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Santocildes G, Viscor G, Pagès T, Torrella JR. Simulated altitude is medicine: intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia and cold accelerates injured skeletal muscle recovery. J Physiol 2024; 602:5855-5878. [PMID: 38153352 DOI: 10.1113/jp285398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle injuries are the leading cause of sports casualties. Because of its high plasticity, skeletal muscle can respond to different stimuli to maintain and improve functionality. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) improves muscle oxygen delivery and utilization. Hypobaria coexists with cold in the biosphere, opening the possibility to consider the combined use of both environmental factors to achieve beneficial physiological adjustments. We studied the effects of IHH and cold exposure, separately and simultaneously, on muscle regeneration. Adult male rats were surgically injured in one gastrocnemius and randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) CTRL: passive recovery; (2) COLD: intermittently exposed to cold (4°C); (3) HYPO: submitted to IHH (4500 m); (4) COHY: exposed to intermittent simultaneous cold and hypoxia. Animals were subjected to these interventions for 4 h/day for 9 or 21 days. COLD and COHY rats showed faster muscle regeneration than CTRL, evidenced after 9 days at histological (dMHC-positive and centrally nucleated fibre reduction) and functional levels after 21 days. HYPO rats showed a full recovery from injury (at histological and functional levels) after 9 days, while COLD and COHY needed more time to induce a total functional recovery. IHH can be postulated as an anti-fibrotic treatment since it reduces collagen I deposition. The increase in the pSer473Akt/total Akt ratio observed after 9 days in COLD, HYPO and COHY, together with the increase in the pThr172AMPKα/total AMPKα ratio observed in the gastrocnemius of HYPO, provides clues to the molecular mechanisms involved in the improved muscle regeneration. KEY POINTS: Only intermittent hypobaric exposure accelerated muscle recovery as early as 9 days following injury at histological and functional levels. Injured muscles from animals treated with intermittent (4 h/day) cold, hypobaric hypoxia or a simultaneous combination of both stimuli regenerated histological structure and recovered muscle function 21 days after injury. The combination of cold and hypoxia showed a blunting effect as compared to hypoxia alone in the time course of the muscle recovery. The increased expression of the phosphorylated forms of Akt observed in all experimental groups could participate in the molecular cascade of events leading to a faster regeneration. The elevated levels of phosphorylated AMPKα in the HYPO group could play a key role in the modulation of the inflammatory response during the first steps of the muscle regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garoa Santocildes
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lopez-Espejo ME, Jimena I, Gil-Belmonte MJ, Rivero JLL, Peña-Amaro J. Influence of Physical Exercise on the Rehabilitation of Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury Reconstructed with Autologous Adipose Tissue. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:188. [PMID: 39449482 PMCID: PMC11503405 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries, spontaneous muscle regeneration capacity is limited. The implantation of autologous adipose tissue in the affected area is an option to treat these lesions; however, the effectiveness of this therapy alone is insufficient for a complete recovery of the damaged muscle. This study examined the influence of treadmill exercise on the rehabilitation of VML injuries reconstructed with autologous adipose tissue, as a strategy to counteract the limitations of spontaneous regeneration observed in these injuries. METHODS Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of five individuals each: normal control (NC), regenerative control (RC), VML control (VML), VML injury reconstructed with fresh autologous adipose tissue (FAT), exercise-rehabilitated control (RNC), exercise-rehabilitated regenerative control (RRC), exercise-rehabilitated VML injury (RVML), and exercise-rehabilitated VML injury reconstructed with fresh autologous adipose tissue (RFAT). Histological and histochemical staining techniques were used for the analysis of structural features and histomorphometric parameters of the tibialis anterior muscle. Grip strength tests were conducted to assess muscle force. RESULTS Exercise rehabilitation decreased the proportion of disoriented fibers in RFAT vs. FAT group. The percentage of fibrosis was significantly higher in FAT and RFAT groups versus NC and RNC groups but did not vary significantly between FAT and RFAT groups. Overall, muscle grip strength and fiber size increased significantly in the exercise-rehabilitated groups compared to control groups. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, rehabilitation with physical exercise tended to normalize the process of muscle repair in a model of VML injury reconstructed with fresh autologous adipose tissue, but it did not reduce the intense fibrosis associated with these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Lopez-Espejo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.E.L.-E.); (I.J.); (M.-J.G.-B.)
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.E.L.-E.); (I.J.); (M.-J.G.-B.)
| | - Maria-Jesus Gil-Belmonte
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.E.L.-E.); (I.J.); (M.-J.G.-B.)
- Department of Pathology, Torrecardenas University Hospital, 04009 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jose-Luis L. Rivero
- Muscular Biopathology Laboratory, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Jose Peña-Amaro
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.E.L.-E.); (I.J.); (M.-J.G.-B.)
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Carmona G, Moreno-Simonet L, Cosio PL, Astrella A, Fernández D, Cadefau JA, Rodas G, Jou C, Milisenda JC, Cano MD, Arànega R, Marotta M, Grau JM, Padullés JM, Mendiguchia J. Hamstrings on focus: Are 72 hours sufficient for recovery after a football (soccer) match? A multidisciplinary approach based on hamstring injury risk factors and histology. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1130-1146. [PMID: 39087576 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2386209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess acute and residual changes in sprint-related hamstring injury (HSI) risk factors after a football (soccer) match, focusing on recovery within the commonly observed 72-h timeframe between elite football matches. We used a multifactorial approach within a football context, incorporating optical and ultrastructural microscopic analysis of BFlh (biceps femoris long head) muscle fibres, along with an examination of BFlh fibre composition. Changes in sprint performance-related factors and HSI modifiable risk factors were examined until 3 days after the match (MD +3) in 20 football players. BFlh biopsy specimens were obtained before and at MD +3 in 10 players. The findings indicated that at MD +3, sprint-related performance and HSI risk factors had not fully recovered, with notable increases in localized BFlh fibre disruptions. Interestingly, match load (both external and internal) did not correlate with changes in sprint performance or HSI risk factors nor with BFlh fibre disruption. Furthermore, our study revealed a balanced distribution of ATPase-based fibre types in BFlh, with type-II fibres associated with sprint performance. Overall, the results suggest that a 72-h recovery period may not be adequate for hamstring muscles in terms of both HSI risk factors and BFlh fibre structure following a football match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Carmona
- TecnoCampus, Departament de Ciències de la Salut, Grup de Recerca Tecnologia Aplicada a l'Alt Rendiment i la Salut (TAARS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Lia Moreno-Simonet
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Luís Cosio
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Astrella
- International Doctoral School, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Physiotherapy Department, RX2 Sports & Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Sports performance Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Rink Hockey, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department, Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Pathology Department and Biobank, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular Diseases, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institut (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José César Milisenda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Cano
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Arànega
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Foundation, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Grau
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Padullés
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Department of Physical Therapy, ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center, Barañain, Spain
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Vidal L, Vila I, Venegas V, Sacristán A, Contreras-Muñoz P, Lopez-Garzon M, Giné C, Rodas G, Marotta M. A Novel Minimally Invasive Surgically Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury Model in Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5612. [PMID: 38891800 PMCID: PMC11171619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sports-related muscle injuries account for 10-55% of all injuries, which is a growing concern, especially given the aging world population. To evaluate the process of skeletal muscle injury and compare it with muscle lesions observed in humans, we developed a novel in vivo model in sheep. In this model, muscle injury was induced by an ultrasound-guided transverse biopsy at the myotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Twelve male sheep were examined at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury. Histological, immunofluorescence, and MRI analyses indicate that our sheep model could resemble key human clinicopathological features. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in collagen I, dMHC, α-SMA, and CD68 immunohistochemical detection when comparing injured and healthy muscles. The injured gastrocnemius muscle exhibited elevated levels of type I collagen, infiltration of CD68(+) macrophages, angiogenesis, and the emergence of newly regenerated dMHC(+) myofibers, which persisted for up to 4 weeks post-injury. Similarly, the progression of muscle injury in the sheep model was assessed using advanced clinical 3 T MRI and compared with MRI scans from human patients. The data indicate that the sheep muscle injury model presents features similar to those observed in human skeletal muscle injuries. This makes it a valuable large animal model for studying muscle injuries and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Vila
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Sacristán
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Contreras-Muñoz
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Giné
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Su Q, Li J, Huang J, Cai Q, Xue C, Huang C, Chen L, Li J, Li D, Ge H, Cheng B. Histological characteristics of exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3217-3234. [PMID: 37517049 PMCID: PMC10623533 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the pathological features of skeletal muscle injury repair by using rats to model responses to different exercise intensities. Eighty-four rats were randomly divided into five groups for treadmill exercise. The short-term control, low-intensity, medium-intensity and high-intensity groups underwent gastrocnemius muscle sampling after 6, 8 and 12 weeks of exercise. The long-term high-intensity group underwent optical coherence tomography angiography and sampling after 18 weeks of exercise. RNA sequencing was performed on the muscle samples, followed by the corresponding histological staining. Differentially expressed genes were generally elevated at 6 weeks in the early exercise stage, followed by a decreasing trend. Meanwhile, the study demonstrated a negative correlation between time and the gene modules involved in vascular regulation. The modules associated with muscle remodelling were positively correlated with exercise intensity. Although the expression of many genes associated with common angiogenesis was downregulated at 8, 12 and 18 weeks, we found that muscle tissue microvessels were still increased, which may be closely associated with elevated sFRP2 and YAP1. During muscle injury-remodelling, angiogenesis is characterized by significant exercise time and exercise intensity dependence. We find significant differences in the spatial distribution of angiogenesis during muscle injury-remodelling, which be helpful for the future achievement of spatially targeted treatments for exercise-induced muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Li
- Department of OrthopedicsZhabei Central Hospital of Jing'an DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Jingbiao Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiuchen Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liyang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Hengan Ge
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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6
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Wang T. SYSTEMATIC PHYSICAL TRAINING IN FIGURE SKATING ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Youngsters are an important source of reserve strength among short-speed skaters, so it is necessary to perform special strength training for young lower limb muscles while improving athletes’ endurance and physical function. Objective: Study the systematic development of physical training of speed skating athletes. Methods: The author uses the method of experimentation and mathematical statistics, the first level male athletes were selected as experimental objects, and the double-blind test method was used to conduct a comparative study through experiments. Results: Statistically, the T-test considerations of the control and experimental groups in the unipodal take-off stand and bilateral sliding jump tests showed statistical differences (P>0.05). The comparison of the experimental group pre and post-intervention indicates that the experimental group's performance in this test item increased significantly after training(P<0.05). Conclusion: The adaptation of the entry-level trainers to the scientific training concept played an auxiliary role in the results by increasing the emphasis on small muscle group training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Beijing Information Technology University, China
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7
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Santocildes G, Merino M, Fabiani F, Pagès T, Marotta M, Viscor G, Torrella JR. Histomorphological and functional contralateral symmetry in the gastrocnemius muscles of the laboratory rat. J Anat 2022; 241:692-701. [PMID: 35437750 PMCID: PMC9358741 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is usual in anatomical and physiological research to assess the effects of some intervention on extremities (e.g., training programmes or injury recovery protocols) using one muscle for the intervention and its contralateral as control. However, the existence of laterality (left‐handedness or right‐handedness) in athletes of different specialities is widely recognized. In rats, gastrocnemius is one of the muscles most widely used because of its importance in locomotion and high relative limb mass. Since we have not found studies reporting laterality assessment on the morphology and function in rat gastrocnemius, our study aimed to evaluate the fibre histochemical, morphometrical and muscle force contractile properties between right and left gastrocnemius of the laboratory rat. Fibre‐type proportion, fibre morphometrical measurements, muscle capillarization and muscle force properties were analysed in the right and left gastrocnemius of six male rats. No statistically significant differences (p = 0.265) were found in gastrocnemius to body weight ratio (‰) between right (6.55 ± 0.40) and left (6.49 ± 0.40) muscles. The muscles analysed showed a great degree of heterogeneity in fibre type distribution, having three clearly distinguished regions named red, mixed and white. In the three regions, there were no statistical differences in fibre type proportions between right and left gastrocnemius, as is indicated by the p‐values (from 0.203 to 0.941) obtained after running t‐Student paired tests for each fibre type. When analysing fibre cross‐sectional area, individual fibre capillarization and fibre circularity, no significant differences between right and left gastrocnemius in any of these morphometrical parameters were found in any muscle region or fibre type. Most of the p‐values (70%) resulting from running t‐Student paired tests were higher than 0.400, and the lowest p‐value was 0.115. Seemingly, global capillary and fibre densities were not statistically different between right and left sides in all muscle regions with p‐values ranging from 0.337 to 0.812. Force parameters normalized to gastrocnemius mass (mN g−1) did not show any significant difference between right (PF = 74.0 ± 13.4, TF = 219.4 ± 13.0) and left (PF = 70.9 ± 10.7, TF = 213.0 ± 18.0) muscles with p = 0.623 (PF) and p = 0.514 (TF). Twitch time parameters (ms) also lacked significant differences between the two sides (CT: 43.4 ± 8.6 vs. 45.0 ± 14.3, p = 0.639; HRT: 77.6 ± 15.0 vs. 82.3 ± 25.3, p = 0.475). Finally, both muscles also showed similar (p = 0.718) fatigue properties. We did find an absence of laterality at the morphological and functional levels, which raises the possibility of using right and left gastrocnemius muscles interchangeably for experimental designs where one muscle is used to analyse data after a physiological intervention and its contralateral muscle plays the control role, thus allowing unbiased paired comparisons to derive accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garoa Santocildes
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Merino
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federica Fabiani
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Anderson JE. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle "cellular ecology" integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:273-300. [PMID: 34928395 PMCID: PMC8685813 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia-reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle-tendon-bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research-from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology-reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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