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Romero-Vega LM, Medlin S, Hagnauer I, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Williams B. Case report: Renal adenoma in a captive ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis) in Costa Rica. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1393039. [PMID: 38756505 PMCID: PMC11097658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Reports of renal neoplasia are rare in neotropical wildcats. Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) are medium-sized wildcats living in America's tropical forests. A 12-year-old captive ocelot was diagnosed with a renal mass occupying approximately 25% of the total right kidney volume. The tissue was stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemistry with the following markers was performed: cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK19, CK 7, CD10, vimentin, Melan A, HMB45, Pax-8, and Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1). Histopathology revealed a well-differentiated epithelial tubular neoplasia with less than one mitotic figure per 2.37mm2 field. Vimentin and Pax-8 were the only positive markers. Immunohistochemically, neoplasia was diagnosed as a renal adenoma. Renal adenomas are seldom reported in neotropical wildcats. Reports on wild species are valuable for properly establishing a clinical prognosis for captive species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that provides detailed microscopic and immunohistochemical descriptions of renal adenoma in a captive ocelot.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mario Romero-Vega
- Laboratorio de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Sam Medlin
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Isabel Hagnauer
- Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Institute of Virology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce Williams
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Gerlach JL, Stevens BN, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB, Adams LM. PRIMARY HEPATIC NEOPLASIA IN THREE ADULT BAMBOO SHARKS ( CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM AND CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM) IN AN AQUARIUM POPULATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:865-872. [PMID: 38252013 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia in elasmobranchs is uncommonly documented. This report describes primary hepatic neoplasia in three adult female bamboo sharks under managed care: biliary adenocarcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 1; Chiloscyllium plagiosum), biliary adenocarcinoma in a brownbanded bamboo shark (Case 2; Chiloscyllium punctatum), and hepatocellular carcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 3). Case 1 presented with extensive cutaneous papillomas and was electively euthanized. At necropsy, a 4-cm-diameter, pale-tan, firm hepatic mass was identified and diagnosed histologically as a biliary adenocarcinoma. Case 2 presented with decreasing body condition despite normal food intake. Coelomic ultrasound and exploratory surgery revealed several large masses in both hepatic lobes, and the patient was euthanized. At necropsy, nine, 1-6-cm-diameter, black to tan, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as biliary adenocarcinoma with branchial intravascular neoplastic emboli. Case 3 presented for routine health examination and was euthanized for diagnostic purposes after coelomic ultrasound revealed multiple hepatic masses. At necropsy, two 1-3-cm-diameter, brown- and-black mottled, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed in two of these cases and was noncontributory, likely because of a lack of cross reactivity between antibodies (antipancytokeratin) and elasmobranch tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Dyková I, Žák J, Reichard M, Součková K, Slabý O, Bystrý V, Blažek R. Histopathology of laboratory-reared Nothobranchius fishes: Mycobacterial infections versus neoplastic lesions. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1179-1190. [PMID: 33844322 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-lived killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius Peters, 1868 (Cyprinodontiformes) are considered promising model organisms for biomedical research on ageing and tumorigenesis. We conducted histopathological analysis of 411 adult individuals from three Nothobranchius species to study details on spontaneous age-related neoplastic lesions. Light microscopy based on H&E and toluidine blue-stained sections revealed (a) non-proliferative liver changes with pronounced vacuolation of hepatocytes; (b) proliferation of kidney haemopoietic tissue contributing to excretory system damage; (c) proliferation of splenic mononuclear haemoblasts accompanied by reduced erythropoiesis; (d) proliferation of mononuclear cell aggregates in the liver parenchyma; and (e) rare occurrence of hepatocellular adenomas. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining revealed that the proliferative lesions are a host defence response to mycobacterial infections manifested by activation of the mononuclear phagocytic system and atypical granulomatous inflammatory reaction. 16S rRNA analysis identified three species of Mycobacterium in our samples. Our findings turn attention to lesions which mimic neoplasms by their gross appearance and question the light microscopic interpretation of lesions unless differential ZN staining is included. Beyond the limitations of our morphological approach, the intensity of mycobacterial infections is a challenging opportunity for research into the molecular-genetic background of the mononuclear phagocytic system reaction in Nothobranchius killifish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Dyková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Žák
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Součková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slabý
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Bystrý
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Blažek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Mangus LM, França MS, Shivaprasad HL, Wolf JC. Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species. ILAR J 2021; 62:169-202. [PMID: 33782706 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology, toxicology, drug discovery, immunology, toxicology, and infectious disease. As with all animal models, familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and spontaneous diseases of these species is necessary for ensuring animal welfare, as well as accurate interpretation and reporting of study findings. Working with avian and aquatic species can be especially challenging in this respect due to their rich diversity and array of unique adaptations. Here, we provide an overview of the research-relevant anatomic features, non-infectious conditions, and infectious diseases that impact research colonies of birds and aquatic animals, including fish and Xenopus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique S França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
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Standish I, Leis E, Erickson S, Katona R, Baumgartner W, Hanson K, Ibrahim I, Goldberg T. Nephroblastoma in a Common Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus simultaneously Present with a Mollicute Bacterium of the Genus Acholeplasma. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2021; 33:44-52. [PMID: 33825240 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In March 2017, a wild-caught female common mudpuppy Necturus maculosus from Iowa, USA, with an enlarged posterior abdomen was submitted for diagnostic assessment. The cause of the abdominal distension was a large fluid-filled abdominal mass, diagnosed as a nephroblastoma. Parasites and numerous bacteria were isolated and identified from the mudpuppy but were determined to be incidental. Samples of the neoplasm inoculated onto an American toad Anaxyrus americanus cell line (BufoTad) yielded cytopathic effect during several passages. However, standard molecular testing of the cell culture supernatant failed to identify any viruses. Next-generation sequencing identified the replicating agent as a bacterium of the genus Acholeplasma. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of Acholeplasma within the nephroblastoma, including within tumor cells. This is the first report of nephroblastoma and the second report of neoplasia in this species. The results also suggest that certain bacteria of the genus Acholeplasma might be oncogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Standish
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, 54650, USA
| | - Eric Leis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, 54650, USA
| | - Sara Erickson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, 54650, USA
| | - Ryan Katona
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, 54650, USA
| | - Wes Baumgartner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, USA
| | - Kevin Hanson
- Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Guttenberg Fish Hatchery, Guttenberg, Iowa, 52052, USA
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Tony Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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Hou ZS, Xin YR, Zeng C, Zhao HK, Tian Y, Li JF, Wen HS. GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis regulates crosstalk between growth and immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:887-897. [PMID: 32866610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An energy trade-off is existed between immunological competence and growth. The axis of growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis) regulates growth performances and immune competences in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The salmonid-specific whole genome duplication event is known to result in duplicated copies of several key genes in GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis. In this study, we evaluated the physiological functions of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis in regulating crosstalk between growth and immunity. Based on principal components analysis (PCA), we observed the overall expression profiles of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis were significantly altered by Vibrio anguillarum infection. Trout challenged with Vibrio anguillarum showed down-regulated igf1s subtypes and up-regulated igfbp1a1. The brain sst genes (sst1a, sst1b, sst3b and sst5) and igfpbs genes (igfbp4s and igfbp5b2) were significantly affected by V. anguillarum infection, while the igfbp4s, igfbp5s, igfbp6s and igf2bps genes showed significant changes in peripheral immune tissues in response to V. anguillarum infection. Gene enrichment analyses showed functional and signaling pathways associated with apoptosis (such as p53, HIF-1 or FoxO signaling) were activated. We further proposed a possible model that describes the IGF and IGFBPs-regulated interaction between cell growth and programmed death. Our study provided new insights into the physiological functions and potentially regulatory mechanisms of the GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis, indicating the pleiotropic effects of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis in regulating crosstalk between growth and immunity in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China.
| | - Yuan-Ru Xin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Chu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Ji-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Qingdao, China.
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Denk D, Verin R, Ressel L, Lewis E, Stidworthy MF. Spontaneous neoplasia in captive syngnathid species: A retrospective case series (2003-2014) and literature review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:929-939. [PMID: 32557754 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons) are charismatic species commonly kept in commercial aquaria, but published literature on syngnathid diseases is limited and immunohistochemical techniques not routinely employed. A retrospective review of 2,541 syngnathid submissions received between March 2003 and October 2016 identified 18 neoplasms including germ cell tumours, exocrine pancreatic and intestinal carcinomas, chromatophoromas, and single cases of lymphoma, thyroid and renal carcinoma, swim bladder and pituitary adenoma. Big-bellied seahorses accounted for 19% of submissions, but 50% of neoplasms were diagnosed in this species. This study includes the first reported cases of germ cell tumours, chromatophoroma, thyroid carcinoma and pituitary adenoma in Syngnathidae and the first reports of neoplasia in pipefish species. Out of nine commercial antibodies trialled for immunohistochemical characterization of neoplastic tissue, only pan-cytokeratin proved cross-reactive. Electron microscopy was performed in four cases. Tumours should be considered as differential diagnosis in cases with buoyancy issues, debilitated or emaciated animals, and may predispose to secondary infections. This study highlights the value of histopathological disease surveillance for commercial aquarium settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Keighley, UK
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Eleanor Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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Abstract
The number of fish as pets far exceeds the populations of any other companion animal. As our knowledge of aquatic animal species and aquatic animal medicine continues to expand, veterinary expertise is becoming more critical to the client, researcher, fisheries biologist, aquarist, farmer, and fish hobbyist. Similar to other vertebrates, fish are susceptible to infectious and noninfectious renal disease. This article compares vertebrate renal anatomy and physiology and highlights some renal disease examples.
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9
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Bilateral Polycystic Kidneys and Focal Renal Cystadenoma in a Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps). J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:258-261. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-01-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Rahmati-Holasoo H, Shokrpoor S, Masoudifard M, Davudypoor S, Vaseghi M. Telangiectatic osteosarcoma and renal adenocarcinoma in an Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus, Agassiz): Diagnostic imaging and immunohistochemical study. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1165-1172. [PMID: 29572933 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Masoudifard
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Davudypoor
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Vaseghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Rahmati-Holasoo H, Shokrpoor S, Masoudifard M, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi H, Haddadi A, Tavakkoli A. Renal Cystic Adenocarcinoma in a Flowerhorn Cichlid with Metastatic Involvement of the Spleen. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:158-164. [PMID: 28679080 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1349008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 480-g flowerhorn cichlid (an ornamental hybrid) with severe bilateral abdominal swelling, bulla-like structures on the skin, bilateral exophthalmia, and a prolapsed intestine was presented. Radiographs showed compression of the posterior part of the swim bladder and abdominal distention. Ultrasonography of visceral organs revealed a heterogeneous mass with hypoechoic to anechoic polycystic parenchyma and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. At necropsy, free fluid in the abdominal cavity and a large polycystic mass originating from the posterior kidney were observed. Histologically, the mass was composed of more cystic growth of tubules. The renal architecture was replaced by tubules, often irregular in shape, lined by simple to lightly stratified layers of neoplastic and pleomorphic cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells and the absence of glomeruli. Birefringent crystals were observed with polarized light within the lumen of some tubules. The apical border of the neoplastic cells was periodic acid-Schiff positive. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and were negative for p53 (tumor suppressor protein). Microscopic metastasis was seen in the spleen. The metastatic tumor was classified as a cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney, originating from the proximal tubules. Received October 7, 2016; accepted June 18, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- a Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- b Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Masoudifard
- c Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
| | - HosseinAli Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- a Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Haddadi
- a Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Tavakkoli
- c Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran , Post Office Box 14155-6453 , Tehran , Iran
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Kasantikul T, Visessripong A, Chatrungreungkul S, Lombardini ED, Sirimanapong W. Suspected thymic lymphoma with invasion of the gills in a gold crossback arowana (Scleropages formosus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:783-6. [PMID: 26596259 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kasantikul
- Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - A Visessripong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - S Chatrungreungkul
- Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - E D Lombardini
- Divisions of Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medical Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W Sirimanapong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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