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Meuten DJ, Moore FM, Kass PH, London CA, Reilly CM, Romansik EM, R Sueiro FA. "Errata" does anyone read them? Revisiting mitotic counts in mast cell tumors. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:675-677. [PMID: 38742653 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241246987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
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2
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Pérez-Santana CG, Jiménez-Alonso AA, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Cazorla-Rivero S, Rodríguez Grau-Bassas E. Canine Oral Melanoma: Questioning the Existing Information through a Series of Clinical Cases. Vet Sci 2024; 11:226. [PMID: 38787198 PMCID: PMC11125799 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Twelve dogs with oral malignant melanomas (MM) were evaluated in this study, with demographic details indicating a balanced distribution of gender, age, and weight among various breeds. Tumor locations varied, with diverse surgical procedures being performed, including mandibulectomies and maxillectomies. Lymphadenectomies were conducted, revealing a 16.66% metastatic rate in regional lymph nodes. At the time of surgery, clinical staging identified stages I, II, and III, with most cases having non-infiltrated margins and a high mitotic index. Follow-up revealed local recurrences and metastases, prompting additional surgeries and affecting survival rates. This study reports varying outcomes, with some dogs completing one year without recurrence, while others experienced progressive disease, leading to six oral melanoma-related deaths. The characteristics of melanotic melanoma and amelanotic melanoma are observed in order to study differences between them, the degree of aggressiveness, the mortality rate and the possibility of future therapeutic targets. Although high pigmentation has been correlated with a better outcome, we could not find any significant correlation between survival and achromia. Oral benign melanomas might exist, and this could justify variabilities between stage and survival; however, carefulness is required due to their unpredictable behavior. The findings underscore the complexity of oral melanoma cases and highlight the need for further research on effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G. Pérez-Santana
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (A.A.J.-A.); (E.R.G.-B.)
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.R.-E.); (S.C.-R.)
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Ana A. Jiménez-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (A.A.J.-A.); (E.R.G.-B.)
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.R.-E.); (S.C.-R.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.R.-E.); (S.C.-R.)
- Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Sara Cazorla-Rivero
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.R.-E.); (S.C.-R.)
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez Grau-Bassas
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (A.A.J.-A.); (E.R.G.-B.)
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35010 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.R.-E.); (S.C.-R.)
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3
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Contel IJ, Fonseca-Alves CE, Ferrari HF, Laufer-Amorim R, Xavier-Júnior JCC. Review of the comparative pathological and immunohistochemical features of human and canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. J Comp Pathol 2024; 211:26-35. [PMID: 38761560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Melanocytic neoplasms originate from melanocytes and melanoma, the malignant form, is a common canine neoplasm and the most aggressive human skin cancer. Despite many similarities between these neoplasms in both species, only a limited number of studies have approached these entities in a comparative manner. Therefore, this review compares benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms in dogs and humans, exclusively those arising in the haired skin, with regard to their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular aspects. Shared features include spontaneous occurrence, macroscopic features and microscopic findings when comparing human skin melanoma in the advanced/invasive stage and canine cutaneous melanoma, immunohistochemical markers and several histopathological prognostic factors. Differences include the apparent absence of active mutations in the BRAF gene in canine cutaneous melanoma and less aggressive clinical behaviour in dogs than in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the aetiology and genetic development pathways of canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. Evaluation of the applicability of histopathological prognostic parameters commonly used in humans for dogs are also needed. The similarities between the species and the recent findings regarding genetic mutations in canine cutaneous melanomas suggest the potential utility of dogs as a natural model for human melanomas that are not related to ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabeli J Contel
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Av. Prof. Mário R. Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Campus Botucatu, 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Rua Luiz Levorato, 140, Jardim Marabá, 17048-290, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor F Ferrari
- University Center of Adamantina, Rua Nove de Julho, 730, Centro, 17800-057, Adamantina, SP, Brazil
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Campus de Botucatu, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José C C Xavier-Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Av. Prof. Mário R. Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Campus Botucatu, 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Salesian Catholic University Center Auxilium, Medical School, Rod. Sen. Teotônio Vilela, 3821, Jardim Alvorada, 16016-500, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Polton G, Borrego JF, Clemente-Vicario F, Clifford CA, Jagielski D, Kessler M, Kobayashi T, Lanore D, Queiroga FL, Rowe AT, Vajdovich P, Bergman PJ. Melanoma of the dog and cat: consensus and guidelines. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1359426. [PMID: 38645640 PMCID: PMC11026649 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma of the dog and cat poses a clinical challenge to veterinary practitioners across the globe. As knowledge evolves, so too do clinical practices. However, there remain uncertainties and controversies. There is value for the veterinary community at large in the generation of a contemporary wide-ranging guideline document. The aim of this project was therefore to assimilate the available published knowledge into a single accessible referenced resource and to provide expert clinical guidance to support professional colleagues as they navigate current melanoma challenges and controversies. Melanocytic tumors are common in dogs but rare in cats. The history and clinical signs relate to the anatomic site of the melanoma. Oral and subungual malignant melanomas are the most common malignant types in dogs. While many melanocytic tumors are heavily pigmented, making diagnosis relatively straightforward, melanin pigmentation is variable. A validated clinical stage scheme has been defined for canine oral melanoma. For all other locations and for feline melanoma, TNM-based staging applies. Certain histological characteristics have been shown to bear prognostic significance and can thus prove instructive in clinical decision making. Surgical resection using wide margins is currently the mainstay of therapy for the local control of melanomas, regardless of primary location. Radiotherapy forms an integral part of the management of canine oral melanomas, both as a primary and an adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant immunotherapy or chemotherapy is offered to patients at high risk of developing distant metastasis. Location is the major prognostic factor, although it is not completely predictive of local invasiveness and metastatic potential. There are no specific guidelines regarding referral considerations for dogs with melanoma, as this is likely based on a multitude of factors. The ultimate goal is to provide the best options for patients to extend quality of life and survival, either within the primary care or referral hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Borrego
- Hospital Aúna Especialidades Veterinarias IVC Evidensia, Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Dariusz Jagielski
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Martin Kessler
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tierklinik Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Péter Vajdovich
- Department of Physiology and Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philip J. Bergman
- VCA Clinical Studies, Katonah-Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, United States
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5
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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6
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SHINADA M, KATO D, TSUBOI M, IKEDA N, AOKI S, IGUCHI T, LI T, KODERA Y, OTA R, KOSEKI S, SHIBAHARA H, TAKAHASHI Y, HASHIMOTO Y, CHAMBERS JK, UCHIDA K, NOGUCHI S, KATO Y, NISHIMURA R, NAKAGAWA T. Podoplanin promotes cell proliferation, survival, and migration of canine non-tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1068-1073. [PMID: 37544715 PMCID: PMC10600541 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is a prognostic factor and is involved in several mechanisms of tumor progression in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Canine non-tonsillar SCC (NTSCC) is a common oral tumor in dogs and has a highly invasive characteristic. In this study, we investigated the function of PDPN in canine NTSCC. In canine NTSCC clinical samples, PDPN overexpression was observed in 80% of dogs with NTSCC, and PDPN expression was related to ki67 expression. In PDPN knocked-out canine NTSCC cells, cell proliferation, cancer stemness, and migration were suppressed. As the mechanism of PDPN-mediated cell proliferation, PDPN knocked-out induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in canine NTSCC cells. These findings suggest that PDPN promotes tumor malignancies and may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for canine NTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro SHINADA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki KATO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya TSUBOI
- Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Namiko IKEDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu AOKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki IGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio LI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka KODERA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke OTA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoma KOSEKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato SHIBAHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke TAKAHASHI
- Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Yuko HASHIMOTO
- Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - James K CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke NOGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukinari KATO
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University
Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University
Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryohei NISHIMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki NAKAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Smedley RC, Bongiovanni L, Bacmeister C, Clifford CA, Christensen N, Dreyfus JM, Gary JM, Pavuk A, Rowland PH, Swanson C, Tripp C, Woods JP, Bergman PJ. Diagnosis and histopathologic prognostication of canine melanocytic neoplasms: A consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:739-751. [PMID: 35522017 PMCID: PMC9796073 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology Pathology Working Group (OPWG) is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects of and provide guidelines for veterinary oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through review of relevant peer-reviewed literature relative to a subgroup's particular focus. In this article, the authors provide a critical review of the current literature for the diagnosis of, and histopathologic prognostication for, canine cutaneous and oral/lip melanocytic neoplasms, suggest guidelines for reporting, provide recommendations for clinical interpretation, and discuss future directions. This document represents the opinions of the working group and the authors and does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Smedley
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TeramoTeramoItaly,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Craig A. Clifford
- Oncology ServiceHope Veterinary Specialists/BluePearlMalvernPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Oncology ServiceVeterinary Specialty Hospital Hong KongWan ChaiHong Kong,Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Dreyfus
- Anatomic PathologyDreyfus Veterinary Pathology ConsultingMadisonWisconsinUSA,School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Joy M. Gary
- NeuropathologyStageBioFrederickMarylandUSA,Comparative Biomedical Training Program, Molecular Pathology UnitNCI, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alana Pavuk
- Anatomic PathologyAntech DiagnosticsDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Christine Swanson
- Oncology ServiceBluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet HospitalGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Chelsea Tripp
- Oncology ServiceBridge Animal Referral CenterEdmondsWashingtonUSA
| | - J. Paul Woods
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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8
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Govoni VM, Pigoli C, Brambilla E, Ruiz Sueiro FA, Torres Neto R, Laufer-Amorim R, Gomes Quitzan J, Grieco V, Fonseca-Alves CE. Caveolin-1, GATA-3, and Ki67 expressions and their correlation with pathological findings in canine bladder urothelial carcinoma. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:986269. [PMID: 36299636 PMCID: PMC9589490 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.986269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) represents ~2% of malignant neoplasms in dogs and is a therapeutic challenge in veterinary medicine. Although it is considered the most common bladder cancer in dogs, few previous studies have investigated different markers that correlate with clinical and pathological parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate Caveolin-1, GATA-3, and Ki67 immunostaining in canine UC samples to evaluate their correlations with histopathological variables. Thirty tumor samples were obtained, and Caveolin-1, GATA-3, and Ki67 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and associated with pathological factors by univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the histopathological findings, lymphatic invasion was identified in 53.33% of the tumors, and the mean mitotic count (MC) was 31.82 ± 26.26. Caveolin-1 showed mild-to-high cytoplasmic expression in neoplastic cells, whereas GATA-3 showed mild-to-high nuclear expression. The Ki67 expression revealed a mean of 24.14 ± 16.88% positive cells. In the univariate analysis, no association was found between each marker and the pathological findings. On the other hand, in multivariate analysis, we identified a positive correlation between GATA-3 and MC and a negative correlation between Caveolin-1 and MC. Moreover, lymphatic invasion was positively correlated with histological type and grade, and negatively correlated with MC. In addition, the histological type was positively correlated with the histological grade. Overall, our results indicate that Caveolin-1 and GATA-3 expression could be promising markers for bladder UC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Claudio Pigoli
- Laboratorio di Istologia, Sede Territoriale di Milano, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Juliany Gomes Quitzan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil,Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University – UNIP, Bauru, Brazil,*Correspondence: Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
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9
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Lin CT, Lin CF, Wu JT, Tsai HP, Cheng SY, Liao HJ, Lin TC, Wu CH, Lin YC, Wang JH, Chang GR. Effects of Para-Toluenesulfonamide on Canine Melanoma Xenotransplants in a BALB/c Nude Mouse Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172272. [PMID: 36077992 PMCID: PMC9454485 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine melanomas are malignant neoplasms, and primary melanomas arise at the footpad, nail bed, gastrointestinal tract, mucocutaneous junction, and eyes. Para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS) is a small molecule that acts against several cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall-cell lung cancer, and tongue squamous cell carcinoma). The pharmacological pathway of PTS has the potential to exert anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic functions. We established canine melanoma xenografts in mice and randomized the animals into four treatment groups: saline, cisplatin, PTS, and PTS combined with cisplatin. The findings indicated that compared with the control mice, mice treated with PTS and the combination of PTS and cisplatin showed retarded tumor growth; increased tumor apoptosis through the upregulation of caspase 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation; decreased inflammation levels of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6; reduced inflammation-related factors, such as the cyclooxygenase-2 protein and nuclear factor-κB mRNA; enhanced anti-inflammation-related factors; and inhibition of the metastasis-related factors transforming growth factor β, CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Combining cisplatin with PTS has a stronger effect than PTS alone. These findings may prove useful in further explorations of the application of PTS or PTS combined with cisplatin to the treatment of canine melanoma in general. Abstract The pharmacological pathway of para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS) restricts the kinase activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin, potentially leading to reductions in cell division, cell growth, cell proliferation, and inflammation. These pathways have a critical effect on tumorigenesis. We aimed to examine the antitumor effect of PTS or PTS combined with cisplatin on canine melanoma implanted in BALB/c nude mice by estimating tumor growth, apoptosis expression, inflammation, and metastasis. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, cisplatin, PTS, and PTS combined with cisplatin. Mice treated with PTS or PTS combined with cisplatin had retarded tumor growth and increased tumor apoptosis through the enhanced expression of cleaved caspase 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels, reduced inflammation-related factors, enhanced anti-inflammation-related factors, and inhibition of metastasis-related factors. Mice treated with PTS combined with cisplatin exhibited significantly retarded tumor growth, reduced tumor size, and increased tumor inhibition compared with those treated with cisplatin or PTS alone. PTS or PTS combined with cisplatin could retard canine melanoma growth and inhibit tumorigenesis. PTS and cisplatin were found to have an obvious synergistic tumor-inhibiting effect on canine melanoma. PTS alone and PTS combined with cisplatin may be antitumor agents for canine melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Teng Lin
- Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Fu Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Te Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Pei Tsai
- Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Medicine, Gongwin Biopharma Co., Ltd., 1 Section, 80 Jianguo North Road, Zhongshan District, Taipei 104001, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jyuan Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Medicine, Gongwin Biopharma Co., Ltd., 1 Section, 80 Jianguo North Road, Zhongshan District, Taipei 104001, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Medicine, Gongwin Biopharma Co., Ltd., 1 Section, 80 Jianguo North Road, Zhongshan District, Taipei 104001, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.W.); (G.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-5-2732959 (J.-H.W.); +886-5-2732946 (G.-R.C.)
| | - Geng-Ruei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.W.); (G.-R.C.); Tel.: +886-5-2732959 (J.-H.W.); +886-5-2732946 (G.-R.C.)
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10
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Fanelli A, Marconato L, Licenziato L, Minoli L, Rouquet N, Aresu L. POT1 mutations are frequent and associated with Ki-67 index in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:968807. [PMID: 36016811 PMCID: PMC9396242 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.968807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents one of the most frequent and deadliest neoplasia in dogs worldwide and is characterized by a remarkable degree of clinical heterogeneity, with poor chances to anticipate the outcome. Even if in the last years some recurrently mutated genes have been identified, the genetic origin of canine DLBCL (cDLBCL) is not yet completely understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of POT1 mutations in cDLBCL and to elucidate the role of such gene in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Mutations in POT1 were retrieved in 34% of cases, in line with previous reports, but no significant associations with any clinico-pathological variable were identified. Likewise, POT1 mutations are not predictive of worse prognosis. Interestingly, Ki-67 index was significantly higher in dogs harboring POT1 mutations compared to wild-type ones. These results suggest that POT1 mutations may exert their pathogenic role in cDLBCL by promoting cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Fanelli
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Licenziato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Pilot Study: Assessing the Expression of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Peripheral Leukocyte Ratios in Canine Oral Malignant Melanoma. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080421. [PMID: 36006336 PMCID: PMC9416752 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of blood biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and peripheral leukocyte ratios have been shown to be of prognostic value in human melanoma patients. Previous veterinary studies have demonstrated that changes in these values are detectable in multiple canine cancer patients. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no studies have yet demonstrated an increase in LDH in canine oral malignant melanoma patients, nor has the effect of metastasis on LDH levels been explored. This retrospective pilot study included 18 dogs, of which 10 were healthy controls, 5 OMM patients with metastasis and 3 without metastasis. Serum LDH was measured and pre-treatment peripheral leucocyte ratios were calculated. LDH was measurable within all patient groups and a statistically significant difference in LDH levels was detected between patients with OMM and healthy controls (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference was detected between patients with or without metastatic disease. This study suggests that serum LDH levels are significantly increased in dogs with OMM compared to healthy controls, paving the way for further research to investigate the prognostic value of this biomarker.
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12
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Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040175. [PMID: 35448673 PMCID: PMC9030435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine melanocytic neoplasms have a highly variable biological behavior ranging from benign cutaneous melanocytomas to malignant oral melanomas that readily metastasize to lymph nodes and internal organs. This review focuses on the diagnosis and prognosis of canine melanocytic neoplasms. While pigmented melanocytic neoplasms can be diagnosed with fine-needle aspirates, an accurate prognosis requires surgical biopsy. However, differentiating amelanotic spindloid melanomas from soft tissue sarcomas is challenging and often requires immunohistochemical labeling with a diagnostic cocktail that contains antibodies against Melan-A, PNL-2, TRP-1, and TRP-2 as the current gold standard. For questionable cases, RNA expression analysis for TYR, CD34, and CALD can further differentiate these two entities. The diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas will be aided by submitting overlying and/or lateral flanking epithelium to identify junctional activity. Wide excision of lateral flanking epithelium is essential, as lentiginous spread is common for malignant mucosal melanomas. Combining histologic features (nuclear atypia, mitotic count, degree of pigmentation, level of infiltration, vascular invasion; tumor thickness and ulceration) with the Ki67 index provides the most detailed prognostic assessment. Sentinel lymph nodes should be evaluated in cases of suspected malignant melanomas using serial sectioning of the node combined with immunohistochemical labeling for Melan-A and PNL-2.
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13
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Baja AJ, Kelsey KL, Ruslander DM, Gieger TL, Nolan MW. Canine oral melanoma: a retrospective study of 101 dogs treated with a 6 Gy x 6 radiotherapy protocol. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:623-631. [PMID: 35338766 PMCID: PMC9539951 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One radiotherapy (RT) protocol used for canine oral melanoma (OM) gives 36 Gy total, in six weekly or biweekly fractions (6 Gy × 6). This retrospective study characterizes oncologic outcomes for a relatively large group of dogs treated with this protocol and determines whether radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly) affected either progression‐free or overall survival (PFS and OS). Dogs were included if 6 Gy × 6 was used to treat grossly evident OM, or if RT was used postoperatively in the subclinical disease setting. Kaplan–Meier statistics and Cox regression modelling were used to determine the predictive or prognostic value of mitotic count, bony lysis, World Health Organization (WHO) stage (I, II, III, or IV), using systemic anti‐cancer therapies, tumour burden at the time of RT (macroscopic vs. subclinical), radiation dose intensity (weekly vs. biweekly), and treatment planning type (manual vs. computerized). The median PFS and OS times for all dogs (n = 101) were 171 and 232 days, respectively. On univariate analysis PFS and OS were significantly longer (p = <.05) with subclinical tumour burden, WHO stages I or II, and weekly irradiation. On multivariable analysis, only tumour stage remained significant; therefore, cases were grouped by WHO stage (I/II vs. III/IV). With low WHO stage (I/II), PFS and OS were longer when irradiating subclinical disease (PFS: risk ratio = 0.449, p = .032; OS: risk ratio = 0.422, p = .022); this was not true for high WHO stage (III/IV). When accounting for other factors, radiation dose intensity had no measurable impact on survival in either staging group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexie J Baja
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy L Gieger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Nolan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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14
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Camerino M, Giacobino D, Manassero L, Iussich S, Riccardo F, Cavallo F, Tarone L, Olimpo M, Lardone E, Martano M, Del Magno S, Buracco P, Morello E. Prognostic impact of bone invasion in canine oral malignant melanoma treated by surgery and anti-CSPG4 vaccination: A retrospective study on 68 cases (2010-2020). Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:189-197. [PMID: 34392602 PMCID: PMC9290081 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of canine oral malignant melanoma encompasses clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of bone invasion in oral canine melanoma. Sixty-eight dogs bearing oral melanoma staged II and III that underwent surgery and anti-CSPG4 electrovaccination, with available histological data and a minimum follow up of minimum 1 year, were retrospectively selected. Bone invasion was detected on imaging and/or histology. Median survival time of dogs with evidence of bone invasion (group 1) was 397 days and significantly shorter compared with dogs with oral melanomas not invading the bone (group 2, 1063 days). Dogs with tumours localised at the level of the cheek, lip, tongue and soft palate (soft tissue - group 3) lived significantly longer compared with dogs having tumours within the gingiva of the maxilla or mandible (hard tissue - group 4) with a median survival time of 1063 and 470 days, respectively. Within group 4, the subgroup of dogs with tumours not invading the bone (group 5) showed a significant prolonged survival time (972 days) in comparison with dogs of group 1 (bone invasion group). Similar results were obtained for the disease-free intervals amongst the different groups. Statistical analysis showed that Ki67 and mitotic count were correlated with shorter survival in patients of group 1 (with bone invasion). Bone invasion should always be assessed since it appears to be a negative prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Luca Manassero
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesMolecular Biotechnology Center, University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesMolecular Biotechnology Center, University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesMolecular Biotechnology Center, University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Matteo Olimpo
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Medical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of BolognaOzzano dell'EmiliaItaly
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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15
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Moreira MVL, Langohr IM, Campos MRDA, Ferreira E, Carvalho B, Blume GR, Montiani-Ferreira F, Ecco R. Canine and feline uveal melanocytic tumours: Histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of 32 cases. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1036-1048. [PMID: 35122675 PMCID: PMC9122463 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of uveal melanocytic neoplasms in dogs and cats were investigated. Samples Thirty‐two enucleated globes with uveal melanocytic neoplasms, 27 from dogs and 5 from cats, were examined. Procedures Morphological characteristics of uveal melanocytic neoplasms in dogs and cats were evaluated with anti‐PNL2, anti‐Melan‐A, anti‐Ki‐67, anti‐caspase‐3, and anti‐BAP1 immunomarkers. Statistical analysis was performed to compare canine melanocytomas and melanomas. Results The 32 uveal neoplasms were classified as melanocytomas (19/27 in dogs) or melanomas (8/27 in dogs, 5/5 in cats). Most tumours (84%) were located in the anterior uvea. Neoplastic cells were classified as epithelioid, spindle‐shaped, mixed, or special type (balloon and signet ring cells). The percentage of cells with melanin, melanin concentration within cells, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, mitotic count, lymphocytic inflammation, necrosis, vascular invasion, and glaucoma were also characterized. Anisocytosis, percentage of neoplastic cells with melanin, mitotic count, and indices (proliferation and apoptotic) varied significantly between canine uveal melanomas and melanocytomas; in general, melanomas had greater cell variability, were less pigmented, and had a higher mitotic count. The melanocytic origin of the neoplasms was confirmed by positive anti‐PNL2 immunolabelling (29/32) and positive anti‐Melan‐A immunolabelling (3/32). In canine uveal melanomas, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis correlated with less pigmentation and minimal pigmentation correlated with a high percentage of immunolabelling for caspase‐3. Conclusions Uveal melanocytomas were more common in dogs, and uveal melanomas were more frequent in cats. Anisocytosis, percentage of neoplastic cells with melanin, and mitotic count are important histologic characteristics of malignancy to evaluate in uveal melanocytic neoplasms. The proliferation and apoptotic indices are relevant when comparing malignant tumours with benign tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Vilardo Lóes Moreira
- Section of Pathology, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ingeborg Maria Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marina Rios de Araújo Campos
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Carvalho
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Section of Pathology, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Raleigh ML, Smith MM, Taney K. Curative Intent Surgery of Oral Malignant Melanoma and Regional Lymph Node Biopsy Assessment in 25 Dogs: 2006-2017. J Vet Dent 2022; 38:193-198. [PMID: 35014552 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211072396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medical records were searched for dogs that had received curative intent surgery for oral malignant melanoma and ipsilateral excisional regional lymph node biopsy. Twenty-seven dogs were operated on and 25 dogs of these dogs met the inclusion criteria of signalment, post-excision margin status, presence of metastasis for each biopsied lymphocentrum, survival time post-excision, presence of recurrence or metastasis at follow-up or at death/euthanasia, location of the primary tumor, and any postoperative adjuvant treatment. These 25 dogs had complete tumor excision with tumor-free margins and 19 (76%) had postoperative adjuvant therapy. Median survival time after excision for the dogs in this study was 335.5 days. Results of this study support previous work that documents prolonged survival time following complete excision of oral malignant melanoma with tumor-free surgical margins in dogs. Additionally, 4 dogs (16%) had histologically confirmed regional lymph node metastasis at the time of definitive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Raleigh
- Center for Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Animal Dentistry & Oral Surgery, Leesburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark M Smith
- Center for Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kendall Taney
- Center for Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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17
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Leite NG, Vargas THM, Ferro DG, Sobral RA, Venturini MAFA, Corrêa HL, Strefezzi RDF. Prognostic Value of Intratumoral Collagen Quantification in Canine Oral Melanomas. J Vet Dent 2022; 38:188-192. [PMID: 34986053 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211066638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the melanocytic neoplasms are considered malignant and highly metastatic. However, a subset of the melanocytic tumors has a more favorable prognosis and the identification of precise prognostic markers for this neoplasm may be useful to guide treatment. The collagen architecture and density have been shown to correlate with tumor progression in human breast cancer and canine mast cell tumors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of the intratumoral collagen index (ICI) as an indicator of postsurgical survival and its relation with other prognostic markers for canine oral melanomas (OMs). Twenty-two cases were tested for intratumoral collagen density using Masson's trichrome stain and morphometry. No differences were found between dogs regarding survival. The ICI was not correlated with proliferative activity or nuclear atypia. The results presented herein indicate that the quantity of intratumoral collagen in canine OMs is not an efficient indicator of postsurgical survival. Complementary studies about the expression and activity of enzymes that are capable of degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) components are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Goulart Leite
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Moroni Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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18
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Nordio L, Bazzocchi C, Genova F, Serra V, Longeri M, Franzo G, Rondena M, Stefanello D, Giudice C. Molecular and Immunohistochemical Expression of LTA4H and FXR1 in Canine Oral Melanoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:767887. [PMID: 34966807 PMCID: PMC8710725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.767887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral melanoma is a common canine tumor whose prognosis is considered ominous, but poorly predicted by histology alone. In the present study the gene and protein expression of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) and Fragile-X-mental retardation-related protein1 (FXR1), both reported as related to metastatic potential in different tumors, were investigated in canine oral melanoma. The main aim of the study was to confirm and quantify the presence of LTA4H and FXR1 genes and protein in oral melanomas. A secondary aim was to investigate their association with histologic prognostic criteria (mitotic count, Ki-67 index). Formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded canine oral melanomas (36) were collected and histopathological evaluation carried out. Immunolabelling for LTA4H and FXR1 and Ki-67 were performed. RT-PCR evaluated LTA4H and FXR1 gene expressions. Histologically, most tumors were epithelioid cell melanomas (19/36) and were amelanotic, mildly or moderately pigmented (5, 12 and 13/36 respectively), only 6 were highly pigmented. Mitotic count ranged 1-106, Ki-67 index ranged 4.5–52.3. Thirty-two (32/32) melanomas immunolabelled for LTA4H and 33/34 for FXR1. RT-PCR values ranged 0.76–5.11 ΔCt for LTA4H and 0.22–6.24 ΔCt for FXR1. Molecular and immunohistochemical expression of both LTA4H and FXR1 did not statically correlate with mitotic count or Ki-67 index. The present study demonstrates LTA4H and FXR1 gene and protein in canine oral melanoma, however their expression is apparently unrelated to histopathologic prognostic criteria. Although LTA4H and FXR1 seem unrelated to tumor behavior, their extensive expression in the present cohort of cases suggest that they may play a role in canine oral melanoma oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nordio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Genova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Rondena
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Veggiano, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Giacobino D, Camerino M, Riccardo F, Cavallo F, Tarone L, Martano M, Dentini A, Iussich S, Lardone E, Franci P, Valazza A, Manassero L, Del Magno S, De Maria R, Morello E, Buracco P. Difference in outcome between curative intent vs marginal excision as a first treatment in dogs with oral malignant melanoma and the impact of adjuvant CSPG4-DNA electrovaccination: A retrospective study on 155 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:651-660. [PMID: 33751759 PMCID: PMC9290641 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral malignant melanoma is locally invasive and highly metastatic. At present, the best option for local control is en bloc excision followed by radiation if excision margins are incomplete. Adjuvantly, the role of chemotherapy is dubious while immunotherapy appears encouraging. This retrospective study evaluated 155 dogs with oral malignant melanomas (24 stage I, 54 stage II, 66 stage III and 11 stage IV) managed in a single institution. The aim was to evaluate the differences in median survival time (MST) and disease-free interval (DFI) between dogs which, at presentation, were treated surgically with a curative intent (group 1) vs those marginally excised only (group 2). MST in group 1 was longer than in group 2 (594 vs 458 days), but no significant difference was found (P = .57); a statistical difference was, however, found for DFI (232 vs 183 days, P = .008). In the subpopulation of vaccinated dogs, the impact of adjuvant anti-CSPG4 DNA electrovaccination was then evaluated (curative intent, group 3, vs marginal, group 4); a significant difference for both MST (1333 vs 470 days, respectively, P = .03) and DFI (324 vs 184 days, respectively, P = .008) was found. Progressive disease was significantly more common in dogs undergoing marginal excision than curative intent excision for both the overall population (P = .03) and the vaccinated dogs (P = .02). This study pointed out that, after staging, wide excision together with adjuvant immunotherapy was an effective approach for canine oral malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | | | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Medical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ParmaItaly
| | | | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Paolo Franci
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Alberto Valazza
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Luca Manassero
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Sara Del Magno
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | | | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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20
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A Comparative View on Molecular Alterations and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Canine Oral Melanoma. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110286. [PMID: 34822659 PMCID: PMC8619620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a highly aggressive tumour associated with poor prognosis due to metastasis and resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapies. As with human mucosal melanoma, the mutational landscape is predominated by copy number aberrations and chromosomal structural variants, but differences in study cohorts and/or tumour heterogeneity can lead to discordant results regarding the nature of specific genes affected. This review discusses somatic molecular alterations in COM that result from single nucleotide variations, copy number changes, chromosomal rearrangements, and/or dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs. A cross-species comparison highlights notable recurrent aberrations, and functionally grouping dysregulated proteins reveals unifying biological pathways that may be critical for oncogenesis and metastasis. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies are considered to target these pathways in canine patients, and the benefits of collaboration between science, medical, and veterinary communities are emphasised.
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21
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Congiusta MC, Haggerty KL. Diagnostic Imaging in Veterinary Dental Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:729-731. [PMID: 34516266 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.7.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Scattone NV, Epiphanio TMF, Caddrobi KG, Ferrão JSP, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, Loureiro APDM, Massoco CDO, Dagli MLZ. Quantification of Global DNA Methylation in Canine Melanotic and Amelanotic Oral Mucosal Melanomas and Peripheral Blood Leukocytes From the Same Patients With OMM: First Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:680181. [PMID: 34504885 PMCID: PMC8421724 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.680181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal melanomas (OMMs) are aggressive and resistant cancers of high importance in veterinary oncology. Amelanotic OMM produces comparatively less melanin and is considered to be more aggressive than melanotic OMM. Global DNA methylation profiles with hypomethylated or hypermethylated patterns have both been associated with aggressive neoplasms; however, global DNA hypomethylation seems to correlate to higher aggressiveness. Accordingly, global DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes has been investigated to understand the role of systemic or environmental factors in cancer development. This study aimed to quantify global DNA methylation in canine melanotic and amelanotic OMM samples and in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the same dogs. Tumor tissue samples were collected from 38 dogs, of which 19 were melanotic and 19 were amelanotic OMM. These were submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-5-methylcytosine (5mC) and anti-Ki67 primary antibodies. Ki67- and 5mC-positive nuclei were manually scored with the help of an image analysis system. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 18 among the 38 OMM-bearing dogs and from 7 additional healthy control dogs. Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated from the 25 dogs, and DNA was extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for global DNA methylation. The pattern of global DNA methylation in both canine melanotic and amelanotic OMM indicated higher percentages of weakly or negatively stained nuclei in most of the OMM cells, presuming predominant global DNA hypomethylation. In addition, Ki67 counts in amelanotic OMM were significantly higher than those in melanotic OMM (p < 0.001). Global DNA methylation different immunostaining patterns (strong, weak or negative) correlated with Ki67 scores. Global DNA methylation in circulating leukocytes did not differ between the 9 melanotic and 9 amelanotic OMM or between the 18 OMM-bearing dogs and the 7 healthy dogs. This study provides new information on canine melanotic and amelanotic OMM based on global DNA methylation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra Villar Scattone
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Moreno Ferrarias Epiphanio
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula de Melo Loureiro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Bongiovanni L, Andriessen A, Silvestri S, Porcellato I, Brachelente C, de Bruin A. H2AFZ: A Novel Prognostic Marker in Canine Melanoma and a Predictive Marker for Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitor Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:705359. [PMID: 34485433 PMCID: PMC8415453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.705359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation is a key feature of tumor progression and malignancy. This suggests that cell-cycle related factors could be exploited as cancer biomarkers and that pathways specifically involved in the cell cycle, such as the Rb-E2F pathway, could be targeted as an effective anti-tumor therapy. We investigated 34 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of canine cutaneous melanocytoma, cutaneous melanoma, and oral melanoma. Corresponding clinical follow-up data were used to determine the prognostic value of the mRNA expression levels of several cell cycle regulated E2F target genes (E2F1, DHFR, CDC6, ATAD2, MCM2, H2AFZ, GINS2, and survivin/BIRC5). Moreover, using four canine melanoma cell lines, we explored the possibility of blocking the Rb-E2F pathway by using a CDK4/6 inhibitor (Palbociclib) as a potential anti-cancer therapy. We investigated the expression levels of the same E2F target gene transcripts before and after treatment to determine the potential utility of these molecules as predictive markers. The E2F target gene H2AFZ was expressed in 91.43% of the primary tumors and H2AFZ expression was significantly higher in cases with unfavorable clinical outcome. Among the other tested genes, survivin/BIRC5 showed as well-promising results as a prognostic marker in canine melanoma. Three of the four tested melanoma cell lines were sensitive to the CDK4/6 inhibitor. The resistant cell line displayed higher expression levels of H2AFZ before treatment compared to the CDK4/6 inhibitor-sensitive cell lines. The present results suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors could potentially be used as a new anti-cancer treatment for canine melanoma and that H2AFZ could serve as a prognostic and predictive marker for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Andriessen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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24
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Ferreira Ê, de Oliveira Massoco C, Strauss BE, Fávaro WJ, Durán N, Oyafuso da Cruz N, dos Santos Cunha SC, Castro JLC, Rangel MMM, Brunner CHM, Tellado M, dos Anjos DS, Fernandes SC, Barbosa de Nardi A, Biondi LR, Dagli MLZ. Current Status of Canine Melanoma Diagnosis and Therapy: Report From a Colloquium on Canine Melanoma Organized by ABROVET (Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:707025. [PMID: 34485435 PMCID: PMC8415562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ênio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Eric Strauss
- Laboratório de Vetores Virais, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Denner Santos dos Anjos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Andrigo Barbosa de Nardi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Saellstrom S, Sadeghi A, Eriksson E, Segall T, Dimopoulou M, Korsgren O, Loskog AS, Tötterman TH, Hemminki A, Ronnberg H. Adenoviral CD40 Ligand Immunotherapy in 32 Canine Malignant Melanomas-Long-Term Follow Up. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:695222. [PMID: 34368282 PMCID: PMC8342889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.695222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a serious disease in both humans and dogs, and the high metastatic potential results in poor prognosis for many patients. Its similarities with human melanoma make spontaneous canine melanoma an excellent model for comparative studies of novel therapies and tumor biology. Gene therapy using adenoviruses encoding the immunostimulatory gene CD40L (AdCD40L) has shown promise in initial clinical trials enrolling human patients with various malignancies including melanoma. We report a study of local AdCD40L treatment in 32 cases of canine melanoma (23 oral, 5 cutaneous, 3 ungual and 1 conjunctival). Eight patients were World Health Organization (WHO) stage I, 9 were stage II, 12 stage III, and 3 stage IV. One to six intratumoral injections of AdCD40L were given every seven days, combined with cytoreductive surgery in 20 cases and only immunotherapy in 12 cases. Tumor tissue was infiltrated with T and B lymphocytes after treatment, suggesting immune stimulation. The best overall response based on result of immunotherapy included 7 complete responses, 5 partial responses, 5 stable and 2 progressive disease statuses according to the World Health Organization response criteria. Median survival was 285 days (range 20–3435 d). Our results suggest that local AdCD40L therapy is safe and could have beneficial effects in dogs, supporting further treatment development. Clinical translation to human patients is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saellstrom
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arian Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Segall
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Dimopoulou
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Si Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas H Tötterman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ronnberg
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Meuten DJ, Moore FM, Donovan TA, Bertram CA, Klopfleisch R, Foster RA, Smedley RC, Dark MJ, Milovancev M, Stromberg P, Williams BH, Aubreville M, Avallone G, Bolfa P, Cullen J, Dennis MM, Goldschmidt M, Luong R, Miller AD, Miller MA, Munday JS, Roccabianca P, Salas EN, Schulman FY, Laufer-Amorim R, Asakawa MG, Craig L, Dervisis N, Esplin DG, George JW, Hauck M, Kagawa Y, Kiupel M, Linder K, Meichner K, Marconato L, Oblak ML, Santos RL, Simpson RM, Tvedten H, Whitley D. International Guidelines for Veterinary Tumor Pathology: A Call to Action. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:766-794. [PMID: 34282984 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211013712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Standardization of tumor assessment lays the foundation for validation of grading systems, permits reproducibility of oncologic studies among investigators, and increases confidence in the significance of study results. Currently, there is minimal methodological standardization for assessing tumors in veterinary medicine, with few attempts to validate published protocols and grading schemes. The current article attempts to address these shortcomings by providing standard guidelines for tumor assessment parameters and protocols for evaluating specific tumor types. More detailed information is available in the Supplemental Files, the intention of which is 2-fold: publication as part of this commentary, but more importantly, these will be available as "living documents" on a website (www.vetcancerprotocols.org), which will be updated as new information is presented in the peer-reviewed literature. Our hope is that veterinary pathologists will agree that this initiative is needed, and will contribute to and utilize this information for routine diagnostic work and oncologic studies. Journal editors and reviewers can utilize checklists to ensure publications include sufficient detail and standardized methods of tumor assessment. To maintain the relevance of the guidelines and protocols, it is critical that the information is periodically updated and revised as new studies are published and validated with the intent of providing a repository of this information. Our hope is that this initiative (a continuation of efforts published in this journal in 2011) will facilitate collaboration and reproducibility between pathologists and institutions, increase case numbers, and strengthen clinical research findings, thus ensuring continued progress in veterinary oncologic pathology and improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christof A Bertram
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pompei Bolfa
- Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - John Cullen
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Dervisis
- VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Keith Linder
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Renato L Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harold Tvedten
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Saverino KM, Durham AC, Kiupel M, Reiter AM. Immunohistochemical evaluation of suspected oral malignant melanoma in cats. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1017-1024. [PMID: 34190003 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211025793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is considered the third most common oral malignant neoplasm in cats, but its variable morphology and frequent lack of melanin pigment make it a diagnostic challenge. Twenty-two cases of cats with malignant oral neoplasms that were diagnosed as OMM or listed OMM as a suspected differential diagnosis on the biopsy report were examined using an immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel for S100, melan-A, PNL2, laminin, CD34, and pan-cytokeratin. Although OMM was suspected (n = 14) or previously diagnosed (n = 8), only 2 cases were immunohistochemically confirmed as OMM. Seven cases were classified as soft tissue sarcoma based on positive expression of CD34 or laminin, and one was classified as carcinoma based on positive expression of pan-cytokeratin. The majority of cases (n = 12) were categorized as unclassified malignant neoplasms because they did not express melan-A, PNL2, laminin, CD34, or pan-cytokeratin; however, a proportion of these did express S100 (n = 7). Long-term prognosis of all 22 cats was poor, with a median survival time of 87 days (range = 2-249 days). Cases with longer survival times (>100 days) were treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination. For feline oral malignant neoplasms thought to be OMM, routine use of IHC is required for an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy C Durham
- 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Rütgen BC, Baumgartner D, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Rigillo A, Škor O, Hammer SE, Saalmüller A, Schwendenwein I. Flow Cytometric Assessment of Ki-67 Expression in Lymphocytes From Physiologic Lymph Nodes, Lymphoma Cell Populations and Remnant Normal Cell Populations From Lymphomatous Lymph Nodes. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:663656. [PMID: 34268346 PMCID: PMC8276100 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature suggests conventional flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotyping complemented by Ki-67 FCM assessment as a reliable tool to classify canine lymphomas. Ki-67 expression assessed by FCM is rarely reported in canine lymphoma cases and reference data for normal canine lymph nodes are missing. Moreover, nothing is known about the Ki-67 expression within the occasionally observed remnant cell population within the gates of normal lymphocytes in lymphoma cases. Aim of this study was to compare flow cytometric Ki-67 expression of lymphocyte populations from normal canine lymph nodes, lymphoma cells from World-Health-Organisation (WHO) classified lymphoma patient samples and their neighboring normal remnant cell population. Cryopreserved lymphocyte cell suspensions from normal lymph nodes from eight dogs free of lymphoma served as reference material. Fourteen cases diagnosed by cytology, FCM, clonality testing, histopathology including immunohistochemistry consisting of 10 DLBCL, 1 MZL, 1 PTCL and 2 TZL showed a residual small lymphocyte population and were investigated. The Ki-67 expression in normal canine lymphoid tissue was 3.19 ± 2.17%. Mean Ki-67 expression in the malignant cell populations was 41 ± 24.36%. Ki-67 positivity was 12.34 ± 10.68% in the residual physiologic lymphocyte population, which otherwise exhibited a physiologic immunophenotype pattern. This ratio was equivalent (n = 3) or lower (n = 11) than the Ki-67 expression of the malignant cell population within the sample. This is the first report of FCM derived Ki-67 expression combined with immunophenotype patterns in normal canine lymph nodes, compared with lymphoma cell populations and residual normal cell populations of lymphoma cases diagnosed by state of the art technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Baumgartner
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonella Rigillo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ondřej Škor
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Morello EM, Cino M, Giacobino D, Nicoletti A, Iussich S, Buracco P, Martano M. Prognostic Value of Ki67 and Other Clinical and Histopathological Factors in Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061649. [PMID: 34199347 PMCID: PMC8228493 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally aggressive tumor with a high metastatic rate to the regional ileo-sacral lymph nodes and later to distant sites. Clinical signs depend on the tumor and regional lymph nodes size or on the paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Therefore, dogs are often referred for perineal swelling, tenesmus, constipation and/or polyuria, polydipsia. Surgical excision of both the neoplastic anal sac and the metastatic regional lymph nodes represents the standard of care. Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are also indicated. Prognostic factors include tumor size, hypercalcemia, regional lymph nodes metastasis and tumor histologic features. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the prognostic significance of tumor Ki67 expression. The authors’ hypothesis was that higher Ki67 index correlated with decreased disease-free interval and overall survival time. Clinical data such as tumor size, regional lymph nodes metastasis and hypercalcemia at presentation and histological features such as tumor pattern, mitotic count, necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, vascular invasion, anisokaryosis, and anisocytosis were also investigated and correlated to the oncologic outcome in the dogs included in the study. Abstract Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is locally aggressive and highly metastatic to regional lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of Ki67 in surgically excised AGASACA. Prognostic impact of size, regional lymph nodes metastasis, hypercalcemia, histologic pattern, mitotic count, necrosis, inflammatory and lympho-vascular invasion, anisokaryosis and anisocytosis was also evaluated. Thirty-five dogs were included, twenty-four of which also had metastatic lymph nodes. When the entire population was evaluated, only metastatic disease spread to regional lymph nodes, and necrosis and inflammatory infiltration were correlated to prognosis. When only dogs with metastatic disease were evaluated, size, solid histologic pattern, presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion showed influence on prognosis. Ki67 index was not associated with survival time and disease free interval in any case. The results of this study showed that lymph nodes metastasis at diagnosis reduced disease free interval. Moreover, tumor size greater than 5.25 cm, presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion and a solid histologic pattern were associated with a shorter survival time in dogs with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Ki67 expression was not significantly associated with prognosis, therefore it could not be considered as a prognostic factor in this tumor type, while the role of hypercalcemia remained unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Maria Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Marzia Cino
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, Univesrity of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521034786
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Arturo Nicoletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, Univesrity of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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30
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Camerino M, Giacobino D, Iussich S, Ala U, Riccardo F, Cavallo F, Martano M, Morello E, Buracco P. Evaluation of prognostic impact of pre-treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte and lymphocyte to monocyte ratios in dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated with surgery and adjuvant CSPG4-antigen electrovaccination: an explorative study. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:353-361. [PMID: 33443307 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of systemic inflammation in cancer's progression has been widely investigated, especially in melanoma in humans. Pre-treatment leukocyte counts and ratios play a recognized prognostic role in several types of malignancies, but no information is available regarding canine oral malignant melanoma (COMM). The purpose of this explorative retrospective study was to investigate the prognostic impact of pre-treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte to monocyte (LMR) ratios in dogs with oral malignant melanoma that underwent surgical resection and immunotherapy with adjuvant CSPG4-antigen electrovaccination. Thirty-nine dogs with histologically confirmed oral melanoma and with available pre-treatment haematological analyses, performed at maximum 60 days before the first treatment, were retrospectively enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed to explore possible correlations among NLR and LMR with age, clinical stage, tumour pigmentation, tumour size, nuclear atypia, mitotic index, Ki67, CSPG4 expression, ulceration, bone invasion and excision margins status. The impact of NLR and LMR on overall survival time (OST) was explored among various ratio cut off and across different time points with Kaplan-Meier method. No significant relationship was identified between leukocytes ratios and histological parameters, CSPG4 expression, excision margin status, age, tumour size and clinical stage. NLR and LMR did not display a prognostic impact on the survival time of the entire population. Pre-treatment leukocyte ratios may not represent a useful prognostic factor in dogs with oral melanoma, especially in absence of distant metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, 10 University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, 10 University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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31
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The Expression of Selected Wnt Pathway Members (FZD6, AXIN2 and β-Catenin) in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061615. [PMID: 34072517 PMCID: PMC8228298 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is well known to be involved in many types of human cancer; however, in veterinary medicine, the investigation of individual Wnt members' expression, and their role in or association with oral tumor pathogenesis, is still underevaluated. We aim to determine the expression pattern of Frizzled-6 (FZD6) as one of the Wnt receptors in two of the most common canine oral neoplastic lesions-canine oral squamous cell carcinoma (COSCC) and canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA). While COSCC is a malignant tumor with aggressive biological behavior and a tendency to metastasize, CAA is a benign tumor with high local invasiveness. In CAA, the expression of FZD6 was mostly located in the center of the epithelial tumorous tissue, and cells exhibiting features of squamous metaplasia were strongly positive. In well-differentiated COSCC, FZD6 was expressed in the tumorous epithelium as well as the tumorous stroma. There was a negative correlation between cytokeratin expression and FZD6 expression in COSCC, where the central parts of the epithelial tumorous tissue were often FZD6-negative. The non-differentiated COSCC with low expression of cytokeratin exhibited a diffuse FZD6 signal. The invasive front with areas of tumor budding exhibited high FZD6 expression with a loss of cytokeratin expression. Moreover, the expression of β-catenin and AXIN2 was increased in comparison to gingiva. In conclusion, our study revealed significant differences in the expression patterns and the levels of FZD6 between COSCC and CAA, indicating the differential engagement of the Wnt pathway in these tumors.
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Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Deeth LE, Kiupel M. Correlation Between KIT Expression and c-Kit Mutations in 2 Subtypes of Canine Oral Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:683-691. [PMID: 33910439 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211009784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
c-Kit mutations have been reported in 15% to 40% of certain human melanoma subtypes, including those histologically similar to canine oral malignant melanomas. Therapeutic response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been demonstrated in those human patients. As canine oral malignant melanomas tend to have a poor prognosis despite aggressive surgical removal, evaluation of KIT expression and identification of c-Kit mutations in canine oral melanocytic neoplasms was performed to determine if there is any indication that tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs might effectively treat any of these cases. This study evaluated 27 canine oral malignant melanomas and 12 canine histologically well-differentiated oral melanocytic neoplasms for activating c-Kit mutations, determined differences in immunohistochemical expression of KIT and c-Kit mutation status, and determined if KIT expression could predict c-Kit mutation status. Among samples that contained intraepithelial nests of neoplastic melanocytes in the KIT-labeled sections, KIT was expressed within cells in these nests in 22/23 (96%) malignant melanomas and 5/7 histologically well-differentiated neoplasms. KIT was expressed in 10% to 30% of neoplastic melanocytes in the lamina propria in 3/24 (13%) malignant melanomas, but 0/9 (0%) histologically well-differentiated neoplasms. Next-generation sequencing identified 85 variants in c-Kit, including 9 nonsynonymous mutations that resulted in amino acid changes predicted to affect protein function. c-Kit mutations with predicted deleterious protein effects were more common in malignant melanomas (8/27 [30%] vs 1/12 [8%]). There was no apparent relationship between detected c-Kit mutations and KIT expression. These results do not support the use of therapies that target c-Kit.
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Rigillo A, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Sabattini S, Škor O, Agnoli C, Schwendenwein I, Bettini G, Rütgen BC. Ki-67 assessment-agreeability between immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in canine lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:551-566. [PMID: 33759339 PMCID: PMC8453729 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests a combination of flow cytometric determination of Ki-67 and immunophenotype as a reliable tool to classify canine lymphomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological samples is the gold standard technique assessing Ki-67 index. Agreement between IHC and FCM derived Ki-67 indices has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between IHC and FCM in the assessment of Ki-67 expression/index, in order to evaluate whether FCM may serve as a non-invasive alternative method for the estimation of proliferative activity in canine lymphoma. Dogs with previously untreated canine lymphoma undergoing diagnostic lymphadenectomy were prospectively enrolled. Ki-67 expression/index was assessed by FCM and IHC and expressed as percentage of positive cells. 39 dogs classified by histopathology matched the inclusion criteria. With both methods, Ki-67 expression/index was higher in intermediate/high-grade lymphomas. Spearman's coefficient of correlation was ρ = 0.57; (95% CI0.33-0.75) suggesting a moderate correlation. A Bland-Altman plot revealed a negative constant bias of -3.55 (95% CI: -10.52 to 3.42) with limits of agreement from -45.71 to 38.61. The study confirmed agreement albeit with wide confidence intervals between the values of Ki-67 expression/index assessed with FCM and IHC. Discrepancies were observed in a subset of cases. Possible explanation could be that Ki-67 index in IHC is determined in the most proliferative areas of the slide, which could introduce kind of sampling bias, whereas FCM evaluates many more cells in cell suspension. Further studies are warranted to investigate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rigillo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ondrej Škor
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara C Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Freytag JO, Queiroz MR, Govoni VM, Pereira IVA, Pulz LH, de Francisco Strefezzi R, Queiroga FL, Cogliati B. Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:529-540. [PMID: 33724647 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to establish which immunohistochemical markers have verifiable prognostic value for cutaneous MCTs in dogs. A Boolean search of five databases identified 200 articles for screening, of which 73 were selected for full-text assessment and 24 ultimately included in the systematic review. Odds Ratio (OR) was adopted as the summary measure for subsequent meta-analysis but only 15 articles, relating to the immunomarkers Ki-67 (9), KIT (5), and BAX (2), provided either a value for OR or sufficient data to calculate this statistic. Meta-analysis verified that canine cutaneous MCTs with elevated expression of Ki-67 or BAX, as well aberrant immuno-expression of KIT, showed an increased odds of death, with respective OR values of 11.2 (95% CI 6.3-20.0; p < .01), 9.9 (95% CI 1.3-73.6; p = .03), and 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-15.3; p = .03). Despite KIT, Ki67, and BAX arise as suitable prognostic factor for canine MCTs, this study highlighted the lack of important clinical and statistical data in many published articles, rendering it impossible to complete the meta-analysis of several potentially valuable immunohistochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ostrand Freytag
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yasumaru CC, Xavier JG, Strefezzi RDF, Salles-Gomes COM. Intratumoral T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Canine Oral Melanoma and Their Association With Clinical and Histopathological Parameters. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:491-502. [PMID: 33764216 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma is a common, aggressive tumor with limited treatment options. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are important in antitumor immunity. This study used histopathology and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to evaluate the presence and distribution of TILs in canine oral melanoma, including the frequency of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. Fifty samples of oral melanoma from 45 dogs that did not receive treatment prior to surgery were included in the study. The distribution of TILs in the tissue (brisk, nonbrisk, and absent) was evaluated in 48 samples. Twenty-eight (58%) samples had a brisk distribution pattern, 10 (21%) samples had a nonbrisk pattern, and 10 (21%) samples had an absent TIL pattern. Comparing the histological evaluation and the immunophenotyping data, it was observed that samples with a brisk TIL pattern had a higher frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes (P = .05) and a lower frequency of CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ Tregs (P = .03), compared to the samples with nonbrisk and absent infiltrate patterns. Patients with a higher survival rate had higher TIL scores (P = .002), a brisk or nonbrisk TIL pattern (P = .001), and an increased frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor (P = .003). Our analysis suggests that the evaluation of TILs in canine oral melanoma is relevant to predict tumor aggressiveness and patient prognosis.
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KIT Somatic Mutations and Immunohistochemical Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122370. [PMID: 33321993 PMCID: PMC7764140 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant melanomas arising from mucosal sites are very aggressive neoplastic entities which affect both humans and dogs. The family of tyrosine kinase receptors has been increasingly studied in humans for this type of neoplasm, especially the gene coding for the proto-oncogene KIT, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are actually available as treatment. However, KIT alteration status in canine oral melanoma still lacks characterization. In this study, we investigated the mutational status and the tissue expression of KIT through DNA sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. A homogeneous cohort of 14 canine oral melanomas has been collected, and while tissue expression of the protein was detected, no mutations were identifiable, most likely attributing the dysregulation of this oncogene to a more complex pattern of genomic aberration. Abstract Canine oral melanoma (COM) is an aggressive neoplasm with a low response to therapies, sharing similarities with human mucosal melanomas. In the latter, significant alterations of the proto-oncogene KIT have been shown, while in COMs only its exon 11 has been adequately investigated. In this study, 14 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded COMs were selected considering the following inclusion criteria: unequivocal diagnosis, presence of healthy tissue, and a known amplification status of the gene KIT (seven samples affected and seven non-affected by amplification). The DNA was extracted and KIT target exons 13, 17, and 18 were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for KIT and Ki67 was performed, and a quantitative index was calculated for each protein. PCR amplification and sequencing was successful in 97.62% of cases, and no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in any of the exons examined, similarly to exon 11 in other studies. The immunolabeling of KIT was positive in 84.6% of the samples with a mean value of 3.1 cells in positive cases, yet there was no correlation with aberration status. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that SNPs are not a frequent event in KIT activation in COMs, with the pathway activation relying mainly on amplification.
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Corda E, Vilar Saavedra P, Berghoff N, Smedley RC, Thomas JS. Neoplastic melanocytic pleural effusion in a Portuguese water dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:652-654. [PMID: 33617052 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old castrated male Portuguese water dog was presented following incomplete excision of a malignant melanoma at the left lip commissure by the referring veterinarian. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. The patient was staged using thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and fine-needle aspirates of the mandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Given the absence of any definitive evidence of metastasis, the malignant melanoma was surgically completely removed. The dog then received four melanoma vaccine doses as an adjuvant therapy and remained clinically healthy for more than 3 months after the last immunization. However, 232 days after the initial discovery of the lip mass, the dog was euthanized due to deterioration and a poor prognosis based on the presence of lung metastases and neoplastic melanocytic pleural effusion. The latter has been rarely reported in dogs, despite the high prevalence of oral malignant melanomas and the tendency of these tumors to metastasize to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Corda
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Paulo Vilar Saavedra
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nora Berghoff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Carroll KA, Kuntz CA, Heller J, Peters A, Rotne R, Dunn A. Tumor size as a predictor of lymphatic invasion in oral melanomas of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1123-1128. [PMID: 32364457 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.10.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate putative associations between oral melanoma size and variables of histologic grade such as mitotic index, nuclear atypia, junctional activity, ulceration, lymphatic invasion, and degree of pigmentation. SAMPLE 59 samples of oral melanomas from dogs sourced from 6 diagnostic laboratories within Australia. PROCEDURES The size of each melanoma was microscopically measured, and each sample was evaluated for variables of histologic grade including mitotic index, nuclear atypia, junctional activity, ulceration, lymphatic invasion, and degree of pigmentation by a veterinary pathologist. The association between tumor size and histologic outcomes was then statistically evaluated. RESULTS A significant relationship was identified between the size of oral melanomas and a single variable of histologic grade, lymphatic invasion, with larger tumors more likely to show lymphatic invasion. Further analysis revealed 2 applicable size thresholds for different clinical scenarios. Results indicated lymphatic invasion can confidently be ruled out for tumors < 6.5 mm in diameter (100% sensitivity) and ruled in for tumors ≥ 24.5 mm in diameter (100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An association was found for oral melanomas of dogs between tumor size and lymphatic invasion.
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Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Menchetti L, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Mecocci S, Iussich S, Leonardi L, Mechelli L. FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO in Canine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:42-52. [PMID: 33021155 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820960131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising immunotherapy strategies in human melanoma, there are few studies on the immune environment of canine melanocytic tumors. In humans, the activation of immunosuppressive cell subpopulations, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3), the engagement of immunosuppressive surface receptors like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4), and the secretion of molecules inhibiting lymphocyte activation, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are recognized as immunoescape mechanisms that allow tumor growth and progression. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of these immunosuppression markers in canine melanocytic tumors and to postulate their possible role in melanoma biology and progression. Fifty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanocytic tumors (25 oral melanomas; 20 cutaneous melanomas; 10 cutaneous melanocytomas) were selected to investigate the expression of FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction). All of the tested markers showed high gene and protein expression in oral melanomas and were differently expressed in cutaneous melanomas when compared to their benign counterpart. IDO expression was associated with an increased hazard of death both in univariable and multivariable analyses (P < .05). FoxP3 protein expression >6.9 cells/HPF (high-power field) was an independent predictor of death (P < .05). CTLA-4 gene and protein expressions were associated with a worse prognosis, but only in the univariable analysis (P < .05). FoxP3, CTLA-4, and IDO likely play a role in canine melanoma immunoescape. Their expression, if supported by future studies, could represent a prognostic tool in canine melanoma and pave the way to future immunotherapeutic approaches in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Menchetti
- 9309University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna
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Liu IL, Chung TF, Huang WH, Hsu CH, Liu CC, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Liao ATC, Lin CS. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression is involved in tumour proliferation and predicts poor survival in canine melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:79-91. [PMID: 32720434 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine melanoma is a malignant tumour that exhibits aggressive behaviour, and frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and distant sites. Currently, there are no effective treatments or practical prognostic biomarkers for canine melanoma. The enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which plays a central role in the tryptophan metabolism, has previously been identified as the main pathogenic factor in neurodegenerative diseases; however, it has recently been found to be positively associated with tumour malignancy in human hepatocellular carcinoma and canine mammary tumours. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a well-known oncoprotein contributing to the proliferation, survival, invasiveness and metastasis of a variety of cancers. Although whether STAT3 and KMO collaborate in tumorigenesis needs to be further verified, our previous findings showed that inhibition of KMO activity reduced activation of STAT3. This study investigated the expressions of KMO and STAT3/phosphorylated (pSTAT3) by immunohistochemical analysis in 85 cases of canine melanoma, showing their expression levels were high within highly mitotic melanoma cells. KMO Overexpression was significantly associated with increased STAT3 and pSTAT3 expressions. Melanoma tissues with higher KMO, STAT3 and pSTAT3 protein expressions were correlated with reduced survival rates of the canine patients. Moreover, inhibition of KMO activity in canine melanoma cells resulted in reduced cell viability, in addition to decreased expressions of STAT3 and pSTAT3. Our results indicated the significance of KMO and the potential role of KMO/STAT3 interaction in enhancing tumour development. Additionally, KMO and STAT3/pSTAT3 may be viewed as useful biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis of canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Li Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Fang Chung
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hui Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chi Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Albert Tai-Ching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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PDPN Is Expressed in Various Types of Canine Tumors and Its Silencing Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Canine Malignant Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051136. [PMID: 32380790 PMCID: PMC7290317 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN), a small transmembrane mucin-like glycoprotein, is ectopically expressed. It is also known to be linked with several aspects of tumor malignancy in some types of human tumors, including invasion, metastasis, and cancer stemness. However, there are few reports on the expression of dog PDPN (dPDPN) in canine tumors, and the association between dPDPN and tumor malignancy has not been elucidated. We identified that 11 out of 18 types of canine tumors expressed dPDPN. Furthermore, 80% of canine malignant melanoma (MM), squamous cell carcinoma, and meningioma expressed dPDPN. Moreover, the expression density of dPDPN was positively associated with the expression of the Ki67 proliferation marker. The silencing of dPDPN by siRNAs resulted in the suppression of cell migration, invasion, stem cell-like characteristics, and cell viability in canine MM cell lines. The suppression of cell viability was caused by the induction of apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Overall, this study demonstrates that dPDPN is expressed in various types of canine tumors and that dPDPN silencing suppresses cell viability through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, thus providing a novel biological role for PDPN in tumor progression.
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Turek M, LaDue T, Looper J, Nagata K, Shiomitsu K, Keyerleber M, Buchholz J, Gieger T, Hetzel S. Multimodality treatment including ONCEPT for canine oral melanoma: A retrospective analysis of 131 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:471-480. [PMID: 32323424 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (OM) is an aggressive cancer with a high rate of metastasis. Surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT) are effective local treatments, yet many dogs succumb to distant metastasis. Immunotherapy represents an attractive strategy for this potentially immunogenic tumor. The objective of this multi-institutional retrospective study was to examine the clinical outcome of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT melanoma vaccine. Most dogs also underwent surgery and/or RT (8 Gy × four weekly fractions). Dogs with distant metastasis at diagnosis and those receiving concurrent chemotherapy were excluded. One hundred thirty-one dogs treated with ONCEPT were included: 62 had adequate local tumor control defined as complete tumor excision or irradiation of residual microscopic disease; 15 were treated in the microscopic disease setting following an incomplete excision without adjuvant RT; and 54 had gross disease. Median time to progression, median progression-free survival, and median tumor-specific overall survival were 304, 260, and 510 days, respectively. In multivariable analysis, presence of gross disease correlated negatively with all measures of clinical outcome. Other negative prognostic indicators were primary tumor ≥2 cm, higher clinical stage (stages 2 and 3), presence of lymph node metastasis at diagnosis, and caudal location in the oral cavity. Radiotherapy had a protective effect against tumor progression. To date, this is the largest reported series of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT. Several previously reported prognostic indicators were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Turek
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tracy LaDue
- Southeast Veterinary Oncology and Internal Medicine, Orange Park, Florida
| | - Jayme Looper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Keijiro Shiomitsu
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michele Keyerleber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Julia Buchholz
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hunenberg, Switzerland
| | - Tracy Gieger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Silveira TL, Espirito Santo JT, Figueiredo LV, Varaschin MS, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Ferreira E. ZEB and Snail expression indicates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in canine melanoma. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:7-14. [PMID: 32278962 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma progression is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) when tumor cells reduce E-cadherin and increase N-cadherin expression resulting in an escape from the microenvironment via loss of cellular adhesion and gain of motility. Transcription factor proteins Snail and ZEB trigger EMT by repression of epithelial markers and activation of mesenchymal properties. This study evaluated E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression by IHC and investigated their relationship with morphological characteristics in cutaneous and oral canine melanoma. Results from melanoma cases demonstrated E-cadherin expression in 45% (9/20) of oral and 58% (22/38) of cutaneous tumors, while N-cadherin expression was observed in 95% (18/19) of oral and 92% (34/37) of cutaneous melanoma. Cytoplasmic and nuclear N-cadherin expression was positively correlated with ZEB1 expression, while the cell membrane N-cadherin expression was positively correlated with ZEB2. In addition, an increase in nuclear N-cadherin expression was associated with reduced Snail expression in cutaneous melanoma and an increase in Snail expression in oral melanoma, indicating that the correlation between N-cadherin and Snail expression is coincident with tumor location. Our data suggest that ZEB family protein is associated with N-cadherin translocation from cell membrane to the cytoplasm and nuclei, and may act as important transcription factors of EMT regulation in canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Soares Veloso
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiany Luiza Silveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Vieira Figueiredo
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Helen Lima Del Puerto
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Silveira TL, Oliveira FS, Vieira DS, Cassali GD, Del Puerto HL, Ferreira E. Diverse roles of epidermal growth factors receptors in oral and cutaneous canine melanomas. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:24. [PMID: 31996230 PMCID: PMC6988198 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptors participate in the physiological processes such as regulation of morphogenesis, proliferation and cell migration, but when overexpressed or overactivated they may play an important role in neoplastic progression. Melanoma is the most aggressive skin neoplasm and is characterized by elevated invasion and low survival rates in both humans and dogs. In human melanomas the overexpression of EGFR, HER3 or HER4 is associated with poor prognosis. In canine melanomas the epidermal growth factor receptors expression has not been evaluated. Therefore, this study evaluated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptors by immunohistochemistry and investigated their relationship with morphological characteristics and proliferative indices in cutaneous and oral canine melanoma. RESULTS In cutaneous melanoma an increased proliferative index was associated with increased cytoplasmic HER4 and reduced EGFR and HER3 protein expression. In oral melanomas, membranous HER2 protein expression correlated with occurrence of emboli, but ERBB2 gene amplification wasn't observed. CONCLUSION Thus, our work evidenced the relationship between HER4 and the stimulus to cell proliferation in cutaneous melanomas, in addition to the relationship between HER2 and the occurrence of emboli in oral melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Soares Veloso
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Ivy Nayra Nascimento Gonçalves
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Tatiany Luiza Silveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Fernando Soares Oliveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Déborah Soares Vieira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Helen Lima Del Puerto
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
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Brocca G, Ferraresso S, Zamboni C, Martinez-Merlo EM, Ferro S, Goldschmidt MH, Castagnaro M. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis Reveals Significantly Enriched Pathways in Canine Oral Melanoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1397. [PMID: 31921654 PMCID: PMC6920211 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Mucosal Melanoma (hMM) is an aggressive neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin with distinctive features from the more common cutaneous form of malignant melanoma (cMM). At the molecular level, hMMs are characterized by large chromosomal aberrations rather than single-nucleotide mutations, typically observed in cMM. Given the scarcity of available cases, there have been many attempts to establish a reliable animal model. In pet dogs, Canine Oral Melanoma (COM) is the most common malignant tumor of the oral cavity, sharing clinical and histological aspects with hMM. To improve the knowledge about COM's genomic DNA alterations, in the present work, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of COM from different European archives were collected to set up an array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) analysis to estimate recurrent Copy Number Aberrations (CNAs). DNA was extracted in parallel from tumor and healthy fractions and 19 specimens were successfully submitted to labeling and competitive hybridization. Data were statistically analyzed through GISTIC2.0 and a pathway-enrichment analysis was performed with ClueGO. Recurrent gained regions were detected, affecting chromosomes CFA 10, 13 and 30, while lost regions involved chromosomes CFA 10, 11, 22, and 30. In particular, CFA 13 showed a whole-chromosome gain in 37% of the samples, while CFA 22 showed a whole-chromosome loss in 25%. A distinctive sigmoidal trend was observed in CFA 10 and 30 in 25 and 30% of the samples, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed that COM and hMM share common chromosomal changes in 32 regions. MAPK- and PI3K-related genes were the most frequently involved, while pathway analysis revealed statistically significant perturbation of cancer-related biological processes such as immune response, drug metabolism, melanocytes homeostasis, and neo-angiogenesis. The latter is a new evidence of a significant involvement of neovascularization-related pathways in COMs and can provide the rationale for future application in anti-cancer targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Clarissa Zamboni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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46
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Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Ferro DG, Sobral RA, Venturini MAFA, Corrêa HL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 Expression Correlates with Post-surgical Survival in Canine Oral Melanomas. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:49-57. [PMID: 31812173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H M Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Ferro
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Sobral
- Onco Cane Veterinária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - H L Corrêa
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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47
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Coste M, Prata D, Castiglioni V, Minoli L, Etienne-Raffestin CL, Boulouha L, Moreau S, Lagadic M. Feline progressive histiocytosis: a retrospective investigation of 26 cases and preliminary study of Ki67 as a prognostic marker. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:801-808. [PMID: 31650906 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719884950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) is an uncommon and infrequently reported cutaneous histiocytic proliferative disorder, whose clinical presentation is solitary or multiple cutaneous nodules and papules, with late-course internal metastasis. We describe herein the clinical, epidemiologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of this entity, and document the outcome of FPH based on a retrospective study of 26 cases. Female and male cats were affected equally. Lesions were evident either as solitary (16 of 26 cases) or multiple (10 of 26 cases) nonpruritic and alopecic nodules or plaques, preferentially located on the legs and extremities (73%). Follow-up was complete for 19 cats, and ranged from 41 to 1,449 d. Nine died of FPH with a median overall survival of 96 d (range: 41-238 d). The disease recurred in 14 cats after surgical excision of the nodules, and the median disease-free survival was 175 d (range: 21-1,449 d). Five of the 26 cats were alive at the end of the study, and 4 had no progression of the disease. Histologically, lesions were characterized by poorly circumscribed, unencapsulated histiocytic infiltration of dermis and subcutis. Epitheliotropism was observed in 11 (42%) cats. Atypical histiocytes diffusely and consistently expressed MHC II, CD18, and Iba1. Statistically significant higher E-cadherin expression was observed in epitheliotropic cases compared to non-epitheliotropic cases. A negative correlation between overall survival and proliferation index was evident, thus suggesting Ki67 as a promising prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Coste
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Daniela Prata
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Vittoria Castiglioni
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Claire-Lise Etienne-Raffestin
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Lilia Boulouha
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Stéphanie Moreau
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
| | - Marie Lagadic
- Department of Embryology and Histopathology, Paris-Est University, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Ile de France, France (Coste).,IDEXX Laboratories, Saint-Denis, Ile de France, France (Prata, Etienne-Raffestin, Boulouha, Moreau, Lagadic).,IDEXX Laboratories Italia, Milan, Italy (Castiglioni).,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Minoli).,Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy (Minoli)
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48
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Mikiewicz M, Paździor-Czapula K, Gesek M, Lemishevskyi V, Otrocka-Domagała I. Canine and Feline Oral Cavity Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions: a Retrospective Study of 486 Cases (2015-2017). J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:80-87. [PMID: 31690420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity tumours and tumour-like lesions are common in dogs and cats, and their diagnosis and classification requires histopathological examination. The aim of this study was to analyse retrospectively oral cavity lesions in dogs and cats in order to evaluate the distribution of inflammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions manifested as tumours. A total of 486 oral cavity tumours and tumour-like lesions (340 canine; 146 feline), diagnosed routinely from 2015 to 2017, were included. The lesions were classified as inflammatory, hyperplastic or neoplastic (benign and malignant). Histopathological diagnosis was based on haematoxylin and eosin staining and, when necessary, May-Grünwald-Giemsa (for mast cell tumours) or Masson's Fontana (for melanomas) stains or immunohistochemistry (for CD3, CD79α and S100 markers). For dogs, 29.11% (99/340) of the lesions were benign tumours, 24.12% (82/340) were hyperplastic lesions and 14.7% (50/340) were inflammatory lesions. For cats, 4.79% (7/146) were benign tumours, 15.07% (22/146) were hyperplastic lesions and 57.53% (84/146) were inflammatory lesions. Furthermore, 23.24% (79/340) of canine cases were diagnosed with gingival hyperplasia and 19.12% (65/340) were diagnosed with peripheral odontogenic fibroma, while 43.84% (64/146) of feline cases were diagnosed with chronic lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis. Malignant tumours in dogs and cats constituted 32.06% (109/340) and 21.91% (32/146) of the lesions, respectively, with high-grade melanoma in dogs and squamous cell carcinoma in cats being the most common.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mikiewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | - M Gesek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - V Lemishevskyi
- Lviv National Stepan Gzhytsky University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Pekarska, Lviv, Ukraine
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49
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Zamboni C, Brocca G, Ferraresso S, Ferro S, Sammarco A, Dal Corso C, Iussich S, de Andres PJ, Martìnez de Merlo EM, Cavicchioli L, Zappulli V, Castagnaro M. Cyclin D1 immunohistochemical expression and somatic mutations in canine oral melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:231-238. [PMID: 31503380 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (COM) is the most frequent tumour with oral localization in dogs. Copy number gains and amplifications of CCND1, a gene coding for Cyclin D1, are the most frequent chromosomal aberrations described in human non-UV induced melanomas. Twenty-eight cases of COM were retrieved from paraffin-blocks archives. A total of 4 μm thick sections were immunostained with an antibody against human Cyclin D1 and Ki-67. Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expressions were scored through two counting methods. DNA was extracted from 20 μm thick sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks. Pathological and surrounding healthy tissue was extracted independently. Cyclin D1 immunolabelling was detected in 69% (18/26) while Ki-67 was present in 88.5% (23/26) of cases. Statistical analysis revealed correlation between two counting methods for Cyclin D1 (r = 0.54; P = .004) and Ki-67 (r = 0.56; P = .003). The correlation found between Ki-67 and Cyclin D1 indexes in 16/26 cases labelled by both antibodies (r = 0.7947; P = .0002) suggests a possible use of Cyclin D1 index as prognostic marker. Polymerase chain reaction analysis on CCND1 coding sequence revealed the presence of nine somatic mutations in seven samples producing synonymous, missense and stop codons. Since none of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms was found to be recurrent, it is suggested that overexpression of Cyclin D1 may be the consequence of alterations of CCND1 upstream regions or other genetic aberrations not detectable with the methodology used in this study. Future studies are needed to verify the potential use of Cyclin D1 index as prognostic indicator and to highlight the molecular events responsible for Cyclin D1 overexpression in COMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Zamboni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Dal Corso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Paloma J de Andres
- Department of Animal Medicine Surgery and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena M Martìnez de Merlo
- Department of Animal Medicine Surgery and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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50
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Prouteau A, Chocteau F, de Brito C, Cadieu E, Primot A, Botherel N, Degorce F, Cornevin L, Lagadic MA, Cabillic F, de Fornel-Thibaud P, Devauchelle P, Derrien T, Abadie J, André C, Hédan B. Prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosome 30 in canine oral melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:214-223. [PMID: 31461207 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma is the first malignancy of the oral cavity in dogs and is characterized by a local invasiveness and a high metastatic propensity. A better knowledge of genetic alterations is expected to improve management of this tumour. Copy number alterations are known characteristics of mucosal melanomas both in dogs and humans. The goal of this study was to explore the prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosomes (Canis Familiaris [CFA]) 10 and 30 in canine oral melanoma. The cohort included 73 dogs with oral melanoma confirmed by histology, removed surgically without adjuvant therapy and with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. Epidemiological, clinical and histological data were collected and quantitative-PCR were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples to identify specific focal amplifications. The 73 dogs included in the study had a median survival time of 220 days. Focal amplifications on CFA 10 and 30 were recurrent (49.3% and 50.7% of cases, respectively) and CFA 30 amplification was significantly associated with the amelanotic phenotype (P = .046) and high mitotic index (MI; P = .0039). CFA 30 amplification was also linked to poor prognosis (P = .0005). Other negative prognostic factors included gingiva location (P = .003), lymphadenomegaly (P = .026), tumour ulceration at diagnosis (P = .003), MI superior to 6 mitoses over 10 fields (P = .001) and amelanotic tumour (P = .029). In multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression, CFA 30 amplification (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08; P = .011), tumour location (HR = 2.20; P = .005) and histological pigmentation (HR = 1.87; P = .036) were significantly associated with shorter survival time. Focal amplification of CFA 30 is linked to an aggressive subset and constitutes a new prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Prouteau
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Chocteau
- Oniris, Laboniris - Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Clotilde de Brito
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Aline Primot
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | | | - Laurence Cornevin
- Department of Cytogenetics and Cell Biology, Hospital of Rennes, INSERM, University of Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | | | - Florian Cabillic
- Department of Cytogenetics and Cell Biology, Hospital of Rennes, INSERM, University of Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Derrien
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Jerome Abadie
- Oniris, Laboniris - Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine André
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
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