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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ma J, Tang L, Peng P, Wang T, Gui H, Ren X. Shifting as an executive function separate from updating and inhibition in old age: Behavioral and genetic evidence. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114604. [PMID: 37516210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the organization of executive functions (EFs), specifically working memory updating, prepotent response inhibition, and mental-set shifting in old age, with a particular focus on determining whether the shifting function was behaviorally and genetically separated from the other functions. A total of 248 healthy older Chinese individuals participated, and multiple measures of executive functions were collected. Additionally, measures of fluid intelligence were included to explore the varying relationships between the three executive functions and this higher-order cognitive ability. Furthermore, genetic data were gathered and analyzed to investigate the associations between EFs and six candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapped to dopaminergic, serotonergic, or glutamatergic genes. The results indicated that both the three-factor model and the two-factor model, which combined updating and inhibition, demonstrated a good fit. Furthermore, shifting was found to be behaviorally separated from the other two functions, and the correlation between shifting and fluid intelligence was smaller compared to the correlations between updating and inhibition with fluid intelligence. Moreover, the DRD2 SNPs showed significant associations with shifting, rather than with updating and inhibition. These findings provide evidence that shifting is distinct and separate from updating and inhibition, highlighting the diversity of EFs among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Ma
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixu Tang
- School of Wushu, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Special Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Behavioral Health Services and Psychiatry Research, Henry Ford Health, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Xuezhu Ren
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Blum K, McLaughlin T, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Baron D, Gomez LL, Ceccanti M, Braverman ER, Thanos PK, Cadet JL, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Jalali R, Green R, Simpatico TA, Gupta A, Gold MS. Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Surprisingly Is Evolutionary and Found Everywhere: Is It "Blowin' in the Wind"? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020321. [PMID: 35207809 PMCID: PMC8875142 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) encompasses many mental health disorders, including a wide range of addictions and compulsive and impulsive behaviors. Described as an octopus of behavioral dysfunction, RDS refers to abnormal behavior caused by a breakdown of the cascade of reward in neurotransmission due to genetic and epigenetic influences. The resultant reward neurotransmission deficiencies interfere with the pleasure derived from satisfying powerful human physiological drives. Epigenetic repair may be possible with precision gene-guided therapy using formulations of KB220, a nutraceutical that has demonstrated pro-dopamine regulatory function in animal and human neuroimaging and clinical trials. Recently, large GWAS studies have revealed a significant dopaminergic gene risk polymorphic allele overlap between depressed and schizophrenic cohorts. A large volume of literature has also identified ADHD, PTSD, and spectrum disorders as having the known neurogenetic and psychological underpinnings of RDS. The hypothesis is that the true phenotype is RDS, and behavioral disorders are endophenotypes. Is it logical to wonder if RDS exists everywhere? Although complex, “the answer is blowin’ in the wind,” and rather than intangible, RDS may be foundational in species evolution and survival, with an array of many neurotransmitters and polymorphic loci influencing behavioral functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-2167
| | | | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | | | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Luis Llanos Gomez
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Alcohol Addiction Program, Latium Region Referral Center, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | | | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Zhao L, Yu C, Lv J, Cui Y, Wang Y, Hou C, Yu J, Guo B, Liu H, Li L. Fluoride exposure, dopamine relative gene polymorphism and intelligence: A cross-sectional study in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111826. [PMID: 33360592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive fluoride exposure is related to adverse health outcomes, but whether dopamine (DA) relative genes are involved in the health effect of low-moderate fluoride exposure on children's intelligence remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the role of DA relative genes in the health effect of low-moderate fluoride exposure in drinking water. METHODS We recruited 567 resident children, aged 6-11 years old, randomly from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas in Tianjin, China. Spot urine samples were tested for urinary fluoride concentration, combined Raven`s test was used for intelligence quotient test. Fasting venous blood were collected to analyze ANKK1 Taq1A (rs1800497), COMT Val158Met (rs4680), DAT1 40 bp VNTR and MAOA uVNTR. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations between fluoride exposure and IQ scores. We applied multiplicative and additive models to appraise single gene-environment interaction. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to evaluate high-dimensional interactions of gene-gene and gene-environment. RESULTS In adjusted model, fluoride exposure was inversely associated with IQ scores (β = -5.957, 95% CI: -9.712, -2.202). The mean IQ scores of children with high-activity MAOA genotype was significantly lower than IQ scores of those with low-activity (P = 0.006) or female heterozygote (P = 0.016) genotype. We detected effect modification by four DA relative genes (ANKK1, COMT, DAT1 and MAOA) on the association between UF and IQ scores. We also found a high-dimensional gene-environment interaction among UF, ANKK1, COMT and MAOA on the effect of IQ (testing balanced accuracy = 0.5302, CV consistency: 10/10, P = 0.0107). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests DA relative genes may modify the association between fluoride and intelligence, and a potential interaction among fluoride exposure and DA relative genes on IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, PR China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yushan Cui
- Institute of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, PR China
| | - Changchun Hou
- Institute of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, PR China
| | - Jingwen Yu
- School of public health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Baihui Guo
- School of public health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of public health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Health Inspection, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Marzilli E, Pascale E, Tambelli R. Associations Among Internet Addiction, Genetic Polymorphisms, Family Functioning, and Psychopathological Risk: Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e17341. [PMID: 33361057 PMCID: PMC7790611 DOI: 10.2196/17341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International research has emphasized that youths are at higher risk for the onset of internet addiction (IA), but studies investigating biological, psychological, and social factors associated with this condition are limited. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the possible association between IA and genetic polymorphisms in monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), serotonin-transporter (5-HTTPR), dopamine receptor (DRD4), and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes by considering the role played by the perception of young adults in their family functioning and their depression, anxiety, and avoidant personality problems. METHODS In a sample of 104 male and female young adults aged between 19 and 23 years (mean age 21.87, SD 2.29 years) recruited from universities in the central southern part of Italy, we addressed the presence of IA using the Young criteria of the IA test. Moreover, the perception of young adults of their family functioning and their psychopathological symptoms were assessed through the Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Adult Self-Report, respectively. RESULTS We found no significant association between IA and any genetic polymorphisms, neither among males or females. Young adults with IA reported significantly higher scores in the subscale of FAD affective responsiveness (AR; P=.01) and in depressive problems (P=.02), anxiety problems (P=.009), and avoidant personality problems (P=.003) than those in the control group. Results of mediation analyses showed a mediation role played by depressive symptoms (B=0.99; 95% CI 0.22 to 1.97) and avoidant personality problems (B=1.09; 95% CI 0.32 to 2.05) of young adults on the relationship between the FAD, AR, and IA. Finally, this relationship was moderated by the genotype of the 5-HTTLPR (P<.001), DAT1 (P<.001), and MAO-A (P<.001) genes in young adults. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study supports the recent evidence on the mutual relationship among biological, individual, and social risk factors associated with IA in young adulthood. Our findings may have important clinical implications for the development of prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cerniglia
- International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
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Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:481-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Si S, Zhang S, Zhang J. DRD2 Taq IA Polymorphism Interacts with Parenting in Predicting Creativity: Evidence of Differential Susceptibility. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2020.1821550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Si
- Shandong Normal University
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Miuli A, Pettorruso M, Romanelli E, Stigliano G, Di Giuda D, De-Giorgio F, Martinotti G, di Giannantonio M. Does DRD2 Taq1A Mediate Aripiprazole-Induced Gambling Disorder? A Pharmacogenetic Hypothesis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:275. [PMID: 32351415 PMCID: PMC7174678 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are a pharmacological class widely used in psychiatry thanks to their efficacy and good tolerability profile. One of the most used SGA is aripiprazole (ARI) because of its several formulations and safe metabolic and cardiac profile. As reported in a recent review, there are growing numbers of reports about ARI-induced gambling disorder (ARI-induced GD) which should encourage clinicians to use ARI more cautiously. Given the common genetic susceptibility of both GD and ARI's clinical response to a genetic polymorphism on the D2 receptor (DRD2/ANKK1 Taq1A; rs1800497), the hypothesis regarding the origin of this phenomenon could be found in the altered sensitization of dopamine's receptors that certain individuals carry genetically. The identification of a possible genetic susceptibility (detectable by genetic tests) could provide clinicians with an explanation for the ARI-induced GD and the possibility of using genetic screening tools for those cases of suspected predisposition; this would allow the clinician to prescribe ARI with less apprehension. The confirmation of this hypothesis through future pharmacogenetic studies may be useful for clinicians to have a correct understanding of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miuli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ester Romanelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Stigliano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Giuda
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
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Abstract
Purpose of Review To address variation in the severity of gambling disorder, this review evaluates the contribution of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons to potential behavioral endophenotypes, the influence of individual differences in the dopamine system on gambling and related behaviors, and the possible role for dopaminergic medications in the treatment of gambling disorder. Recent Findings Newer work has suggested that dopaminergic dysfunction can lead to increased reward anticipation and a greater sensitivity to uncertainty, which in turn may drive addictive gambling behaviors. In addition, increased impulsivity, a well-recognized risk factor for gambling disorder, has been linked to dopaminergic dysfunction. More recently, emerging evidence has suggested that dopaminergic medications can influence the discounting of delayed rewards. Summary Dopaminergic drugs that increase the salience of long-term over short-term goals may ameliorate symptoms of impulsive individuals with gambling disorder. More broadly, improved understanding of intermediate behavioral and other phenotypes with a defined neurobiological substrate may allow for personalized treatment of gambling disorder and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kayser
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco
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Giacometti LL, Barker JM. Comorbid HIV infection and alcohol use disorders: Converging glutamatergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146390. [PMID: 31421128 PMCID: PMC6766419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are highly comorbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, occurring at nearly twice the rate in HIV positive individuals as in the general population. Individuals with HIV who consume alcohol show worse long-term prognoses and may be at elevated risk for the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The direction of this relationship is unclear, and likely multifactorial. Chronic alcohol exposure and HIV infection independently promote cognitive dysfunction and further may interact to exacerbate neurocognitive deficits through effects on common targets, including corticostriatal glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission. Additionally, drug and alcohol use is likely to reduce treatment adherence, potentially resulting in accelerated disease progression and subsequent neurocognitive impairment. The development of neurocognitive impairments may further reduce cognitive control over behavior, resulting in escalating alcohol use. This review will examine the complex relationship between HIV infection and alcohol use, highlighting impacts on dopamine and glutamate systems by which alcohol use and HIV act independently and in tandem to alter corticostriatal circuit structure and function to dysregulate cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Giacometti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States.
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Das A, Pagliaroli L, Vereczkei A, Kotyuk E, Langstieh B, Demetrovics Z, Barta C. Association of GDNF and CNTNAP2 gene variants with gambling. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:471-478. [PMID: 31446765 PMCID: PMC7044627 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Some form of gambling can be observed in nearly every society, as the gratification felt upon winning in uncertain conditions is universal. A culturally distinct form of gambling, associated with a traditional sporting event of archery known as "teer," is innate to the province of Meghalaya, India. The objective of this study was to find genetic variants underlying this unique form of behavioral addiction. To better understand game-based gambling, we studied genetic variants related to dopaminergic pathways and other genes previously linked to various psychological disorders. METHODS This study was carried out on a sample of 196 Indo-Aryan adults from Shillong, Meghalaya. Genotyping of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) polymorphisms was carried out using real-time PCR. We further investigated 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the 3' UTR of additional genes of interest using an OpenArray® real-time PCR platform. RESULTS Case-control analysis revealed a significant association between GDNF variant rs2973033 (p = .00864, χ2 = 13.132, df = 2) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) variant rs2530311 (p = .0448, χ2 = 13.132, df = 2) with gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Association of the GDNF gene with gambling could be attributed to its involvement in the development and survival of dopaminergic neurons. Our result is in good agreement with previous data indicating the role of GDNF in certain substance addictions. Several rare variants in the CNTNAP2 gene were also implicated in alcohol addiction in a previous study. This pilot study provides further support for the role of GDNF and CNTNAP2 in addiction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhuti Das
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Anthropology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India,Indian Council of Medical Research, Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Luca Pagliaroli
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vereczkei
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kotyuk
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Adaptation Research Group, Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Banrida Langstieh
- Department of Anthropology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Adaptation Research Group, Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author: Csaba Barta, MD, PhD; Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 37-47 Tuzolto Street, Budapest, 1094, PO Box 260, Hungary; Phone: +36 1 459 1500 ext. 60137; Fax: +36 1 266 7480; E-mail:
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12
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Bieliński M, Lesiewska N, Junik R, Kamińska A, Tretyn A, Borkowska A. Dopaminergic Genes Polymorphisms and Prefrontal Cortex Efficiency Among Obese People - Whether Gender is a Differentiating Factor? Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:405-418. [PMID: 31032750 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190424143653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic condition associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a useful tool for evaluating executive functions. In this study, we assessed the association between dopaminergic gene polymorphisms: DAT1 (SLC6A3), COMTVal158Met, DRD4 (48-bp variable number of tandem repeats - VNTR) and WCST parameters to investigate the functions of the frontal lobes in obese individuals. OBJECTIVE To find the significant correlations between polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met, DRD4 and executive functions in obese subjects. METHODS The analysis of the frequency of individual alleles was performed in 248 obese patients (179 women, 69 men). Evaluation of the prefrontal cortex function (operating memory and executive functions) was measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Separate analyzes were performed in age subgroups to determine different activities and regulation of genes in younger and older participants. RESULTS Scores of WCST parameters were different in the subgroups of women and men and in the age subgroups. Regarding the COMT gene, patients with A/A and G/A polymorphisms showed significantly better WCST results in WCST_P, WCST_CC and WCST_1st. Regarding DAT1 men with L/L and L/S made less non-perseverative errors, which was statistically significant. In DRD4, significantly better WCST_1st results were found only in older women with S allele. CONCLUSION Obtained results indicate the involvement of dopaminergic transmission in the regulation of prefrontal cortex function. Data analysis indicates that prefrontal cortex function may ensue, from different elements such as genetic factors, metabolic aspects of obesity, and hormonal activity (estrogen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bieliński
- Chair and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Lesiewska
- Chair and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Roman Junik
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Kamińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Department of Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Alina Borkowska
- Chair and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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13
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Park J, Sung JY, Kim DK, Kong ID, Hughes TL, Kim N. Genetic association of human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1) with Internet gaming addiction in Korean male adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:396. [PMID: 30572854 PMCID: PMC6302290 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of people with Internet gaming addiction (IGA) is increasing around the world. IGA is known to be associated with personal characteristics, psychosocial factors, and physiological factors. However, few studies have examined the genetic factors related to IGA. This study aimed to investigate the association between IGA and stress-related genetic variants. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 230 male high school students in a South Korean city. We selected five stress-related candidate genes: DAT1, DRD4, NET8, CHRNA4, and CRHR1. The DAT1 and DRD4 genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction, and the NET8, CHRNA4, and CRHR1 genes were genotyped by pyrosequencing analysis. We performed a Chi-square test to examine the relationship of these five candidate genes to IGA. RESULTS Having the AA genotype and the A allele of the CRHR1 gene (rs28364027) was associated with higher odds of belonging to the IGA participant group (p = .016 and p = .021, respectively) than to the non-IGA group. By contrast, the DAT1, DRD4, NET8, and CHRNA4 gene polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the IGA group and control group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that polymorphism of the CRHR1 gene may play an important role in IGA susceptibility in the Korean adolescent male population. These findings provide a justification and foundation for further investigation of genetic factors related to IGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Park
- College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Sung
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Nahyun Kim
- College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Blum K, Badgaiyan RD, Dunston GM, Baron D, Modestino EJ, McLaughlin T, Steinberg B, Gold MS, Gondré-Lewis MC. The DRD2 Taq1A A1 Allele May Magnify the Risk of Alzheimer's in Aging African-Americans. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5526-5536. [PMID: 28965318 PMCID: PMC5878111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys cognitive skills and the ability to perform the simplest tasks. More than 5 million Americans are afflicted with Alzheimer's; a disorder which ranks third, just behind heart disease and cancer, as a cause of death for older people. With no real cure and in spite of enormous efforts worldwide, the disease remains a mystery in terms of treatment. Importantly, African-Americans are two times as likely as Whites to develop late-onset Alzheimer's disease and less likely to receive timely diagnosis and treatment. Dopamine function is linked to normal cognition and memory and carriers of the DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele have significant loss of D2 receptor density in the brain. Recent research has shown that A1 carriers have worse memory performance during long-term memory (LTM) updating, compared to non-carriers or A2-carriers. A1carriers also show less blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the left caudate nucleus which is important for LTM updating. This latter effect was only seen in older adults, suggesting magnification of genetic effects on brain functioning in the elderly. Moreover, the frequency of the A1 allele is 0.40 in African-Americans, with an approximate prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in 50% of an African-American subset of individuals. This is higher than what is found in a non-screened American population (≤ 28%) for reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) behaviors. Based on DRD2 known genetic polymorphisms, we hypothesize that the DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele magnifies the risk of Alzheimer's in aging African-Americans. Research linking this high risk for Alzheimer's in the African-American population, with DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA polymorphism and neurocognitive deficits related to LTM, could pave the way for novel, targeted pro-dopamine homeostatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA
- Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Reward Deficiency Syndrome and Addiction Therapy, Nupathways, Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Richmond University Medical Center, 355 Bard Avenue, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Richmond University Medical Center, 355 Bard Avenue, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA
| | - Georgia M Dunston
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
- Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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15
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Vaughn KA, Hernandez AE. Becoming a balanced, proficient bilingual: Predictions from age of acquisition & genetic background. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2018; 46:69-77. [PMID: 30038460 PMCID: PMC6054315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants related to dopamine functioning (e.g., the ANKK1/TaqIa polymorphism within the DRD2 gene and the Val158Met polymorphism within the COMT gene) have previously been shown to predict cognitive flexibility and learning (e.g., Colzato et al., 2010; Stelzel et al., 2010). Additionally, researchers have found that these genetic variants may also predict second language learning (Mamiya et al., 2016), although this relationship may change across the lifespan (Sugiura et al., 2011). The current study examined the role of the ANKK1/TaqIa and Val158Met polymorphisms along with age of second language acquisition (AoA) in order to predict levels of bilingual proficiency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Results indicated a three-way interaction such that the relationship between the genetic variants and bilingual proficiency depended on AoA. At earlier AoAs, having the genetic variant associated with higher levels of subcortical dopamine (A1+) predicted the highest levels of bilingual proficiency. At later AoAs, individuals with the genetic variant associated with cortical dopamine levels that are balanced between stability and flexibility (Val/Met) predicted the highest levels of bilingual proficiency. These results fit with theories about the development of language as a subcortical process early in life and as a cortical process later in life (Hernandez & Li, 2007), as well as the importance of both stability and flexibility in bilingual language development (Green & Abutalebi, 2013). Finally, this study raises questions about the direction of causality between bilingualism and cognitive control, which is central to the debate over the "bilingual advantage."
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16
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Magalhães F, Rocha K, Marinho V, Ribeiro J, Oliveira T, Ayres C, Bento T, Leite F, Gupta D, Bastos VH, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, Orsini M, Teixeira S. Neurochemical changes in basal ganglia affect time perception in parkinsonians. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:26. [PMID: 29554962 PMCID: PMC5858149 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is described as resulting from dopaminergic cells progressive degeneration, specifically in the substantia nigra pars compacta that influence the voluntary movements control, decision making and time perception. AIM This review had a goal to update the relation between time perception and Parkinson's Disease. METHODOLOGY We used the PRISMA methodology for this investigation built guided for subjects dopaminergic dysfunction in the time judgment, pharmacological models with levodopa and new studies on the time perception in Parkinson's Disease. We researched on databases Scielo, Pubmed / Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge on August 2017 and repeated in September 2017 and February 2018 using terms and associations relevant for obtaining articles in English about the aspects neurobiology incorporated in time perception. No publication status or restriction of publication date was imposed, but we used as exclusion criteria: dissertations, book reviews, conferences or editorial work. RESULTS/DISCUSSION We have demonstrated that the time cognitive processes are underlying to performance in cognitive tasks and that many are the brain areas and functions involved and the modulators in the time perception performance. CONCLUSIONS The influence of dopaminergic on Parkinson's Disease is an important research tool in Neuroscience while allowing for the search for clarifications regarding behavioral phenotypes of Parkinson's disease patients and to study the areas of the brain that are involved in the dopaminergic circuit and their integration with the time perception mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Magalhães
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil. .,The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Victor Marinho
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Oliveira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Carla Ayres
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Thalys Bento
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leite
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Daya Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- Laboratory of Brain Mapping and Functionality, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory-Motor Integration Laboratory, Psychiatry Institute of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Braz, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory-Motor Integration Laboratory, Psychiatry Institute of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Braz, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Marco Orsini
- Rehabilitation Science Program, Analysis of Human Movement Laboratory, Augusto Motta University Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program Professional Master in Applied Science in Health/UNISUAM, Av. Paris, 84, Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-020, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião n° 2819, Nossa Sra. de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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17
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Pellegrini S, Palumbo S, Iofrida C, Melissari E, Rota G, Mariotti V, Anastasio T, Manfrinati A, Rumiati R, Lotto L, Sarlo M, Pietrini P. Genetically-Driven Enhancement of Dopaminergic Transmission Affects Moral Acceptability in Females but Not in Males: A Pilot Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:156. [PMID: 28900390 PMCID: PMC5581873 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral behavior has been a key topic of debate for philosophy and psychology for a long time. In recent years, thanks to the development of novel methodologies in cognitive sciences, the question of how we make moral choices has expanded to the study of neurobiological correlates that subtend the mental processes involved in moral behavior. For instance, in vivo brain imaging studies have shown that distinct patterns of brain neural activity, associated with emotional response and cognitive processes, are involved in moral judgment. Moreover, while it is well-known that responses to the same moral dilemmas differ across individuals, to what extent this variability may be rooted in genetics still remains to be understood. As dopamine is a key modulator of neural processes underlying executive functions, we questioned whether genetic polymorphisms associated with decision-making and dopaminergic neurotransmission modulation would contribute to the observed variability in moral judgment. To this aim, we genotyped five genetic variants of the dopaminergic pathway [rs1800955 in the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene, DRD4 48 bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR), solute carrier family 6 member 3 (SLC6A3) 40 bp VNTR, rs4680 in the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene, and rs1800497 in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene] in 200 subjects, who were requested to answer 56 moral dilemmas. As these variants are all located in genes belonging to the dopaminergic pathway, they were combined in multilocus genetic profiles for the association analysis. While no individual variant showed any significant effects on moral dilemma responses, the multilocus genetic profile analysis revealed a significant gender-specific influence on human moral acceptability. Specifically, those genotype combinations that improve dopaminergic signaling selectively increased moral acceptability in females, by making their responses to moral dilemmas more similar to those provided by males. As females usually give more emotionally-based answers and engage the "emotional brain" more than males, our results, though preliminary and therefore in need of replication in independent samples, suggest that this increase in dopamine availability enhances the cognitive and reduces the emotional components of moral decision-making in females, thus favoring a more rationally-driven decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Sara Palumbo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Erika Melissari
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rota
- Clinical Psychology Branch, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria PisanaPisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Mariotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Anastasio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Manfrinati
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of OncologyMilan, Italy
| | - Rino Rumiati
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Lorella Lotto
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of General Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Liang J, Lu L, Shi J. Similarities and Differences in Genetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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19
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Biochemical Diagnosis in Substance and Non-substance Addiction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:169-202. [PMID: 29098673 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal biochemical marker for addiction would be some easily traced molecules in body specimens, which indicates indulgent addictive behaviors, or susceptibility to certain addictive stimuli. In this chapter, we discussed existing literature about possible biomarkers, and classified them into three categories: origin forms and metabolites of substances, markers from biochemical responses to certain addiction, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers suggesting susceptibility to addiction. In every category, we examined studies concerning certain type of addiction one by one, with focuses mainly on opiates, psychostimulants, and pathological gambling. Several promising molecules were highlighted, including those of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, and indicators of vascular injury, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers such as serum miRNAs. DNA methylation signatures and signal nucleotide polymorphism of candidate gene underlying the addiction.
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20
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Burke MV, Small DM. Effects of the modern food environment on striatal function, cognition and regulation of ingestive behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:97-105. [PMID: 29619405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from human and animal studies suggest that consumption of palatable foods rich in fat and/or carbohydrates may produce deleterious influences on brain function independently of body weight or metabolic disease. Here we consider two mechanisms by which diet can impact striatal circuits to amplify food cue reactivity and impair inhibitory control. First, we review findings demonstrating that the energetic properties of foods regulate nucleus accumbens food cue reactivity, a demonstrated predictor of weight gain susceptibility, which is then sensitized by chronic consumption of an energy dense diet. Second, we consider evidence for diet-induced adaptations in dorsal striatal dopamine signaling that is associated with impaired inhibitory control and negative outcome learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Burke
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S
| | - Dana M Small
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S
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22
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Barrot C, Ortega M, Carrera C, De Alcaraz-Fossoul J, Subirana M, Salavert J, Castellà J, Mezquita J, Gené M. Relationships between the molecular basis of impulsivity and suicidal behavior. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sauvaget A, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Fagundo AB, Moragas L, Wolz I, Veciana De Las Heras M, Granero R, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Baño M, Real E, Aymamí MN, Grall-Bronnec M, Menchón JM. Unexpected online gambling disorder in late-life: a case report. Front Psychol 2015; 6:655. [PMID: 26074835 PMCID: PMC4444736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lifetime prevalence of problem or Gambling disorder (GD) in the elderly (i.e., those over 60 years old) is reported to range from 0.01 to 10.9%. Research has identified several specific risk factors and vulnerabilities in the elderly. Since the late 1990s, an increase in online GD has been observed in the youth population, whereas casinos, slot machines, and bingo seem to be the activities of choice among the elderly. Interestingly, online GD has not been described in the elderly to date. Case Description: We report an 83-year-old man who started online casino gambling from the age of 80 years, leading to debts that exceeded €30,000. He underwent a full clinical and neuropsychological assessment, without any evidence of cognitive impairment or any associated neurodegenerative disease. However, he had risk factors for GD, including adjustment disorder, stressful life events, previous offline casino GD when 50 years old, and dysfunctional personality traits. The change to online GD may have been due to his isolation, movement difficulties, and his high level of education, which facilitated his access to the Internet. Care management focused on individual cognitive-behavioral therapy. Conclusion: The prevalence of online GD may be underestimated among the elderly, and may increase among isolated old people with movement difficulties and ready access to the Internet. However, late-life GD should be considered a diagnosis of elimination, requiring a full medical, psychiatric (including suicide risk), and cognitive assessment. Specific therapeutic approaches need to be proposed and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sauvaget
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, University School of Nursing, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria N Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital Nantes, France
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
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De Caro V, Sutera FM, Gentile C, Tutone M, Livrea MA, Almerico AM, Cannizzaro C, Giannola LI. Studies on a new potential dopaminergic agent: in vitro BBB permeability, in vivo behavioural effects and molecular docking evaluation. J Drug Target 2015; 23:910-25. [PMID: 26000952 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1035275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-N-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-3-phenyl-propionamide (DA-PHEN) has been previously synthesized to obtain a potential prodrug capable of release dopamine (DA) into CNS. However, DA-PHEN could act per se as a dopaminergic drug. In this study, the permeability transport (Pe), obtained by parallel artificial permeability assay (PAMPA), indicated a low passive transcellular transport (Pe = 0.32 ± 0.01 × 10(-6 )cm/s). Using the Caco-2 cell system, the Papp AP-BL in absorptive direction (3.36 ± 0.02 × 10(-5 )cm/s) was significantly higher than the Papp BL-AP in secretive direction (1.75 ± 0.07 × 10(-5 )cm/s), suggesting a polarized transport. The efflux ratio (Papp AP-BL/Papp BL-AP = 0.52 ± 0.02) indicated a low affinity of DA-PHEN to efflux carriers. The forced swim test highlighted a reduction of immobility time in both pre-test and test sessions (p < 0.0001), with an exacerbation in the number of headshakes and divings in the pretest (p < 0.0001). Morris water maze strengthened the hypothesis that DA-PHEN induces adaptive responses to environmental challenges which are involved on cognitive functions (DA-PHEN versus CTR: escape latency; p < 0.001; distance swum p < 0.001, time spent on target quadrant p < 0.001), without any change in locomotor activity for the administered dose. The molecular docking revealed the interaction of DA-PHEN with the identified D1 site mapping human brain receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Caro
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Flavia Maria Sutera
- b Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy , and
| | - Carla Gentile
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Marco Tutone
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Livrea
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Almerico
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- c Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile "G. D'Alessandro" , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Libero Italo Giannola
- a Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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