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Azizi S, Balasch JC, Cartan S, Jerez-Cepa I, Mancera JM, Tort L, Khansari AR. Enhancing farmed fish welfare: Evaluating the effectiveness of plant-based stress mitigating agents as sedatives in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) following intraperitoneal vaccination. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2025; 156:110058. [PMID: 39613169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vaccines may be compromised by the stress response induced by intraperitoneal/intramuscular (IP/IM) vaccination due to an intimate interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Essential oils (EOs), known for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and sedative properties, are potential candidates to mitigate this stress response. This study investigates the short-term sedative effect of two essential oil-based products, FishEase-C (FEC) and FishEase-L (FEL) in sea bass prior to intraperitoneal vaccination (IP). Physiological stress indicators (plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate) increased 1-h post-vaccination (hpv) as expected. Cortisol remained elevated up to 24 hpv in the N.P. vaccine and FEC + vaccine groups but decreased with FEL treatment (FEL + vaccine group). However, FEC at the tested concentration appeared to induce stress. The transcription of stress (gr, hsp70, cox2), immune (il1β, il6, tnfα), and antioxidant (gpx, sod, catalase) genes confirmed the vaccination-induced stress response, with mc2r transcription indicating increased cortisol production in vaccinated groups (N.P. vaccine and FEC + vaccine). FEL reduced stress at both physiological (e.g., cortisol) and transcriptional levels (e.g., hsp70, cox2 and il6) at either 1 or 24 hpv. It is worth noting that, from an inflammatory perspective, there was a big difference between tissues in terms of magnitude and pattern (treatment and time effects). The brain was more resistant to inflammation, while the head kidney and spleen showed heightened il1β expression (860-2100-fold). These findings support the use of FEL as a sedative before IP/IM vaccination in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Azizi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Cartan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Jerez-Cepa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan M Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Seternes T, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Scavenger endothelial cells of fish, a review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1385-1397. [PMID: 33999444 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The definition of scavenger endothelial cells (SEC) is exclusively based on functional and structural characteristics. The following characteristics are common hallmarks for the vertebrate SEC: (a) All vertebrates examined are furnished with a population of special SEC that plays a role in the catabolism of physiologic and non-physiologic soluble waste macromolecules. (b) From the ligands that are endocytosed, SEC in all seven vertebrate classes appear to express the collagen α-chain receptor and the scavenger receptors. In addition, the hyaluronan and the mannose receptors are present on SEC of mammalia (several species) and osteichthyes (e.g., salmon and cod). It is likely that all four receptor types are present in all vertebrate classes. (c) Like liver endothelial cells (LEC) in mammals, SEC in all vertebrate classes are geared to endocytosis of soluble macromolecules, but phagocytic uptake of particles is taken care of mainly by macrophages. (d) The most primitive vertebrates (hagfish, lamprey and ray) carry their SEC in gill vessels, whereas phylogenetically younger fishes (salmon, carp, cod and plaice) carry their SEC in either kidney or heart and in all terrestrial vertebrates-SEC are found exclusively in the liver. (e) SEC of all vertebrates are localized in blood sinusoids or trabeculae that carry large amounts of slowly flowing and O2 poor blood. (f) SEC differs functionally and structurally from what is normally associated with "conventional vascular endothelium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Seternes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roy A Dalmo
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Are Bacterio- and Phytoplankton Community Compositions Related in Lakes Differing in Their Cyanobacteria Contribution and Physico-Chemical Properties? Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060855. [PMID: 34199405 PMCID: PMC8227929 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterioplankton community composition has become the center of research attention in recent years. Bacteria associated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms have attracted considerable interest. However, little is known about the environmental factors driving the bacteria community, including the impact of invasive cyanobacteria. Therefore, our aim has been to determine the relationships between heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton community composition across 24 Polish lakes with different contributions of cyanobacteria including the invasive species Raphidiopsis raciborskii. This analysis revealed that cyanobacteria were present in 16 lakes, while R. raciborskii occurred in 14 lakes. Our results show that bacteria communities differed between lakes dominated by cyanobacteria and lakes with minor contributions of cyanobacteria but did not differ between lakes with R. raciborskii and other lakes. Physical factors, including water and Secchi depth, were the major drivers of bacteria and phytoplankton community composition. However, in lakes dominated by cyanobacteria, bacterial community composition was also influenced by biotic factors such as the amount of R. raciborskii, chlorophyll-a and total phytoplankton biomass. Thus, our study provides novel evidence on the influence of environmental factors and R. raciborskii on lake bacteria communities.
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Biodistribution of surfactant-free poly(lactic-acid) nanoparticles and uptake by endothelial cells and phagocytes in zebrafish: Evidence for endothelium to macrophage transfer. J Control Release 2021; 331:228-245. [PMID: 33444668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic nanoparticles (NP), there is a large gap between in vitro testing and in vivo experimentation. Despite its prominence as a model, the mouse shows severe limitations for imaging NP and the cells with which they interact. Recently, the transparent zebrafish larva, which is well suited for high-resolution live-imaging, has emerged as a powerful alternative model to investigate the in vivo behavior of NP. Poly(D,L lactic acid) (PLA) is widely accepted as a safe polymer to prepare therapeutic NP. However, to prevent aggregation, many NP require surfactants, which may have undesirable biological effects. Here, we evaluate 'safe-by-design', surfactant-free PLA-NP that were injected intravenously into zebrafish larvae. Interaction of fluorescent NPs with different cell types labelled in reporter animals could be followed in real-time at high resolution; furthermore, by encapsulating colloidal gold into the matrix of PLA-NP we could follow their fate in more detail by electron microscopy, from uptake to degradation. The rapid clearance of fluorescent PLA-NP from the circulation coincided with internalization by endothelial cells lining the whole vasculature and macrophages. After 30 min, when no NP remained in circulation, we observed that macrophages continued to internalize significant amounts of NP. More detailed video-imaging revealed a new mechanism of NP transfer where NP are transmitted along with parts of the cytoplasm from endothelial cells to macrophages.
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Ling XD, Dong WT, Zhang Y, Qian X, Zhang WD, He WH, Zhao XX, Liu JX. Comparative transcriptomics and histopathological analysis of crucian carp infection by atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:294-307. [PMID: 31491530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a ubiquitous fish pathogen known to cause furunculosis. With the emergence of new subtypes and the expansion of the host range, it has threatened the health of a variety of marine and freshwater fish, particularly the non-salmonids, manifesting differently from the classical furunculosis. Although there have been reports of infection by atypical strains on the crucian carp, the pathogenesis and tissue pathology remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomics and histopathology were used to analyze the immune response and lesions of crucian carp infected with A. salmonicida. Comparative analysis showed 6579 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3428 down-regulated and 3151 up-regulated) were identified on day 5 post-infection (5 dpi). Further annotation and analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in enzyme regulator activity, response to oxidative stress, iron ion homeostasis and other functions, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), toll-like receptor (TLR), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) etc., and immune-related signaling pathways. Meanwhile, the four C-type lysozyme genes found in all DEGs were significantly up-regulated after infection. In addition, there was severe bleeding on the body of the infected fish. Also, the intestine, liver, spleen, and kidney showed varying degrees of inflammatory damage, especially the goblet cell hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa epithelium and degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium cells. Additionally, with the increase in pathogen concentration, the cumulative mortality increased, the severity of lesions in the hindgut and head-kidney tissues increased. The relative expression levels of four immune-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-11, C-lysozyme) were also significantly upregulated, compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study provides a scientific basis for further study on the immune response, pathological diagnosis, and prevention of crucian carp infection caused by atypical A. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wei-Tao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Animal Husbandry and Fishery Technology Promotion Center of Yuzhong, Yuzhong, 730100, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wan-Hong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xing-Xu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R & D, Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Phosphoproteomic analyses of kidneys of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2101. [PMID: 30765835 PMCID: PMC6376026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes furunculosis and poses a significant global risk, particularly in economic activities such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. In a previous study, we identified proteins that are significantly upregulated in kidneys of Atlantic salmon challenged with A. salmonicida. Phosphoproteomic analyses were conducted to further clarify the dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation patterns triggered by bacterial infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize phosphorylation events in proteins from A. salmonicida-infected Atlantic salmon. Overall, we identified over 5635 phosphorylation sites in 3112 proteins, and 1502 up-regulated and 77 down-regulated proteins quantified as a 1.5-fold or greater change relative to control levels. Based on the combined data from proteomic and motif analyses, we hypothesize that five prospective novel kinases (VRK3, GAK, HCK, PKCδ and RSK6) with common functions in inflammatory processes and cellular pathways to regulate apoptosis and the cytoskeleton could serve as potential biomarkers against bacterial propagation in fish. Data from STRING-based functional network analyses indicate that fga is the most central protein. Our collective findings provide new insights into protein phosphorylation patterns, which may serve as effective indicators of A. salmonicida infection in Atlantic salmon.
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Liu PF, Du Y, Meng L, Li X, Liu Y. ALDH7A1 is a protein that protects Atlantic salmon against Aeromonas salmonicida at the early stages of infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:30-39. [PMID: 28867386 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) belong to a super-family of detoxifying proteins and perform a significant role in developing epithelial homeostasis, protecting cells from toxic aldehydes and drug resistance. However, the activity and function of these detoxifying proteins remain unknown, especially in fish. In our research, we aimed to study functions of aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) in Atlantic salmon infected by Aeromonas salmonicida. Recombinant ALDH7A1 (rALDH7A1) was verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence of rALDH7A1 is 58.9 kDa with an estimated pI of 7.09. Only a low complexity region (141yvegvgevqeyvdv153) without a signal peptide existed in rALDH7A1. Results of ELISA indicated that rALDH7A1 exhibited apparent binding activities with A. salmonicida and its expression was highest in fish kidney. A Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay in kidneys confirmed that fish in this experiment were authentically infected and bacterial loads in rALDH7A1-adminsitered fish were significantly reduced at an early stage of infection. Meanwhile, we found the mRNA expression of NF-kβ, P-38 MAPK, caspase-3 and TNF-α were mainly up-regulated at 72 h in the kidneys and livers of highly infected fish injected with rALDH7A1, and the same variation trend existed in fish spleens at 12 h. Consistent with these observations, neutralization experiments in vivo indicated that rALDH7A1 could obviously reduce the death rate compared to the BSA and control group. Taken together, we concluded that rALDH7A1 could act in host immune defense against bacterial infection and decrease the mortality rate of Atlantic salmon at early stages of infection with A. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Yishuai Du
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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Liu PF, Du Y, Meng L, Li X, Liu Y. Proteomic analysis in kidneys of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida by iTRAQ. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:140-153. [PMID: 28235584 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a major etiologic agent which induces furunculosis and is globally harmful in salmonid and turbot cultures, especially in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. In order to improve knowledge of its poorly understood pathogenesis, we utilized high-throughput proteomics to display differentially expressed proteins in the kidney of Atlantic salmon challenged with high and low infection dose of A. salmonicida at 7 and 14 days. In quantitative proteomic assays, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with 2D LC-MS/MS is emerging as a powerful methodology in the search for disease-specific targets and biomarkers. In this study, 4009 distinct proteins (unused ≥ 1.3, which is a confidence ≥ 95%) were identified in three two-dimensional LC/MS/MS analyses. Then we chose 140 proteins (fold change ratio ≥ 1.5 and P < 0.01) combined with protein-protein interaction analysis to ultimately obtain 39 proteins in network which could be considered as potential biomarkers for Atlantic salmon immune responses. Nine significant differentially expressed proteins were consistent with those at the proteomic level used to validate genes at the transcriptomic level by qPCR. Collectively, these data was first reported using an iTRAQ approach to provide additional elements for consideration in the pathophysiology of A. salmonicida and pave the way to resolve the influence of this disease in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Yishuai Du
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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Liu PF, Du Y, Meng L, Li X, Liu Y. Metabolic profiling in kidneys of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida based on 1H NMR. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:292-301. [PMID: 27577538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida, an important pathogenic bacterium which induces furunculosis, is globally causing increased risks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. Although the kidney is the main target organ of A. salmonicida, the metabolic profiling of kidney in response to A. salmonicida in vivo remains unknown. Here, we used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to comprehensively analyze the metabolic changes in the kidney of Atlantic salmon. Through the NOESYPR1D spectrum combined with multi-variate pattern recognition analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models, significant metabolic changes were observed seven and 14 days post-infection and in a control group. Hence, the main objective of this study was to estimate the significant metabolites with resistance to furunculosis and further understand the mechanism of A. salmonicida in Atlantic salmon. Notably, substantial alterations of kidney metabolites were observed, such as with fumarate, alanine, valine, glycine, aspartate, choline, glycerophosphocholine and betaine, and summarized by metabolic pathways including the citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, tryptophan metabolism, and urea cycle, respectively. Changes were also observed in 3-hydroxybutyrate and phosphocholine which were not involved in these four metabolic pathways. After analyzing the alteration trend of these metabolites, we inferred that A. salmonicida caused absorption inhibition of amino acids and disturbed protein metabolism as well as cell metabolism in favor of its replication. These observations offered novel insights into the mechanisms of infection at a functional level and facilitated further assessment and clarification of fish disease from A. salmonicida exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Yishuai Du
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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Ferguson HW, Kabuusu R, Beltran S, Reyes E, Lince JA, del Pozo J. Syncytial hepatitis of farmed tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.): a case report. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:583-9. [PMID: 23802941 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H W Ferguson
- Marine Medicine Programme, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George's University, St George, Grenada
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Fredriksen B, Sævareid K, McAuley L, Lane M, Bøgwald J, Dalmo R. Early immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after immunization with PLGA nanoparticles loaded with a model antigen and β-glucan. Vaccine 2011; 29:8338-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Young KM, Czyrny A, Russell S, Huber P, Lumsden JS. Plasma ladderlectin concentration following sterile inflammation and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:569-576. [PMID: 19538251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasma samples obtained from rainbow trout either experimentally infected with Aeromonas salmonicida or injected with either A. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or a commercial A. salmonicida vaccine (Lipogen) were analysed by enzyme immunoassay to evaluate changes in rainbow trout ladderlectin (RTLL) concentrations during the acute phase response (APR). Plasma RTLL concentrations in fish injected with A. salmonicida LPS, vaccine or live A. salmonicida varied over a 10 day period, but did not significantly increase. In contrast, fish experimentally infected with A. salmonicida exhibited a modest, but statistically significant (P < 0.05), decrease in RTLL concentration. These studies demonstrate that RTLL is not detectably induced during the trout APR to sterile inflammation or A. salmonicida infection, but plasma concentration of this protein may be reduced during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Young
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Chadzinska M, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Plytycz B, Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade BM. In vivo kinetics of cytokine expression during peritonitis in carp: evidence for innate and alternative macrophage polarization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:509-18. [PMID: 17988736 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many cytokine genes in fish, knowledge on their functional homology is limited. To enlighten the biological function of inflammation-related mediators, we studied their kinetics of gene expression during peritonitis in carp. Zymosan-induced intraperitoneal influx of phagocytes reached a maximum at 24h. In peritoneal leukocytes (PTL) up-regulation of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, CXCa, and chemokine receptor CXCR1 preceded this peak. Delayed up-regulation of these genes in the head kidney (HK) indicates emigration of antigen-presenting cells from peritoneum into HK and/or systemic spreading of inflammation. In turn, early increase in expression of anti-inflammatory genes in HK (6h) precede their up-regulation in the focus of inflammation. In PTL peaks of IL-10 and arginase 2 expression were recorded at 96 and 168h, respectively. These results give evidence that carp macrophages in vivo differentiate into a continuum of different activation states with innate and alternative activation representing the extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chadzinska
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Whyte SK. The innate immune response of finfish--a review of current knowledge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1127-1151. [PMID: 17980622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the fisheries of traditional marine species has been an incentive for the diversification of today's aquaculture sector into the intensive rearing of many finfish species. The increasing interest in commercial farming of different finfish species is expected to result in similar environmental and husbandry-related problems as have been experienced in the development of the salmonid farming industry. An understanding of the biology of the fish species being cultured, in particular the immune response is important for improved husbandry and health management of the species. The innate immune system of fish has generated increasing interest in recent years and is now thought to be of key importance in primary defence and in driving adaptive immunity. This review focuses on key components (cellular and humoral) of the innate immune responses of different fish species of commercial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona K Whyte
- Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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15
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Leknes IL. Blood cleansing in heart atrium of Trichogaster leerii (Bleeker, 1852), Anabantidae: Teleostei. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-007-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Overturf K, LaPatra S. Quantitative expression (Walbaum) of immunological factors in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after infection with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:215-24. [PMID: 16635061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. Separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and samples from infected and mock-infected fish were taken at either 1 or 5 days after infection. Ten fish were sampled at each time point for individual sections of liver, spleen and head kidney. Organ specimens from five of the fish were used to re-isolate and quantify the pathogen at the time the samples were taken. Total RNA was extracted from the organs of the remaining five animals. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent-labelled probes, the RNA from these organs was examined for the level of expression of the following immunological factors; an interferon related protein (MX-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the cytotoxic T-cell marker CD-8 and complement factor C3 (C3). They were also measured for the level of beta-actin, which was used as a standardization control for cellular RNA expression. Infection with IHNV produced the greatest change in expression level for all the immunological related factors examined in this study. IHNV elicited the best dose response profile, which was typically seen at 5-days post-infection for MX-1, C3, IL-8 and CD-8. Infection with A. salmonicida and F. psychrophilum showed elevated, but variable expression levels for several of the genes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Overturf
- USDA/ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
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17
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Chaves-Pozo E, Muñoz P, López-Muñoz A, Pelegrín P, García Ayala A, Mulero V, Meseguer J. Early innate immune response and redistribution of inflammatory cells in the bony fish gilthead seabream experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:61-8. [PMID: 15714279 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An obvious difference between the immune system of fish and mammals is that fish lack both bone marrow and lymph nodes; in their place, the head-kidney acts as a major haematopoietic and lymphoid organ in adult fish, whereas the thymus, spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are common to both fish and mammals. This suggests that differences exist in antigen presentation and naive lymphocyte stimulation, a prerequisite for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Intraperitoneal injection of the bony fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with intact Vibrio anguillarum, as a particulate bacterial antigen, results in the mobilisation of head-kidney leucocytes to the peritoneal cavity and priming of their respiratory burst activity. We have also observed the rapid infiltration of acidophilic granulocytes, which are leucocytes functionally equivalent to mammalian neutrophils, into the spleen. These cells may be involved in antigen capture and transport to the spleen, since an apparent association between mobilised acidophilic granulocytes, bacterial antigens and proliferating lymphocytes has been seen in this organ. Collectively, these results suggest that, in addition to being actively involved in bacterial clearance, fish phagocytic granulocytes play a role in the initiation and support of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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18
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Grove S, Høie S, Evensen Ø. Distribution and retention of antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vaccinated with a DeltaaroA mutant or formalin-inactivated bacteria in oil-adjuvant. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 15:349-358. [PMID: 12969656 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(02)00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report the differences in distribution and retention of Aeromonas salmonicida antigens after vaccination with two different vaccines. Parr of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were given intraperitoneal injections of either a commercial, monovalent furunculosis vaccine (Apoject) or live, attenuated A. salmonicida (DeltaaroA). Fish were sampled at weeks 2, 4 and 12 post-vaccination and head kidney and spleen were collected. Presence of LPS and 16S rDNA in isolated leukocytes were investigated by immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).16S rDNA was detected in head kidney and spleen of all DeltaaroA vaccinated and most Apoject-vaccinated fish at weeks 2 and 4. At week 12, 16S rDNA was detected in none of the DeltaaroA vaccinated fish, but it was detected in head kidney of 75% of Apoject-vaccinated fish. LPS was detected in both vaccination groups at all sampling times, but most frequently in the DeltaaroA vaccinated fish (in head kidney 75-83% vs. 50%, in spleen 58-67% vs. 17-25%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grove
- Department of Fish Health, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Byrne, MacPhee, Ostland, Johnson, Ferguson. Haemorrhagic kidney syndrome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 1998; 21:81-91. [PMID: 29739142 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1998.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a new syndrome affecting farmed Atlantic salmon on the Canadian east coast that has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in affected stocks. The major pathological findings are apparent only microscopically and include renal interstitial haemorrhage and acute tubular necrosis and tubular casting. As a result, the disease has become known as haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS). Affected fish are lethargic and anorectic, and lack external lesions. Clinically, HKS fish are anaemic, hypoproteinaemic and hyperosmolalic, with increased serum concentrations of sodium and chloride. At necropsy, internal changes ranged from apparently normal to include one or several of the following: swelling and/or patchy reddening of the kidney, pale gills, exophthalmos, serosanguinous ascites, darkening of the posterior intestine and splenomegaly. Ultrastructurally, viral inclusions were found in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes of HKS fish, and there were unusual electron-dense inclusions within the tips of renal tubular microvilli of HKS fish. The significance and relevance of the ultrastructural findings to HKS are unknown. Virus isolation was attempted using CHSE, RTG-2, FH-10, BB and EPC cell lines; no virus was isolated. Bacteriological analysis failed to reveal significant pathogens. Analysis of tissues for heavy metals and pesticides was negative. Assays for clostridial toxins, lipopolysaccharide and verotoxins were negative. The aetiology of HKS remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byrne
- 1 Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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- 2 Shur‐Gain/Maple Leaf Foods, St. George, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ostland
- 1 Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnson
- 3 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Ferguson
- 1 Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Brattgjerd S, Evensen O. A sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural study on the uptake and handling of Vibrio salmonicida in phagocytes of the head kidney in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Vet Pathol 1996; 33:55-65. [PMID: 8826006 DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and handling of Vibrio salmonicida in phagocytes of the head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were evaluated by light and electron microscopy, including in situ identification of the bacterium by immunolabeling at the light microscopical and the ultrastructural level. Fish were injected with live bacteria, and 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation, samples were collected after perfusion fixation. Morphologically, the most prominent change in the course of the experiment was an increasing number of intrasinusoidal, endothelial cell-adherent phagocytes and the elevated number of interstitial melanomacrophages. Immunohistochemically, bacterial antigens were initially identified in intrasinusoidal phagocytes, and at 24 hours postinfection in endothelium-adherent phagocytes and intrasinusoidal melanomacrophages. Later, (48 and 72 hours postinfection), the interstitial melanomacrophages were also found to harbor bacterial antigen. Ultrastructurally, bacteria were identified in phagosomes in intrasinusoidal phagocytes, and morphological findings also indicated an increased cellular degradation, including autophagocytosis. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that bacterial antigens were associated with melanomacrophages, specifically in their electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. These findings indicate that intrasinusoidal phagocytes and melanomacrophages participate in the rapid and active clearance of particulate material from the circulation, i.e., pathogenic microorganisms, and in the scavenging of cellular degradation products. The process of formation of melanomacrophages and their possible function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brattgjerd
- Department of Pathology, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Dorin D, Sire MF, Vernier JM. Demonstration of an antibody response of the anterior kidney following intestinal administration of a soluble protein antigen in trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Dannevig BH, Struksnæs G, Skogh T, Mørk Kindberg G, Berg T. Endocytosis via the scavenger- and the mannose-receptor in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) pronephros is carried out by nonphagocytic cells. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 8:229-238. [PMID: 24221986 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis of modified human serum albumin (HSA) and mannose-terminated glycoproteins was studied in pronephros cells from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Blood clearance and tissue uptake of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) was dependent on the number of DNP-groups conjugated to the albumin molecule. Uptake of DNP35-HSA in isolated pronephros cells was saturable. Pronephros cells also internalized the mannose-terminated glycoprotein invertase by a receptor-mediated process. DNP-HSA and invertase were recovered in the same cell fractions when pronephros cells containing in vivo endocytosed ligands were separated by density gradient centrifugation. The cells endocytosing these ligands were apparently not macrophages. The macrophages were recovered in cell fractions with higher densities. They were identified by their ability to adhere to glass and to carry out phagocytosis. Cultured macrophages did not endocytose chemically modified albumin (DNP-HSA and formaldehyde-treated albumin) and mannose-terminated glycoproteins (ovalbumin) in vitro. These ligands were not recovered in glass adherent pronephros cells after in vivo endocytosis of the proteins. The present data suggest that macrophages in rainbow trout pronephros possess neither the receptor for chemically modified albumin, the scavenger receptor, nor the mannose-specific receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Dannevig
- Department of Biology, Division of General Physiology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Georgopoulou U, Dabrowski K, Sire MF, Vernier JM. Absorption of intact proteins by the intestinal epithelium of trout, Salmo gairdneri. A luminescence enzyme immunoassay and cytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 251:145-52. [PMID: 3277712 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the rainbow trout, a carnivorous species with a stomach, orally administered horseradish peroxidase (HRP) crossed the intestinal epithelium into the circulation. The protein first appeared in the blood 7 to 8 h after intubation, and could be assayed up to 24 h after administration. The method used, which combines ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay) and chemiluminescence, enabled the transfer to be measured quantitatively. There was a direct correlation between the quantity ingested and the quantity transferred to the plasma within the experimental limits chosen. The clearance was monophasic and exponential (clearance rate: 3% per minute). Up to 6% of the ingested HRP was transferred to the blood. By cytochemistry it was possible to demonstrate that the protein crossed the intestinal cells at the level of the posterior segment, escaping the particularly intense intracellular lysosomal digestion. After entering the intercellular space, HRP was transferred to the interstitial space of the subepithelial lamina propria. During this transfer the HRP was in close contact with infiltrated macrophages and leukocytes resembling lymphoid cells. Thus, the passage of these protein particles could be the first indispensable step in the possible triggering of a local and/or a systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Georgopoulou
- Groupe Cytophysiologie de la Nutrition des Poissons, U.A. 646 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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25
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Hampton JA, Klaunig JE, Goldblatt PJ. Resident sinusoidal macrophages in the liver of the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus): an ultrastructural, functional and cytochemical study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1987; 219:338-46. [PMID: 3448951 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural, functional, and cytochemical characteristics of resident sinusoidal macrophages (RSM) in brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) liver were examined. Following perfusion fixation of the hepatic vascular bed, light micrographs revealed RSM that possessed multiple elongate cytoplasmic processes and frequently contained erythrocytes in various stages of degradation. Following brief perfusion fixation, light microscope examination of vibratome sections of bullhead liver reacted for peroxidase revealed intensely positive RSM. By transmission electron microscopy, peroxidase activity was localized to the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic granules of RSM and in endothelial and perisinusoidal fat-storing cells. In cryostat sections of fresh-frozen liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) was uniformly distributed over hepatocytes, whereas intensely positive punctate staining for G-6-PDH was localized over RSM. To test for phagocytosis by RSM, latex beads (0.81 micron) were injected into a tributary of the hepatic portal vein 2 min prior to perfusion fixation. Latex beads appeared either singly or in dense aggregates within RSM. Ultrastructurally, RSM were characterized by an irregularly shaped, eccentrically located nucleus, electron-dense vacuoles, small patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, elongated mitochondria, desmosomes or desmosome-like densities that served as a source of attachment to endothelial cells, and a centriole with radiating microtubules. Invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform processes) characteristic of mammalian Kupffer cells were not observed in bullhead RSM. The results indicated a resident cell population of sinusoidal macrophages in the bullhead liver with properties that partially resembled mammalian Kupffer cells. These results are important for the identification of the normal resident cells in the bullhead liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hampton
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699
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26
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Ingram GA, Alexander JB. The effect of dose, route, number of injections and the use of adjuvant on the clearance of and immune response to, haemocyanin following injection into brown trout (Salmo trutta). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 12:175-80. [PMID: 3765340 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary and secondary immune responses were investigated in trout injected with haemocyanin (HCN) intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP), with or without adjuvant. HCN was detected in the blood 30 min after injection and clearance times varied after one injection from 8 to 56 days. Fish given two and three injections cleared the antigen faster. Precipitins against HCN were first detected 21 to 30 days after injection and were still present on Day 56. However, antibodies detectable by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and complement fixation (CFA) were initially demonstrated 7 to 21 days after a single injection and highest titres were reached between 33 and 56 days according to the experimental protocol. In fish given two injections, maximum titres were reached between Days 42 and 56 (IM), and Days 50 and 56 (IP). With three injections, maximum CFA and IHA values occurred on Days 62 and 66 respectively in the case of IP, and on Days 103 and 106 respectively with IM. Overall, higher titres were found with IHA than by CFA.
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