y; FIM 64:6; Patient Disability Disease Steps median, 3).

INTERVENTIONS

Not applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire and adaptations of the self-determination theory (autonomous and controlling forms of motivation) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitudes to exercise, subjective norms to exercise, behavioral control to exercise, intention to exercise) items tailored toward exercise perceptions.

RESULTS

Active persons perceived higher ratings compared with insufficiently active persons of autonomous motivations toward their exercise d=0.85 in addition to positive attitudes toward the value of exercise d=1.28, their behavioral control over exercise d=1.86, and their enhanced intentions to engage in exercise d=1.14. All effect sizes were large (d>0.80).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest the value of considering ways of enhancing the perceived autonomy toward engaging in physical activity in addition to the reduction of barriers toward participating and enhancing positive attitudes toward the value of physical activity when practitioners are working with persons living with multiple sclerosis.

Experiences of people with Parkinson's disease and their views on physical activity interventions: a qualitative systematic review

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the review was to synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on the experiences and preferences of people with Parkinson's disease for physical activity, their perceived motivators and barriers to engagement, as well as their views on support mechanisms and behavior change interventions designed to sustain participation.

INTRODUCTION

National and international guidelines recommend regular physical activity to improve health and wellbeing and to prevent disease. Research on Parkinson's disease indicates that physical activity programs can be beneficial in addressing both physical symptoms and overall wellbeing. However, despite recommendations, sustained engagement in regular physical activity among people with Parkinson's disease is limited. To promote physical activity it is important to understand their perspectives on this topic.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

This review considered studies that included a qualitative evaluation of the experiences and views of people with Parkinson's disease regarding physical activity and interventions designed to sustain participation.

METHODS

The databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, Scopus and Web of Science, and unpublished studies in sources of grey literature (Google, OpenGrey, MedNar, Conference Paper Index, PQDT) were searched. Language limiters were restricted to English and dates ranged from the inception of the database to June 30, 2017. Two reviewers assessed studies that met the inclusion criteria independently, using the criteria of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. One reviewer completed data extraction using the standardized qualitative data extraction tool. This was checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. The qualitative research findings were pooled using JBI methodology. The JBI process of meta-aggregation was used to identify categories and synthesized findings.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies were included in this review following assessment of the methodological quality of each study. Two studies were excluded after the methodological review as the findings were not supported by illustrations of the participant voice. Subsequently, 105 findings were extracted and aggregated into 20 categories and eight synthesized findings. Methodological quality was variable and overall confidence in the findings was determined to be low.

CONCLUSION

This review revealed that people with Parkinson's disease viewed physical activity as an enjoyable and positive experience, which aided with control of their symptoms and enhanced their wellbeing and quality of life. Aligned with evidence from older adults and those with long-term conditions, this review identified disease presentation, intrapersonal characteristics, program design, external support and the social and physical environment as contributory factors which influenced the ability of people with Parkinson's disease to sustain engagement in physical activity. The unique contribution and weighting of these factors will affect an individual's participation in physical activity. This review provides important insights into the challenges of undertaking physical activity while living with a progressive and fluctuating disease. These qualitative findings give healthcare providers an insight into the views and experiences of people with Parkinson's disease and are useful, alongside quantitative evidence of effectiveness, for the design of physical activity programs that are meaningful for this population. However, a limitation of this review is that it does not address the views and experiences of people with Parkinson's disease who are inactive.

Exercise participation and promotion in the multiple sclerosis community; perspectives across varying socio-ecological levels

Purpose: We undertook a qualitative study that explored exercise participation and exercise promotion in the multiple sclerosis (MS) community who live in regional or remote areas of Australia. By simultaneously gathering views from persons with MS, carers, healthcare providers and healthcare managers we aimed to gather unique perspectives which represented views from across socio-ecological levels of MS healthcare.Methods: We used interpretive description methodology, and conducted semi-structured interviews or focus groups with people with MS (n = 28), carers (n = 8), healthcare providers (n = 12) and managers/supervisors of MS healthcare systems (n = 16). Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: We identified three themes with 10 subthemes. The first theme was "Factors associated with exercise engagement" for the people with MS, from individual, interpersonal, organisational and community/public policy perspectives. The second theme was "Factors influencing the MS community's promotion of exercise" focusing on carers, healthcare providers and healthcare systems. The third theme was "Motivators to increase exercise promotion" which should be delivered by the MS community across varying socio-ecological levels of healthcare to encourage exercise participation.Conclusion: We identified new evidence on the factors which influence the MS community's promotion of exercise and we now better understand that training on exercise should be provided to the wider MS community, and exercise services should be considered locally and perhaps delivered via teleheath.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONCohesive healthcare campaigns, and clinical guidelines based on empirical evidence should be established for symptom management in MS with a focus on the role of exercise.Symptom management strategies should consider the whole MS community, including patients, carers, healthcare professional and healthcare co-ordinators.Internal factors (e.g., emotion and motivation) and broader factors (e.g., funding and location) must be considered when designing exercise interventions in persons with MS.

'I can do this': a qualitative exploration of acceptability and experiences of a physical activity behaviour change intervention in people with multiple sclerosis in the UK

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who participated in iStep-MS, a feasibility randomised controlled trial of a behaviour change intervention that aimed to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour.

DESIGN

A qualitative approach was undertaken embedded in the feasibility randomised controlled trial. One-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using Framework analysis.

SETTING

Participants were recruited from a single MS therapy centre in the southeast of England, UK.

PARTICIPANTS

Sixty people with MS were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or usual care. Following a purposive sampling strategy, 15 participants from the intervention arm undertook 1:1 semi-structured interviews.

INTERVENTIONS

The iStep-MS intervention consisted of four therapist-led sessions over 12 weeks, supported by a handbook and pedometer.

RESULTS

Three themes were identified from the data. "I can do this": developing competence in physical activity highlights the enhanced physical activity confidence gained through goal setting and accomplishment. "I felt valued": the nurturing culture provides an overview of the supportive and non-judgemental environment created by the programme structure and therapeutic relationship. Finally, "What can I do?": empowered enactment describes the transition from the supported iStep-MS intervention to intrinsically motivated physical activity enactment.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this study supports the acceptability of the iStep-MS intervention and identified key areas that supported participants to be physically active.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN15343862.

Informing the training of health care professionals to implement behavior change strategies for physical activity promotion in neurorehabilitation: a systematic review

Initiatives to increase physical activity (PA) are most effective when combined with behavior change strategies (BCS). However, this is not routinely done and perhaps can be attributed to health care professionals' (HCP) lack of confidence and understanding of how to best apply BCS. This review aimed to identify and synthesize the existing literature describing methods used to train HCP to deliver BCS for PA promotion for individuals living with neurological conditions. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eight databases were searched for articles describing how HCP were trained on BCS targeting PA and/or exercise for neurological pathology. Two researchers independently screened abstracts and used third-party consensus when needed. Studies must have described the planning/implementation of BCS targeting PA in adults with neurological disorders, with interventions delivered by a HCP. A data extraction table based on the study objective and the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group's data extraction template was used. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tools for Quantitative and Qualitative Studies. Included studies were also evaluated using the Workgroup for Intervention Development and Evaluation Research (WIDER) recommendations for reporting behavior change intervention content. Extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were completed independently by two researchers. Data were synthesized according to a who, what, when, and how approach. The search yielded 2,616 articles after duplicates removed, with 13 articles, representing eight unique interventions in individuals with spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease included. Methodological quality ranged from strong to weak. Methods used to increase HCP knowledge and use of BCS were heterogeneous. Common training features included multiple resources, multiple sessions, expert input, and ongoing support, but a lack of evaluation of training effectiveness. The BCS were based on Social Cognitive Theory in seven interventions. Physiotherapists were the most common HCP trained. There was considerable variety in how HCP were trained to use BCS and a lack of evaluation of training effectiveness. Future work should include more description of the content and structure of HCP training and a direct measure of effectiveness. Researchers should consider implementation strategies during development and reporting of behavior change interventions. This review was not registered with PROSPERO.

Individualised behaviour change strategies for physical activity in multiple sclerosis (IPAC-MS): protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Because of the long-term and unpredictable nature of the disease, the burden of MS is significant from both a patient and societal perspective. Despite a recent influx of disease-modifying therapies to treat MS, many individuals continue to experience disability that negatively affects productivity and quality of life. Previous research indicates that physical activity has a positive impact on walking function in individuals with MS, in addition to the usual beneficial effects on overall health. However, most people with MS are not active enough to gain these benefits, and a lack of support to initiate and maintain physical activity has been identified as a major barrier. This study will evaluate the impact of a novel intervention involving individualised behaviour change strategies delivered by neurophysiotherapists on increasing physical activity levels in individuals with MS who are currently inactive.

Methods/design

This single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Saskatchewan, Canada. Eligible participants include individuals with MS who are ambulatory but identified as currently inactive by the self-reported Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). The intervention will be delivered by neurophysiotherapists and includes individualised behaviour change strategies aimed at increasing physical activity over a 12-month period. The control group will receive usual care during the 12-month study period. The primary outcome is the change in physical activity level, as measured by the change in the GLTEQ score from baseline to 12 months. Secondary outcomes include the change in patient-reported outcome measures assessing MS-specific symptoms, confidence and quality of life.

Discussion

Physical activity has been identified as a top research priority by the MS community. Findings from this novel study may result in new knowledge that could significantly impact the management and overall health of individuals with MS.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04027114. Registered on 10 July 2019.

Safety, feasibility, acceptability and effects of a behaviour-change intervention to change physical activity behaviour among people with multiple sclerosis: Results from the iStep-MS randomised controlled trial

Background:

There is limited information regarding the safety, feasibility and acceptability of behaviour-change interventions to increase physical activity (PA) and reduce sedentary behaviour among people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior to evaluating efficacy, it is important to identify problems with feasibility and acceptability, which may undermine effectiveness.

Objective:

To examine the safety, feasibility and acceptability of a behaviour-change intervention to increase PA and reduce sedentary behaviour among people with MS.

Methods:

Sixty people received a 3-month intervention or usual care. Fatigue, pain and adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Feasibility and acceptability were explored through focus groups with physiotherapists and interviews with participants. Fidelity to intervention content, delivery skills, programme receipt and programme task were assessed.

Results:

There was no difference in AE rate between groups ( p = 0.965). Fatigue and pain were not higher in the intervention group at 3 or 9 months. Therapists reported the intervention was feasible to deliver and fidelity was acceptable. Twenty-nine participants (97%) attended at least 75% of sessions. Participants found the intervention acceptable but suggested some amendments were required to intervention components.

Conclusions:

The intervention was safe, feasible and acceptable. Although modifications are required to intervention components, the intervention warrants further evaluation in a future trial.

A Web-Based Physical Activity Portal for Individuals Living With a Spinal Cord Injury: Qualitative Study

Background

The population with a spinal cord injury (SCI) largely remains inactive following discharge from rehabilitation despite evidence on the benefits of physical activity. These individuals need to develop skills to self-manage their condition in order to prevent secondary comorbidities and rehospitalization. A Web-based physical activity portal can address this need. Few Web-based interventions incorporate theoretical frameworks, behavior change techniques, and modes of delivery into their design.

Objective

This study aimed to identify the preferred features of a Web-based self-management physical activity portal through stakeholder engagement with individuals with a spinal cord injury and health care professionals (HCPs).

Methods

An interpretative phenomenology methodology and participatory design, along with an integrated knowledge translation approach, were used to conduct this study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit individuals with an SCI living in the community, who were either interested or already engaging in physical activity, and HCPs working with individuals with an SCI, from three city-based rehabilitation sites. Individual 1-hour sessions involving navigation of an existing website and a semistructured interview were conducted with all participants. Individuals with an SCI completed a demographics questionnaire prior to the individual sessions, while demographic information of the HCPs was collected during their interviews. Additionally, all participants were asked a question on their intention to use or recommend a portal. An in-depth thematic analysis was used to derive themes from participants’ responses.

Results

Thirteen individuals with an SCI and nine HCPs participated in the study. Five core themes emerged: (1) knowledge: guidance and barrier management; (2) possibility of achievement: the risks and benefits of physical activity and modelling; (3) self-regulation strategies: action planning, goal setting, tracking, rewards, and reminders; (4) interactivity: peers and professionals; and (5) format: appearance, language, and ease of use. The mean (median) ratings of the likelihood of promoting and using a Web-based portal tailored to individuals’ needs were 9.00 (8.78) and 7.75 (7.88) for HCPs and individuals with an SCI, respectively.

Conclusions

This study highlights features of an online self-management platform that can provide individuals with an SCI the motivation and volition to engage in physical activity. These findings will inform the design of a Web-based self-management physical activity portal to increase physical activity adherence and behavior change.

A qualitative exploration of physiotherapists' perceptions about exercise and physical activity: reflections on the results from a Delphi Study

Purpose: This study explored physiotherapists' interpretation of exercise and physical activity, examined physiotherapists' views and opinions about the prioritised physical activity practices of people with multiple sclerosis and its implication for clinical practice.Method: Fourteen physiotherapists (12 females, 2 males) with experience of working with people with multiple sclerosis in the community participated in three focus groups. Physiotherapists commented on the results of a previous Delphi study which highlighted the prioritised exercise and physical activity practices and reasons people with multiple sclerosis engage in exercise and physical activity. The focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using framework analysis.Results: Four themes were developed from the analysis namely, Blurred terminologies, Influencing factors for the meaning of exercise and physical activity, When professional expertise meets experiential expertise and The resolve: resolving professional and experiential tensions.Conclusion: Physiotherapists described exercise and physical activity as movement with a focus on the physiological attributes. Nonetheless they valued and use exercise and physical activity as strategies to manage the symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Physiotherapists are strategically placed in the community to initiate discussions, assess, and create opportunities to enhance the physical activity practices of people with multiple sclerosis. However, there is greater scope for the application of physical activity to be embedded in routine clinical practice in the management of multiple sclerosis in the community.Implications for rehabilitationPhysiotherapists should design flexible physical activity programmes which are meaningful, engaging and foster the necessary environment to sustain physical activity participation in people with multiple sclerosis.Health professionals should be aware of and understand the individuals' priorities as these are key drivers to engaging and sustaining physical activity in community dwelling people with multiple sclerosis.Physiotherapists should be aware of their own beliefs and theoretical principles that guide designs and treatment programmes as these might either enhance or restrict physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis.

The effectiveness of interventions targeting physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour in people with Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic review

Background: Remaining physically active is important to maintain functional ability and reduce the incidence of co-morbidities in people with Multiple Sclerosis. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions on physical activity or sedentary behaviour in people with Multiple Sclerosis.Methods: A systematic search was conducted in May 2018 of the following databases: Web of Science Core Collections, Embase and Medline. Included studies were randomised controlled trials involving people with Multiple Sclerosis who completed an intervention, compared to any comparator. Outcomes included subjective or objective measures of physical activity or sedentary behaviour. Quality assessment was performed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.Results: Twenty-five trials were included covering 1697 participants, the majority of which had mild-moderate disability (average Physiotherapy Evidence Database score 6.2 ± 1.5). Experimental interventions included exercise prescription (n = 5), behaviour change interventions (n = 10), combined exercise, and behaviour change techniques (n = 7) and education (n = 3). Generally, subjective but not objective physical activity improved in those with mild-moderate disability. Insufficient data existed on the effectiveness on sedentary behaviour.Conclusions: A discrepancy seems to exists between the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in people with Multiple Sclerosis depending on whether physical activity was assessed objectively or subjectively, with the latter indicating effects. Effects on sedentary behaviour remain to be elucidated.Implications for RehabilitationRemaining physically active is important to maintain functional ability, independence, quality of life, and to reduce the incidence of co-morbidity.Exercise prescription, behaviour change interventions, combined exercise and behaviour change interventions, and health promotion education appear to subjectively improve physical activity in people with Multiple Sclerosis with mild-moderate disability, yet this is often not the case when measured objectively.There is a lack of evidence to support the effectiveness of these interventions on sedentary behaviour.

Clinical course of pain and disability in patients with subacromial shoulder pain: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Previous systematic reviews have identified the multiple factors impacting on the prognosis of shoulder pain. However, the typical clinical course of subacromial shoulder pain remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the clinical course of pain and disability in patients with subacromial shoulder pain.

METHOD AND ANALYSIS

We will systematically search electronic databases (Medline, Embase and AMED (via Ovid), Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus) from the date of inception to 28 February 2018 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies with patients with subacromial shoulder pain. We will follow patient groups measured with pain and disabilities with no intervention or usual care treatment. Two reviewers will extract the data, and assess the risk of bias within included studies. We will use the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCTs, and a methodological quality assessment tool for observational studies. We will perform meta-analyses for changes in pain and disability scores for each group (usual care and no intervention) at different time categories (up to 6 weeks, 6-12 weeks, 12-26 weeks or more). If there are 10 or more studies, we will perform a meta-regression for each planned analysis. The outcomes of the included studies will be described individually if the above statistical methods are not possible. Findings from this review will be of interest to clinicians and researchers, and will describe the expected clinical course of subacromial shoulder pain. This study may indicate the potential differences between the clinical courses of pain and disability over time.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This review will not gather original data, hence ethical approval is not required. The results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a scientific conference.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42016052518.

Changing physical activity behaviour for people with multiple sclerosis: protocol of a randomised controlled feasibility trial (iStep-MS)

INTRODUCTION

Although physical activity may reduce disease burden, fatigue and disability, and improve quality of life among people with multiple sclerosis (MS), many people with MS are physically inactive and spend significant time in sedentary behaviour. Behaviour change interventions may assist people with MS to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour. However, few studies have investigated their effectiveness using objective measures of physical activity, particularly in the long term. Further, interventions that have proven effective in the short term may not be feasible in clinical practice because of the large amount of support provided. The iStep-MS trial aims to determine the safety, feasibility and acceptability of a behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour among people with MS.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Sixty people with MS will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to receive a 12-week intervention or usual care only. The intervention consists of four physical activity consultations with a physiotherapist supported by a handbook and pedometer. Outcomes assessed at baseline, 12 weeks and 9 months are physical activity (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer), sedentary behaviour (activPAL3µ), self-reported activity and sitting time, walking capability, fatigue, self-efficacy, participation, quality of life and health service use. The safety of the intervention will be determined by assessing change in pain and fatigue and the incidence of adverse events during the follow-up period. A parallel process evaluation will assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention through assessment of fidelity to the programme and semistructured interviews exploring participants' and therapists' experiences of the intervention. The feasibility of conducting an economic evaluation will be determined by collecting data on quality of life and resource use.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Research ethics committee approval has been granted from Brunel University London. Results of the trial will be submitted for publication in journals and distributed to people with MS and physiotherapists.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN15343862 (doi 10.1186/ISRCTN15343862). Protocol version: 1.0; Pre-results.

Mii-vitaliSe: a pilot randomised controlled trial of a home gaming system (Nintendo Wii) to increase activity levels, vitality and well-being in people with multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

While the health and well-being benefits of physical activity are recognised, people with multiple sclerosis (MS) often face greater barriers than the general population. The Nintendo Wii potentially offers a fun, convenient way of overcoming some of these. The aim was to test the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Mii-vitaliSe; a home-based, physiotherapist-supported Nintendo Wii intervention.

DESIGN

A single-centre wait-list randomised controlled study.

SETTING

MS service in secondary care.

PARTICIPANTS

Ambulatory, relatively inactive people with clinically confirmed MS.

INTERVENTION

Thirty participants were randomised to receive Mii-vitaliSe either immediately (for 12 months) or after a 6-month wait (for 6 months). Mii-vitaliSe consisted of two supervised Nintendo Wii familiarisation sessions in the hospital followed by home use (Wii Sports, Sports Resort and Fit Plus software) with physiotherapist support and personalised resources.

OUTCOMES

Included self-reported physical activity levels, quality of life, mood, self-efficacy, fatigue and assessments of balance, gait, mobility and hand dexterity at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Interviews (n=25) explored participants' experiences and, at study end, the two Mii-vitaliSe facilitators' experiences of intervention delivery (main qualitative findings reported separately).

RESULTS

Mean (SD) age was 49.3 (8.7) years, 90% female, with 47% diagnosed with MS <6 years ago and 60% new to active gaming. The recruitment rate was 31% (95% CI 20% to 44%). Outcome data were available for 29 (97%) at 6 months and 28 (93%) at 12 months. No serious adverse events were reported during the study. Qualitative data indicated that Mii-vitaliSe was well-received. Mean Wii use across both groups over the initial 6-month intervention period was twice a week for 27 min/day. Mean cost of delivering Mii-vitaliSe was £684 per person.

DISCUSSION

Mii-vitaliSe appears acceptable and a future trial feasible and warranted. These findings will inform its design.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ISRCTN49286846.

Development of a balance, safe mobility and falls management programme for people with multiple sclerosis

PURPOSE

To utilise stakeholder input to inform the structure, format and approach of a multiple sclerosis (MS) balance, safe mobility and falls management programme.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using a three-round nominal group technique, participants individually rated their agreement with 20 trigger statements, followed by a facilitated group discussion and re-rating. Three mixed groups included service users (n = 15) and providers (n = 19). Quantitative analysis determined agreement, whilst qualitative responses were analysed thematically.

RESULTS

Median scores for each of the 20 trigger statements did not change significantly over sequential rounds, however, deviations around the medians indicated more agreement amongst participants over time. Key recommendations were: Aims and approach: The programme should be tailored to the needs of people with MS. Falls and participation-based outcomes are equally important. Structure and format: The programme should balance expected burden and anticipated benefit, moving away from models requiring weekly attendance and promoting and supporting self-efficacy. Optimising engagement: Support to maintain engagement and intensity of practice over the long term is essential. Sustainability: Adequate funding is necessary. Staff should have MS specific knowledge and experience.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants collaboratively identified critical components of a MS balance, safe mobility and falls management programme. They also highlighted the importance of a collaborative, user-centred, MS-specific approach. Implications for Rehabilitation People with multiple sclerosis need condition-specific interventions focussed on maximising balance and safe mobility and reducing falls. Programme design should support self-efficacy and flexible engagement. Adequate support and funding are seen as essential by both service users and providers.

Does aerobic training alleviate fatigue and improve societal participation in patients with multiple sclerosis? A randomized controlled trial

Background:

Evidence supporting the effectiveness of aerobic training, specific for fatigue, in severely fatigued patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is lacking.

Objective:

To estimate the effectiveness of aerobic training on MS-related fatigue and societal participation in ambulant patients with severe MS-related fatigue.

Methods:

Patients (N = 90) with severe MS-related fatigue were allocated to 16-week aerobic training or control intervention. Primary outcomes were perceived fatigue (Checklist Individual Strength (CIS20r) fatigue subscale) and societal participation. An improvement of ⩾8 points on the CIS20r fatigue subscale was considered clinically relevant. Outcomes were assessed by a blinded observer at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months.

Results:

Of the 89 patients that started treatment (median Expanded Disability Status Scale (interquartile range), 3.0 (2.0–3.6); mean CIS20r fatigue subscale (standard deviation (SD)), 42.6 (8.0)), 43 received aerobic training and 46 received the control intervention. A significant post-intervention between-group mean difference (MD) on the CIS20r fatigue subscale of 4.708 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.003–8.412; p = 0.014) points was found in favour of aerobic training that, however, was not sustained during follow-up. No effect was found on societal participation.

Conclusion:

Aerobic training in MS patients with severe fatigue does not lead to a clinically meaningful reduction in fatigue or societal participation when compared to a low-intensity control intervention.

Social cognitive correlates of physical activity among persons with multiple sclerosis: Influence of depressive symptoms

BACKGROUND

Physical inactivity and elevated depressive symptoms are both highly prevalent and correlated among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Variables from Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) might be differentially correlated with physical activity in persons with MS who have elevated depressive symptoms.

PURPOSE

This study investigated the influence of elevated depressive symptoms on correlates of physical activity based on SCT in persons with MS.

METHODS

Participants (mean age = 50.3 years, 87% female, 69% Caucasian) completed questionnaires on physical activity, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, functional limitations, and goal setting. The questionnaires were delivered and returned through the U.S. Postal Service. The sample (N = 551) was divided into 2 subgroups (i.e., elevated vs non-elevated levels of depressive symptoms) for statistical analyses. Bivariate correlations and stepwise multiple regressions were conducted using SPSS.

RESULTS

Self-efficacy (r = 0.16), functional limitations (r = 0.22) and goal-setting (r = 0.42) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with physical activity among the elevated depressive sample. The regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy predicted physical activity in Step 1 (β = 0.16, p < 0.05), but was no longer significant when goal-setting (β = 0.06, p > 0.05) entered the model. All social cognitive variables were significantly associated with physical activity levels (r = 0.16-0.40, p < 0.001) among the non-elevated depressive sample. Self-efficacy predicted physical activity in Step 1 (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), but it was no longer significant once goal-setting, functional limitations, and self-evaluative outcome expectations entered the model.

CONCLUSION

Based on SCT, self-efficacy and goal-setting represent possible targets of behavior interventions for increasing physical activity among persons with MS who have elevated depressive symptoms. There is a larger set of targets among those with MS who do not have elevated symptoms.

Multiple sclerosis patients need and want information on exercise promotion from healthcare providers: a qualitative study

Background

There is growing recognition of the benefits and safety of exercise and its importance in the comprehensive care of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet uptake is low.

Objective

We explored the needs and wants of patients with MS regarding exercise promotion through healthcare providers.

Setting and participants

Participants were adults with MS who had mild‐or‐moderate disability and a range of exercise levels. All participants lived in the Midwest of the United States.

Methods

Fifty semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Two themes emerged, namely interactions between patients and healthcare providers and needs and wants of patients.

Results

Analysis of participant accounts illustrate that current exercise promotion by healthcare providers does not meet patient needs and wants. The identified needs and wants of persons with MS involved (i) information and knowledge on the benefits of exercise and exercise prescription, (ii) materials to allow home and community exercise and (iii) tools for initiating and maintaining exercise behaviour.

Discussion and conclusion

Patients with MS frequently interact with healthcare providers and are generally unsatisfied with exercise promotion during interactions. Healthcare providers can address the low uptake of exercise among persons with MS by acting upon the identified unmet needs involving materials, knowledge and behaviour change strategies for exercise.