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Cummings JL, Gonzalez MI, Pritchard MC, May PC, Toledo-Sherman LM, Harris GA. The therapeutic landscape of tauopathies: challenges and prospects. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:168. [PMID: 37803386 PMCID: PMC10557207 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Aggregates of misfolded tau protein are believed to be implicated in neuronal death, which leads to a range of symptoms including cognitive decline, behavioral change, dementia, and motor deficits. Currently, there are no effective treatments for tauopathies. There are four clinical candidates in phase III trials and 16 in phase II trials. While no effective treatments are currently approved, there is increasing evidence to suggest that various therapeutic approaches may slow the progression of tauopathies or improve symptoms. This review outlines the landscape of therapeutic drugs (indexed through February 28, 2023) that target tau pathology and describes drug candidates in clinical development as well as those in the discovery and preclinical phases. The review also contains information on notable therapeutic programs that are inactive or that have been discontinued from development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Henderson, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick C May
- ADvantage Neuroscience Consulting LLC, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | | | - Glenn A Harris
- Rainwater Charitable Foundation, 777 Main Street, Suite 2250, Fort Worth, TX, 76102, USA.
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2
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Kaess M, Hooley JM, Klimes-Dougan B, Koenig J, Plener PL, Reichl C, Robinson K, Schmahl C, Sicorello M, Westlund Schreiner M, Cullen KR. Advancing a temporal framework for understanding the biology of nonsuicidal self- injury: An expert review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:228-239. [PMID: 34450182 PMCID: PMC8783544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious clinical problem, particularly for adolescents and young adults. NSSI is a complex behavior that emerges through the intersecting effects of social, psychological, and biological mechanisms. Although the social and psychological contributions to risk for developing NSSI are relatively well understood and have guided the development of effective psychosocial treatments for self-injury, the biological mechanisms underlying NSSI have just begun to come to light. To evaluate and categorize the biological research conducted on the topic of NSSI, we propose a model that distinguishes between trait and state markers. According to this model, risk factors and mechanisms involved in NSSI can be distinguished into both trait and state factors. We review the existing evidence on distal biological traits (predictors) of NSSI, proximal biological traits (correlates) of NSSI, and biological states directly preceding or following NSSI. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research on the neurobiology of NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Reichl
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kealagh Robinson
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Maurizio Sicorello
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Bedse G, Hill MN, Patel S. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Modulation of Anxiety and Stress Adaptation: From Grass Roots to Novel Therapeutics. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:520-530. [PMID: 32197779 PMCID: PMC7486996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a surge of interest in the development of endocannabinoid-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diverse neuropsychiatric conditions. Although initial preclinical and clinical development efforts focused on pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase to elevate levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, more recent efforts have focused on inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) to enhance signaling of the most abundant and efficacious endocannabinoid ligand, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). We review the biochemistry and physiology of 2-AG signaling and preclinical evidence supporting a role for this system in the regulation of anxiety-related outcomes and stress adaptation. We review preclinical evidence supporting MAGL inhibition for the treatment of affective, trauma-related, and stress-related disorders; describe the current state of MAGL inhibitor drug development; and discuss biological factors that could affect MAGL inhibitor efficacy. Issues related to the clinical advancement of MAGL inhibitors are also discussed. We are cautiously optimistic, as the field of MAGL inhibitor development transitions from preclinical to clinical and theoretical to practical, that pharmacological 2-AG augmentation could represent a mechanistically novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of affective and stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mathew N Hill
- Department of Cell Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Opler MGA, Shen Y. Modified Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-A Journey of a Thousand Miles Starts With the First Step. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:999-1000. [PMID: 32609302 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G A Opler
- WCG MedAvante-ProPhase Inc, New York, New York.,PANSS Institute, New York, New York
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
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Pierce CF, Kwasnicki A, Lakka SS, Engelhard HH. Cerebral Microdialysis as a Tool for Assessing the Delivery of Chemotherapy in Brain Tumor Patients. World Neurosurg 2020; 145:187-196. [PMID: 32890850 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of curative treatment for glioblastoma has been extremely challenging. Chemotherapeutic agents that have seemed promising have failed in clinical trials. Drugs that can successfully target cancer cells within the brain must first traverse the brain interstitial fluid. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) is an invasive technique in which interstitial fluid can be directly sampled. CMD has primarily been used clinically in the setting of head trauma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our goal was to review the techniques, principles, and new data pertaining to CMD to highlight its use in neuro-oncology. We conducted a literature search using the PubMed database and selected studies in which the investigators had used CMD in either animal brain tumor models or clinical trials. The references were reviewed for additional information. Studies of CMD have shown its importance as a neurosurgical technique. CMD allows for the collection of pharmacokinetic data on drug penetrance across the blood-brain barrier and metabolic data to characterize the response to chemotherapy. Although no complications have been reported, the current CMD technique (as with any procedure) has risks and limitations, which we have described in the present report. Animal CMD experiments have been used to exclude central nervous system drug candidates from progressing to clinical trials. At present, patients undergoing CMD have been monitored in the intensive care unit, owing to the requisite tethering to the apparatus. This can be expected to change soon because of advances in microminiaturization. CMD is an extremely valuable, yet underused, technique. Future CMD applications will have central importance in assessing drug delivery to tumor cells in vivo, allowing a pathway to successful therapy for malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Pierce
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda Kwasnicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sajani S Lakka
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Herbert H Engelhard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Holton CM, Hanley N, Shanks E, Oxley P, McCarthy A, Eastwood BJ, Murray TK, Nickerson A, Wafford KA. Longitudinal changes in EEG power, sleep cycles and behaviour in a tau model of neurodegeneration. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:84. [PMID: 32669112 PMCID: PMC7364634 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Disturbed sleep is associated with cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The progressive sequence of how neurodegeneration affects aspects of sleep architecture in conjunction with behavioural changes is not well understood. Methods We investigated changes in sleep architecture, spectral power and circadian rhythmicity in the tet-off rTg4510 mouse overexpressing human P301L tau within the same subjects over time. Doxycycline-induced transgene-suppressed rTg4510 mice, tTa carriers and wild-type mice were used as comparators. Spectral power and sleep stages were measured from within the home cage environment using EEG electrodes. In addition, locomotor activity and performance during a T-maze task were measured. Results Spectral power in the delta and theta bands showed a time-dependent decrease in rTg4510 mice compared to all other groups. After the initial changes in spectral power, wake during the dark period increased whereas NREM and number of REM sleep bouts decreased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice. Home cage locomotor activity in the dark phase significantly increased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice by 40 weeks of age. Peak-to-peak circadian rhythm amplitude and performance in the T-maze was impaired throughout the experiment independent of time. At 46 weeks, rTG4510 mice had significant degeneration in the hippocampus and cortex whereas doxycycline-treated rTG4510 mice were protected. Pathology significantly correlated with sleep and EEG outcomes, in addition to locomotor and cognitive measures. Conclusions We show that reduced EEG spectral power precedes reductions in sleep and home cage locomotor activity in a mouse model of tauopathy. The data shows increasing mutant tau changes sleep architecture, EEG properties, behaviour and cognition, which suggest tau-related effects on sleep architecture in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Holton
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - N Hanley
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - E Shanks
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - P Oxley
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - A McCarthy
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - B J Eastwood
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - T K Murray
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - A Nickerson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - K A Wafford
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK.
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, MacMillan C, Thevarkunnel S, Parachikova AI, Mombereau C, Lindgren H, Bastlund JF. Characterization of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Nicotine, and Atomoxetine on Measures of Attention, Impulsive Action, and Motivation in the Rat: Implications for Translational Research. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32390829 PMCID: PMC7193984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), methylphenidate (MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) are approved treatments for ADHD, and together with nicotine (NIC), represent pharmacological agents widely studied on cognitive domains including attention and impulsive action in humans. These agents thus represent opportunities for clinical observation to be reinvestigated in the preclinical setting, i.e., reverse translation. The present study investigated each drug in male, Long Evans rats trained to perform either (1) the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), (2) Go/NoGo task, or (3) a progressive ratio (PR) task, for the purpose of studying each drug on attention, impulsive action and motivation. Specific challenges were adopted in the 5-CSRTT designed to tax attention and impulsivity, i.e., high frequency of stimulus presentation (sITI), variable reduction in stimulus duration (sSD), and extended delay to stimulus presentation (10-s ITI). Initially, performance of a large (> 80) cohort of rats in each task variant was conducted to examine performance stability over repeated challenge sessions, and to identify subgroups of "high" and "low" attentive rats (sITI and sSD schedules), and "high" and "low" impulsives (10-s ITI). Using an adaptive sequential study design, the effects of AMP, MPH, ATX, and NIC were examined and contrasting profiles noted across the tests. Both AMP (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and MPH (1-6 mg/kg) improved attentional performance in the sITI but not sSD or 10-s ITI condition, NIC (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) improved accuracy across all conditions. ATX (0.1-1 mg/kg) detrimentally affected performance in the sITI and sSD condition, notably in "high" performers. In tests of impulsive action, ATX reduced premature responses notably in the 10-s ITI condition, and also reduced false alarms in Go/NoGo. Both AMP and NIC increased premature responses in all task variants, although AMP reduced false alarms highlighting differences between these two measures of impulsive action. The effect of MPH was mixed and appeared baseline dependent. ATX reduced break point for food reinforcement suggesting a detrimental effect on motivation for primary reward. Taken together these studies highlight differences between AMP, MPH, and ATX which may translate to their clinical profiles. NIC had the most reliable effect on attentional accuracy, whereas ATX was reliably effective against all tests of impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Lindgren
- Discovery Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Higgins GA, Brown M, St John J, MacMillan C, Silenieks LB, Thevarkunnel S. Effects of 5-HT 2C receptor modulation and the NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine in tests of compulsive and impulsive behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108064. [PMID: 32222404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning has gained strategic value as a reaction to high attrition rates of new drugs as they pass through the clinical development process. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®), and the selective NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (Strattera®) represent two drugs FDA approved for obesity and ADHD respectively. Although both drugs are of differing pharmacological class, each share a property of regulating impulsive behaviours in preclinical studies, and thus represent candidates for consideration in clinical conditions labelled as 'impulsive-compulsive disorders'. The present studies investigated both drugs, as well as the highly selective 5-HT2C agonist CP-809101 in two tests of compulsive action: schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) and increased perseverative [PSV] (and premature [PREM]) responses emitted during an extended ITI 5-choice task. While lorcaserin (0.06-0.6 mg/kg), CP-809101 (0.1-1 mg/kg) and atomoxetine (0.1-1 mg/kg) each reduced both PREM and PSV measures in the 5-choice task, at equivalent doses only lorcaserin and CP-809101 affected excessive water intake in the SIP task, atomoxetine (0.1-2 mg/kg) was essentially ineffective. Further evidence supporting a role of the 5-HT2C receptor as an important regulator of impulsive-compulsive behaviours, the selective antagonist SB-242084 produced the opposing effects to lorcaserin, i.e promoting both impulsive and compulsive behaviours. The profile of atomoxetine may suggest differences in the nature of compulsive action measured either as non-regulatory drinking in the SIP task, and PSV responses made in a 5-choice task. These studies support the consideration of 5-HT2C receptor agonists, typified by lorcaserin, and atomoxetine as potential treatments for clinical conditions categorised as 'impulsive-compulsive disorders'. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., PO Box 248, Fergus, ON, N1M 1N0, Canada; Dept Pharmacology & Toxicology, U. Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 4K2, Canada.
| | - Matt Brown
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., PO Box 248, Fergus, ON, N1M 1N0, Canada
| | - Jessica St John
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., PO Box 248, Fergus, ON, N1M 1N0, Canada
| | - Cam MacMillan
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., PO Box 248, Fergus, ON, N1M 1N0, Canada
| | - Leo B Silenieks
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., PO Box 248, Fergus, ON, N1M 1N0, Canada
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Comparative Pro-cognitive and Neurochemical Profiles of Glycine Modulatory Site Agonists and Glycine Reuptake Inhibitors in the Rat: Potential Relevance to Cognitive Dysfunction and Its Management. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2144-2166. [PMID: 31960362 PMCID: PMC7170834 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Frontocortical NMDA receptors are pivotal in regulating cognition and mood, are hypofunctional in schizophrenia, and may contribute to autistic spectrum disorders. Despite extensive interest in agents potentiating activity at the co-agonist glycine modulatory site, few comparative functional studies exist. This study systematically compared the actions of the glycine reuptake inhibitors, sarcosine (40–200 mg/kg) and ORG24598 (0.63–5 mg/kg), the agonists, glycine (40–800 mg/kg), and D-serine (10–160 mg/kg) and the partial agonists, S18841 (2.5 mg/kg s.c.) and D-cycloserine (2.5–40 mg/kg) that all dose-dependently prevented scopolamine disruption of social recognition in adult rats. Over similar dose ranges, they also prevented a delay-induced impairment of novel object recognition (NOR). Glycine reuptake inhibitors specifically elevated glycine but not D-serine levels in rat prefrontal cortical (PFC) microdialysates, while glycine and D-serine markedly increased levels of glycine and D-serine, respectively. D-Cycloserine slightly elevated D-serine levels. Conversely, S18841 exerted no influence on glycine, D-serine, other amino acids, monamines, or acetylcholine. Reversal of NOR deficits by systemic S18841 was prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP (20 mg/kg), and the glycine modulatory site antagonist, L701,324 (10 mg/kg). S18841 blocked deficits in NOR following microinjection into the PFC (2.5–10 μg/side) but not the striatum. Finally, in rats socially isolated from weaning (a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia), S18841 (2.5 and 10 mg/kg s.c.) reversed impairment of NOR and contextual fear-motivated learning without altering isolation-induced hyperactivity. In conclusion, despite contrasting neurochemical profiles, partial glycine site agonists and glycine reuptake inhibitors exhibit comparable pro-cognitive effects in rats of potential relevance to treatment of schizophrenia and other brain disorders where cognitive performance is impaired.
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Effect of ADHD medication in male C57BL/6J mice performing the rodent Continuous Performance Test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1839-1851. [PMID: 30656365 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT) is a novel rodent paradigm to assess attention and impulsivity that resembles the human CPT. This task measures the rodents' ability to discriminate between target and non-target stimuli. The effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on rCPT performance in mice remains to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive validity of the mouse rCPT by studying the effects of ADHD medication methylphenidate, atomoxetine, amphetamine, guanfacine, and modafinil in four behavioral subgroups based on performance and impulsivity levels. METHODS Two cohorts of male C57BL/6J mice were used, and the effect of treatment was tested in a variable stimulus duration probe. Performance and impulsive subgroups were made based on discriminability and percentage premature responses, respectively. RESULTS Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and amphetamine improved performance in the low-performing animals, with no effect in the high-performers. These improvements were a result of increased hit rate and/or decreased false-alarm rate. Furthermore, these drugs decreased percentage premature responses in the high-impulsive group. Methylphenidate, guanfacine, and modafinil increased premature responses in the low-impulsive group. Modafinil impaired performance in the high-performers by increasing false-alarm rate. CONCLUSION The effect of ADHD treatment was dependent on baseline, as seen by increases in performance for the low-performers and decreases in impulsivity for the high-impulsive animals. These results agree with clinical data and may support the inverted U-shaped arousal-performance theory. The rCPT combined with behavioral separation into subgroups has high predictive validity, and our study is a step forward towards establishing the clinical translatability of the rCPT.
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Bauman MD, Schumann CM, Carlson EL, Taylor SL, Vázquez-Rosa E, Cintrón-Pérez CJ, Shin MK, Williams NS, Pieper AA. Neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 compounds in primate hippocampus. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:202. [PMID: 30258178 PMCID: PMC6158178 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for translating basic science discoveries into new therapeutics for patients suffering from difficult to treat neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, a target-agnostic in vivo screen in mice identified P7C3 aminopropyl carbazole as capable of enhancing the net magnitude of postnatal neurogenesis by protecting young neurons from death. Subsequently, neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 compounds in a broad spectrum of preclinical rodent models has also been observed. An important next step in translating this work to patients is to determine whether P7C3 compounds exhibit similar efficacy in primates. Adult male rhesus monkeys received daily oral P7C3-A20 or vehicle for 38 weeks. During weeks 2-11, monkeys received weekly injection of 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label newborn cells, the majority of which would normally die over the following 27 weeks. BrdU+ cells were quantified using unbiased stereology. Separately in mice, the proneurogenic efficacy of P7C3-A20 was compared to that of NSI-189, a proneurogenic drug currently in clinical trials for patients with major depression. Orally-administered P7C3-A20 provided sustained plasma exposure, was well-tolerated, and elevated the survival of hippocampal BrdU+ cells in nonhuman primates without adverse central or peripheral tissue effects. In mice, NSI-189 was shown to be pro-proliferative, and P7C3-A20 elevated the net magnitude of hippocampal neurogenesis to a greater degree than NSI-189 through its distinct mechanism of promoting neuronal survival. This pilot study provides evidence that P7C3-A20 safely protects neurons in nonhuman primates, suggesting that the neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 compounds is likely to translate to humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Bauman
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bCalifornia National Primate Research Center, Davis, USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Schumann
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Erin L. Carlson
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Edwin Vázquez-Rosa
- University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Coral J. Cintrón-Pérez
- University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Min-Kyoo Shin
- University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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Srinivas N, Maffuid K, Kashuba ADM. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in the Central Nervous System. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1059-1074. [PMID: 29464550 PMCID: PMC6062484 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite contributing significantly to the burden of global disease, the translation of new treatment strategies for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) from animals to humans remains challenging, with a high attrition rate in the development of CNS drugs. The failure of clinical trials for CNS therapies can be partially explained by factors related to pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), such as lack of efficacy or improper selection of the initial dosage. A focused assessment is needed for CNS-acting drugs in first-in-human studies to identify the differences in PK/PD from animal models, as well as to choose the appropriate dose. In this review, we summarize the available literature from human studies on the PK and PD in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid for drugs used in the treatment of psychosis, Alzheimer's disease and neuro-HIV, and address critical questions in the field. We also explore newer methods to characterize PK/PD relationships that may lead to more efficient dose selection in CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 1094 Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7361, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Maffuid
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 1094 Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7361, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 1094 Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7361, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Disrupted sphingolipid metabolism following acute clozapine and olanzapine administration. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:40. [PMID: 29720183 PMCID: PMC5932814 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) induce glucometabolic side-effects, such as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which pose a therapeutic challenge for mental illness. Sphingolipids play a role in glycaemic balance and insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to impaired insulin signalling and whole-body glucose intolerance. Diabetogenic SGA effects on ER stress and sphingolipids, such as ceramide and sphingomyelin, in peripheral metabolic tissues are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of clozapine and olanzapine on ceramide and sphingomyelin levels, and protein expression of key enzymes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, in the liver and skeletal muscle. Methods Female rats were administered olanzapine (1 mg/kg), clozapine (12 mg/kg), or vehicle (control) and euthanized 1-h later. Ceramide and sphingomyelin levels were examined using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Expression of lipid enzymes (ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2), elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 1 (ELOVL1), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1)), ER stress markers (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α) were also examined. Results Clozapine caused robust reductions in hepatic ceramide and sphingolipid levels (p < 0.0001), upregulated CerS2 (p < 0.05) and ELOVL1 (+ 37%) and induced significant hyperglycemia (vs controls). In contrast, olanzapine increased hepatic sphingomyelin levels (p < 0.05 vs controls). SGAs did not alter sphingolipid levels in the muscle. Clozapine increased (+ 52.5%) hepatic eIF2α phosphorylation, demonstrating evidence of activation of the PERK/eIF2α ER stress axis. Hepatic IRE1, FAS and ACC1 were unaltered. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that diabetogenic SGAs disrupt hepatic sphingolipid homeostasis within 1-h of administration. Sphingolipids may be key candidates in the mechanisms underlying the diabetes side-effects of SGAs; however, further research is required.
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van den Brink WJ, Hankemeier T, van der Graaf PH, de Lange ECM. Bundling arrows: improving translational CNS drug development by integrated PK/PD-metabolomics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1446935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. J. van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T. Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. van der Graaf
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Certara QSP, Canterbury Innovation House, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - E. C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Blackmore T, Meftah S, Murray TK, Craig PJ, Blockeel A, Phillips K, Eastwood B, O'Neill MJ, Marston H, Ahmed Z, Gilmour G, Gastambide F. Tracking progressive pathological and functional decline in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:77. [PMID: 28931441 PMCID: PMC5607580 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choice and appropriate use of animal models in drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pivotal to successful clinical translation of novel therapeutics, yet true alignment of research is challenging. Current models do not fully recapitulate the human disease, and even exhibit various degrees of regional pathological burden and diverse functional alterations. Given this, relevant pathological and functional endpoints must be determined on a model-by-model basis. The present work explores the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy as a case study to define best practices for the selection and validation of cognitive and functional endpoints for the purposes of pre-clinical AD drug discovery. METHODS Male rTg4510 mice were first tested at an advanced age, 12 months, in multiple behavioural assays (step 1). Severe tau pathology and neurodegeneration was associated with profound locomotor hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits. Four of these assays were then selected for longitudinal assessment, from 4 to 12 months, to investigate whether behavioural performance changes as a function of accumulation of tau pathology (step 2). Experimental suppression of tau pathology-via doxycycline administration-was also investigated for its effect on functional performance. RESULTS Progressive behavioural changes were detected where locomotor activity and rewarded alternation were found to most closely correlate with tau burden and neurodegeneration. Doxycycline initiated at 4 months led to a 50% suppression of transgene expression, which was sufficient to prevent subsequent increases in tau pathology and arrest related functional decline. CONCLUSIONS This two-step approach demonstrates the importance of selecting assays most sensitive to the phenotype of the model. A robust relationship was observed between pathological progression, development of phenotype, and their experimental manipulation-three crucial factors for assessing the translational relevance of future pre-clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blackmore
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK.
| | - Soraya Meftah
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | | | | | - Anthony Blockeel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | - Keith Phillips
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | - Brian Eastwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | | | - Hugh Marston
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | - Zeshan Ahmed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Windlesham, UK
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Havolli E, Hill MD, Godley A, Goetghebeur PJ. Spatial recognition test: A novel cognition task for assessing topographical memory in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:653-659. [PMID: 28514890 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117704987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in topographical memory is a core feature of several neurological disorders. There is a large unmet medical need to address learning and memory deficits as a whole in central nervous system disease. There are considerable efforts to identify pro-cognitive compounds but current methods are either lengthy or labour intensive. Our test used a two chamber apparatus and is based on the preference of rodents to explore novel environments. It was used firstly to assess topographical memory in mice at different retention intervals (RI) and secondly to investigate the effect of three drugs reported to be beneficial for cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease, namely: donepezil, memantine and levetiracetam. Animals show good memory performance at all RIs tested under four hours. At the four-hour RI, animals show a significantly poorer memory performance which can be rescued using donepezil, memantine and levetiracetam. Using this test we established and validated a spatial recognition paradigm to address topographical memory in mice by showing a decremental time-induced forgetting response and reversing this decrease in performance using pharmacological tools. The spatial recognition test differs from more commonly used visuospatial laboratory tests in both throughput capability and potentially neuroanatomical substrate. This test has the potential to be used to assess cognitive performance in transgenic animals, disease models and to screen putative cognitive enhancers or depressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Havolli
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Dw Hill
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annie Godley
- Cognition Research Group, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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McArthur RA. Aligning physiology with psychology: Translational neuroscience in neuropsychiatric drug discovery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:4-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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