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Velayudhan R, Raj Z, Babu B, Nair P, Kakkan S. Tactile hallucination triggered by auditory hallucination - A new phenomenon. Indian J Psychiatry 2024; 66:482-483. [PMID: 38919567 PMCID: PMC11195740 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_762_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoheb Raj
- Department of Psychiatry, KMCT College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India E-mail:
| | - Bindhiya Babu
- Department of Psychiatry, KMCT College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India E-mail:
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Psychiatry, KMCT College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India E-mail:
| | - Sushil Kakkan
- Department of Psychiatry, KMCT College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India E-mail:
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2
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Kammerer MK, Bott A, Strakeljahn F, Lincoln TM. Sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences: Examining the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a daytime nap study. Sleep Med 2024; 116:43-50. [PMID: 38422784 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Decreased sleep spindle activity in individuals with psychotic disorders is well studied, but its contribution to psychotic symptom formation is not well understood. This study explored potential underlying mechanisms explaining the association between decreased sleep spindle activity and psychotic symptoms. To this end, we analysed the links between sleep spindle activity and psychotic experiences and probed for the mediating roles of attentional performance and perceptual distortions in a community sample of young adults (N = 70; 26.33 ± 4.84 years). Polysomnography was recorded during a 90-min daytime nap and duration, amplitude, and density from slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) spindles were extracted. Attentional performance was assessed via a test battery and with an antisaccadic eye movement task. Psychotic experiences (i.e., paranoid thoughts; hallucinatory experiences) and perceptual distortions (i.e., anomalous perceptions; sensory gating deficits) were assessed via self-report questionnaires. We conducted sequential mediation analyses with spindle activity as predictor, psychotic experiences as dependent variable, and attentional performance and perceptual distortions as mediators. We found reduced right central spindle amplitude to be associated with paranoid thoughts. Increased antisaccadic error rate was associated with anomalous perceptions and perceptual distortions were associated with psychotic experiences. We did not find significant mediation effects. The findings support the notion that reduced sleep spindle activity is involved in the formation of paranoid thoughts and that decreased antisaccadic performance is indicative of perceptual distortions as potential precursors for psychotic experiences. However, further research is needed to corroborate the proposed mediation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K Kammerer
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonia Bott
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Strakeljahn
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Salgues S, Plancher G, Michael GA. Is it really on your hand? Spontaneous sensations are not peripheral sensations - Evidence from able-bodied individuals and a phantom limb syndrome patient. Brain Cogn 2024; 175:106138. [PMID: 38335922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Among other bodily signals, the perception of sensations arising spontaneously on the skin with no external triggers contributes to body awareness. The topic of spontaneous sensations (SPS) being quite recent in the literature, there is still a debate whether this phenomenon is elicited by peripheral cutaneous units' activity underlying tactile perception or originates directly from central mechanisms. In a first experiment, we figured that, if SPS depended on peripheral afferents, their perception on the glabrous hand should relate to the hand tactile sensitivity. On the contrary, we found no relationship at all, which led us to envisage the scenario of SPS in the absence of cutaneous units. In a second experiment, we present the case of Julie, a right-hand amputee that could perceive and report SPS arising on her phantom limb syndrome. We found that SPS distribution on the phantom limb followed the same gradient as that observed in control participants, unlike SPS perceived on the intact left hand. Those findings are crucial to the understanding of neural factors determining body awareness through SPS perception and provide insights into the existence of a precise neural gradient underlying somesthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salgues
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France; Laboratoire Mémoire Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Gaën Plancher
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - George A Michael
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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Huang H, Chen Q, Xu Z, Liu F. FGF3 Directs the Pathfinding of Prethalamic GABAergic Axons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14998. [PMID: 37834446 PMCID: PMC10573444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamus plays a crucial role in ensuring the faithful transfer of sensory information, except olfactory signals, to corresponding cortical areas. However, thalamic function is not simply restricted to relaying information to and from the cerebral cortex. The ability to modulate the flow of sensory information is supported by a second abundant neuronal type in the prethalamus, the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons, which project inhibitory GABAergic axons to dorsal thalamic glutamatergic neurons. Interestingly, during the trajectory of pioneer prethalamic axons, morphogen fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-3 is expressed in the ventral chick hypothalamus. Using in vitro analyses in chick explants, we identify a chemorepellent effect of FGF3 on nearby prethalamic GABAergic axons. Furthermore, inhibition of FGF3 guidance functions indicates that FGF3 signaling is necessary to navigate prethalamic axons correctly. Gene expression analyses and loss of function studies demonstrate that FGF3 mediates prethalamic axonal guidance through the downstream pathway of the FGF receptor (FGFR)-1. Together, these results suggest that FGF3 expressed in the hypothalamus functions as a chemorepellent molecule to direct the pathway selection of neighboring GABAergic axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qingyi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhengang Xu
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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The Feature of Sleep Spindle Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia With and Without Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:331-342. [PMID: 34380082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous sleep electroencephalography studies have detected abnormalities in sleep architecture and sleep spindle deficits in schizophrenia (SCZ), but the consistency of these results was not robust, which might be due to the small sample size and the influence of clinical factors such as the various medication therapies and symptom heterogeneity. This study aimed to regard auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) as a pointcut to downscale the heterogeneity of SCZ and explore whether some sleep architecture and spindle parameters were more severely impaired in SCZ patients with AVHs compared with those without AVHs. METHODS A total of 90 SCZ patients with AVHs, 92 SCZ patients without AVHs, and 91 healthy control subjects were recruited, and parameters of sleep architecture and spindle activities were compared between groups. The correlation between significant sleep parameters and clinical indicators was analyzed. RESULTS Deficits of sleep spindle activities at prefrontal electrodes and intrahemispheric spindle coherence were observed in both AVH and non-AVH groups, several of which were more serious in the AVH group. In addition, deficits of spindle activities at central and occipital electrodes and interhemispheric spindle coherence mainly manifested accompanying AVH symptoms, most of which were retained in the medication-naive first-episode patients, and were associated with Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of spindle deficits might be different between SCZ patients with and without AVHs. In the future, the sleep feature of SCZ patients with different symptoms and the influence of clinical factors, such as medication therapy, should be further illustrated.
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Anticevic A, Halassa MM. The thalamus in psychosis spectrum disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1163600. [PMID: 37123374 PMCID: PMC10133512 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1163600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosis spectrum disorder (PSD) affects 1% of the world population and results in a lifetime of chronic disability, causing devastating personal and economic consequences. Developing new treatments for PSD remains a challenge, particularly those that target its core cognitive deficits. A key barrier to progress is the tenuous link between the basic neurobiological understanding of PSD and its clinical phenomenology. In this perspective, we focus on a key opportunity that combines innovations in non-invasive human neuroimaging with basic insights into thalamic regulation of functional cortical connectivity. The thalamus is an evolutionary conserved region that forms forebrain-wide functional loops critical for the transmission of external inputs as well as the construction and update of internal models. We discuss our perspective across four lines of evidence: First, we articulate how PSD symptomatology may arise from a faulty network organization at the macroscopic circuit level with the thalamus playing a central coordinating role. Second, we discuss how recent animal work has mechanistically clarified the properties of thalamic circuits relevant to regulating cortical dynamics and cognitive function more generally. Third, we present human neuroimaging evidence in support of thalamic alterations in PSD, and propose that a similar "thalamocortical dysconnectivity" seen in pharmacological imaging (under ketamine, LSD and THC) in healthy individuals may link this circuit phenotype to the common set of symptoms in idiopathic and drug-induced psychosis. Lastly, we synthesize animal and human work, and lay out a translational path for biomarker and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan Anticevic,
| | - Michael M. Halassa
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Michael M. Halassa,
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Wei Y, Xue K, Yang M, Wang H, Chen J, Han S, Wang X, Li H, Zhang Y, Song X, Cheng J. Aberrant Cerebello-Thalamo-Cortical Functional and Effective Connectivity in First-Episode Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1336-1343. [PMID: 36029238 PMCID: PMC9673260 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus is known to be impaired in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Abnormal filtering function of the thalamus has been found in schizophrenia patients with AVHs. However, a whole-structure approach has commonly been adopted when investigating thalamic dysconnectivity in patients with AVHs, and it remains unclear which thalamic nucleus is the critical structure underlying AVHs. Here, we investigated voxel-wise resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the thalamic nucleus in drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with AVHs. In addition, dynamic causal modeling was applied to compute effective connectivity and estimate causal relationships that could explain aberrant rsFC. Compared with the FES patients without AVH (NAVH) and normal controls, patients with AVHs had weaker rsFC of the bilateral medial pulvinar (PuM) nucleus-cerebellum. Moreover, compared with the normal control group, the AVH and NAVH groups had significantly stronger rsFC of the bilateral PuM nucleus-cerebral cortex, as well as weaker rsFC of the right medial geniculate nucleus-cerebral cortex. Compared with the NAVH and normal control groups, dynamic causal modeling revealed significantly stronger effective connectivity from the left PuM nucleus to the right inferior frontal gyrus in the AVH group. These findings indicate that the critical structure in the thalamus underlying AVHs is the PuM nucleus, and provide direct evidence that the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit is associated with AVHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarui Wei
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kangkang Xue
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jingli Chen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Hefei National Lab for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027,China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052,China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052,China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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The role of thalamic group II mGlu receptors in health and disease. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210058. [PMID: 36561092 PMCID: PMC9760452 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus plays a pivotal role in the integration and processing of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. It is therefore important to understand how the thalamus operates in states of both health and disease. In the present review, we discuss the function of the Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors within thalamic circuitry, and how they may represent therapeutic targets in treating disease states associated with thalamic dysfunction.
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Michael GA, Salgues S, Plancher G, Duran G. Cues to body-related distortions and hallucinations? Spontaneous sensations correlate with EEG oscillatory activity recorded at rest in the somatosensory cortices. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 324:111506. [PMID: 35688045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body awareness may arise in the total absence of sensory input, as suggested by the spontaneous occurrence of normal and pathological (i.e., hallucinatory) bodily sensations. These phenomena may arise due to back-projections from higher-order cortical areas to the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices, and would appear to be reflected in cortical oscillatory activity in both SI and SII. Here, we set to investigate the relationship of SI and SII in SPS. Healthy participants underwent an EEG recording session at rest, and then completed an experiment on the perception of spontaneous sensations occurring on the hands. Cortical oscillatory activity was extracted from specified ROIs in the somatosensory cortices. The findings showed that (i) SPS perceived in the fingers correlated positively with alpha-band oscillations recorded in SI, and that (ii) SPS perceived in the palm correlated positively with gamma-band oscillations and negatively with beta-band oscillations recorded in SII. Apart from supporting the idea that the somatosensory cortices are involved in bodily awareness even in the absence of sensory input, these findings also suggest that default oscillatory activity in the somatosensory cortices reflects individual differences in bodily awareness. The results are interpreted in terms of neural and cognitive processes that may give rise to bodily awareness and modulate it, and their importance in understanding body perception distortions and bodily delusions and hallucinations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Michael
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Unité de Recherche EMC, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Institut de Psychologie, Lyon, France.
| | - Sara Salgues
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Unité de Recherche EMC, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Institut de Psychologie, Lyon, France
| | - Gaën Plancher
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Unité de Recherche EMC, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Institut de Psychologie, Lyon, France
| | - Geoffrey Duran
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Unité de Recherche EMC, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 2, Institut de Psychologie, Lyon, France
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Michael GA, Guyot D, Tarroux E, Comte M, Salgues S. Feeling Oneself Requires Embodiment: Insights From the Relationship Between Own-Body Transformations, Schizotypal Personality Traits, and Spontaneous Bodily Sensations. Front Psychol 2021; 11:578237. [PMID: 33424690 PMCID: PMC7786119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle bodily sensations such as itching or fluttering that occur in the absence of any external trigger (i.e., spontaneous sensations, or SPS) may serve to locate the spatial boundaries of the body. They may constitute the normal counterpart of extreme conditions in which body-related hallucinations and perceptual aberrations are experienced. Previous investigations have suggested that situations in which the body is spontaneously experienced as being deformed are related to the ability to perform own-body transformations, i.e., mental rotations of the body requiring disembodiment. We therefore decided to consider whether the perception of SPS might relate to embodiment as assessed through (i) the ability to perform own-body transformations (OBT task) and (ii) schizotypal traits (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, or SPQ), since high degrees of schizotypy in the general population have been associated with more vivid perceptions and aberrant perceptual experiences. Then participants completed a standard SPS task. Our analysis revealed that the slower the response time in the OBT task, the more frequent the perception of SPS. This suggests that difficulties in disembodying and mentally transforming one's own body facilitate feeling oneself. Furthermore, a greater number of correct responses in the OBT task was associated with less frequent perception of SPS. This suggests that finding it easier to disembody and perform mental own-body transformations interferes with the ability to sense oneself. The results also show that higher schizotypal traits, as assessed through the SPQ, are associated with more frequent perception of SPS. Taken together, these results provide a coherent picture and suggest that embodiment is required in order to correctly feel oneself, as expressed through the perception of SPS. The ability to easily experience disembodiment reduces the sense of feeling oneself, and proneness to schizotypal traits produces body misperceptions that enhance and amplify this feeling. The results are discussed in the light of current knowledge and theories about body representations, taking into account attention and interoception as factors that influence body awareness. We offer explanations for perceptual aberrations, body-related delusions, and hallucinations based on misperceived or misinterpreted SPS, and we discuss possible mechanisms that may contribute to feeling and misperceiving oneself.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Michael
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Laboratoire EMC (Cognitive Mechanisms Research Laboratory) (EA 3082), Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Institute of Psychology, Lyon, France
| | - Deborah Guyot
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Laboratoire EMC (Cognitive Mechanisms Research Laboratory) (EA 3082), Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Institute of Psychology, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Tarroux
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Laboratoire EMC (Cognitive Mechanisms Research Laboratory) (EA 3082), Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Institute of Psychology, Lyon, France
| | - Mylène Comte
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Laboratoire EMC (Cognitive Mechanisms Research Laboratory) (EA 3082), Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Institute of Psychology, Lyon, France
| | - Sara Salgues
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Laboratoire EMC (Cognitive Mechanisms Research Laboratory) (EA 3082), Lyon, France.,University Lyon 2, Institute of Psychology, Lyon, France
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11
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Rivero-Echeto MC, Perissinotti PP, González-Inchauspe C, Kargieman L, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Simultaneous administration of cocaine and caffeine dysregulates HCN and T-type channels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:787-810. [PMID: 33241481 PMCID: PMC7688300 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The abuse of psychostimulants has adverse consequences on the physiology of the central nervous system. In Argentina, and other South American countries, coca paste or "PACO" (cocaine and caffeine are its major components) is massively consumed with deleterious clinical consequences for the health and well-being of the general population. A scant number of studies have addressed the consequences of stimulant combination of cocaine and caffeine on the physiology of the somatosensory thalamocortical (ThCo) system. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study ion conductances that have important implications regulating sleep-wake states 24-h after an acute or chronic binge-like administration of a cocaine and caffeine mixture following previously analyzed pasta base samples ("PACO"-like binge") using mice. METHODS We randomly injected (i.p.) male C57BL/6JFcen mice with a binge-like psychostimulants regimen during either 1 day (acute) or 1 day on/1 day off during 13 days for a total of 7 binges (chronic). Single-cell patch-clamp recordings of VB neurons were performed in thalamocortical slices 24 h after the last psychostimulant injection. We also recorded EEG/EMG from mice 24 h after being systemically treated with chronic administration of cocaine + caffeine versus saline, vehicle. RESULTS Our results showed notorious changes in the intrinsic properties of the VB nucleus neurons that persist after 24-h of either acute or chronic binge administrations of combined cocaine and caffeine ("PACO"-like binge). Functional dysregulation of HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated) and T-type VGC (voltage-gated calcium) channels was described 24-h after acute/chronic "PACO"-like administrations. Furthermore, intracellular basal [Ca2+] disturbances resulted a key factor that modulated the availability and the activation of T-type channels, altering T-type "window currents." As a result, all these changes ultimately shaped the low-threshold spikes (LTS)-associated Ca2+ transients, regulated the membrane excitability, and altered sleep-wake transitions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that deleterious consequences of stimulants cocaine and caffeine combination on the thalamocortical physiology as a whole might be related to potential neurotoxic effects of soaring intracellular [Ca2+].
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Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Rivero-Echeto
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula P. Perissinotti
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlota González-Inchauspe
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Kargieman
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Urbano
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado”, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981IFIBYNE (UBA-CONICET), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Steullet P. Thalamus-related anomalies as candidate mechanism-based biomarkers for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2020; 226:147-157. [PMID: 31147286 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification of reliable biomarkers of prognosis in subjects with high risk to psychosis is an essential step to improve care and treatment of this population of help-seekers. Longitudinal studies highlight some clinical criteria, cognitive deficits, patterns of gray matter alterations and profiles of blood metabolites that provide some levels of prediction regarding the conversion to psychosis. Further effort is warranted to validate these results and implement these types of approaches in clinical settings. Such biomarkers may however fall short in entangling the biological mechanisms underlying the disease progression, an essential step in the development of novel therapies. Circuit-based approaches, which map on well-identified cerebral functions, could meet these needs. Converging evidence indicates that thalamus abnormalities are central to schizophrenia pathophysiology, contributing to clinical symptoms, cognitive and sensory deficits. This review highlights the various thalamus-related anomalies reported in individuals with genetic risks and in the different phases of the disorder, from prodromal to chronic stages. Several anomalies are potent endophenotypes, while others exist in clinical high-risk subjects and worsen in those who convert to full psychosis. Aberrant functional coupling between thalamus and cortex, low glutamate content and readouts from resting EEG carry predictive values for transition to psychosis or functional outcome. In this context, thalamus-related anomalies represent a valuable entry point to tackle circuit-based alterations associated with the emergence of psychosis. This review also proposes that longitudinal surveys of neuroimaging, EEG readouts associated with circuits encompassing the mediodorsal, pulvinar in high-risk individuals could unveil biological mechanisms contributing to this psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Steullet
- Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Gaebler AJ, Zweerings J, Koten JW, König AA, Turetsky BI, Zvyagintsev M, Mathiak K. Impaired Subcortical Detection of Auditory Changes in Schizophrenia but Not in Major Depression. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:193-201. [PMID: 31220318 PMCID: PMC6942154 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mismatch negativity is a cortical response to auditory changes and its reduction is a consistent finding in schizophrenia. Recent evidence revealed that the human brain detects auditory changes already at subcortical stages of the auditory pathway. This finding, however, raises the question where in the auditory hierarchy the schizophrenic deficit first evolves and whether the well-known cortical deficit may be a consequence of dysfunction at lower hierarchical levels. Finally, it should be resolved whether mismatch profiles differ between schizophrenia and affective disorders which exhibit auditory processing deficits as well. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess auditory mismatch processing in 29 patients with schizophrenia, 27 patients with major depression, and 31 healthy control subjects. Analysis included whole-brain activation, region of interest, path and connectivity analysis. In schizophrenia, mismatch deficits emerged at all stages of the auditory pathway including the inferior colliculus, thalamus, auditory, and prefrontal cortex. In depression, deficits were observed in the prefrontal cortex only. Path analysis revealed that activation deficits propagated from subcortical to cortical nodes in a feed-forward mechanism. Finally, both patient groups exhibited reduced connectivity along this processing stream. Auditory mismatch impairments in schizophrenia already manifest at the subcortical level. Moreover, subcortical deficits contribute to the well-known cortical deficits and show specificity for schizophrenia. In contrast, depression is associated with cortical dysfunction only. Hence, schizophrenia and major depression exhibit different neural profiles of sensory processing deficits. Our findings add to a converging body of evidence for brainstem and thalamic dysfunction as a hallmark of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnim Johannes Gaebler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA (Translational Brain Medicine), Aachen, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Pauwels str. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; tel: +49-241-8088650, fax: +49-241-8082401: e-mail:
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA (Translational Brain Medicine), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Anna König
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA (Translational Brain Medicine), Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mikhail Zvyagintsev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA (Translational Brain Medicine), Aachen, Germany
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Studies (IZKF), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA (Translational Brain Medicine), Aachen, Germany
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14
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Interaction of emotion and cognitive control along the psychosis continuum: A critical review. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 147:156-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Zhou L, Bi Y, Liang M, Kong Y, Tu Y, Zhang X, Song Y, Du X, Tan S, Hu L. A modality-specific dysfunction of pain processing in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1738-1753. [PMID: 31868305 PMCID: PMC7267942 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations showed that schizophrenia (SCZ) patients reported little or no pain under various conditions that are commonly associated with intense painful sensations, leading to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. However, this phenomenon has received little attention and its underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we conducted two experiments combining psychophysics, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to investigate neural mechanisms of pain insensitivity in SCZ patients. Specifically, we adopted a stimulus–response paradigm with brief stimuli of different sensory modalities (i.e., nociceptive, non‐nociceptive somatosensory, and auditory) to test whether pain insensitivity in SCZ patients is supra‐modal or modality‐specific, and used EEG and fMRI techniques to clarify its neural mechanisms. We observed that perceived intensities to nociceptive stimuli were significantly smaller in SCZ patients than healthy controls, whereas perceived intensities to non‐nociceptive somatosensory and auditory stimuli were not significantly different. The behavioral results were confirmed by stimulus‐evoked brain responses sampled by EEG and fMRI techniques, thus verifying the modality‐specific nature of the modulation of nociceptive information processing in SCZ patients. Additionally, significant group differences were observed in the spectral power of alpha oscillations in prestimulus EEG and the seed‐based functional connectivity in resting‐state fMRI (seeds: the thalamus and periaqueductal gray that are key nodes in ascending and descending pain pathways respectively), suggesting a possible contribution of cortical–subcortical dysfunction to the phenomenon. Overall, our study provides insight into the neural mechanisms of pain insensitivity in SCZ and highlights a need for systematic assessments of their pain‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiheng Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Song
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Du
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilonguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Russo M, Carrarini C, Dono F, Rispoli MG, Di Pietro M, Di Stefano V, Ferri L, Bonanni L, Sensi SL, Onofrj M. The Pharmacology of Visual Hallucinations in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1379. [PMID: 31920635 PMCID: PMC6913661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations (VH) are commonly found in the course of synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The incidence of VH in these conditions is so high that the absence of VH in the course of the disease should raise questions about the diagnosis. VH may take the form of early and simple phenomena or appear with late and complex presentations that include hallucinatory production and delusions. VH are an unmet treatment need. The review analyzes the past and recent hypotheses that are related to the underlying mechanisms of VH and then discusses their pharmacological modulation. Recent models for VH have been centered on the role played by the decoupling of the default mode network (DMN) when is released from the control of the fronto-parietal and salience networks. According to the proposed model, the process results in the perception of priors that are stored in the unconscious memory and the uncontrolled emergence of intrinsic narrative produced by the DMN. This DMN activity is triggered by the altered functioning of the thalamus and involves the dysregulated activity of the brain neurotransmitters. Historically, dopamine has been indicated as a major driver for the production of VH in synucleinopathies. In that context, nigrostriatal dysfunctions have been associated with the VH onset. The efficacy of antipsychotic compounds in VH treatment has further supported the notion of major involvement of dopamine in the production of the hallucinatory phenomena. However, more recent studies and growing evidence are also pointing toward an important role played by serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunctions. In that respect, in vivo and post-mortem studies have now proved that serotonergic impairment is often an early event in synucleinopathies. The prominent cholinergic impairment in DLB is also well established. Finally, glutamatergic and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic modulations and changes in the overall balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling are also contributing factors. The review provides an extensive overview of the pharmacology of VH and offers an up to date analysis of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marianna Gabriella Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Luca Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine—CeSI-MeT, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders—iMIND, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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17
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Esmaeeli S, Murphy K, Swords GM, Ibrahim BA, Brown JW, Llano DA. Visual hallucinations, thalamocortical physiology and Lewy body disease: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:337-351. [PMID: 31195000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the core diagnostic criteria for Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is the presence of visual hallucinations. The presence of hallucinations, along with fluctuations in the level of arousal and sleep disturbance, point to potential pathological mechanisms at the level of the thalamus. However, the potential role of thalamic dysfunction in DLB, particularly as it relates to the presence of formed visual hallucinations is not known. Here, we review the literature on the pathophysiology of DLB with respect to modern theories of thalamocortical function and attempt to derive an understanding of how such hallucinations arise. Based on the available literature, we propose that combined thalamic-thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamocortical pathology may explain the phenomenology of visual hallucinations in DLB. In particular, diminished α7 cholinergic activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus may critically disinhibit thalamocortical activity. Further, concentrated pathological changes within the posterior regions of the thalamus may explain the predilection for the hallucinations to be visual in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shooka Esmaeeli
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kathleen Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabriel M Swords
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Baher A Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Urbana, IL, United States.
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18
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Ceylan ME, Evrensel A, Dönmez A, Önen Ünsalver B, Kaya Yertutanol FD, Çom AM. The psycho-periodic cube. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:69-77. [PMID: 31010503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry have been developed primarily for evidence-based clinical decision making with both categorical and dimensional approaches having their own advantages and disadvantages. Efforts have been made to improve these classification systems, and we are now at the point where we must expand beyond the one-dimensionality of these systems. In this paper, we propose that psychiatric disorders can be arranged in a three-dimensional classification system according to the degree of dysfunctions on three specific axes in a way that is similar to the arrangement of chemical elements according to their atomic weights in Mendeleyev's periodic table. For the three axes, we chose externalization, drive, and attention to represent the three-dimensional descriptions of mental health, namely, well-being in social, motivational, and cognitive areas, respectively. Throughout the paper, we explain our reasons for choosing these three axes and compare our hypothesis with categorical diagnostic systems as well as Cloninger's dimensional diagnostic system using personality disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia as the specific diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Ceylan
- Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aslıhan Dönmez
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Önen Ünsalver
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Documentation and Secretariat, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
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19
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Thomas KT, Gross C, Bassell GJ. microRNAs Sculpt Neuronal Communication in a Tight Balance That Is Lost in Neurological Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:455. [PMID: 30618607 PMCID: PMC6299112 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA 25 years ago, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression within the mammalian brain. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that direct the RNA induced silencing complex to complementary sites on mRNA targets, leading to translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. Within the brain, intra- and extracellular signaling events tune the levels and activities of miRNAs to suit the needs of individual neurons under changing cellular contexts. Conversely, miRNAs shape neuronal communication by regulating the synthesis of proteins that mediate synaptic transmission and other forms of neuronal signaling. Several miRNAs have been shown to be critical for brain function regulating, for example, enduring forms of synaptic plasticity and dendritic morphology. Deficits in miRNA biogenesis have been linked to neurological deficits in humans, and widespread changes in miRNA levels occur in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and in response to less dramatic brain insults in rodent models. Manipulation of certain miRNAs can also alter the representation and progression of some of these disorders in rodent models. Recently, microdeletions encompassing MIR137HG, the host gene which encodes the miRNA miR-137, have been linked to autism and intellectual disability, and genome wide association studies have linked this locus to schizophrenia. Recent studies have demonstrated that miR-137 regulates several forms of synaptic plasticity as well as signaling cascades thought to be aberrant in schizophrenia. Together, these studies suggest a mechanism by which miRNA dysregulation might contribute to psychiatric disease and highlight the power of miRNAs to influence the human brain by sculpting communication between neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T. Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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20
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Bukhari SA, Ardelt MI, Pantazopoulos H, Hamati F, Salt TE, Cuenod M, Do KQ, Berretta S. The thalamic reticular nucleus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: role of parvalbumin-expressing neuron networks and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2057-2065. [PMID: 29180672 PMCID: PMC5972042 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to a disruption of cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Clues for a specific involvement of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) come from its unique neuronal characteristics and neural connectivity, allowing it to shape the thalamo-cortical information flow. A direct involvement of the TRN in SZ and BD has not been tested thus far. We used a combination of human postmortem and rodent studies to test the hypothesis that neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV neurons), a main TRN neuronal population, and associated Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-labeled perineuronal nets (WFA/PNNs) are altered in SZ and BD, and that these changes may occur early in the course of the disease as a consequence of oxidative stress. In both disease groups, marked decreases of PV neurons (immunoreactive for PV) and WFA/PNNs were observed in the TRN, with no effects of duration of illness or age at onset. Similarly, in transgenic mice with redox dysregulation, numbers of PV neurons and WFA/PNN+PV neurons were decreased in transgenic compared with wild-type mice; these changes were present at postnatal day (P) 20 for PV neurons and P40 for WFA/PNN+PV neurons, accompanied by alterations of their firing properties. These results show profound abnormalities of PV neurons in the TRN of subjects with SZ and BD, and offer support for the hypothesis that oxidative stress may play a key role in impacting TRN PV neurons at early stages of these disorders. We put forth that these TRN abnormalities may contribute to disruptions of sleep spindles, focused attention and emotion processing in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Syed A. Bukhari
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fadi Hamati
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Salt
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Grandi LC, Kaelin-Lang A, Orban G, Song W, Salvadè A, Stefani A, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Oscillatory Activity in the Cortex, Motor Thalamus and Nucleus Reticularis Thalami in Acute TTX and Chronic 6-OHDA Dopamine-Depleted Animals. Front Neurol 2018; 9:663. [PMID: 30210425 PMCID: PMC6122290 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor thalamus (MTh) and the nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) have been largely neglected in Parkinson's disease (PD) research, despite their key role as interface between basal ganglia (BG) and cortex (Cx). In the present study, we investigated the oscillatory activity within the Cx, MTh, and NRT, in normal and different dopamine (DA)-deficient states. We performed our experiments in both acute and chronic DA-denervated rats by injecting into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) tetrodotoxin (TTX) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), respectively. Interestingly, almost all the electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands changed in acute and/or chronic DA depletion, suggesting alteration of all oscillatory activities and not of a specific band. Overall, δ (2-4 Hz) and θ (4-8 Hz) band decreased in NRT and Cx in acute and chronic state, whilst, α (8-13 Hz) band decreased in acute and chronic states in the MTh and NRT but not in the Cx. The β (13-40 Hz) and γ (60-90 Hz) bands were enhanced in the Cx. In the NRT the β bands decreased, except for high-β (Hβ, 25-30 Hz) that increased in acute state. In the MTh, Lβ and Hβ decreased in acute DA depletion state and γ decreased in both TTX and 6-OHDA-treated animals. These results confirm that abnormal cortical β band are present in the established DA deficiency and it might be considered a hallmark of PD. The abnormal oscillatory activity in frequency interval of other bands, in particular the dampening of low frequencies in thalamic stations, in both states of DA depletion might also underlie PD motor and non-motor symptoms. Our data highlighted the effects of acute depletion of DA and the strict interplay in the oscillatory activity between the MTh and NRT in both acute and chronic stage of DA depletion. Moreover, our findings emphasize early alterations in the NRT, a crucial station for thalamic information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Grandi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Alain Kaelin-Lang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Orban
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Song
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Agnese Salvadè
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Department System Medicine, UOSD Parkinson, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Taverne, Switzerland
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22
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Barton J, Kyle SD, Varese F, Jones SH, Haddock G. Are sleep disturbances causally linked to the presence and severity of psychotic-like, dissociative and hypomanic experiences in non-clinical populations? A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:119-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Li B, Cui LB, Xi YB, Friston KJ, Guo F, Wang HN, Zhang LC, Bai YH, Tan QR, Yin H, Lu H. Abnormal Effective Connectivity in the Brain is Involved in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:281-291. [PMID: 28224285 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia (SZ) remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling (sDCM) to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (inner speech monitoring), auditory cortex (auditory processing), hippocampus (memory retrieval), thalamus (information filtering), and Broca's area (language production) in 17 first-episode drug-naïve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. sDCM revealed an increased sensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca's area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVH-specific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Long-Biao Cui
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi-Bin Xi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lin-Chuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan-Han Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Just N, Sonnay S. Investigating the Role of Glutamate and GABA in the Modulation of Transthalamic Activity: A Combined fMRI-fMRS Study. Front Physiol 2017; 8:30. [PMID: 28197105 PMCID: PMC5281558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Excitatory-Inhibitory balance (EIB) between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons is known to regulate the function of thalamocortical neurocircuits. The thalamus is known as an important relay for glutamatergic and GABAergic signals ascending/descending to/from the somatosensory cortex in rodents. However, new investigations attribute a larger role to thalamic nuclei as modulators of information processing within the cortex. In this study, functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (fMRS) was used to measure glutamate (Glu) and GABA associations with BOLD responses during activation of the thalamus to barrel cortex (S1BF) pathway at 9.4T. In line with previous studies in humans, resting GABA and Glu correlated negatively and positively respectively with BOLD responses in S1BF. Moreover, a significant negative correlation (R = −0.68, p = 0.0024) between BOLD responses in the thalamus and the barrel cortex was found. Rats with low Glu levels and high resting GABA levels in S1BF demonstrated lower BOLD responses in S1BF and high amplitude BOLD responses in the thalamus themselves linked to the release of high GABA levels during stimulation. In addition, early analysis of resting state functional connectivity suggested EIB controlled thalamocortical neuronal synchrony. We propose that the presented approach may be useful for further characterization of diseases affecting thalamocortical neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Just
- CIBM-AIT core, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Sarah Sonnay
- LIFMET, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cui LB, Liu L, Guo F, Chen YC, Chen G, Xi M, Qin W, Sun JB, Li C, Xi YB, Wang HN, Yin H. Disturbed Brain Activity in Resting-State Networks of Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia with Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Cross-sectional Functional MR Imaging Study. Radiology 2017; 283:810-819. [PMID: 28045645 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate auditory verbal hallucination (AVH)-specific patterns of brain activity within the resting-state networks (RSNs) that have been proposed to underpin the neural mechanisms of schizophrenia (SZ). Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prospectively recruited. Independent component analysis was used to investigate RSNs in 17 patients with first-episode untreated SZ with AVHs, 15 patients with SZ without AVHs, and 19 healthy control subjects who underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dual regression was implemented to perform between-group analysis. Regional brain function was then explored within RSNs by using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation. Two-sample t tests were used to compare regional brain function between the two patient groups, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to characterize the relationship between imaging findings and severity of AVHs. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of these brain function measures. Results Independent component analysis demonstrated symptom-specific abnormal disrupted coactivation within the auditory, default mode, executive, motor, and frontoparietal networks and was pronounced in the auditory cortex, supramarginal gyrus, insula, putamen, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus, precuneus, and thalamus (P < .05 with false discovery rate correction). Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation analysis demonstrated similar patterns within these RSNs (P < .05 with false discovery rate correction). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the degree of coactivation within the motor network and the severity of AVHs was observed in patients with SZ with AVHs (r = 0.67, P = .003). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.76-0.90 for all RSNs. Conclusion These findings indicate that dysfunctional brain regions are involved in auditory processing, language production and monitoring, and sensory information filtering in patients with SZ with AVHs, which may be helpful in furthering the understanding of pathophysiological correlates of AVHs in SZ. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Biao Cui
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Lin Liu
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Fan Guo
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Yun-Chun Chen
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Gang Chen
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Min Xi
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Wei Qin
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Jin-Bo Sun
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Chen Li
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Yi-Bin Xi
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Hua-Ning Wang
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
| | - Hong Yin
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.B.C., F.G., G.C., C.L., Y.B.X., H.Y.) and Psychiatry (Y.C.C., M.X., H.N.W.), Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 W Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; and School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (L.L., W.Q., J.B.S.)
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- T. W. Robbins
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology and Behavioural & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; tel: +44-1223-333551, fax: +44-1223-333564, e-mail:
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Ćurčić-Blake B, Ford JM, Hubl D, Orlov ND, Sommer IE, Waters F, Allen P, Jardri R, Woodruff PW, David O, Mulert C, Woodward TS, Aleman A. Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:1-20. [PMID: 27890810 PMCID: PMC5240789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance for auditory verbal hallucinations. An increased interaction among the auditory-language and striatal brain regions occurs while patients hallucinate. Fronto-temporal connections are often altered in AVH individuals, but there is no consensus regarding increase or decrease. Connections of the interhemispheric auditory pathway are stronger for first episode patients, but they are weaker in chronic patients. The majority of studies support hybrid AVH hypotheses in which all three networks and the striatal network are involved.
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) occur in psychotic disorders, but also as a symptom of other conditions and even in healthy people. Several current theories on the origin of AVH converge, with neuroimaging studies suggesting that the language, auditory and memory/limbic networks are of particular relevance. However, reconciliation of these theories with experimental evidence is missing. We review 50 studies investigating functional (EEG and fMRI) and anatomic (diffusion tensor imaging) connectivity in these networks, and explore the evidence supporting abnormal connectivity in these networks associated with AVH. We distinguish between functional connectivity during an actual hallucination experience (symptom capture) and functional connectivity during either the resting state or a task comparing individuals who hallucinate with those who do not (symptom association studies). Symptom capture studies clearly reveal a pattern of increased coupling among the auditory, language and striatal regions. Anatomical and symptom association functional studies suggest that the interhemispheric connectivity between posterior auditory regions may depend on the phase of illness, with increases in non-psychotic individuals and first episode patients and decreases in chronic patients. Leading hypotheses involving concepts as unstable memories, source monitoring, top-down attention, and hybrid models of hallucinations are supported in part by the published connectivity data, although several caveats and inconsistencies remain. Specifically, possible changes in fronto-temporal connectivity are still under debate. Precise hypotheses concerning the directionality of connections deduced from current theoretical approaches should be tested using experimental approaches that allow for discrimination of competing hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Ćurčić-Blake
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith M Ford
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natasza D Orlov
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Flavie Waters
- Graylands Hospital, North Metro Health Service Mental Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia Graylands Hospital, Australia
| | - Paul Allen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Jardri
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR9193, SCA-Lab & CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital (CURE), Lille, France
| | - Peter W Woodruff
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier David
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Mulert
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Mental Health and Addiction Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Behrendt RP. Hallucinatory experience as aberrant event memory formation: Implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:203-9. [PMID: 27492675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
If hallucinations are not fundamentally different from normal wakeful experiences, then the neural basis of hallucinations has to be essentially that of consciousness in general. The additional insight that consciousness reflects the formation (as opposed to consolidation) of event (episodic) memories links the pathophysiology of hallucinations to the hippocampus. Perceptions and misperceptions, insofar as they are consciously experienced, constitute contextualized and unitary phenomena (which are embedded as discrete events in the stream of consciousness); they are experiential manifestations of activity patters that recurrently emerge in the CA3 network of the hippocampus (and that are secondarily consolidated into retrievable and declarable memories). The hippocampus, forming allocentric representations of objects in their world context (event memories), is a point of convergence of neocortical sensory processing streams. Moreover, being extensively modulated by the organism's physiological state, the hippocampus embeds such representations in an emotional context and, through its output to the medial prefrontal cortex, guides decision-making and goal-selection processes. Although sensory and associative processing in the neocortex makes an important contribution to the formation of behaviourally adaptive representations in the hippocampus, it is becoming clearer that pattern formation in the hippocampus is in itself the neural correlate of consciousness and that disruptions in relational memory processing in the hippocampus can give rise to hallucinations. Neurobiological and neuroimaging findings in schizophrenia research can be integrated within the proposed conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Peter Behrendt
- Elderly Mental Health Service, Oberlands Centre, Princess Elizabeth Hospital, St Martin's GY4 6UU, Guernsey.
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Neyer C, Herr D, Kohmann D, Budde T, Pape HC, Coulon P. mGluR-mediated calcium signalling in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:312-23. [PMID: 27041217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays a major role in modulating the transfer of information from the thalamus to the cortex. GABAergic inhibition via the TRN is differentially regulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and the effect of mGluRs on the membrane potential, on ion channels, and on the plasticity of electrical coupling of TRN neurons has been studied previously. Although mGluRs are generally known to trigger Ca(2+) transients, mGluR-mediated Ca(2+)-transients in TRN neurons have not yet been investigated. In this study, we show that mGluRs can trigger Ca(2+)-transients in TRN neurons, that these transients depend on intracellular Ca(2+)-stores, and are mediated by IP3 receptors. Ca(2+) transients caused by the group I mGluR agonist DHPG elicit a current that is sensitive to flufenamic acid and has a reversal potential around -40mV. Our results add mGluR-mediated Ca(2+)-signalling in the TRN to the state-dependent modulators of the thalamocortical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Neyer
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - David Herr
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Denise Kohmann
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Philippe Coulon
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany; Center For Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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30
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Castelnovo A, Ferrarelli F, D'Agostino A. Schizophrenia: from neurophysiological abnormalities to clinical symptoms. Front Psychol 2015; 6:478. [PMID: 25941510 PMCID: PMC4403289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Castelnovo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Armando D'Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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Wallace MT, Stevenson RA. The construct of the multisensory temporal binding window and its dysregulation in developmental disabilities. Neuropsychologia 2014; 64:105-23. [PMID: 25128432 PMCID: PMC4326640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Behavior, perception and cognition are strongly shaped by the synthesis of information across the different sensory modalities. Such multisensory integration often results in performance and perceptual benefits that reflect the additional information conferred by having cues from multiple senses providing redundant or complementary information. The spatial and temporal relationships of these cues provide powerful statistical information about how these cues should be integrated or "bound" in order to create a unified perceptual representation. Much recent work has examined the temporal factors that are integral in multisensory processing, with many focused on the construct of the multisensory temporal binding window - the epoch of time within which stimuli from different modalities is likely to be integrated and perceptually bound. Emerging evidence suggests that this temporal window is altered in a series of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, dyslexia and schizophrenia. In addition to their role in sensory processing, these deficits in multisensory temporal function may play an important role in the perceptual and cognitive weaknesses that characterize these clinical disorders. Within this context, focus on improving the acuity of multisensory temporal function may have important implications for the amelioration of the "higher-order" deficits that serve as the defining features of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bista P, Cerina M, Ehling P, Leist M, Pape HC, Meuth SG, Budde T. The role of two-pore-domain background K⁺ (K₂p) channels in the thalamus. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:895-905. [PMID: 25346156 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The thalamocortical system is characterized by two fundamentally different activity states, namely synchronized burst firing and tonic action potential generation, which mainly occur during the behavioral states of sleep and wakefulness, respectively. The switch between the two firing modes is crucially governed by the bidirectional modulation of members of the K2P channel family, namely tandem of P domains in a weakly inward rectifying K(+) (TWIK)-related acid-sensitive K(+) (TASK) and TWIK-related K(+) (TREK) channels, in thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons. Several physicochemical stimuli including neurotransmitters, protons, di- and multivalent cations as well as clinically used drugs have been shown to modulate K2P channels in these cells. With respect to modulation of these channels by G-protein-coupled receptors, PLCβ plays a unique role with both substrate breakdown and product synthesis exerting important functions. While the degradation of PIP2 leads to the closure of TREK channels, the production of DAG induces the inhibition of TASK channels. Therefore, TASK and TREK channels were found to be central elements in the control of thalamic activity modes. Since research has yet focused on identifying the muscarinic pathway underling the modulation of TASK and TREK channels in TC neurons, future studies should address other thalamic cell types and members of the K2P channel family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Bista
- Institut für Physiologie I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Sellers K, Zyka V, Lumsden AG, Delogu A. Transcriptional control of GABAergic neuronal subtype identity in the thalamus. Neural Dev 2014; 9:14. [PMID: 24929424 PMCID: PMC4065548 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thalamus is often defined as the ‘gateway to consciousness’, a feature that is supported by the specific connectivity and electrophysiological properties of its neurons. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons are required for the dynamic gating of information passing through the thalamus. The high degree of heterogeneity among thalamic GABA neurons suggests that, during embryonic development, alternative differentiation programmes exist to guide the acquisition of inhibitory neuron subtype identity. Results Taking advantage of the accessibility of the developing chick embryo, we have used in ovo manipulations of gene expression to test the role of candidate transcription factors in controlling GABAergic neuronal subtype identity in the developing thalamus. Conclusions In this study, we describe two alternative differentiation programmes for GABAergic neurogenesis in the thalamus and identify Helt and Dlx2 as key transcription factors that are sufficient to direct neuronal progenitors along a specific differentiation pathway at the expense of alternative lineage choices. Furthermore, we identify Calb2, a gene encoding for the GABA subtype marker calretinin as a target of the transcription factor Sox14. This work is a step forward in our understanding of how GABA neuron diversity in the thalamus is achieved during development and will help future investigation of the molecular mechanisms that lead up to the acquisition of different synaptic targets and electrophysiological features of mature thalamic inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessio Delogu
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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A brain centred view of psychiatric comorbidity in tinnitus: from otology to hodology. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:817852. [PMID: 25018882 PMCID: PMC4074975 DOI: 10.1155/2014/817852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are frequent among patients affected by tinnitus. There are mutual clinical influences between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders, as well as neurobiological relations based on partially overlapping hodological and neuroplastic phenomena. The aim of the present paper is to review the evidence of alterations in brain networks underlying tinnitus physiopathology and to discuss them in light of the current knowledge of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Methods. Relevant literature was identified through a search on Medline and PubMed; search terms included tinnitus, brain, plasticity, cortex, network, and pathways. Results. Tinnitus phenomenon results from systemic-neurootological triggers followed by neuronal remapping within several auditory and nonauditory pathways. Plastic reorganization and white matter alterations within limbic system, arcuate fasciculus, insula, salience network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, auditory pathways, ffrontocortical, and thalamocortical networks are discussed. Discussion. Several overlapping brain network alterations do exist between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. Tinnitus, initially related to a clinicoanatomical approach based on a cortical localizationism, could be better explained by an holistic or associationist approach considering psychic functions and tinnitus as emergent properties of partially overlapping large-scale neural networks.
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Stone JM, Pepper F, Fam J, Furby H, Hughes E, Morgan C, Howes OD. Glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and psychotic symptoms in chronic ketamine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2107-16. [PMID: 24264567 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, induces acute effects resembling the positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Chronic use has been suggested to lead to persistent schizophrenia-like neurobiological changes. OBJECTIVES This study aims to test the hypothesis that chronic ketamine users have changes in brain neurochemistry and increased subthreshold psychotic symptoms compared to matched poly-drug users. METHODS Fifteen ketamine users and 13 poly-drug users were included in the study. Psychopathology was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State. Creatine-scaled glutamate (Glu/Cr), glutamate + glutamine (Glu + Gln/Cr) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA/Cr) were measured in three brain regions-anterior cingulate, left thalamus and left medial temporal cortex using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Chronic ketamine users had higher levels of subthreshold psychotic symptoms (p < 0.005, Cohen's d = 1.48) and lower thalamic NAA/Cr (p < 0.01, d = 1.17) compared to non-users. There were no differences in medial temporal cortex or anterior cingulate NAA/Cr or in Glu/Cr or Glu + Gln/Cr in any brain region between the two groups. In chronic ketamine users, CAARMS severity of abnormal perceptions was directly correlated with anterior cingulate Glu/Cr (p < 0.05, r = 0.61-uncorrected), but NAA/Cr was not related to any measures of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS The finding of lower thalamic NAA/Cr in chronic ketamine users may be secondary to the effects of ketamine use compared to other drugs of abuse and resembles previous reports in individuals at genetic or clinical risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Stone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,
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Klingner CM, Langbein K, Dietzek M, Smesny S, Witte OW, Sauer H, Nenadic I. Thalamocortical connectivity during resting state in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:111-9. [PMID: 23892770 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been linked to disturbed connectivity between large-scale brain networks. Altered thalamocortical connectivity might be a major mechanism mediating regionally distributed dysfunction, yet it is only incompletely understood. We analysed functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained during resting state from 22 DSM-IV schizophrenia patients and 22 matched healthy controls to directly assess the differences in thalamocortical functional connectivity. We identified significantly higher overall thalamocortical functional connectivity in patients, which was mostly accounted for by difference in thalamic connections to right ventrolateral prefrontal and bilateral secondary motor and sensory (superior temporal and lateral occipital) cortical areas. Voxelwise analysis showed group differences at the thalamic level to be mostly in medial and anterior thalamic nuclei and arising thalamocortical changes to be mostly due to higher positive correlations in prefrontal and superior temporal correlations, as well as absent negative correlations to sensory areas in patients. Our findings demonstrate that different types of thalamocortical dysfunction contribute to network alterations, including lack of inhibitory interaction attributed to the lack of significant negative thalamic/sensory cortical connections. These results emphasize the functional importance of the thalamus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten M Klingner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Behrendt RP. Hippocampus and consciousness. Rev Neurosci 2013; 24:239-66. [PMID: 23585178 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An important assumption concerning the physiology of consciousness is that all varieties of conscious experience are closely related to each other and, hence, are subserved by the same neural mechanism. There are several considerations that lead us to implicate the hippocampus in the generation of conscious perception and, ultimately, of conscious experiences of all kinds. Firstly, conscious perception of external events is intricately linked with the formation of episodic (declarative) memories, a key function attributed to the hippocampus. Secondly, conscious experience is allocentric and contextualized. Consciousness creates or simulates an image of the world that appears to surround us and to be independent of our observation of it. What is characteristic of wakeful consciousness and dreaming alike is that objects or events are experienced as being embedded in an external, that is, allocentric, frame of space and time. The hippocampus has been implicated in the rapid formation and memorization of allocentric representations that embed objects or events in a world context. Thirdly, the hippocampus is ideally positioned to bind information processed in different sensory association cortices. It is argued that rapidly forming patterns of neuronal ensemble firing in the hippocampus, particularly in region CA3, which encode arbitrary associations between objects and their spatiotemporal and emotional context, that is, associations between information derived from different neocortical processing streams, define the informational content of consciousness. Evidence suggestive of an important contribution of the hippocampus to conscious observation, mental imagery, dreaming, conscious anticipation of outcomes, and hallucinations will be reviewed.
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Hoskin R, Hunter MD, Woodruff PWR. The effect of psychological stress and expectation on auditory perception: A signal detection analysis. Br J Psychol 2013; 105:524-46. [PMID: 25280122 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both psychological stress and predictive signals relating to expected sensory input are believed to influence perception, an influence which, when disrupted, may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations. The effect of stress and semantic expectation on auditory perception was therefore examined in healthy participants using an auditory signal detection task requiring the detection of speech from within white noise. Trait anxiety was found to predict the extent to which stress influenced response bias, resulting in more anxious participants adopting a more liberal criterion, and therefore experiencing more false positives, when under stress. While semantic expectation was found to increase sensitivity, its presence also generated a shift in response bias towards reporting a signal, suggesting that the erroneous perception of speech became more likely. These findings provide a potential cognitive mechanism that may explain the impact of stress on hallucination-proneness, by suggesting that stress has the tendency to alter response bias in highly anxious individuals. These results also provide support for the idea that top-down processes such as those relating to semantic expectation may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hoskin
- Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Lab (SCANLAB), Academic Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Longley Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
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Behrendt RP. Conscious experience and episodic memory: hippocampus at the crossroads. Front Psychol 2013; 4:304. [PMID: 23755033 PMCID: PMC3667233 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
If an instance of conscious experience of the seemingly objective world around us could be regarded as a newly formed event memory, much as an instance of mental imagery has the content of a retrieved event memory, and if, therefore, the stream of conscious experience could be seen as evidence for ongoing formation of event memories that are linked into episodic memory sequences, then unitary conscious experience could be defined as a symbolic representation of the pattern of hippocampal neuronal firing that encodes an event memory – a theoretical stance that may shed light into the mind-body and binding problems in consciousness research. Exceedingly detailed symbols that describe patterns of activity rapidly self-organizing, at each cycle of the θ rhythm, in the hippocampus are instances of unitary conscious experience that jointly constitute the stream of consciousness. Integrating object information (derived from the ventral visual stream and orbitofrontal cortex) with contextual emotional information (from the anterior insula) and spatial environmental information (from the dorsal visual stream), the hippocampus rapidly forms event codes that have the informational content of objects embedded in an emotional and spatiotemporally extending context. Event codes, formed in the CA3-dentate network for the purpose of their memorization, are not only contextualized but also allocentric representations, similarly to conscious experiences of events and objects situated in a seemingly objective and observer-independent framework of phenomenal space and time. Conscious perception, creating the spatially and temporally extending world that we perceive around us, is likely to be evolutionarily related to more fleeting and seemingly internal forms of conscious experience, such as autobiographical memory recall, mental imagery, including goal anticipation, and to other forms of externalized conscious experience, namely dreaming and hallucinations; and evidence pointing to an important contribution of the hippocampus to these conscious phenomena will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Peter Behrendt
- Elderly Mental Health Team, Princess Elizabeth Hospital St Martin, Guernsey, UK
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Albéri L, Lintas A, Kretz R, Schwaller B, Villa AEP. The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin modulates the firing 1 properties of the reticular thalamic nucleus bursting neurons. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2827-41. [PMID: 23486206 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00375.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) of the mouse is characterized by an overwhelming majority of GABAergic neurons receiving afferences from both the thalamus and the cerebral cortex and sending projections mainly on thalamocortical neurons. The RTN neurons express high levels of the "slow Ca(2+) buffer" parvalbumin (PV) and are characterized by low-threshold Ca(2+) currents, I(T). We performed extracellular recordings in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized mice in the rostromedial portion of the RTN. In the RTN of wild-type and PV knockout (PVKO) mice we distinguished four types of neurons characterized on the basis of their firing pattern: irregular firing (type I), medium bursting (type II), long bursting (type III), and tonically firing (type IV). Compared with wild-type mice, we observed in the PVKOs the medium bursting (type II) more frequently than the long bursting type and longer interspike intervals within the burst without affecting the number of spikes. This suggests that PV may affect the firing properties of RTN neurons via a mechanism associated with the kinetics of burst discharges. Ca(v)3.2 channels, which mediate the I(T) currents, were more localized to the somatic plasma membrane of RTN neurons in PVKO mice, whereas Ca(v)3.3 expression was similar in both genotypes. The immunoelectron microscopy analysis showed that Ca(v)3.2 channels were localized at active axosomatic synapses, thus suggesting that the differential localization of Ca(v)3.2 in the PVKOs may affect bursting dynamics. Cross-correlation analysis of simultaneously recorded neurons from the same electrode tip showed that about one-third of the cell pairs tended to fire synchronously in both genotypes, independent of PV expression. In summary, PV deficiency does not affect the functional connectivity between RTN neurons but affects the distribution of Ca(v)3.2 channels and the dynamics of burst discharges of RTN cells, which in turn regulate the activity in the thalamocortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Albéri
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Pynn LK, DeSouza JFX. The function of efference copy signals: implications for symptoms of schizophrenia. Vision Res 2012; 76:124-33. [PMID: 23159418 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efference copy signals are used to reduce cognitive load by decreasing sensory processing of reafferent information (those incoming sensory signals that are produced by an organism's own motor output). Attenuated sensory processing of self-generated afferents is seen across species and in multiple sensory systems involving many different neural structures and circuits including both cortical and subcortical structures with thalamic nuclei playing a particularly important role. It has been proposed that the failure to disambiguate self-induced from externally generated sensory input may cause some of the positive symptoms in schizophrenia such as auditory hallucinations and delusions of passivity. Here, we review the current data on the role of efference copy signals within different sensory modalities as well as the behavioral, structural and functional abnormalities in clinical groups that support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Pynn
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Guller Y, Ferrarelli F, Shackman AJ, Sarasso S, Peterson MJ, Langheim FJ, Meyerand ME, Tononi G, Postle BR. Probing thalamic integrity in schizophrenia using concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:662-71. [PMID: 22393203 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schizophrenia is a devastating illness with an indeterminate pathophysiology. Several lines of evidence implicate dysfunction in the thalamus, a key node in the distributed neural networks underlying perception, emotion, and cognition. Existing evidence of aberrant thalamic function is based on indirect measures of thalamic activity, but dysfunction has not yet been demonstrated with a causal method. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that direct physiological stimulation of the cortex will produce an abnormal thalamic response in individuals with schizophrenia. DESIGN We stimulated the precentral gyrus with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) and measured the response to this pulse in synaptically connected regions (thalamus, medial superior frontal cortex, insula) using concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging. The mean hemodynamic response from these regions was fit with the sum of 2 gamma functions, and response parameters were compared across groups. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Patients with schizophrenia and sex- and age-matched psychiatrically healthy subjects were recruited from the community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Peak amplitude of the thalamic hemodynamic response to spTMS of the precentral gyrus. RESULTS The spTMS-evoked responses did not differ between groups at the cortical stimulation site. Compared with healthy subjects, patients with schizophrenia showed a reduced response to spTMS in the thalamus (P=1.86 × 10(-9)) and medial superior frontal cortex (P=.02). Similar results were observed in the insula. Sham TMS indicated that these results could not be attributed to indirect effects of TMS coil discharge. Functional connectivity analyses revealed weaker thalamus-medial superior frontal cortex and thalamus-insula connectivity in patients with schizophrenia compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with schizophrenia showed reduced thalamic activation in response to direct perturbation delivered to the cortex. These results extend prior work implicating the thalamus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the thalamus contributes to the patterns of aberrant connectivity characteristic of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Guller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 53706, USA.
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Bencherif M, Stachowiak MK, Kucinski AJ, Lippiello PM. Alpha7 nicotinic cholinergic neuromodulation may reconcile multiple neurotransmitter hypotheses of schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:594-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schulman JJ, Cancro R, Lowe S, Lu F, Walton KD, Llinás RR. Imaging of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in neuropsychiatry. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:69. [PMID: 21863138 PMCID: PMC3149146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal brain activity dynamics, in the sense of a thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD), has been proposed as the underlying mechanism for a subset of disorders that bridge the traditional delineations of neurology and neuropsychiatry. In order to test this proposal from a psychiatric perspective, a study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) was implemented in subjects with schizophrenic spectrum disorder (n = 14), obsessive–compulsive disorder (n = 10), or depressive disorder (n = 5) and in control individuals (n = 18). Detailed CNS electrophysiological analysis of these patients, using MEG, revealed the presence of abnormal theta range spectral power with typical TCD characteristics, in all cases. The use of independent component analysis and minimum-norm-based methods localized such TCD to ventromedial prefrontal and temporal cortices. The observed mode of oscillation was spectrally equivalent but spatially distinct from that of TCD observed in other related disorders, including Parkinson's disease, central tinnitus, neuropathic pain, and autism. The present results indicate that the functional basis for much of these pathologies may relate most fundamentally to the category of calcium channelopathies and serve as a model for the cellular substrate for low-frequency oscillations present in these psychiatric disorders, providing a basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Schulman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, Timbie C. Sensory pathways and emotional context for action in primate prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:1133-9. [PMID: 20889144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Connections of the primate prefrontal cortex are associated with action. Within the lateral prefrontal cortex, there are preferential targets of projections from visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices associated with directing attention to relevant stimuli and monitoring responses for specific tasks. Return pathways from lateral prefrontal areas to sensory association cortices suggest a role in selecting relevant stimuli and suppressing distracters to accomplish specific tasks. Projections from sensory association cortices to orbitofrontal cortex are more global than to lateral prefrontal areas, especially for posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC), which is connected with sensory association cortices representing each sensory modality and with structures associated with the internal, or emotional, environment. A specialized projection from pOFC to the intercalated masses of the amygdala is poised to flexibly affect autonomic responses in emotional arousal or return to homeostasis. The amygdala projects to the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, which projects most robustly to pOFC among prefrontal cortices, suggesting sequential processing for emotions. The specialized connections of pOFC distinguish it as a separate orbitofrontal region that may function as the primary sensor of information for emotions. Lateral prefrontal areas 46 and 9 and the pOFC send widespread projections to the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus, suggesting a role in gating sensory and motivationally salient signals and suppressing distracters at an early stage of processing. Intrinsic connections link prefrontal areas, enabling synthesis of sensory information and emotional context for selective attention and action, in processes that are disrupted in psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Bisagno V, Fantegrossi WE, Urbano FJ. Translational Studies in Drug Abuse. Transl Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118260470.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Llewellyn S. If waking and dreaming consciousness became de-differentiated, would schizophrenia result? Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:1059-83. [PMID: 21498086 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
If both waking and dreaming consciousness are functional, their de-differentiation would be doubly detrimental. Differentiation between waking and dreaming is achieved through neuromodulation. During dreaming, without external sensory data and with mesolimbic dopaminergic input, hyper-cholinergic input almost totally suppresses the aminergic system. During waking, with sensory gates open, aminergic modulation inhibits cholinergic and mesocortical dopaminergic suppresses mesolimbic. These neuromodulatory systems are reciprocally interactive and self-organizing. As a consequence of neuromodulatory reciprocity, phenomenologically, the self and the world that appear during dreaming differ from those that emerge during waking. As a result of self-organizing, the self and the world in both states are integrated. Some loss of self-organization would precipitate a degree of de-differentiation between waking and dreaming, resulting in a hybrid state which would be expressed heterogeneously, both neurobiologically and phenomenologically. As a consequence of progressive de-differentiation, certain identifiable psychiatric disorders may emerge. Ultimately, schizophrenia, a disorganized-fragmented self, may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Llewellyn
- Faculty of Humanities, The University of Manchester, Booth Street West, Manchester M15 6PB, UK.
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Thalamocortical pathfinding defects precede degeneration of the reticular thalamic nucleus in polysialic acid-deficient mice. J Neurosci 2011; 31:1302-12. [PMID: 21273415 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5609-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) with polysialic acid (polySia) is tightly linked to neural development. Genetic ablation of the polySia-synthesizing enzymes ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV generates polySia-negative but NCAM-positive (II(-/-)IV(-/-)) mice characterized by severe defects of major brain axon tracts, including internal capsule hypoplasia. Here, we demonstrate that misguidance of thalamocortical fibers and deficiencies of corticothalamic connections contribute to internal capsule defects in II(-/-)IV(-/-) mice. Thalamocortical fibers cross the primordium of the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) at embryonic day 14.5, before they fail to turn into the ventral telencephalon, thus deviating from their normal trajectory without passing through the internal capsule. At postnatal day 1, a reduction and massive disorganization of fibers traversing the Rt was observed, whereas terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and cleaved caspase-3 staining indicated abundant apoptotic cell death of Rt neurons at postnatal day 5. Furthermore, during postnatal development, the number of Rt neurons was drastically reduced in 4-week-old II(-/-)IV(-/-) mice, but not in the NCAM-deficient N(-/-) or II(-/-)IV(-/-)N(-/-) triple knock-out animals displaying no internal capsule defects. Thus, degeneration of the Rt in II(-/-)IV(-/-) mice may be a consequence of malformation of thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers providing major excitatory input into the Rt. Indeed, apoptotic death of Rt neurons could be induced by lesioning corticothalamic fibers on whole-brain slice cultures. We therefore propose that anterograde transneuronal degeneration of the Rt in polysialylation-deficient, NCAM-positive mice is caused by defective afferent innervation attributable to thalamocortical pathfinding defects.
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Abstract
Thalamus abnormalities are common in neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Therefore, it is essential to understand the properties of the thalamus-related networks. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a thin GABAergic layer interface strategically located between the thalamus and the neocortex. It is, at the very beginning of life, an essential neurodevelopmental guide for the accurate build up of reciprocal anatomical glutamatergic connections between the thalamus and neocortex. It is more than the mediator of selective attention. It appears as a combinatorial matrix because it holds and can combine multiple functional modalities. TRN cells work like integrators, thanks to their extraordinary intrinsic electrophysiological properties, under the contextual and leading influence of corticothalamic inputs. The TRN and thalamus principally form 2-neuron open-loop circuits (no reciprocal connection). The major functioning principle of such GABAergic-glutamatergic circuits is lateral inhibition, which is a gold standard device to set up, via differential amplifications, coherent structured thalamocortical activity patterns. Thereby, it selects relevant streams of information and deletes distractors during action, resting states, and information integration, including during consciousness, cognition, emotion, and thought. Disruption of thalamic lateral inhibition may contribute to a lack of coordination in activity between brain regions, as observed in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Pinault
- Inserm u666, Pathophysiology and Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, IFR37, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Effects of T-type calcium channel blockers on cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and thalamocortical GABAergic abnormalities in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:205-14. [PMID: 20652540 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repetitive cocaine exposure has been shown to induce GABAergic thalamic alterations. Given the key role of T-type (Ca(V)3) calcium channels in thalamocortical physiology, the direct involvement of these calcium channels in cocaine-mediated effects needs to be further explored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of T-type calcium channel blockers on acute and repetitive cocaine administration that mediates thalamocortical alterations in mice using three different T-type blockers: 2-octanol, nickel, and mibefradil. METHODS During in vitro experiments, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted in ventrobasal (VB) thalamic neurons from mice treated with acute repetitive cocaine administration (3 x 15 mg/kg, i.p., 1 h apart), under bath application of mibefradil (10 μM), 2-octanol (50 μM), or nickel (200 μM). After systemic administration of T-type calcium channel blockers, we evaluated locomotor activity and also recorded GABAergic neurotransmission onto VB neurons in vitro. RESULTS Bath-applied mibefradil, 2-octanol, or nickel significantly reduced both GABAergic neurotransmission and T-type currents of VB neurons in cocaine-treated mice. In vivo i.p. pre-administration of either mibefradil (20 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) or 2-octanol (0.5 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg) significantly reduced GABAergic mini frequencies onto VB neurons. Moreover, both mibefradil and 2-octanol were able to decrease cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. CONCLUSION The results shown in this study strongly suggest that T-type calcium channels play a key role in cocaine-mediated GABAergic thalamocortical alterations, and further propose T-type channel blockers as potential targets for future pharmacological strategies aimed at treating cocaine's deleterious effects on physiology and behavior.
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