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Russo AF, Hay DL. CGRP physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic targets: migraine and beyond. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1565-1644. [PMID: 36454715 PMCID: PMC9988538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory neurons as well as in other cell types, such as motor neurons and neuroendocrine cells. CGRP acts via at least two G protein-coupled receptors that form unusual complexes with receptor activity-modifying proteins. These are the CGRP receptor and the AMY1 receptor; in rodents, additional receptors come into play. Although CGRP is known to produce many effects, the precise molecular identity of the receptor(s) that mediates CGRP effects is seldom clear. Despite the many enigmas still in CGRP biology, therapeutics that target the CGRP axis to treat or prevent migraine are a bench-to-bedside success story. This review provides a contextual background on the regulation and sites of CGRP expression and CGRP receptor pharmacology. The physiological actions of CGRP in the nervous system are discussed, along with updates on CGRP actions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems and metabolic effects of CGRP in muscle and adipose tissues. We cover how CGRP in these systems is associated with disease states, most notably migraine. In this context, we discuss how CGRP actions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems provide a basis for therapeutic targeting of CGRP in migraine. Finally, we highlight potentially fertile ground for the development of additional therapeutics and combinatorial strategies that could be designed to modulate CGRP signaling for migraine and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Han MJ, Park SY, Hwang S, Kim SJ. Clinical significance of asymmetric hypointense signals in minimum intensity projections of brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with primary headache. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:415-422. [PMID: 36319857 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-03076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to observe the changes of venous continuity using the susceptibility weighted imaging-minimum intensity projection (SWI-MinIP) images in children with primary headache. METHODS The headache types were classified following the International Headache Society's diagnostic criteria. Patients with secondary headaches were excluded. The presence of asymmetric vasculature in SWI-MinIP images was visually assessed. Moreover, the relationship between headache patterns and asymmetric hypointense signals was analyzed. RESULTS In this single-center, retrospective study from 2016 to 2020, among 251 cases of primary headache (male/female, 108/143; mean age, 11.4 ± 4.0 years), 137 (54.6%), 75 (29.9%), and 39 (15.5%) patients had migraine, tension-type headache, and other primary headaches, respectively. On SWI-MinIP images, 14 (5.6%) patients showed an asymmetric venous pattern. All patients with SWI-MinIP asymmetry were included in the migraine group, accounting for 10.2% of patients with migraine. Five (35.7%) and nine (64.3%) patients were included in the aura and non-aura groups, respectively, without a significant difference in the frequency of asymmetric hypointense signals between the two groups (p = 0.325). All 14 patients with asymmetric hypervascularity had brain MRI within 12 h of headache onset. Ten (71.4%) of the 14 patients showed consistency between the laterality of headache and the hemisphere of predominant vascularity in SWI-MinIP. CONCLUSION Patients with migraine had increased cerebral venous perfusion in the most involved region of the headache on the SWI-MinIP view on a 3.0 T scanner, which can be used as a qualitative indicator with low sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of primary headache in the acute phase (< 12 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea
| | - Seungbae Hwang
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea
| | - Sun Jun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea. .,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, 54907, Korea.
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Marichal-Cancino BA, González-Hernández A, Guerrero-Alba R, Medina-Santillán R, Villalón CM. A critical review of the neurovascular nature of migraine and the main mechanisms of action of prophylactic antimigraine medications. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1035-1050. [PMID: 34388955 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1968835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine involves neurovascular, functional, and anatomical alterations. Migraineurs experience an intense unilateral and pulsatile headache frequently accompanied with vomiting, nausea, photophobia, etc. Although there is no ideal preventive medication, frequency in migraine days may be partially decreased by some prophylactics, including antihypertensives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and CGRPergic inhibitors. However, the mechanisms of action involved in antimigraine prophylaxis remain elusive. AREAS COVERED This review recaps some of the main neurovascular phenomena related to migraine and currently available preventive medications. Moreover, it discusses the major mechanisms of action of the recommended prophylactic medications. EXPERT OPINION In the last three years, migraine prophylaxis has evolved from nonspecific to specific antimigraine treatments. Overall, nonspecific treatments mainly involve neural actions, whereas specific pharmacotherapy (represented by CGRP receptor antagonists and CGRPergic monoclonal antibodies) is predominantly mediated by neurovascular mechanisms that may include, among others: (i) reduction in the cortical spreading depression (CSD)-associated events; (ii) inhibition of pain sensitization; (iii) blockade of neurogenic inflammation; and/or (iv) increase in cranial vascular tone. Accordingly, the novel antimigraine prophylaxis promises to be more effective, devoid of significant adverse effects (unlike nonspecific treatments), and more beneficial for the quality of life of migraineurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags, México
| | | | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags, México
| | - Roberto Medina-Santillán
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina IPN, Ciudad de México C.P, México
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Ciudad de México, México
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Witten A, Marotta D, Cohen‐Gadol A. Developmental innervation of cranial dura mater and migraine headache: A narrative literature review. Headache 2021; 61:569-575. [DOI: 10.1111/head.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Witten
- Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Dario Marotta
- Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine Dothan AL USA
- Department of Neurology Division of Neuropsychology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Aaron Cohen‐Gadol
- Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
- The Neurosurgical Atlas Indianapolis IN USA
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Rissardo J, Fornari Caprara A. The ditans, a new class for acute migraine: Minireview. JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrsm.jcrsm_45_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Holland PR, Saengjaroentham C, Vila-Pueyo M. The role of the brainstem in migraine: Potential brainstem effects of CGRP and CGRP receptor activation in animal models. Cephalalgia 2018; 39:390-402. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102418756863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Migraine is a severe debilitating disorder of the brain that is ranked as the sixth most disabling disorder globally, with respect to disability adjusted life years, and there remains a significant unmet demand for an improved understanding of its underlying mechanisms. In conjunction with perturbed sensory processing, migraine sufferers often present with diverse neurological manifestations (premonitory symptoms) that highlight potential brainstem involvement. Thus, as the field moves away from the view of migraine as a consequence of purely vasodilation to a greater understanding of migraine as a complex brain disorder, it is critical to consider the underlying physiology and pharmacology of key neural networks likely involved. Discussion The current review will therefore focus on the available evidence for the brainstem as a key regulator of migraine biology and associated symptoms. We will further discuss the potential role of CGRP in the brainstem and its modulation for migraine therapy, given the emergence of targeted CGRP small molecule and monoclonal antibody therapies. Conclusion The brainstem forms a functional unit with several hypothalamic nuclei that are capable of modulating diverse functions including migraine-relevant trigeminal pain processing, appetite and arousal regulatory networks. As such, the brainstem has emerged as a key regulator of migraine and is appropriately considered as a potential therapeutic target. While currently available CGRP targeted therapies have limited blood brain barrier penetrability, the expression of CGRP and its receptors in several key brainstem nuclei and the demonstration of brainstem effects of CGRP modulation highlight the significant potential for the development of CNS penetrant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Robert Holland
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chonlawan Saengjaroentham
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Migraine and other primary headache disorders affect a large population and cause debilitating pain. Establishing animal models that display behavioral correlates of long-lasting and ongoing headache, the most common and disabling symptom of migraine, is vital for the elucidation of disease mechanisms and identification of drug targets. We have developed a mouse model of headache, using dural application of capsaicin along with a mixture of inflammatory mediators (IScap) to simulate the induction of a headache episode. This elicited intermittent head-directed wiping and scratching as well as the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Interestingly, dural application of IScap preferentially induced FOS protein expression in the excitatory but not inhibitory cervical/medullary dorsal horn neurons. The duration of IScap-induced behavior and the number of FOS-positive neurons correlated positively in individual mice; both were reduced to the control level by the pretreatment of antimigraine drug sumatriptan. Dural application of CGRP(8-37), the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, also effectively blocked IScap-induced behavior, which suggests that the release of endogenous CGRP in the dura is necessary for IScap-induced nociception. These data suggest that dural IScap-induced nocifensive behavior in mice may be mechanistically related to the ongoing headache in humans. In addition, dural application of IScap increased resting time in female mice. Taken together, we present the first detailed study using dural application of IScap in mice. This headache model can be applied to genetically modified mice to facilitate research on the mechanisms and therapeutic targets for migraine headache.
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Eftekhari S, Gaspar RC, Roberts R, Chen TB, Zeng Z, Villarreal S, Edvinsson L, Salvatore CA. Localization of CGRP receptor components and receptor binding sites in rhesus monkey brainstem: A detailed study using in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:90-118. [PMID: 26105175 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging studies have revealed that certain brainstem areas are activated during migraine attacks. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is associated with activation of the trigeminovascular system and transmission of nociceptive information and plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology. Therefore, to elucidate the role of CGRP, it is critical to identify the regions within the brainstem that process CGRP signaling. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed to detect mRNA expression and define cellular localization of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), respectively. To define CGRP receptor binding sites, in vitro autoradiography was performed with [(3)H]MK-3207 (a CGRP receptor antagonist). CLR and RAMP1 mRNA and protein expression were detected in the pineal gland, medial mammillary nucleus, median eminence, infundibular stem, periaqueductal gray, area postrema, pontine raphe nucleus, gracile nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and spinal cord. RAMP1 mRNA expression was also detected in the posterior hypothalamic area, trochlear nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, medial lemniscus, pontine nuclei, vagus nerve, inferior olive, abducens nucleus, and motor trigeminal nucleus; protein coexpression of CLR and RAMP1 was observed in these areas via immunofluorescence. [(3)H]MK-3207 showed high binding densities concordant with mRNA and protein expression. The present study suggests that several regions in the brainstem may be involved in CGRP signaling. Interestingly, we found receptor expression and antagonist binding in some areas that are not protected by the blood-brain barrier, which suggests that drugs inhibiting CGRP signaling may not be able to penetrate the central nervous system to antagonize receptors in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Renee C Gaspar
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Rhonda Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Tsing-Bau Chen
- Department of Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Zhizhen Zeng
- Department of Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Stephanie Villarreal
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, SE-22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Salvatore
- Department of Pain and Migraine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486
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Winsvold BS, Nelson CP, Malik R, Gormley P, Anttila V, Vander Heiden J, Elliott KS, Jacobsen LM, Palta P, Amin N, de Vries B, Hämäläinen E, Freilinger T, Ikram MA, Kessler T, Koiranen M, Ligthart L, McMahon G, Pedersen LM, Willenborg C, Won HH, Olesen J, Artto V, Assimes TL, Blankenberg S, Boomsma DI, Cherkas L, Davey Smith G, Epstein SE, Erdmann J, Ferrari MD, Göbel H, Hall AS, Jarvelin MR, Kallela M, Kaprio J, Kathiresan S, Lehtimäki T, McPherson R, März W, Nyholt DR, O'Donnell CJ, Quaye L, Rader DJ, Raitakari O, Roberts R, Schunkert H, Schürks M, Stewart AFR, Terwindt GM, Thorsteinsdottir U, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, van Duijn C, Wessman M, Kurth T, Kubisch C, Dichgans M, Chasman DI, Cotsapas C, Zwart JA, Samani NJ, Palotie A. Genetic analysis for a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease. Neurol Genet 2015; 1:e10. [PMID: 27066539 PMCID: PMC4821079 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To apply genetic analysis of genome-wide association data to study the extent and nature of a shared biological basis between migraine and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Four separate methods for cross-phenotype genetic analysis were applied on data from 2 large-scale genome-wide association studies of migraine (19,981 cases, 56,667 controls) and CAD (21,076 cases, 63,014 controls). The first 2 methods quantified the extent of overlapping risk variants and assessed the load of CAD risk loci in migraineurs. Genomic regions of shared risk were then identified by analysis of covariance patterns between the 2 phenotypes and by querying known genome-wide significant loci. RESULTS We found a significant overlap of genetic risk loci for migraine and CAD. When stratified by migraine subtype, this was limited to migraine without aura, and the overlap was protective in that patients with migraine had a lower load of CAD risk alleles than controls. Genes indicated by 16 shared risk loci point to mechanisms with potential roles in migraine pathogenesis and CAD, including endothelial dysfunction (PHACTR1) and insulin homeostasis (GIP). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that shared biological processes contribute to risk of migraine and CAD, but surprisingly this commonality is restricted to migraine without aura and the impact is in opposite directions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these processes and their opposite relationship to migraine and CAD may improve our understanding of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rainer Malik
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Priit Palta
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Najaf Amin
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | - M Arfan Ikram
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | - George McMahon
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | - Hong-Hee Won
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Jes Olesen
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Ville Artto
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Cherkas
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | | | - Hartmut Göbel
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | - Mikko Kallela
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | - Ruth McPherson
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Winfried März
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | - Lydia Quaye
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Robert Roberts
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | - Markus Schürks
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maija Wessman
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | | | - Chris Cotsapas
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Author affiliations are provided at the end of the article
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10
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Abnormal cortical activation in females with acute migraine: A magnetoencephalography study. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Migraine is a neurological disorder that manifests as a debilitating headache associated with altered sensory perception. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is now firmly established as a key player in migraine. Clinical trials carried out during the past decade have proved that CGRP receptor antagonists are effective for treating migraine, and antibodies to the receptor and CGRP are currently under investigation. Despite this progress in the clinical arena, the mechanisms by which CGRP triggers migraine remain uncertain. This review discusses mechanisms whereby CGRP enhances sensitivity to sensory input at multiple levels in both the periphery and central nervous system. Future studies on epistatic and epigenetic regulators of CGRP actions are expected to shed further light on CGRP actions in migraine. In conclusion, targeting CGRP represents an approachable therapeutic strategy for migraine.
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Li H, Yu Y. Association between ischemic stroke and migraine in elderly Chinese: a case-control study. BMC Geriatr 2013; 13:126. [PMID: 24245875 PMCID: PMC3835862 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent observations suggest that migraine and cerebrovascular disease are comorbid conditions. However, the association of migraine with cerebrovascular disease in the population of elderly Chinese has not been established. This prospective case–control study aimed to investigate the prevalence and lesion characteristics of migraine in elderly Chinese patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). Methods A total of 968 ACI patients aged 55–70 years and 1024 sex- and age-matched control subjects were recruited between January, 2003 and July, 2009. Migraine was determined based on the International Headache Society’s Classification of Headache Disorders, together with past medical records and admission examination results, following an initial questionnaire screening at the first hospital visit. Prevalence rates of overall migraine, migraine with aura and migraine without aura in both ACI patients and control subjects, the stroke subtypes classified according to the Chinese Ischemic Stroke Subclassification (CISS) system and brain locations of the ischemic lesions in ACI patients were analyzed. Results The overall prevalence rate of migraine was 17.15% (166/968) in patients with ACI but only 3.9% (40/1024) in control subjects (P < 0.01). In both subject groups, over 80% of migraine cases were migraine without aura. In the 166 ACI patients with comorbid migraine, large artery atherosclerosis was the most frequent subtype of ischemic lesion (65.06%), followed by cardiogenic stroke (23.50%), and all other lesion subtypes were each less than 10%. Ischemic infarctions were located predominantly in the anterior circulation in the brain in both ACI patients with and without migraine. Conclusions The prevalence rate of migraine is significantly higher in ACI patients than non-ACI subjects in the population of elderly Chinese. Migraine without aura is the major form of migraine in both ACI patients and non-ACI subjects. In ACI patients, regardless of migraine, infarction lesions were predominantly located in the anterior cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, China.
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Dahlem MA, Rode S, May A, Fujiwara N, Hirata Y, Aihara K, Kurths J. Towards dynamical network biomarkers in neuromodulation of episodic migraine. Transl Neurosci 2013; 4:10.2478/s13380-013-0127-0. [PMID: 24288590 PMCID: PMC3840387 DOI: 10.2478/s13380-013-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods have complemented experimental and clinical neurosciences and led to improvements in our understanding of the nervous systems in health and disease. In parallel, neuromodulation in form of electric and magnetic stimulation is gaining increasing acceptance in chronic and intractable diseases. In this paper, we firstly explore the relevant state of the art in fusion of both developments towards translational computational neuroscience. Then, we propose a strategy to employ the new theoretical concept of dynamical network biomarkers (DNB) in episodic manifestations of chronic disorders. In particular, as a first example, we introduce the use of computational models in migraine and illustrate on the basis of this example the potential of DNB as early-warning signals for neuromodulation in episodic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A. Dahlem
- Department of Physics, AG NLD Cardiovascular Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Robert- Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rode
- Department of Physics, AG NLD Cardiovascular Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Robert- Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne May
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naoya Fujiwara
- FIRST, Aihara Innovative Mathematical Modelling Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hirata
- Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Physics, AG NLD Cardiovascular Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Robert- Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Kainz V, Zhao J, Strassman AM, Levy D. Vascular extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates migraine-related sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:741-50. [PMID: 23447360 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine changes in the response properties of meningeal nociceptors that might lead to migraine pain and examine endogenous processes that could play a role in mediating them using a clinically relevant model of migraine triggering, namely infusion of the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroglycerin (NTG). METHODS Single-unit recordings made in the trigeminal ganglion of rats were used to test changes in the activity and mechanosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors in response to administration of the migraine trigger NTG or another NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) at doses relevant to the human model of migraine headache. Immunohistochemistry and pharmacological manipulations were used to investigate the possible role of meningeal vascular signaling in mediating the responses of meningeal nociceptors to NO. RESULTS Infusion of NTG promoted a delayed and robust increase in the mechanosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors, with a time course resembling the development of the delayed migraine headache. A similar sensitization was elicited by dural application of NTG and SNAP. NTG-evoked delayed meningeal nociceptor sensitization was associated with a robust extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in meningeal arteries. Pharmacological blockade of meningeal ERK phosphorylation inhibited the development of NTG-evoked delayed meningeal nociceptor sensitization. INTERPRETATION The development of delayed mechanical sensitization evoked by the migraine trigger NTG is potentially of great importance as the first finding of a neurophysiological correlate of migraine headache in meningeal nociceptors. The arterial ERK phosphorylation and its involvement in mediating the NTG-evoked delayed sensitization points to an important, yet unappreciated, role of the meningeal vasculature in the genesis of migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiChun Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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