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Soltero-Rivera M, Goldschmidt S, Arzi B. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis current concepts in clinical management. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231186834. [PMID: 37548475 PMCID: PMC10811996 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231186834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings. TREATMENT OPTIONS Localized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described. AIMS This review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease. EVIDENCE BASE The article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; and Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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2
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Piketh G, Henning A, Smit Y. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with ileocaecal and ileal obstruction in a 10‐year‐old warmblood gelding. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Piketh
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Alischa Henning
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Yolandi Smit
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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3
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Brosnahan M. Molecular immunology and genomics: The future of multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brosnahan
- College of Veterinary Medicine Midwestern University Glendale Arizona USA
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4
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Hypereosinophilic syndrome with cardiac infiltration and congestive heart failure in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 41:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Marsilio S. Differentiating Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Alimentary Lymphoma in Cats: Does It Matter? Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:93-109. [PMID: 33187624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of feline inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal small cell lymphoma can be challenging, and some clinicians argue that it is unnecessary because prognosis and treatment are similar. Differentiation of feline inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal small cell lymphoma can be challenging and some clinicians argue that it is unnecessary since prognosis and treatment are similar. Altough the body of research on this topic has increased over time, we still know little about etiopathogenesis, progression, alternative treatment modalities and prognosis of the different forms of FCE. While differentiating IBD from SCL might not alter a single patients' disease course, further research efforts are required to alter the disease course for our feline patient population as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Tupper Hall, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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6
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Marsilio S. Feline chronic enteropathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:409-419. [PMID: 33821508 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Feline chronic enteropathy is a common disorder, especially in the senior cat population, with rising incidence over the past decade. Feline chronic enteropathy is considered an umbrella term comprising different diseases including food-responsive enteropathy, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary small cell lymphoma. However, differentiation between those diseases is often difficult in practice. This review will discuss the clinical approach to cats with chronic enteropathy, state-of-the-art diagnostic tests and pitfalls thereof as well as current therapeutic approaches. Although, much of the etiopathogenesis is still unknown, increased research efforts in this field have brought new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic options for these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marsilio
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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7
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Hrysyzen TM, Malmberg JL, Johnston MS. Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Muto S, Hayashi M, Matsushita N, Momose Y, Shibata N, Umemura T, Matsumoto K. Systemic and Eosinophilic Lesions in Rats with Spontaneous Eosinophilia (mes Rats). Vet Pathol 2016; 38:346-50. [PMID: 11355670 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mes rat is from an inbred mutant colony of rats with spontaneous eosinophilia. In order to investigate the pathogenesis of the mes rat, the histopathology and hematology for 76 mes rats were examined at several weeks of age. Tissue eosinophilia developed at 8 weeks of age when the blood eosinophil was 500 cells per microliter or more. Subsequently, eosinophilia progressed with age, and splenic eosinophilopoiesis and erythropoiesis appeared simultaneously. Many inflammatory lesions were induced after 10 weeks of age when the blood eosinophils became 1,000 cells per microliter or more. Gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis were seen in 44 of 47 (94%) and 31 of 47 (66%) rats, respectively, after 10 weeks of age. Aortitis that deteriorated with age was found in 19 of 39 (49%) rats after 12 weeks of age. Hepatic fibrosis was found in four rats that exhibited severe eosinophilia and anemia. These results are comparable to the features of a hypereosinophilic syndrome in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muto
- Toxicology Laboratories, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.,
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9
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Higbie CT, Eshar D, Choudhary S, Pohlman LM, Ganta CR, Andrews G. Eosinophilic Leukemia in a Pet African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Tucker S, Penninck DG, Keating JH, Webster CRL. Clinicopathological and ultrasonographic features of cats with eosinophilic enteritis. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:950-6. [PMID: 24591305 PMCID: PMC11104094 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14525385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic enteritis (EE) in cats is poorly characterized. The aim of the current study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in cats with histologic evidence of eosinophilic inflammation on gastrointestinal biopsy. Twenty-five cats with tissue eosinophilia on surgical (10) or endoscopic (15) biopsy of the gastrointestinal tract, having an abdominal ultrasound performed within 48 h of biopsy acquisition, were enrolled. History, clinical presentation, clinical pathology and abdominal ultrasound findings were reviewed. Intestinal biopsies were evaluated by a single pathologist and separated into two groups based on the degree of eosinophilic infiltrate: mild (<10 eosinophils/high-power field [HPF], 11/25 cats), or moderate/marked (>10 eosinophils/HPF, 14/25 cats). The former were considered primary lymphoplasmacytic or lymphocytic inflammatory bowel disease (LPE) with subtle eosinophilic infiltrates, and the latter to have EE. Signalment, history and clinical signs were similar in all cats. Only cats with EE (6/14) had palpably thickened intestines. The only distinguishing clinicopathological feature of cats with EE was the presence of peripheral eosinophilia (6/14). On ultrasound, when compared with cats with LPE, cats with EE had a greater mean jejunal wall thickness (3.34 mm ± 0.72 mm vs 4.07 mm ± 0.58 mm, respectively) and an increased incidence of thickening of the muscularis layer (1/11 and 11/14, respectively). In conclusion, ultrasonographic evidence of a prominent intestinal muscularis layer, palpably thickened intestines and peripheral eosinophilia can serve as biomarkers for the presence of EE in cats with chronic intestinal signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tucker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - John H Keating
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia R L Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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11
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Fushimi Y, Takagi M, Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Tsuka T, Deguchi E. Three cases of idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis with chronic obstinate diarrhea in Japanese Black fattening cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:337-40. [PMID: 25391396 PMCID: PMC4383781 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic enteritis (EOE) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is characterized clinically by chronic obstinate diarrhea. Three Japanese Black (JB) fattening cattle (2 males and 1 female) on different cattle farms presented with chronic episodic diarrhea without fever or dehydration. Soft reddish spherical carneous tissues (1-3 cm) were occasionally excreted within the diarrheic feces. Administration of antibiotics, antidiarrheal drugs and vermicides had no therapeutic effect, but dexamethasone improved the fecal characteristics. The symptoms persisted until the animals were slaughtered at 27-30 months of age. Histopathological examination of the intestines revealed marked eosinophilic infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa. From these findings, we diagnosed these cattle as the first cases of EOE in JB cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Fushimi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Shepherd Central Livestock Clinic, Kagoshima 899-1611, Japan
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12
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Li Y, Bae HI, Kim HS, Kang MS, Jung WH, Kim KH, Song SW, Kang BH. The spectrum of eosinophilic infiltration of the cecum and its relationship to other disorders of multiple granulomas and arteritis in Sprague-Dawley rat. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:243-9. [PMID: 24646705 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous multiple granulomas were present in the animal under the SPF condition and without chemical treatment, in a 19-week-old male Sprague-Dawley control-group rat. Here we describe multiple granulomas and prominent diffuse infiltration by eosinophils in the cecal submucosa, and arteritis in the mesenteric arteries. The multiple granulomas were characterized by central eosinophilic degeneration or necrosis, prominent eosinophils, many multi-nucleated giant cells and abundant fibroblasts. They were restricted to the cecal submucosa. The mesenteric arteritis consisted of fibrinoid necrosis of the intima and media, intense inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the arterial wall. An affected artery in the cecum was continuous with the mesenteric artery. The foregoing tissue changes in this rat correlate with the high absolute blood eosinophil count found in this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- Department of Pathology, Chemon Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea
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13
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Harris BJ, Constantino-Casas F, Archer J, Herrtage ME. Loeffler's endocarditis and bicavity eosinophilic effusions in a dog with visceral mast cell tumour and hypereosinophilia. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:429-33. [PMID: 23809908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old crossbred dog was presented with a 2-week history of diarrhoea and tachypnoea. Marked circulating eosinophilia was identified. Pleural and abdominal effusions were detected by radiography and ultrasonography and cytological examination of these fluids revealed a predominance of eosinophils. Splenic and hepatic cytology revealed mast cell neoplasia, which was confirmed as visceral mast cell tumour on post-mortem examination. Histological changes of myocardial inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis were found. These findings are consistent with Loeffler's endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Harris
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Ashville Point, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire WA7 3FW, UK.
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14
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Jergens AE. Feline idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: what we know and what remains to be unraveled. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:445-58. [PMID: 22736679 PMCID: PMC10822384 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12451548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) denotes one form of chronic enteropathy that is immunologically mediated and characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs and histologic inflammation. Signs of vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss generally predominate, and mucosal inflammation may occur in any portion of the GI tract (especially the small intestine). Affected cats may also have concurrent inflammation in other organs, such as the pancreas and liver, which may impact clinical disease severity. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The exact etiologies of this heterogeneous group of disorders have yet to be determined, though results from basic science and clinical studies suggest that interplay between genetic factors and enteric bacteria is crucial for disease development. The diagnosis is one of exclusion and requires intestinal mucosal biopsy to characterize the type and severity of the inflammatory infiltrate, and to differentiate IBD from other disorders, including alimentary lymphoma. Controversy exists concerning the relative diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic versus full-thickness specimens for the diagnosis of IBD and its differentiation from alimentary lymphoma. AUDIENCE This article is intended to provide veterinary practitioners with a comprehensive clinical update on idiopathic IBD in cats. It reviews the current evidence-based data, the diagnostic approach, the evolving histologic criteria, and treatment options and outcome for feline patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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15
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Gaschen L. Ultrasonography of Small Intestinal Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:329-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kamstock D, Halsey C, Powers B. Authors' response. Vet Comp Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00228_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kleinschmidt S, Harder J, Nolte I, Marsilio S, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Chronic inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in cats: diagnostic advantages of full-thickness intestinal and extraintestinal biopsies. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:97-103. [PMID: 19664949 PMCID: PMC10911445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of histological findings in full-thickness biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and extraintestinal samples of 43 cats with chronic GIT disease signs was performed. In the majority of cases (46.5%) inflammatory bowel disease, ie, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis/colitis (32.6%), eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis (11.6%) and mixed inflammatory infiltration (2.3%), was diagnosed. Furthermore, in four animals non-inflammatory mucosal band-shaped fibrosis (9.3%), and in 10 cats (23.3%) a diffuse lymphoma, was found. Six cats displayed only a gastritis (7.0%) or lymphangiectasia (7.0%), respectively. In two cats a mast cell tumour (4.7%) was diagnosed. In one cat no histopathological lesions were found. The availability of transmural biopsies from all segments of the intestine and the collection of extraintestinal samples, especially mesenteric lymph nodes, is especially helpful for diagnosing intestinal tumours such as lymphomas and tumours of mast cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kleinschmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmine Harder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sina Marsilio
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Lankveld DPK. Tracheal obstruction by an eosinophilic granuloma in a horse: surgical and Nd:YAG laser treatment. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Perez Olmos JF, Schofield WL, Dillon H, Sadlier M, Fogarty U. Circumferential mural bands in the small intestine causing simple obstructive colic: a case series. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:354-9. [PMID: 16866205 DOI: 10.2746/042516406777749308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Circumferential mural band (CMB) in the small intestine is an emerging condition in Ireland. The clinical presentation is a simple obstruction of the small intestine of unknown aetiology. HYPOTHESIS Horses affected with CMB in the small intestine have a good prognosis following surgical decompression into the caecum. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out and 28 cases identified from 559 colic surgeries performed over a 5.5 year period. An exploratory celiotomy was performed in every case. A simple obstruction at the mid or distal jejunum was identified caused by a CMB, which was multiple in some cases. All of the horses except 2 had undergone a regular anthelmintic programme. RESULTS Manual decompression of the small intestine into the caecum resulted in resolution of the simple jejunal obstruction. A constricted segment of small intestine was resected in one case, as the degree of constriction was severe. A full thickness biopsy was taken from another case. Histopathology was performed on both samples. All horses recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital 7-32 days post operatively. Short-term complications were observed. Survival rate was 100% at long-term follow-up. Histopathology showed inflammatory infiltration in the submucosa, muscularis and serosa with eosinophils predominating. Parasites were not detected. CONCLUSION AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Small intestine circumferential mural bands have a good prognosis after surgical decompression of the small intestine into the caecum.
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Craig LE, Hardam EE, Hertzke DM, Flatland B, Rohrbach BW, Moore RR. Feline Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:63-70. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-1-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study of cases of a unique intramural inflammatory mass within the feline gastrointestinal tract was performed in order to describe and characterize the lesion. Twenty-five cases were identified from archival surgical and postmortem tissues. The lesion most often occurred as an ulcerated intramural mass at the pyloric sphincter (n = 12) or the ileocecocolic junction or colon (n = 9); the remaining cases were in the small intestine. Seven cases also had lymph node involvement. The lesions were characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, large reactive fibroblasts, and trabeculae of dense collagen. Intralesional bacteria were identified in 56% of the cases overall and all of the ileocecocolic junction and colon lesions. Fifty-eight percent of cats tested had peripheral eosinophilia. Cats treated with prednisone had a significantly longer survival time than those receiving other treatments. We propose that this is a unique fibroblastic response of the feline gastrointestinal tract to eosinophilic inflammation that in some cases is associated with bacteria. The lesion is often grossly and sometimes histologically mistaken for neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Craig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | | | - D. M. Hertzke
- Marshfield Clinic Laboratories, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Marshfield, WI
| | - B. Flatland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - B. W. Rohrbach
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - R. R. Moore
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC
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TAKEUCHI Y, MATSUURA S, FUJINO Y, NAKAJIMA M, TAKAHASHI M, NAKASHIMA K, SAKAI Y, UETSUKA K, OHNO K, NAKAYAMA H, TSUJIMOTO H. Hypereosinophilic Syndrome in Two Cats. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:1085-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori TAKEUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shinobu MATSUURA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuhito FUJINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Mayumi NAKAJIMA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masashi TAKAHASHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ko NAKASHIMA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yusuke SAKAI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koji UETSUKA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi OHNO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hajime TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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22
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Sharifi H, Nassiri SM, Esmaelli H, Khoshnegah J. Eosinophilic leukaemia in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9:514-7. [PMID: 17669677 PMCID: PMC10911507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A 14-year-old female domestic shorthair cat was presented to Tehran University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a persistent fever, anorexia, intermittent vomiting, weight loss and weakness. The main clinical signs were pale mucous membranes, dehydration and splenomegaly. The complete blood count and serum biochemistry tests revealed non-regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for feline leukaemia virus was negative. Blood film and bone marrow examination revealed a large number of immature eosinophils with variable sizes and numbers of faintly azurophilic granules. Cytochemical staining of blood film demonstrated 70% positive cells for ALP activity. Four percent CD34 positive cells were detected by flow cytometry. As eosinophilic leukaemia is difficult to identify by light microscopy, well-defined diagnostic criteria and the use of flow cytometry and cytochemical staining can improve the ability to correctly diagnose this type of leukaemia in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sharifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Esmaelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Khoshnegah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Salvadori C, Baroni M, Arispici M, Cantile C. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings in a case of canine idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:466-9. [PMID: 17663664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A case of idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in a six-month-old male Maremma shepherd dog is reported. The dog was referred with a four month history of progressive weakness and depression with loss of trained habits. Tendency to recumbency, disorientation, visual impairment, bilaterally decreased menace response and hindlimb conscious proprioception deficits were detected. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a diffuse hypointense signal involving the cerebral grey matter with enlargement of the cerebral sulci on T1-weighted and fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences consistent with a diffuse necrosis or atrophy of the cortical grey matter. Histological examination revealed severe inflammatory infiltration mainly composed of eosinophils and macrophages in the subarachnoid space and in the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex where parenchymal rarefaction and necrosis of neurones were also evident. No parasites, cysts or fungi were detected, and an immunologically mediated disorder was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging may represent a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis from other inflammatory brain diseases of young dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salvadori
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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24
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Archer DC, Barrie Edwards G, Kelly DF, French NP, Proudman CJ. Obstruction of equine small intestine associated with focal idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis: An emerging disease? Vet J 2006; 171:504-12. [PMID: 16624717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE) is a rare disease in the horse and few cases have been reported in the literature. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical, surgical, histological features and post-operative progress of 12 horses with IFEE, a disease that had not been identified in the authors' hospital population prior to 2000. Diagnosis of IFEE was made at laparotomy and confirmed by histological examination of resected abnormal small intestine. In all 12 horses colic was associated with jejunal obstruction involving visibly striking and palpably thickened serosal plaques or circumferential constrictions. Surgical resection of affected intestine was performed in 10 horses, of which seven completely recovered. In one horse, on which surgical resection was not performed, ingesta re-obstructed post-operatively at one of the lesions. Histological examination of resected intestines revealed, in all cases, severe transmural enteritis in which eosinophilic leucocytes were the predominant inflammatory cells. No helminths were identified and the cause of this lesion is not known. IFEE is an uncommon but significant cause of small intestinal obstruction for which surgical resection can be curative. The gross lesions may be under-recognised and histology is essential for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Archer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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25
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Cave NJ. Chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of companion animals. N Z Vet J 2005; 51:262-74. [PMID: 16032340 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2003.36380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affect dogs and cats there appears to be dysregulation of normal mucosal immunity, characterised by polyclonal lymphocytic infiltrates which are presumably specific for luminal antigens. There is an absence of a classical polarisation of either T-helper (Th) 1 or Th2 cytokine responses, although increased expression of mRNA for interleukin (IL) 2 and IL-12p40 and a shift towards mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) G production are consistent findings, whilst variable responses are seen in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Increased mucosal permeability and deranged intestinal motility are common sequelae. Despite obvious similarities with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in humans, important differences exist. Of these, the diffuse superficial nature but with no Th1 or Th2 bias, and the prevalence of proximal small intestinal disease are notable. Potential hypotheses for these disparities include specific differences in the types or locations of agonistic gut flora, diffuse abnormalities in microbial-host interactions, a greater importance of diet, or anatomical or cellular differences in mucosal immune responses. Although specific pathogens and genetic susceptibilities may be involved, quantitative or qualitative changes in the normal flora or abnormal responses to a normal flora are more likely to be involved in the immunopathogenesis. Dietary influences include a large source of antigen, promotion of abnormal microbial growth through Maillard compounds within canned diets, and specific macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Although dependent on a histopathological diagnosis, limitations of biopsies procured endoscopically, lack of histopathological standardisation and difficulty distinguishing inflammation from neoplasia remain significant problems. Clinician-pathologist dialogue, immunohistochemistry, cytokine profiling and lymphocyte clonality assessment may lead to more accurate diagnoses, a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis, and ultimately to new therapies or prevention of disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cave
- Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Lilliehöök I, Tvedten H. Investigation of hypereosinophilia and potential treatments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 33:1359-78, viii. [PMID: 14664203 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilia is excessive eosinophilia and has been defined in dogs and cats as eosinophils greater than 5 x 10(9)/L (> 5000/microL). Canine breeds with a predisposition to higher eosinophil counts or certain eosinophilic diseases include the Rottweiler, German Shepard, Siberian Husky, Alaskan Malamute, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Two of the more common causes of canine hypereosinophilia are pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils (PIE) and gastrointestinal disease. The highest eosinophil counts are expected in dogs with pneumonia or PIE. The most common cause of eosinophilia in cats is flea allergy. The greatest eosinophilia occurs in cats with flea allergy, feline asthma, and eosinophilic granuloma. Innovative recent treatments for human patients with asthma have been successful in reducing eosinophil numbers but have had a confusing and disappointing lack of reducing symptoms. The role of eosinophils in many eosinophilic diseases remains a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lilliehöök
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Gehlena H, Cehaka A, Bagób,c Z, Stadlera P. Multisystemic eosinophilic disease in a standardbred mare combined with generalized lymphadenitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1053/jevs.2003.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Abstract
To date, pathology characteristics of toxic oil syndrome (TOS), a disease associated with consumption of a contaminated cooking oil in Spain in 1981, have not been reproduced in an animal model. As vasculitis, eosinophilia, and a rise in circulating IgE levels were features of the acute phase of TOS, leading to an autoimmune outcome, a review of predisposition to these aspects across species was conducted. The intent was to determine predisposed strains or species that potentially might be effective in testing the toxic oils and thus defining the precise identity of the toxic contaminant(s). A number of potential candidates emerge from this review. Among mice, these include the NZB mouse hybrids, the MRL/lpr and SJL/J strains, and a transgenic mouse model of eosinophilia. The Brown Norway may be the most appropriate rat strain, while beagle dogs inbred to be genetically predisposed to immune complex disease and vasculitis are also a candidate species. Of the more exotic species, the mink and ferret have characteristics that might make them suitable candidates for testing oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Hard
- American Health Foundation, 1 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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29
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Barrs VR, Beatty JA, McCandlish IA, Kipar A. Hypereosinophilic paraneoplastic syndrome in a cat with intestinal T cell lymphosarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2002; 43:401-5. [PMID: 12238505 PMCID: PMC7166629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old, neutered female, domestic shorthair cat was presented with a recent history of weight loss, polydipsia, diarrhoea and vomiting. On physical examination, intestinal thickening and mesenteric lymph node enlargement were apparent. Clinical investigations revealed peripheral blood eosinophilia, eosinophilic abdominal effusion and eosinophilic mesenteric lymphadenitis. There was a temporary response to treatment with glucocorticoids but signs progressed and the cat was euthanased. On histology, there was eosinophilic infiltration and fibroplasia of intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. Large aggregates of neoplastic round cells in the intestine and lymph nodes were identified as T lymphocytes using immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of intestinal T cell lymphosarcoma was made. This case demonstrates that hypereosinophilic paraneoplastic syndrome may occur in cats with lymphosarcoma. Eosinophil chemotaxis may be a response to the production of interleukin-5 by neoplastic lymphocytes.
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30
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Abstract
An 11-year-old crossbred dog was presented with a history of episodic vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and coughing. These signs had been present for several years. Marked peripheral eosinophilia (10.3 x 10(9)/L) was found. No underlying cause of reactive eosinophilia was apparent. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed hyperplasia of the eosinophilic cell line, with some increase in immaturity, although all cells were morphologically normal. There were numerous eosinophils in bronchial wash fluid and eosinophilic infiltrates were evident in biopsies of pancreas, liver, small intestine and colon but not stomach. Hypereosinophilic syndrome was diagnosed. The dog responded well to twice daily treatment with hydroxyurea and prednisolone. Clinical signs are well-controlled 16 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perkins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
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31
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Aroch I, Perl S, Markovics A. Disseminated eosinophilic disease resembling idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome in a dog. Vet Rec 2001; 149:386-9. [PMID: 11601516 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.13.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
True idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome has been described in human beings and cats, but not in dogs. The syndrome is characterised by prolonged unexplained peripheral mature eosinophilia, the infiltration of many organs by eosinophils, organ dysfunction and a fatal outcome. This paper describes an idiopathic disseminated eosinophilic disease in a dog involving various organs, manly the heart and the lungs, accompanied by a leukemoid eosinophilic response, and a fatal outcome. The histopathological findings included the infiltration of the myocardium, lung parenchyma, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and skeletal muscles with eosiniphils.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, Frisbie DD. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses. Vet Surg 2000; 29:415-9. [PMID: 10999455 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2000.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the history, clinical findings, and outcome of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with acute small intestinal obstruction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Six horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis. METHODS Retrospective review of medical records of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis, with acute abdominal pain and small intestinal obstruction, associated with a focal region of eosinophilic enteritis of unknown cause. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, physical examination, laboratory findings, surgical procedure, histologic diagnosis, and postoperative management. Outcome was determined by telephone communication with owners. RESULTS Six horses met the selection criteria. Horses had persistent pain, distended small intestine, and nasogastric reflux. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions associated with a small intestinal obstruction were treated surgically by intestinal resection and anastomosis or wedge resection. There were no observed complications associated with extension of the disease from the lesion site. Five horses were alive at follow-up 5 to 60 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although the cause of these focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions is unknown, the long-term outcome after lesion resection was favorable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Small intestinal obstruction associated with a focal eosinophilic enteritis lesion may be a cause of acute abdominal pain in horses. Horses apparently have a good prognosis after lesion resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Southwood
- Department of Clinical and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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33
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Narama I, Ozaki K, Matsushima S, Matsuura T. Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in iron lactate-overloaded rats. Toxicol Pathol 1999; 27:318-24. [PMID: 10356708 DOI: 10.1177/019262339902700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis with peripheral eosinophilia was induced in rats fed a diet containing 2.5% or 5.0% iron lactate for 3 mo. Additional findings consistent with iron overload were also observed. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of eosinophilic infiltrations in the mucosa and submucosa along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tracts, increased surface area of the gastric mucosal propria covered with mucous cells, and increased apoptotic bodies in the gastric glandular neck of rats in the 2.5% and 5.0% groups. An increased number of intraepithelial globule leukocytes in the gastric and intestinal lamina propria was also observed in the 5.0% group. Globule leukocytes in the gastric mucosa contained obviously enlarged granules in their cytoplasm in these rats. The granules of the globule leukocytes were positive for rat mast cell protease II, suggesting the mastocyte origin of these cells. Although severe infiltration of eosinophils and globule leukocytes suggested a type-1 hypersensitivity reaction, other features such as an increasing vascular permeability were not detected. Serum IgE levels in the 5.0% and control groups were < 3 ng/ml. Final body weights of male and female rats of the 5.0% group were suppressed to 70% and 90%, respectively, of those of the control rats, whereas food consumption was comparable to that of the control group. The morphologic characteristics of the gastrointestinal lesions and peripheral eosinophilia induced in rats fed iron lactate were very similar to those in some cases of eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Narama
- Research Institute of Drug Safety, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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34
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35
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Blomme EA, Foy SH, Chappell KH, La Perle KM. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with Hodgkin's-like lymphoma in a ferret. J Comp Pathol 1999; 120:211-7. [PMID: 10087494 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1998.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's-like lymphoma involving the lung, mediastinum, liver, kidneys and mesenteric lymph nodes was diagnosed in a ferret. The diagnosis was based on the presence of an admixture of CD3+ small lymphocytes with smaller numbers of macrophages, eosinophils, and large, pleomorphic, frequently multinucleated, Reed-Sternberg-like cells which were immunoreactive to BLA.36 monoclonal antibody. In addition, the liver, pancreas, small intestine and lungs were infiltrated with moderate to large numbers of eosinophils, forming eosinophilic granulomas with occasional deposition of Splendore-Hoeppli material, supporting a diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome. The concurrent diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome and Hodgkin's-like lymphoma in this ferret provides further support to the concept that, in animals, multisystemic eosinophilic infiltrates may be caused by the abnormal proliferation of T lymphocytes, as has been demonstrated in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Blomme
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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36
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Abstract
The physiology of the normal gastric defence mechanisms in the dog and cat is reviewed to emphasize the routes by which drugs can be used to protect the gastric mucosa. The action of the main anti-ulcer and pro-kinetic drugs are discussed in relation to the diseases that they may be used to treat. Gastric disease in the form of gastric dilatation/volvulus, chronic vomiting without obstruction and gastric outflow disease are described from the point of view of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sullivan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Scotland
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37
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La Perle KM, Piercy RJ, Long JF, Blomme EA. Multisystemic, eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease with intestinal lymphosarcoma in a horse. Vet Pathol 1998; 35:144-6. [PMID: 9539369 DOI: 10.1177/030098589803500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multisystemic, eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease and intestinal lymphosarcoma were diagnosed in a Paso Fino mare that presented with anorexia and weight loss. The stomach, ileum, cecum, colon, pancreas, and lungs were infiltrated by large numbers of eosinophils forming prominent eosinophilic granulomas, as well as lymphocytes and plasma cells. Two jejunal masses composed of solid sheets of neoplastic lymphocytes were present. In contrast to the regions of inflammation, the infiltrates in these masses did not contain plasma cells, eosinophils, and eosinophilic granulomas. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic lymphocytes expressed CD3 but not CD20 or kappa and lambda light chains, supporting a diagnosis of T-cell lymphosarcoma. Concurrent diagnoses of hypereosinophilic syndrome and lymphosarcoma in this horse and several humans suggest that the multisystemic eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates were caused by the clonal proliferation of T-lymphocytes that secreted interleukin-5 triggering differentiation and activation of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M La Perle
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus 43210-1093, USA.
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38
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Bassage LH, Johnston JK, Krotec KL, Meyer BS. Eosinophilic enterocolitis associated with recurrent colonic impactions in a mare. Equine Vet J 1997; 29:322-5. [PMID: 15338915 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Bassage
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
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39
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Bell AG, Chard WG, Grayson JL, James MP. Eosinophilic papulocrustous dermatitis (miliary dermatitis) and eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease in two cats. N Z Vet J 1995; 43:153-7. [PMID: 16031837 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1995.35877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two cats with chronic eosinophilic skin disease were investigated. The clinical investigation of the skin disease in one cat was limited and inflammatory bowel disease was diagnosed post mortem. A history of weight loss and a palpably thickened bowel in the second cat suggested concurrent gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was confirmed on biopsy. Treatment with azathioprine and methylprednisolone acetate resolved the signs of gastrointestinal disease, the pruritus and 95% of the skin lesions. The concurrence of eosinophilic papulocrustous dermatitis and eosinophilic bowel disease raises the possibility of their being linked bv a common aetiology or pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bell
- Auckland Veterinary Diagnostics, Auckland, New Zealand
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40
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Rodríguez A, Rodríguez F, Peña L, Flores JM, Gonzalez M, Castaño M. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis syndrome in a dog. Vet Q 1995; 17:34-6. [PMID: 7610555 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1995.9694527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a clinical and pathological study of a 5 year old female mongrel dog (Drahthaar) with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. The animal was presented with vomiting and was reported to have had bloody diarrhoea for 4 months. The lesions were in atypical locations: in the fundus of the stomach, the ileocaecal valve and the rectum, near the anal sphincter. The lesions in the stomach wall were particularly severe and included severe fibroplasia, especially in the muscle layer and submucosa. Fibroplasia was less visible in the other locations. The presence of eosinophilic granulomatous masses led us to suspect a possible parasitic infection, although some authors note that this pathological condition may have an allergic aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Dpto Patologia Animal II, Facultad Veterinaria, UCM Madrid, Spain
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41
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Abstract
Many problems have been attributed to allergic reactions arising by way of the gastrointestinal tract. The term "food allergy" must be used with greater care. Allergy is but one of many adverse reactions to foods, several of which respond to dietary manipulation. Although gastrointestinal allergy is known to occur in animals, there is a need for greater precision in the use of terminology, further clarification of the problems, and challenge to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Blakemore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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42
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Peaston AE, Griffey SM. Visceral mast cell tumour with eosinophilia and eosinophilic peritoneal and pleural effusions in a cat. Aust Vet J 1994; 71:215-7. [PMID: 7945101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A cat with weight loss, pyrexia and recurrent lethargy and depression was found to have pleural and peritoneal eosinophilic effusions, peripheral eosinophilia, eosinophilic lymphadenitis and a massively enlarged mesenteric lymph node. Visceral mast cell neoplasia was diagnosed after histopathological examination of a biopsy of the mass. Palliative chemotherapy was attempted unsuccessfully and the cat was euthanased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Peaston
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616
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43
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the most common causes of chronic vomiting and diarrhea in cats. A definitive diagnosis is made only by biopsy. This article presents an overview of differential diagnosis of IBD in cats. Treatment of this syndrome is reviewed in detail. A great majority of cats with IBD can be managed successfully. This can be best assured by establishing a definitive diagnosis relatively early in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Tams
- West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, California
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44
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Ndikuwera J, Smith DA, Obwolo MJ, Masvingwe C. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia/ eosinophilic leukaemia in a dog? J Small Anim Pract 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1992.tb01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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46
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Fox JG, Palley LS, Rose R. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with Splendore-Hoeppli material in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 1992; 29:21-6. [PMID: 1557863 DOI: 10.1177/030098589202900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, focal or diffuse with eosinophilic infiltrations of the stomach or intestine, has been described in human beings, cats, dogs, and horses. In this paper, we describe infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophils accompanied by a circulating eosinophilia in six ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Clinical signs included chronic weight loss, anorexia, and diarrhea. The small intestines from five ferrets had diffuse infiltrates of eosinophils. This resulted in focal or multifocal loss of the muscular tunic in three ferrets. Two of these ferrets also had eosinophilic gastritis. Eosinophilic granulomas with Splendore-Hoeppli material were present in mesenteric lymph nodes in four ferrets. Two ferrets had multiple organ involvement; one had eosinophilic granulomas in the liver, mesentery, and choroid plexus as well as moderate parapancreatic segmental arteritis with infiltration of eosinophils and mural thrombosis. The second ferret had, in addition to moderate diffuse gastric and small intestinal eosinophilic mucosal infiltrations, interstitial eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates. Examination of all tissues failed to reveal an infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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47
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Abstract
The eosinophil was discovered by Jones in 1846 (Dessein and David, 1982) but its proclivity to stain with aniline dyes was first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 (Hirsch and Hirsch, 1980). Recognized and named for this quality, eosinophils possess an abundance of highly basic proteins within their granules which confer their affinity for acidic dyes (Gleich and Loegering, 1984). Eosinophils are traditionally viewed as killer-effector cells in parasitic infestations and as modulators of Type I hypersensitivity reactions (Butterworth and David, 1981; Kay, 1985). The eosinophils' reserve of cationic proteins and enzymes which imparts their profound parasiticidal effects (Butterworth and David, 1981) contrasts with this leukocyte's purported regulatory function in inflammation (Kay, 1985; Fechter et al., 1986). The opposing functions possessed by this leukocyte exemplify the enigma of the eosinophil. Recent evidence suggests that although the eosinophil does posses some regulatory capabilities, its presence is, in fact, a harbinger of tissue destruction (Gleich and Adolphoson, 1986, Wardlaw and Kay, 1987; Spry, 1988). Nor does the presence of the eosinophil automatically infer IgE mediated hypersensitivity, as evidenced by studies examining the interaction of the eosinophil with the cellular arm of the immune system (Basten and Beeson, 1970; Ruscetti et al., 1976; Beeson and Bass, 1977; Raghavachar et al., 1987; Ohnishi et al., 1988). The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the structure and biology of the mammalian eosinophil and to emphasize the fact that eosinophils fulfil a paradoxical role as effectors of tissue damage and as benign modulators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McEwen
- Department of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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48
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49
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Parsons JC, Bowman DD, Grieve RB. Pathological and haematological responses of cats experimentally infected with Toxocara canis larvae. Int J Parasitol 1989; 19:479-88. [PMID: 2777467 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Responses of eight adult cats to one or two infections with larvae of Toxocara canis were studied up to 39 days post infection (DPI). Clinically, all cats remained normal throughout the study. The major necropsy finding was multifocal, white to grey nodules mainly within the liver, lungs and kidneys; live larvae were found in liver nodules. Histologically, the nodules were eosinophilic granulomas. Granulomas containing a larval section were observed mainly within the liver. All infected cats had variably severe, eosinophilic arteritis and bronchiolitis and medial hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pulmonary arteries. No inflammatory eye lesions were detected. Circulating eosinophil levels increased in all infected cats; peak values of 15,790 and 10,050 eosinophils microliters-1 were observed at 25 or 32 DPI in cats receiving a single or double infection, respectively. Bone marrow of all infected cats exhibited marked eosinophilic hyperplasia which did not correlate with the level of circulating eosinophilia. Thus, infection of cats by the larvae of T. canis causes disseminated eosinophilic and granulomatous disease with marked pulmonary artery and airway lesions.
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50
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Abstract
Basic information has been presented concerning leukocyte (neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and basophil) function, production, kinetics, and response to various physiological and disease states. Using this information, veterinary practitioners should be able to interpret leukogram data from sick and healthy dogs and cats. Specifically, characteristic leukogram patterns such as physiological leukocytosis, corticosteroid-associated changes, and the presence of infection or severe inflammation should be recognized. In addition, interpretation of individual leukocyte responses should be possible. Several tables have been provided to assist in constructing a differential diagnosis to explain increases or decreases in absolute leukocyte numbers that lie outside of expected reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Latimer
- University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens
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