Association between interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population

The relation between serum levels of interleukin 10 and interferon-gamma with oral candidiasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

BACKGROUND

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common endocrine diseases that weakens the immune system. Candida albicans, is part of the natural oral flora and increases in cases of compromised immune systems. The exact cause of the increased prevalence of candidiasis in patients with T2DM is still unclear. The study aimed to correlate serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma cytokines (IFN-γ) with oral candidiasis in T2DM.

METHODS

In this case-control study, 81 patients with T2DM and 41 non-diabetic individuals aged 30 to 70 years participated. Demographic information, a Blood sample (for blood glucose and cytokine tests), and an oral cotton swab sample from each individual were obtained. The samples were then incubated in a Sabroud dextrose agar medium. Colony growth was calculated and the type of yeast species in individuals with oral candidiasis was identified by culture in CHROMagar Candida medium. IL-10 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA kit and the data were analyzed using SPSS-18.

RESULTS

An overall of 122 participants comprised 73.77% females and 26.22% males. An increase in interleukin-10 by 40% and a decrease in IFN-γ by 6% can increase oral candidiasis prevalence among diabetic patients. Candida albicans was the most prevalent Candida species (spp.) in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The presence of oral candidiasis was not associated with HbA1c or FBS levels in both groups.

CONCLUSION

In the diabetic population, an increase in IL-10 or a decrease in IFN-γ may be associated with an increased risk of oral candidiasis.

Cytokine gene variants of TNF-α and IL-10 in the propensity of type 2 diabetes in south Indian population

Chronic inflammation plays an important role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a common endocrinological pro-inflammatory disorder associated with insulin resistance. The objective of the present study is to see individual and combined effect of TNF-α (rs361525, rs1800629) and IL-10 (rs1800872, rs1800896) genes on T2DM susceptibility The genotyping was carried out in 200 T2DM patients and 200 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using suitable primers. The results shown that TNF-α (GA of rs361525 & rs1800629) and IL-10 (AA of rs1800872 & GA of rs1800896) genes are significantly linked with T2DM development. The presence of AA-GA genotype combination for both TNF-α and IL-10 genes were elevating the risk of T2DM. Moreover, individuals bearing haplotypes AAAA, AACA and AAAG experience the increased risk of T2DM. Furthermore, gene-gene interaction analysis shown that TNF-α (GA of rs361525 & rs1800896) gene redundantly confer 3.4-fold elevated risk for T2DM. In gene-environment interaction, GA of TNF-α -1800896, W/H ratio and TG/HDL ratio were redundantly interacted each other and increase the risk of T2DM by 67-times. In conclusion, our results reveal that there is a significant association between foresaid TNF-α, IL-10 gene promoter polymorphisms and T2DM development. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first of its kind in the literature reporting the epistatic association of TNF-α (rs1800629G/A) gene with TG/HDL ratio and W/H ratio over IL-10 gene polymorphisms for T2DM susceptibility among south Indians.

Association between polymorphisms of cytokine genes and diabetic nephropathy: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes, leading to renal failure. In this study, we sought to systematically investigate the cytokine gene polymorphisms association with DN.

METHODS

A structured bibliographic search on PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases has been performed to identify related papers. The odds ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the association.

RESULTS

Overall, the pooled results showed that the dominant models of TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1β rs16944, IL-8 rs4073, and IL-10 rs1800896 were associated with increased susceptibility to DN. Also, the pooled analyses of the mutant allele vs wild allele of TNF-α rs1800629, rs1799964, IL-1β rs16944, and IL-8 rs4073 were associated with increased susceptibility to DN. Rs1800629, rs16944, rs4073, and rs1800896 polymorphisms were significantly associated with DN susceptibility, suggesting its potential use as a genetic risk marker in the population.

Association between diabetic retinopathy and polymorphisms of cytokine genes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a medical condition caused by damage to the blood vessels of retina tissue due to diabetes mellitus. DR leads to injury in neural and vascular structures and is reported to be significantly influenced by inflammation and inflammatory mediators like cytokines. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to analyze the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and DR.

METHODS

We identified relevant studies from Scopus, PubMed, and Google scholar databases. Allele and genotype frequencies were pooled. Heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. The odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the relation.

RESULTS

A total of 3337 cases and 4945 controls in 19 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, results indicated the negative association between the cytokine gene polymorphisms and DR susceptibility in the allelic model (IFN-γ (rs2430561): OR 0.64, [CI]: 0.5 to 0.82; and TGF-β (rs1800471): [OR] = 0.15, [CI]: 0.03 to 0.79); and also, in the dominant model (IFN-γ (rs2430561): OR = 0.4, [CI]: 0.22 to 0.75; and TGF-β (rs1800471): OR = 0.14, [CI]: 0.05 to 0.4).

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that IFN-γ (rs2430561) and TGF-β (rs1800471) polymorphisms are associated with decreased susceptibility to DR.

Genetic association between interleukin-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 polymorphisms and risk of type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in Egyptian children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE

Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in etiopathogenesis and progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Genetic association between interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with T2DM and DN was recently established. We aimed to explore the potential genetic risk of IL-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 SNPs in susceptibility to T1DM and DN.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Cross-sectional study included 140 T1DM children, of whom 74 had DN and 90 controls. IL-10 gene rs1518111 and rs3021094 SNP were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique of the extracted genomic DNA from participants. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to explore the association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and the risk of T1DM and DN.

RESULTS

For rs1518111 SNP, AA genotype was associated with high risk of T1DM (OR = 4.53; CI = 2.11-9.74; p < 0.001), while A allele was associated with high risk of both T1DM (OR = 3.35; CI = 2.20-5.09; p < 0.001) and DN (OR = 2.36; CI = 1.27-4.38; p = 0.006). For rs3021094 SNP, AC genotype displayed lower risk to develop T1DM (OR = 0.35; CI = 0.13-0.94; p = 0.037), while A allele displayed higher risk to develop T1DM (OR = 1.69; CI = 1.11-2.56; p = 0.013). GA and AC haplotypes of rs1518111 and rs3021094 had lower ORs for having T1DM and DN, while GC had lower OR for having T1DM.

CONCLUSIONS

AA genotype and A allele of IL-10 rs1518111 SNP could be linked to increased risk for T1DM and DN among Egyptian children. None of rs3021094 genotypes or alleles displayed significant association with DN. GA and AC haplotypes could be protective against T1DM and DN susceptibility.

Macrophage-derived cytokines in pneumonia: Linking cellular immunology and genetics

Macrophages represent the first line of anti-pathogen defense - they encounter invading pathogens to perform the phagocytic activity, to deliver the plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and to shape the tissue microenvironment. Throughout pneumonia course, alveolar macrophages and infiltrated blood monocytes produce increasing cytokine amounts, which activates the antiviral/antibacterial immunity but can also provoke the risk of the so-called cytokine "storm" and normal tissue damage. Subsequently, the question of how the cytokine spectrum is shaped and balanced in the pneumonia context remains a hot topic in medical immunology, particularly in the COVID19 pandemic era. The diversity in cytokine profiles, involved in pneumonia pathogenesis, is determined by the variations in cytokine-receptor interactions, which may lead to severe cytokine storm and functional decline of particular tissues and organs, for example, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Cytokines and their receptors form unique profiles in individual patients, depending on the (a) microenvironmental context (comorbidities and associated treatment), (b) lung monocyte heterogeneity, and (c) genetic variations. These multidisciplinary strategies can be proactively considered beforehand and during the pneumonia course and potentially allow the new age of personalized immunotherapy.

Association of IL-10 (- 1082 A/G) and IL-6 (- 174 G/C) gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia population

BACKGROUND

Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are the most important cytokine with pro and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. Dysregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Despite this, a fundamental understanding of both cytokine gene polymorphisms with its expression is critical in understanding of cellular mechanism of insulin resistance as well as T2DM intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess IL-6 (- 174 G/C) and IL-10 (- 1082 A/G) gene polymorphism, and its association with T2DM, North West Ethiopia.

METHODS

A comparative cross-sectional study from January to May 2018 was conducted on study participants with T2DM and apparently healthy controls. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and genotyping was carried out by using amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction to detect polymorphism of IL-6 and IL-10 gene at the position - 174 and - 1082, respectively. The logistic regression model was fitted to assess the association of between cytokine gene polymorphisms and T2DM. Odds ratio with 95% CI was determined to assess the presence and strength of association between the explanatory variables and outcome variable. A P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULT

Participants carrying the GG genotype of IL-6 (- 174) (OR (95% CI) = 4.61 (2.07-10.54) was a high likelihood of having T2DM compared to those carrying the CC and AA genotypes. AA and AG genotypes of IL-10 (- 1082) were at lower odd of developing T2DM compared to those carrying the GG genotype. In addition, individuals carrying the G allele of IL-6 (- 174) have 2.82-fold odds of developing T2DM compared to individuals carrying the C allele (OR (95% CI) =2.81 (1.78-4.50)).

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that genetic polymorphisms of IL-6 (- 174) GG genotype is the potential host genetic risk factors to T2DM. While, IL-10 (- 1082) AA genotype is negatively associated with T2DM. Therefore, IL-6 (- 174) and IL-10 (- 1082) genetic variation may be considered as a biomarker for early screening and diagnosis of T2DM.

Predictive immunogenetic markers in COVID-19

Immunorelevant genes are among the most probable modulators of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression and prognosis. However, in the few months of the pandemic, data generated on host genetics has been scarce. The present study retrieved data sets of HLA-B alleles, KIR genes and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokines related to COVID-19 cytokine storm from two publicly available databases: Allele Frequency Net Database and Ensembl, and correlated these frequency data with Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and Daily Death Rates (DDR) across countries. Correlations of eight HLA-B alleles and polymorphisms in three cytokine genes (IL6, IL10, and IL12B) were observed and were mainly associated with DDR. Additionally, HLA-B correlations suggest that differences in allele affinities to SARS-CoV-2 peptides are also associated with DDR. These results may provide rationale for future host genetic marker surveys on COVID-19.

Clinical implications of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms on disease susceptibility in Indian SLE patients

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes including interleukin-10 have been described to play a vital role in the overall pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, due to a lack of evidence from the Indian population, this study was conducted to analyse the possible influence of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms over the disease susceptibility, serum interleukin-10 level and clinical manifestations of the disease in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In total, 200 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 201 controls were recruited under this study. Genotyping of interleukin-10 (−1082A/G; −819T/C and −592C/A) polymorphisms was done by direct DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods respectively. Serum interleukin-10 levels were measured by multiplex assay. Interleukin-10 −1082G and −592A allele frequencies were significantly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (corrected p value <0.05). Also, combined −1082AG+GG, −819TC+CC and −592CA+AA genotype frequencies were significantly increased in the patient group. A higher trend of association between −1082AG+GG genotype frequency was observed in patients with serositis (odds ratio = 2.7, p = 0.0233, corrected p value = 0.2097). Serum interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (4.3 ± 3.1 pg/ml) than controls (2.6 ± 1.4 pg/ml) ( p < 0.0001). Furthermore, interleukin-10 levels were positively correlated with disease activity ( p = 0.39, p < 0.0001). The frequency of the GCA (−1082, −819, −592) haplotype was significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (10.6%) than controls (1.6%) (odds ratio = 5.4, p = 0.0330). Moreover, ACC, GCC and GCA haplotypes were found to be strongly associated with serositis. However, the frequency of the ACC haplotype was significantly higher in patients with neurologic involvement (odds ratio = 14.9, corrected p value <0.001). Thus, interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms suggest they have a proactive role in increased susceptibility to the disease among Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Novel Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphism Is Linked to Gestational Diabetes in Taiwanese Population

Objective: The association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphism with diabetes and its complication was recently established, while there were few researches considering the potential role of IL-10 in gestational diabetes (GDM). This study aimed to investigate the association between IL-10 gene rs1800896 (−1082 A/G), rs1800871 (−819 T/C), rs1800872 (−592 A/C), and rs3021094 (3388 A/C) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and GDM susceptibility.

Methods: This study included 72 GDM patients and 100 healthy pregnant women. Direct sequencing of the products from polymerase chain reactions of the extracted genomic DNA from study subjects were conducted for analyzing IL-10 gene polymorphism and further genotype frequencies were compared. Plasma IL-10 concentration was measured by ELISA method.

Results: The results revealed no significant difference in −592 A/C, −819 T/C, and −1082 A/G genotypes. Significantly increased prevalence of A allele (P = 0.028, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.081–2.64) and A/A genotype (P = 0.031, OR = 2.881, 95% CI = 1.145–7.250) at a previously un-characterized rs3021094 SNP were discovered in the GDM group. Increased IL-10 levels and insulin resistance were also related to the genotype of rs3021094. The risk of GDM was increased when IL-10 level was over 6.5 pg/ml.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that A allele and A/A genotype of rs3021094 SNP in IL-10 gene were linked to increased risk for GDM, IL-10 plasma level and insulin resistance, which could be potential targets for early screening and detection of GDM.

IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels/polymorphisms and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Brazilian individuals

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and lL-10 levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms [TNF-α (-308 G→A), IL-6 (-174 C→G) and IL-10 (-1082 A→G, -819 T→C and -592 A→C)] in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obese patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

One hundred and two T2DM patients and 62 controls were included in this study. Cytokine plasma levels were measured by the Cytometric Bead Array method. Genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

IL-6 levels were significantly different between T2DM patients and controls. Interestingly, IL-6 levels were higher in T2DM patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 compared with other patients and obese controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar between patients and controls. In the T2DM group, the SNP IL-10 -819 T/C showed a difference between the cytokine level and genotypes: IL-10 level in the TT genotype was significantly higher when compared to CC genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest an association between IL-6 levels and obesity, and IL-10 levels and the SNP -819 T/C in T2DM. Knowledge of these variants in T2DM might contribute to a better understanding of the role of inflammation in the etiology and progression of this disease.

African vs. Caucasian and Asian difference for the association of interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis study)

Background

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional regulatory cytokine that might be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IL-10 gene polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with T2DM in several ethnic populations with controversial results.

Objectives

This work is an updated meta-analysis aiming at the evaluation of the association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms: rs1800872 (− 592 C > A), rs1800896 (− 1082 A > G) and rs1800871 (− 819 C > T) with the risk of T2DM.

Methods

All available full text studies published up to July 2015 were included in this meta-analysis. Mainly Pubmed and Science Direct databases were searched for all eligible studies pertinent to testing the association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to T2DM. Further analyses of the pooled and stratified data in terms of individual polymorphic types and subject ethnicity were done and assessed using varied genetic models.

Results

Fifteen case-control studies with a total of 26 comparisons (10 for IL-10 − 592 C > A rs1800872, 11 for IL-10 − 1082 A > G rs1800896 and 5 for IL-10 − 819 C > T rs1800871 polymorphisms) met our inclusion criteria. IL-10 − 1082 A > G polymorphism was the only one to show an association with T2DM in all pooled sample particularly among Asian and European (high frequency of the G allele) ethnic groups. On the other hand, IL-10 − 592 C > A and − 819 C > T were significantly associated with T2DM only among African subjects.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis demonstrated that IL-10 − 1082 A > G polymorphism was associated with increased risk of development of T2DM in total subjects no matter was their ethnic background, while both IL-10 − 592 C > A and − 819 C > T polymorphisms were associated with that risk only among African subjects.

Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation

The bacteria that inhabit us have emerged as factors linking immunity and metabolism. Changes in our microbiota can modify obesity and the immune underpinnings of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity coincides with a low-level systemic inflammation, which also manifests within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. This metabolic inflammation can promote insulin resistance and dysglycaemia. However, the obesity and metabolic disease-related immune responses that are compartmentalized in the intestinal environment do not necessarily parallel the inflammatory status of metabolic tissues that control blood glucose. In fact, a permissive immune environment in the gut can exacerbate metabolic tissue inflammation. Unravelling these discordant immune responses in different parts of the body and establishing a connection between nutrients, immunity and the microbiota in the gut is a complex challenge. Recent evidence positions the relationship between host gut barrier function, intestinal T cell responses and specific microbes at the crossroads of obesity and inflammation in metabolic disease. A key problem to be addressed is understanding how metabolite, immune or bacterial signals from the gut are relayed and transferred into systemic or metabolic tissue inflammation that can impair insulin action preceding Type 2 diabetes.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-13 Genes and Susceptibility to Glioma

Glioma is one of the most aggressive and most common tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in humans. The exact causes of glioma are not well known, but evidence suggests the involvement of genetic factors in addition to environmental risk factors. The present study aimed to determine whether polymorphisms in IL-10-1082A/G, IL-12p40 1188C/A, and IL-13+2044G/A (rs20541) are associated with the incidence of glioma in Iraqi patients. Ninety-six patients with different grades of glioma and 40 apparently healthy individuals were recruited. A blood sample and genomic DNA were collected from all subjects. The amplification refractory mutation system and sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for genotyping of IL-10-1082A/G and IL-12p40 1188C/A, respectively; whereas, the IL-13+2044G/A was detected by DNA sequencing after amplification of the genes by PCR. All SNPs were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and each appeared in three genotypes in patients and controls. In IL-10-1082A/G, these genotypes frequencies were AA (75%), AG (22.93%) and GG (2.07%) in patients as compared to similar frequencies (62.5%), (27.5%) and (10%) respectively, in controls. The variant IL-12p40 1188C/A genotype was AA (72.92%), AC (23.96%), and CC (3.13%%) in patients as compared to 65%, 30%, and 5%, respectively, in controls. The frequencies of IL-13+2044G/A genotypes (GG, GA, and AA) were 89.58%, 9.37%, and 1.04% among patients versus 47.5%, 32.5% and 20%, respectively, among controls. These results suggest a protective role of mutant alleles G and A in IL-10-1082A/G and IL-13+2044G/A against gliomas. Further studies with more rigorous parameter designs will be needed to confirm the current findings.