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Jiang H, Roy P, Guo Y, Muzik O, Woodcock EA. Automated radiosynthesis of [ 11C]CPPC for in-human PET imaging applications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2024; 14:144-148. [PMID: 38737641 PMCID: PMC11087290 DOI: 10.62347/mxkz6739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is almost exclusively expressed in microglia, representing a biomarker target for imaging of microglia availability. [11C]CPPC has specific binding affinity to CSF1R and suitable kinetic properties for in vivo PET imaging of microglia. However, previous studies reported a low radiochemical yield, motivating additional research to optimize [11C]CPPC radiochemistry. In this work, we report an automated radiosynthesis of [11C]CPPC on a Synthra MeIPlus module with improved radiochemical yield. The final [11C]CPPC product was obtained with excellent chemical/radiochemical purities and molecular activity, facilitating high-quality in-human PET imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huailei Jiang
- Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Pritam Roy
- Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Otto Muzik
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Eric A Woodcock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA
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2
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Adhikari A, Chauhan K, Adhikari M, Tiwari AK. Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor: An emerging target for neuroinflammation PET imaging and AD therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117628. [PMID: 38330850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Although neuroinflammation is a significant pathogenic feature of many neurologic disorders, its precise function in-vivo is still not completely known. PET imaging enables the longitudinal examination, quantification, and tracking of different neuroinflammation biomarkers in living subjects. Particularly, PET imaging of Microglia, specialised dynamic immune cells crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis in central nervous system (CNS), is crucial for staging the neuroinflammation. Colony Stimulating Factor- 1 Receptor (CSF-1R) PET imaging is a novel method for the quantification of neuroinflammation. CSF-1R is mainly expressed on microglia, and neurodegenerative disorders greatly up-regulate its expression. The present review primarily focuses on the development, pros and cons of all the CSF-1R PET tracers reported for neuroinflammation imaging. Apart from neuroinflammation imaging, CSF-1R inhibitors are also reported for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a prevalent, advancing, and fatal neurodegenerative condition that have the characteristic feature of persistent neuroinflammation and primarily affects the elderly. The aetiology of AD is profoundly influenced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and microglial dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggests that CSF-1R inhibitors (CSF-1Ri) can be helpful in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases. This review article also summarises the most recent developments of CSF-1Ri-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb, Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Bobotis BC, Halvorson T, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Established and emerging techniques for the study of microglia: visualization, depletion, and fate mapping. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1317125. [PMID: 38425429 PMCID: PMC10902073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential hub for neuronal communication. As a major component of the CNS, glial cells are vital in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal network dynamics. Research on microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, has advanced considerably in recent years, and our understanding of their diverse functions continues to grow. Microglia play critical roles in the formation and regulation of neuronal synapses, myelination, responses to injury, neurogenesis, inflammation, and many other physiological processes. In parallel with advances in microglial biology, cutting-edge techniques for the characterization of microglial properties have emerged with increasing depth and precision. Labeling tools and reporter models are important for the study of microglial morphology, ultrastructure, and dynamics, but also for microglial isolation, which is required to glean key phenotypic information through single-cell transcriptomics and other emerging approaches. Strategies for selective microglial depletion and modulation can provide novel insights into microglia-targeted treatment strategies in models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, cancer, and autoimmunity. Finally, fate mapping has emerged as an important tool to answer fundamental questions about microglial biology, including their origin, migration, and proliferation throughout the lifetime of an organism. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of these established and emerging techniques, with applications to the study of microglia in development, homeostasis, and CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Caroline Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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4
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Mills KA, Du Y, Coughlin JM, Foss CA, Horti AG, Jenkins K, Skorobogatova Y, Spiro E, Motley CS, Dannals RF, Song JJ, Choi YR, Redding-Ochoa J, Troncoso J, Dawson VL, Kam TI, Pomper MG, Dawson TM. Exploring [ 11C]CPPC as a CSF1R-targeted PET Imaging Marker for Early Parkinson's Disease Severity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.05.28.23290647. [PMID: 37398476 PMCID: PMC10312881 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.23290647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation through enhanced innate immunity is thought play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods for monitoring neuroinflammation in living patients with PD are currently limited to positron emission tomography (PET) ligands that lack specificity in labeling immune cells in the nervous system. The colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) plays a crucial role in microglial function, an important cellular contributor to the nervous system's innate immune response. Using immunologic methods, we show that CSF1R in human brain is colocalized with the microglial marker, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). In PD, CSF1R immunoreactivity is significantly increased in PD across multiple brain regions, with the largest differences in the midbrain versus controls. Autoradiography revealed significantly increased [3H]JHU11761 binding in the inferior parietal cortex of PD patients. PET imaging demonstrated that higher [11C]CPPC binding in the striatum was associated with greater motor disability in PD. Furthermore, increased [11C]CPPC binding in various regions correlated with more severe motor disability and poorer verbal fluency. This study finds that CSF1R expression is elevated in PD and that [11C]CPPC-PET imaging of CSF1R is indicative of motor and cognitive impairments in the early stages of the disease. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of CSF1R as a promising biomarker for neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease, suggesting its potential use for non-invasive assessment of disease progression and severity, leading to earlier diagnosis and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mills
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Horti
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katelyn Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yana Skorobogatova
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ergi Spiro
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chelsie S Motley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu Ree Choi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiologic Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, US
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA (current)
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, US
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5
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Malpetti M, Franzmeier N, Brendel M. PET Imaging to Measure Neuroinflammation In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:177-193. [PMID: 38427195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the role of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the potential of anti-inflammatory treatments to slow or prevent decline. This research focuses on the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to visualize and quantify molecular brain changes in patients, specifically microglial activation and reactive astrogliosis. We discuss the development and application of several PET radioligands, including first-generation ligands like PK11195 and Ro5-4864, as well as second- and third-generation ligands such as [11C]PBR28, [18F]DPA-714, [18F]GE-180, and [11C]ER176. These ligands target the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), which is overexpressed in activated microglia and upregulated in astrocytes. We also address the limitations of these ligands, such as low brain uptake, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, short half-life, and variable kinetic behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate the impact of genetic polymorphisms on ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal and Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
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6
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Altomonte S, Pike VW. Candidate Tracers for Imaging Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor in Neuroinflammation with Positron Emission Tomography: Issues and Progress. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1632-1650. [PMID: 37974622 PMCID: PMC10644394 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), has attracted attention as a potential biomarker of neuroinflammation for imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET), especially because of its location on microglia and its role in microglia proliferation. The development of an effective radiotracer for specifically imaging and quantifying brain CSF1R is highly challenging. Here we review the progress that has been made on PET tracer development and discuss issues that have arisen and which remain to be addressed and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Altomonte
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes
of Health, Building 10,
B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes
of Health, Building 10,
B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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7
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Cools R, Kerkhofs K, Leitao RCF, Bormans G. Preclinical Evaluation of Novel PET Probes for Dementia. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:599-629. [PMID: 37149435 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel PET imaging agents that selectively bind specific dementia-related targets can contribute significantly to accurate, differential and early diagnosis of dementia causing diseases and support the development of therapeutic agents. Consequently, in recent years there has been a growing body of literature describing the development and evaluation of potential new promising PET tracers for dementia. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of novel dementia PET probes under development, classified by their target, and pinpoints their preclinical evaluation pathway, typically involving in silico, in vitro and ex/in vivo evaluation. Specific target-associated challenges and pitfalls, requiring extensive and well-designed preclinical experimental evaluation assays to enable successful clinical translation and avoid shortcomings observed for previously developed 'well-established' dementia PET tracers are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Cools
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kobe Kerkhofs
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; NURA, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Renan C F Leitao
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Altomonte S, Yan X, Morse CL, Liow JS, Jenkins MD, Montero Santamaria JA, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB, Pike VW. Discovery of a High-Affinity Fluoromethyl Analog of [ 11C]5-Cyano- N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide ([ 11C]CPPC) and Their Comparison in Mouse and Monkey as Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:614-632. [PMID: 37082755 PMCID: PMC10111626 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
[11C]CPPC has been advocated as a radioligand for colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with the potential for imaging neuroinflammation in human subjects with positron emission tomography (PET). This study sought to prepare fluoro analogs of CPPC with higher affinity to provide the potential for labeling with longer-lived fluorine-18 (t 1/2 = 109.8 min) and for delivery of higher CSF1R-specific PET signal in vivo. Seven fluorine-containing analogs of CPPC were prepared and four were found to have high inhibitory potency (IC50 in low to sub-nM range) and selectivity at CSF1R comparable with CPPC itself. One of these, a 4-fluoromethyl analog (Psa374), was investigated more deeply by labeling with carbon-11 (t 1/2 = 20.4 min) for PET studies in mouse and monkey. [11C]Psa374 showed high peak uptake in monkey brain but not in mouse brain. Pharmacological challenges revealed no CSF1R-specific binding in either species at baseline. [11C]CPPC also failed to show specific binding at baseline. Moreover, both [11C]Psa374 and [11C]CPPC showed brain efflux transporter substrate behavior in both species in vivo, although Psa374 did not show liability toward human efflux transporters in vitro. Further development of [11C]Psa374 in non-human primate models of neuroinflammation with demonstration of CSF1R-specific binding would be required to warrant the fluorine-18 labeling of Psa374 with a view to possible application in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Altomonte
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Madeline D. Jenkins
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jose A. Montero Santamaria
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health Building 10, B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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9
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An X, Wang J, Tong L, Zhang X, Fu H, Zhang J, Xie H, Huang Y, Jia H. 18F-Labeled o‑aminopyridyl alkynyl radioligands targeting colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor for neuroinflammation imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 83:117233. [PMID: 36933438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis and evaluation of five o‑aminopyridyl alkynyl derivatives as colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) ligands. Compounds 4 and 5 with the fluoroethoxy group at the meta- or para-position of the phenyl ring possessed nanomolar inhibitory potency against CSF-1R with IC50 values of 7.6 nM and 2.3 nM, respectively. Radioligands [18F]4 and [18F]5 were obtained in radiochemical yields of 17.2 ± 5.3% (n = 5, decay-corrected) and 14.0 ± 4.3% (n = 4, decay-corrected), with radiochemical purity of > 99% and molar activity of 9-12 GBq/μmol (n = 5) and 6-8 GBq/μmol (n = 4), respectively. In biodistribution studies, radioligands [18F]4 and [18F]5 showed moderate brain uptake in male ICR mice with 1.52 ± 0.15 and 0.91 ± 0.07% ID/g, respectively, at 15 min. Metabolic stability studies in mouse brain revealed that [18F]4 exhibited high stability while [18F]5 suffered from low stability. Higher accumulation of [18F]4 in the brain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice was observed, and further pretreatment of BLZ945 or CPPC led to remarkable reduction, indicating specific binding of [18F]4 to CSF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan An
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Linjiang Tong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine Department, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hualong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine Department, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Hua Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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10
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Raval NR, Wetherill RR, Wiers CE, Dubroff JG, Hillmer AT. Positron Emission Tomography of Neuroimmune Responses in Humans: Insights and Intricacies. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:213-229. [PMID: 36270830 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain's immune system plays a critical role in responding to immune challenges and maintaining homeostasis. However, dysregulated neuroimmune function contributes to neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric conditions. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the neuroimmune system has facilitated a greater understanding of its physiology and the pathology of some neuropsychiatric conditions. This review presents an in-depth look at PET findings from human neuroimmune function studies, highlighting their importance in current neuropsychiatric research. Although the majority of human PET studies feature radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), this review also considers studies with other neuroimmune targets, including monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Promising new targets, such as colony-stimulating factor 1, Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and the purinergic P2Y12 receptor, are also discussed. The significance of validating neuroimmune targets and understanding their function and expression is emphasized in this review to better identify and interpret PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul R Raval
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob G Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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11
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Singh P, Singh D, Srivastava P, Mishra G, Tiwari AK. Evaluation of advanced, pathophysiologic new targets for imaging of CNS. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:484-513. [PMID: 36779375 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate information about the in vivo pathological, physiological, and neurological impairments, as well as the absence of in vivo tools for assessing brain penetrance and the efficiency of newly designed drugs, has hampered the development of new techniques for the treatment for variety of new central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The searching sites such as Science Direct and PubMed were used to find out the numerous distinct tracers across 16 CNS targets including tau, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, the adenosine 2A receptor, the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and the purinoceptor, among others. Among the most encouraging are [18 F]FIMX for mGluR imaging, [11 C]Martinostat for Histone deacetylase, [18 F]MNI-444 for adenosine 2A imaging, [11 C]ER176 for translocator protein, and [18 F]MK-6240 for tau imaging. We also reviewed the findings for each tracer's features and potential for application in CNS pathophysiology and therapeutic evaluation investigations, including target specificity, binding efficacy, and pharmacokinetic factors. This review aims to present a current evaluation of modern positron emission tomography tracers for CNS targets, with a focus on recent advances for targets that have newly emerged for imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhananad College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi, India
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Real CC, Binda KH, Thomsen MB, Lillethorup TP, Brooks DJ, Landau AM. Selecting the Best Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease for Your Research Purpose: Insight from in vivo PET Imaging Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1241-1272. [PMID: 36797611 PMCID: PMC10286593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative multisystem disorder leading to motor and non-motor symptoms in millions of individuals. Despite intense research, there is still no cure, and early disease biomarkers are lacking. Animal models of PD have been inspired by basic elements of its pathogenesis, such as dopamine dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation and disruption of protein degradation, and these have been crucial for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of pathology, the identification of biomarkers, and evaluation of novel therapies. Imaging biomarkers are non-invasive tools to assess disease progression and response to therapies; their discovery and validation have been an active field of translational research. Here, we highlight different considerations of animal models of PD that can be applied to future research, in terms of their suitability to answer different research questions. We provide the reader with important considerations of the best choice of model to use based on the disease features of each model, including issues related to different species. In addition, positron emission tomography studies conducted in PD animal models in the last 5 years are presented. With a variety of different species, interventions and genetic information, the choice of the most appropriate model to answer research questions can be daunting, especially since no single model recapitulates all aspects of this complex disorder. Appropriate animal models in conjunction with in vivo molecular imaging tools, if selected properly, can be a powerful combination for the assessment of novel therapies and developing tools for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristiano Real
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Majken Borup Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thea Pinholt Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David James Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle, Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Marlene Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Boyle AJ, Murrell E, Tong J, Schifani C, Narvaez A, Wuest M, West F, Wuest F, Vasdev N. PET Imaging of Fructose Metabolism in a Rodent Model of Neuroinflammation with 6-[ 18F]fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238529. [PMID: 36500626 PMCID: PMC9736258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled 6-fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose (6-[18F]FDF) targets the fructose-preferred facilitative hexose transporter GLUT5, which is expressed predominantly in brain microglia and activated in response to inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesize that 6-[18F]FDF will specifically image microglia following neuroinflammatory insult. 6-[18F]FDF and, for comparison, [18F]FDG were evaluated in unilateral intra-striatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected male and female rats (50 µg/animal) by longitudinal dynamic PET imaging in vivo. In LPS-injected rats, increased accumulation of 6-[18F]FDF was observed at 48 h post-LPS injection, with plateaued uptake (60-120 min) that was significantly higher in the ipsilateral vs. contralateral striatum (0.985 ± 0.047 and 0.819 ± 0.033 SUV, respectively; p = 0.002, n = 4M/3F). The ipsilateral-contralateral difference in striatal 6-[18F]FDF uptake expressed as binding potential (BPSRTM) peaked at 48 h (0.19 ± 0.11) and was significantly decreased at one and two weeks. In contrast, increased [18F]FDG uptake in the ipsilateral striatum was highest at one week post-LPS injection (BPSRTM = 0.25 ± 0.06, n = 4M). Iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry confirmed LPS-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes, respectively, in ipsilateral striatum. This proof-of-concept study revealed an early response of 6-[18F]FDF to neuroinflammatory stimuli in rat brain. 6-[18F]FDF represents a potential PET radiotracer for imaging microglial GLUT5 density in brain with applications in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.J.B.); (N.V.); Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30884) (A.J.B.); +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.)
| | - Emily Murrell
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Christin Schifani
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Andrea Narvaez
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
| | - Frederick West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.J.B.); (N.V.); Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30884) (A.J.B.); +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 30988) (N.V.)
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14
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van der Wildt B, Klockow JL, Miao Z, Reyes ST, Park JH, Shen B, Chin FT. Discovery of a CSF-1R inhibitor and PET tracer for imaging of microglia and macrophages in the brain. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:99-107. [PMID: 36371938 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) is a kinase expressed on macrophages and microglia in the brain. It has been recognized as a potential drug and imaging target in treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases and glioblastoma. Despite several attempts, no validated CSF-1R PET tracer is currently available. The aim of this work was to develop a brain permeable CSF-1R PET tracer for non-invasive imaging of CSF-1R in vivo. Based on fragments of two potent and selective CSF-1R inhibitors, novel hybrid molecules were designed and synthesized. Affinity for human recombinant CSF-1R and selectivity over c-KIT and PDGFR-β was determined using a FRET based in vitro assay. Radiosynthesis was performed by fully automated [11C]CH3I methylation of the corresponding des-methyl precursor. PET imaging was performed at baseline, efflux transporter blocking and CSF-1R blocking conditions. Moreover, tracer distribution and blood and plasma radiometabolites were determined following injection in healthy mice. The most promising CSF-1R inhibitor, compound 4, showed high selectivity and high affinity for CSF-1R (IC50: 12 ± 3 nM) and no affinity for kinase family members c-KIT and PDGFR-beta. [11C]4 was obtained in good yield (15 ± 0.2 % decay corrected yield, (2.0 ± 0.26 GBq at end of synthesis) and excellent purity. The compound demonstrated high brain penetration and good metabolic stability (>2 %ID/g at 60 min post injection and 79 ± 8 % intact [11C]4 in brain at 60 min post injection) and no strong efflux transporter substrate behavior. Blocking CSF-1R prior to imaging with [11C]4 resulted in significant decrease in brain uptake. In conclusion, [11C]4 shows good potential as a novel PET tracer for imaging of CSF-1R in the CNS and future experiments in relevant animal models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Klockow
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Miao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samantha T Reyes
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jun H Park
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bin Shen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Coughlin JM, Du Y, Lesniak WG, Harrington CK, Brosnan MK, O'Toole R, Zandi A, Sweeney SE, Abdallah R, Wu Y, Holt DP, Hall AW, Dannals RF, Solnes L, Horti AG, Pomper MG. First-in-human use of 11C-CPPC with positron emission tomography for imaging the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:64. [PMID: 36175737 PMCID: PMC9522955 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Study of the contribution of microglia to onset and course of several neuropsychiatric conditions is challenged by the fact that these resident immune cells often take on different phenotypes and functions outside the living brain. Imaging microglia with radiotracers developed for use with positron emission tomography (PET) allows researchers to study these cells in their native tissue microenvironment. However, many relevant microglial imaging targets such as the 18 kDa translocator protein are also expressed on non-microglial cells, which can complicate the interpretation of PET findings. 11C-CPPC was developed to image the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, a target that is expressed largely by microglia relative to other cell types in the brain. Our prior work with 11C-CPPC demonstrated its high, specific uptake in brains of rodents and nonhuman primates with neuroinflammation, which supports the current first-in-human evaluation of its pharmacokinetic behavior in the brains of healthy individuals. METHODS Eight healthy nonsmoker adults completed a 90-min dynamic PET scan that began with bolus injection of 11C-CPPC. Arterial blood sampling was collected in order to generate a metabolite-corrected arterial input function. Tissue time-activity curves (TACs) were generated using regions of interest identified from co-registered magnetic resonance imaging data. One- and two-tissue compartmental models (1TCM and 2TCM) as well as Logan graphical analysis were compared. RESULTS Cortical and subcortical tissue TACs peaked by 37.5 min post-injection of 11C-CPPC and then declined. The 1TCM was preferred. Total distribution volume (VT) values computed from 1TCM aligned well with those from Logan graphical analysis (t* = 30), with VT values relatively high in thalamus, striatum, and most cortical regions, and with relatively lower VT in hippocampus, total white matter, and cerebellar cortex. CONCLUSION Our results extend support for the use of 11C-CPPC with PET to study microglia in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Du
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wojciech G Lesniak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney K Harrington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Katherine Brosnan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riley O'Toole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adeline Zandi
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Eileen Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rehab Abdallah
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Holt
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew W Hall
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lilja Solnes
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Horti
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Eggerstorfer B, Kim JH, Cumming P, Lanzenberger R, Gryglewski G. Meta-analysis of molecular imaging of translocator protein in major depression. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:981442. [PMID: 36226319 PMCID: PMC9549359 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.981442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular neuroimaging studies provide mounting evidence that neuroinflammation plays a contributory role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). This has been the focus of a number of positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the 17-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), which is expressed by microglia and serves as a marker of neuroinflammation. In this meta-analysis, we compiled and analyzed all available molecular imaging studies comparing cerebral TSPO binding in MDD patients with healthy controls. Our systematic literature search yielded eight PET studies encompassing 238 MDD patients and 164 healthy subjects. The meta-analysis revealed relatively increased TSPO binding in several cortical regions (anterior cingulate cortex: Hedges’ g = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.84; hippocampus: g = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.81; insula: g = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.69; prefrontal cortex: g = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.59; temporal cortex: g = 0.39, 95% CI: –0.04, 0.81). While the high range of effect size in the temporal cortex might reflect group-differences in body mass index (BMI), exploratory analyses failed to reveal any relationship between elevated TSPO availability in the other four brain regions and depression severity, age, BMI, radioligand, or the binding endpoint used, or with treatment status at the time of scanning. Taken together, this meta-analysis indicates a widespread ∼18% increase of TSPO availability in the brain of MDD patients, with effect sizes comparable to those in earlier molecular imaging studies of serotonin transporter availability and monoamine oxidase A binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eggerstorfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Rupert Lanzenberger,
| | - Gregor Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Huang J. Novel brain PET imaging agents: Strategies for imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010946. [PMID: 36211392 PMCID: PMC9537554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with a concealed onset and continuous deterioration. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the prodromal stage of AD. Molecule-based imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is critical in tracking pathophysiological changes among AD and MCI patients. PET with novel targets is a promising approach for diagnostic imaging, particularly in AD patients. Our present review overviews the current status and applications of in vivo molecular imaging toward neuroinflammation. Although radiotracers can remarkably diagnose AD and MCI patients, a variety of limitations prevent the recommendation of a single technique. Recent studies examining neuroinflammation PET imaging suggest an alternative approach to evaluate disease progression. This review concludes that PET imaging towards neuroinflammation is considered a promising approach to deciphering the enigma of the pathophysiological process of AD and MCI.
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18
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Xie F, Wei W. [ 64Cu]Cu-ATSM: an emerging theranostic agent for cancer and neuroinflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3964-3972. [PMID: 35918492 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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19
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Masdeu JC, Pascual B, Fujita M. Imaging Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:45S-52S. [PMID: 35649654 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the etiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In vivo monitoring of neuroinflammation using PET is critical to understand this process, and data are accumulating in this regard, thus a review is useful. From PubMed, we retrieved publications using any of the available PET tracers to image neuroinflammation in humans as well as selected articles dealing with experimental animal models or the chemistry of currently used or potential radiotracers. We reviewed 280 articles. The most common PET neuroinflammation target, translocator protein (TSPO), has limitations, lacking cellular specificity and the ability to separate neuroprotective from neurotoxic inflammation. However, TSPO PET is useful to define the amount and location of inflammation in the brain of people with neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the characteristics of TSPO and other potential PET neuroinflammation targets and PET tracers available or in development. Despite target and tracer limitations, in recent years there has been a sharp increase in the number of reports of neuroinflammation PET in humans. The most studied has been Alzheimer disease, in which neuroinflammation seems initially neuroprotective and neurotoxic later in the progression of the disease. We describe the findings in all the major neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroinflammation PET is an indispensable tool to understand the process of neurodegeneration, particularly in humans, as well as to validate target engagement in therapeutic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Masdeu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and.,PET Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
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20
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Ogata A, Ji B, Yamada T, Hattori S, Abe J, Ikenuma H, Ichise M, Koyama H, Suzuki M, Kato T, Ito K, Kimura Y. [ 11C]NCGG401, a novel PET ligand for imaging of colony stimulating factor 1 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 65:128704. [PMID: 35351586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptors (CSF1R) are expressed exclusively on microglia in the central nervous system. The receptors regulate immune responses by controlling the survival and activity of microglia and are intricately involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we developed [11C]NCGG401, a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand, targeting for CSF1R as an imaging biomarker for microglial pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease. NCGG401 showed a high potency to inhibit human CSF1R kinase activity and a high binding affinity to human CSF1R. PET imaging with [11C]NCGG401 in healthy rats showed a good brain permeability. Furthermore, the specific binding component was determined by postmortem autoradiography in rat brain and human hippocampal sections. The knowledge of the characteristics of [11C]NCCC401, our initial CSF1R compound, we have obtained may be useful for further development and optimization of CSF1R radioligands for PET imaging of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ogata
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science (GUMS), Kani, Japan.
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan; Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Saori Hattori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Junichiro Abe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikenuma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Masanori Ichise
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan; Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Japan; Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Chen B, Marquez-Nostra B, Belitzky E, Toyonaga T, Tong J, Huang Y, Cai Z. PET Imaging in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:872509. [PMID: 35685772 PMCID: PMC9171374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.872509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development and translation of PET imaging agents targeting β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles have allowed for in vivo detection of these hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) antemortem. Amyloid and tau PET have been incorporated into the A/T/N scheme for AD characterization and have become an integral part of ongoing clinical trials to screen patients for enrollment, prove drug action mechanisms, and monitor therapeutic effects. Meanwhile, preclinical PET imaging in animal models of AD can provide supportive information for mechanistic studies. With the recent advancement of gene editing technologies and AD animal model development, preclinical PET imaging in AD models will further facilitate our understanding of AD pathogenesis/progression and the development of novel treatments. In this study, we review the current state-of-the-art in preclinical PET imaging using animal models of AD and suggest future research directions.
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22
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Fernandes B, Feltes PK, Luft C, Nazario LR, Jeckel CMM, Antunes IF, Elsinga PH, de Vries EFJ. Potential PET tracers for imaging of tumor-associated macrophages. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:11. [PMID: 35526184 PMCID: PMC9081075 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of cancer over the years is one of the most challenging problems in healthcare. As cancer progresses, the recruitment of several immune cells is triggered. Infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is correlated with poor patient prognosis. Since TAMs constitute a big portion of the tumor mass, targeting these cells seems to be an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, TAM assessment using non-invasive imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), might provide a better understanding of the role of TAMs in cancer, and a means for tumor profile characterization, patient selection for individualized immunotherapy and treatment monitoring. Imaging of TAMs using PET tracers is still in its infancy. TAMs have several characteristics that could be exploited as potential targets for imaging. Various PET tracers for these TAM biomarkers have been developed, although often in the context of (neuro)inflammatory diseases rather than cancer. Since macrophages in inflammatory diseases express similar biomarkers as TAMs, these PET tracers could potentially also be applied for the assessment of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the present review provides an overview of the TAM biomarkers, for which potential PET tracers are available and discusses the status of these tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Fernandes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Kopschina Feltes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Luft
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Infant Center, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Reali Nazario
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maria Moriguchi Jeckel
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ines F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Lee H, Park JH, Kim H, Woo SK, Choi JY, Lee KH, Choe YS. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 18F-Labeled Ligand for PET Imaging of Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030276. [PMID: 35337075 PMCID: PMC8954204 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation involves activation of glial cells in the brain, and activated microglia play a particularly important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we developed 5-cyano-N-(4-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide ([18F]1) for PET imaging of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), an emerging target for neuroinflammation imaging. Non-radioactive ligand 1 exhibited binding affinity comparable to that of a known CSF1R inhibitor, 5-cyano-N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide (CPPC). Therefore, we synthesized radioligand [18F]1 by radiofluorination of chlorine-substituted precursor 7 in 13–15% decay-corrected radiochemical yield. Dynamic PET/CT images showed higher uptake in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse brain than in control mouse brain. Ex vivo biodistribution study conducted at 45 min after radioligand injection showed that the brain uptake in LPS mice increased by 78% compared to that of control mice and was inhibited by 22% in LPS mice pretreated with CPPC, indicating specificity of [18F]1 for CSF1R. A metabolism study demonstrated that the radioligand underwent little metabolism in the mouse brain. Taken together, these results suggest that [18F]1 may hold promise as a radioligand for CSF1R imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hun Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Sang-keun Woo
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-H.P.); (H.K.); (J.Y.C.); (K.-H.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Correspondence:
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24
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Ng TSC, Allen HH, Rashidian M, Miller MA. Probing immune infiltration dynamics in cancer by in vivo imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 67:102117. [PMID: 35219177 PMCID: PMC9118268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies typically aim to stimulate the accumulation and activity of cytotoxic T-cells or pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting cells, reduce immunosuppressive myeloid cells or regulatory T-cells, or elicit some combination of effects thereof. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, immunotherapies such as PD-1/PD-L1-targeted immune checkpoint blockade act heterogeneously across individual patients. It remains challenging to predict and monitor individual responses, especially across multiple sites of metastasis or sites of potential toxicity. To address this need, in vivo imaging of both adaptive and innate immune cell populations has emerged as a tool to quantify spatial leukocyte accumulation in tumors non-invasively. Here we review recent progress in the translational development of probes for in vivo leukocyte imaging, focusing on complementary perspectives provided by imaging of T-cells, phagocytic macrophages, and their responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S C Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Harris H Allen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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25
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Cao L, Kong Y, Ji B, Ren Y, Guan Y, Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Tauopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:761913. [PMID: 35082657 PMCID: PMC8784812 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.761913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathy diseases. The abnormal accumulation of tau contributes to the development of neurotoxicity, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficits in tauopathy diseases. Tau synergically interacts with amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease leading to detrimental consequence. Thus, tau has been an important target for therapeutics development for Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathy diseases. Tauopathy animal models recapitulating the tauopathy such as transgenic, knock-in mouse and rat models have been developed and greatly facilitated the understanding of disease mechanisms. The advance in PET and imaging tracers have enabled non-invasive detection of the accumulation and spread of tau, the associated microglia activation, metabolic, and neurotransmitter receptor alterations in disease animal models. In vivo microPET studies on mouse or rat models of tauopathy have provided significant insights into the phenotypes and time course of pathophysiology of these models and allowed the monitoring of treatment targeting at tau. In this study, we discuss the utilities of PET and recently developed tracers for evaluating the pathophysiology in tauopathy animal models. We point out the outstanding challenges and propose future outlook in visualizing tau-related pathophysiological changes in brain of tauopathy disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Changes Technology Corporation Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Ren
- Guangdong Robotics Association, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Barca C, Foray C, Hermann S, Herrlinger U, Remory I, Laoui D, Schäfers M, Grauer OM, Zinnhardt B, Jacobs AH. The Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R)-Mediated Regulation of Microglia/Macrophages as a Target for Neurological Disorders (Glioma, Stroke). Front Immunol 2021; 12:787307. [PMID: 34950148 PMCID: PMC8688767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapies have fueled interest in targeting microglial cells as part of the innate immune response after infection or injury. In this context, the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) have gained attention in various neurological conditions to deplete and reprogram the microglia/macrophages compartment. Published data in physiological conditions support the use of small-molecule inhibitors to study microglia/macrophages dynamics under inflammatory conditions and as a therapeutic strategy in pathologies where those cells support disease progression. However, preclinical and clinical data highlighted that the complexity of the spatiotemporal inflammatory response could limit their efficiency due to compensatory mechanisms, ultimately leading to therapy resistance. We review the current state-of-art in the field of CSF-1R inhibition in glioma and stroke and provide an overview of the fundamentals, ongoing research, potential developments of this promising therapeutic strategy and further application toward molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barca
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Foray
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Centre of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Remory
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Biomarkers & Translational Technologies (BTT), Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Centre of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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28
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Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis: Translational Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1179. [PMID: 34832961 PMCID: PMC8623863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis that recapitulate cerebral amyloid-beta pathology have been widely used in preclinical research and have greatly enabled the mechanistic understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the development of therapeutics. Comprehensive deep phenotyping of the pathophysiological and biochemical features in these animal models is essential. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the non-invasive visualization of the alterations in the brain of animal models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These tools have facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In this review, we focus on recent positron emission tomography studies of cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation, hypoglucose metabolism, synaptic and neurotransmitter receptor deficits (cholinergic and glutamatergic system), blood-brain barrier impairment, and neuroinflammation (microgliosis and astrocytosis) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We further propose the emerging targets and tracers for reflecting the pathophysiological changes and discuss outstanding challenges in disease animal models and future outlook in the on-chip characterization of imaging biomarkers towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Aceves-Serrano L, Sossi V, Doudet DJ. Comparison of Invasive and Non-invasive Estimation of [ 11C]PBR28 Binding in Non-human Primates. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:404-415. [PMID: 34622422 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a reliable alternative to the full blood [11C]PBR28 quantification method that would be easily replicated in multiple research and clinical settings. PROCEDURES Ten [11C]PBR28 scans were acquired from 7 healthy non-human primates (NHP). Arterial input functions (AIFs) were averaged to create a population template input function (TIF). Population-based input functions were created by scaling the TIF with injected activity per body weight (PBIF) or unmetabolized tracer activity in blood at 15-,30-, and 60-min post-injection (PBIF15, PBIF30, and PBIF60). Two additional input functions were used: the native unmetabolized total plasma activity (Totals) and the Totals curve metabolite corrected by a scaled template parent fraction from a 30-min sample (TPF30-IF). Total distribution volumes (VTs) were calculated using PBIF, PBIF30, PBIF15, PBIF60, Totals, TPF30-IF, and the individual AIF (VTAIF). Distribution volume ratios (DVR) were computed using the cerebellum and the centrum semiovale (CSO), as pseudo-reference regions (DVRCereb, DVRCSO). Results obtained with each method were compared to VTAIF. Applicability of these alternative methods was tested on an independent pharmacological challenge dataset of microglial activation and depletion. Evaluation was carried at baseline, immediately after intervention (acute), and weeks post-intervention (post-recovery). RESULTS VTs computed using PBIF15 and PBIF30 showed the best correlation to VTAIF (r > 0.90), while VT derived from the blood-free-scaled PBIF showed poor correlation (r = 0.46) and DVRCSO correlated the least (r = 0.26). In the pharmacological challenge study, most population-derived VT values were comparable to VTAIF at baseline and showed varied sensitivity to challenges at acute and post-recovery evaluation. DVR values did not detect relevant changes. CONCLUSIONS Population-based input functions scaled with a single blood sample might be a useful alternative to using AIF to compute [11C]PBR28 binding in healthy NHPs or animals with comparable metabolism and overall perform better than pseudo-reference regions approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Rm M36 Purdy Pavilion, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Doris J Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Rm M36 Purdy Pavilion, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
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30
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Zhou R, Ji B, Kong Y, Qin L, Ren W, Guan Y, Ni R. PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739130. [PMID: 34603323 PMCID: PMC8481830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation play an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Advances in molecular imaging using positron emission tomography have provided insights into the time course of neuroinflammation and its relation with Alzheimer's disease central pathologies in patients and in animal disease models. Recent single-cell sequencing and transcriptomics indicate dynamic disease-associated microglia and astrocyte profiles in Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein is the most widely investigated target for neuroinflammation imaging. New generation of translocator protein tracers with improved performance have been developed and evaluated along with tau and amyloid imaging for assessing the disease progression in Alzheimer's disease continuum. Given that translocator protein is not exclusively expressed in glia, alternative targets are under rapid development, such as monoamine oxidase B, matrix metalloproteinases, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, cannabinoid-2 receptor, purinergic P2X7 receptor, P2Y12 receptor, the fractalkine receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, and receptor for advanced glycation end products. Promising targets should demonstrate a higher specificity for cellular locations with exclusive expression in microglia or astrocyte and activation status (pro- or anti-inflammatory) with highly specific ligand to enable in vivo brain imaging. In this review, we summarised recent advances in the development of neuroinflammation imaging tracers and provided an outlook for promising targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Qin
- Inner Mongolia Baicaotang Qin Chinese Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Wuwei Ren
- School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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