1
|
Otsuka H. Nanofabrication Technologies to Control Cell and Tissue Function in Three-Dimension. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030203. [PMID: 36975652 PMCID: PMC10048556 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 2000s, advances in cellular micropatterning using microfabrication contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional evaluation of newly synthesized drugs, resulting in a revolutionary evolution in drug screening. To this end, it is essential to utilize cell patterning to control the morphology of adherent cells and to understand contact and paracrine-mediated interactions between heterogeneous cells. This suggests that the regulation of the cellular environment by means of microfabricated synthetic surfaces is not only a valuable endeavor for basic research in biology and histology, but is also highly useful to engineer artificial cell scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This review particularly focuses on surface engineering techniques for the cellular micropatterning of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. To establish cell microarrays, composed of a cell adhesive region surrounded by a cell non-adherent surface, it is quite important to control a protein-repellent surface in the micro-scale. Thus, this review is focused on the surface chemistries of the biologically inspired micropatterning of two-dimensional non-fouling characters. As cells are formed into spheroids, their survival, functions, and engraftment in the transplanted site are significantly improved compared to single-cell transplantation. To improve the therapeutic effect of cell spheroids even further, various biomaterials (e.g., fibers and hydrogels) have been developed for spheroid engineering. These biomaterials not only can control the overall spheroid formation (e.g., size, shape, aggregation speed, and degree of compaction), but also can regulate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions in spheroids. These important approaches to cell engineering result in their applications to tissue regeneration, where the cell-biomaterial composite is injected into diseased area. This approach allows the operating surgeon to implant the cell and polymer combinations with minimum invasiveness. The polymers utilized in hydrogels are structurally similar to components of the extracellular matrix in vivo, and are considered biocompatible. This review will provide an overview of the critical design to make hydrogels when used as cell scaffolds for tissue engineering. In addition, the new strategy of injectable hydrogel will be discussed as future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Utoh R, Enomoto S, Yamada M, Yamanaka K, Yajima Y, Furusawa K, Seki M. Polyanion-induced, microfluidic engineering of fragmented collagen microfibers for reconstituting extracellular environments of 3D hepatocyte culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112417. [PMID: 34579926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biological scaffolds made of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type I collagen, provide ideal physicochemical cues to various cell culture platforms. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate micrometer-sized ECM materials with precisely controlled morphologies that could reconstitute the 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironments surrounding cells. In the present study, we proposed a unique process to fabricate fragmented collagen microfibers using a microfluidic laminar-flow system. The continuous flow of an acidic collagen solution was neutralized to generate solid fibers, which were subsequently fragmented by applying a gentle shear stress in a polyanion-containing phosphate buffer. The morphology of the fiber fragment was controllable in a wide range by changing the type and/or concentration of the polyanion and by tuning the applied shear stress. The biological benefits of the fragmented fibers were investigated through the formation of multicellular spheroids composed of primary rat hepatocytes and microfibers on non-cell-adhesive micro-vessels. The microfibers enhanced the survival and functions of the hepatocytes and reproduced proper cell polarity, because the fibers facilitated the formation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions while modulating the close packing of cells. These results clearly indicated that the microengineered fragmented collagen fibers have great potential to reconstitute extracellular microenvironments for hepatocytes in 3D culture, which will be of significant benefit for cell-based drug testing and bottom-up tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sakiko Enomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Yajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Furusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishihara K, Mizumoto H, Nakazawa K, Kajiwara T, Funatsu K. Formation of a Sheet-Shaped Organoid Using Rat Primary Hepatocytes for Long-Term Maintenance of Liver-Specific Functions. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:318-28. [PMID: 16685676 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, use of hepatocyte aggregates has led to development of a hybrid artificial liver support system (HALSS) that has high performance. However, in general, their thickness is 100 μm or more, and generation of a dead cell layer due to oxygen exhaustion inside the aggregates has been a universal problem. The present study proposes a novel organoid culture method with better performance than previous organoid culture methods by forming a sheet-shaped organoid (organoid-sheet) with a thickness of approximately 100 μm. The cell number of the organoid-sheet was maintained at approximately 75% of the initial number at 4 days of culture. On the other hand, that of a cylindrical organoid (cylindroid), which formed inside of a plasma separation hollow fiber with 285 μm inner diameter in our previous study, decreased to approximately 50% within 2 days. The ammonia removal rate of the cells in the organoid-sheet was higher than that of the cells in the cylindroid on the first day, but it decreased during the culture time. At day 15, the rate was reduced by almost 50% with respect to the value on the first day. The cells in the cylindroid displayed a lower ammonia removal rate. A significant difference was not observed between the albumin synthesis rates of the two cultures on the first day. However, over a period of time the cells in the organoid-sheet showed a higher albumin synthesis rate than cells in the cylindroid. As this novel organoid maintains these functions for at least 1 month, it is expected to be applied for the development of a HALSS with higher performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mizumoto H, Amimoto N, Miyazawa T, Tani H, Ikeda K, Kajiwara T. In vitro and ex vivo Functional Evaluation of a Hollow Fiber-type Bioartificial Liver Module Containing ES Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.7.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Naoki Amimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Toru Miyazawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kaoru Ikeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Toshihisa Kajiwara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kageyama T, Kakegawa T, Osaki T, Enomoto J, Ito T, Nittami T, Fukuda J. Rapid engineering of endothelial cell-lined vascular-like structures in in situ crosslinkable hydrogels. Biofabrication 2014; 6:025006. [PMID: 24658207 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of perfusable vascular networks in vitro is one of the most critical challenges in the advancement of tissue engineering. Because cells consume oxygen and nutrients during the fabrication process, a rapid fabrication approach is necessary to construct cell-dense vital tissues and organs, such as the liver. In this study, we propose a rapid molding process using an in situ crosslinkable hydrogel and electrochemical cell transfer for the fabrication of perfusable vascular structures. The in situ crosslinkable hydrogel was composed of hydrazide-modified gelatin (gelatin-ADH) and aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CHO). By simply mixing these two solutions, the gelation occurred in less than 20 s through the formation of a stable hydrazone bond. To rapidly transfer cells from a culture surface to the hydrogel, we utilized a zwitterionic oligopeptide, which forms a self-assembled molecular layer on a gold surface. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells adhering on a gold surface via the oligopeptide layer were transferred to the hydrogel within 5 min, along with electrochemical desorption of the oligopeptides. This approach was applicable to cylindrical needles 200-700 µm in diameter, resulting in the formation of perfusable microchannels where the internal surface was fully enveloped with the transferred endothelial cells. The entire fabrication process was completed within 10 min, including 20 s for the hydrogel crosslinking and 5 min for the electrochemical cell transfer. This rapid fabrication approach may provide a promising strategy to construct perfusable vasculatures in cell-dense tissue constructs and subsequently allow cells to organize complicated and fully vascularized tissues while preventing hypoxic cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuto Kageyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sivagnanam V, Gijs MAM. Exploring Living Multicellular Organisms, Organs, and Tissues Using Microfluidic Systems. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3214-47. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200432q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory
of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mochizuki N, Kakegawa T, Osaki T, Sadr N, Kachouie NN, Suzuki H, Fukuda J. Tissue engineering based on electrochemical desorption of an RGD-containing oligopeptide. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:236-43. [PMID: 22162306 DOI: 10.1002/term.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a non-invasive approach for efficient detachment of cells adhered to a gold substrate via a specific oligopeptide. Detachment is effected by an electrical stimulus. The oligopeptide contains cysteine, which spontaneously forms a gold-thiolate bond on a gold surface. This chemical adsorption reaches > 95% equilibrium within 10 min after immersion of a gold-coated substrate in a solution containing the peptide. The peptide is reversibly desorbed from the surface within 5 min of application of a negative electrical potential. By taking advantage of this simple adsorption and desorption mechanism, cells can be grown on an oligopeptide-functionalized gold surface and can be efficiently detached as single cells or cell sheets by application of a negative electrical potential. This approach was also applied to the surface of gold-coated microrods. Capillary-like microchannels were formed in collagen gel by transferring endothelial cells to the internal surfaces of the microchannels. During subsequent perfusion culture, the enveloped endothelial cells migrated into the collagen gel and formed luminal structures, which sprouted from the microchannels. This technique has the potential to provide a fundamental tool for the engineering of thick cell sheets as well as vascularized tissues and organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fukuda J, Nakazawa K. Hepatocyte spheroid arrays inside microwells connected with microchannels. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22205. [PMID: 21799712 PMCID: PMC3145231 DOI: 10.1063/1.3576905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spheroid culture is a preferable cell culture approach for some cell types, including hepatocytes, as this type of culture often allows maintenance of organ-specific functions. In this study, we describe a spheroid microarray chip (SM chip) that allows stable immobilization of hepatocyte spheroids in microwells and that can be used to evaluate drug metabolism with high efficiency. The SM chip consists of 300-μm-diameter cylindrical wells with chemically modified bottom faces that form a 100-μm-diameter cell adhesion region surrounded by a nonadhesion region. Primary hepatocytes seeded onto this chip spontaneously formed spheroids of uniform diameter on the cell adhesion region in each microwell and these could be used for cytochrome P-450 fluorescence assays. A row of microwells could also be connected to a microchannel for simultaneous detection of different cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities on a single chip. The miniaturized features of this SM chip reduce the numbers of cells and the amounts of reagents required for assays. The detection of four cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities was demonstrated following induction by 3-methylcholantlene, with a sensitivity significantly higher than that in conventional monolayer culture. This microfabricated chip could therefore serve as a novel culture platform for various cell-based assays, including those used in drug screening, basic biological studies, and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tekin H, Anaya M, Brigham MD, Nauman C, Langer R, Khademhosseini A. Stimuli-responsive microwells for formation and retrieval of cell aggregates. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2411-8. [PMID: 20664846 PMCID: PMC3118411 DOI: 10.1039/c004732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Generating cell aggregates is beneficial for various applications ranging from biotechnology to regenerative therapies. Previously, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microwells have been demonstrated as a potentially useful method for generating controlled-size cell aggregates. In addition to controlling cell aggregate size and homogeneity, the ability to confine cell aggregates on glass adhesive substrates and subsequently retrieve aggregates from microwells for further experimentation and analysis could be beneficial for various applications. However, it is often difficult to retrieve cell aggregates from these microwells without the use of digestive enzymes. This study describes the stable formation of cell aggregates in responsive microwells with adhesive substrates and their further retrieval in a temperature dependent manner by exploiting the stimuli responsiveness of these microwells. The responsive polymer structure of the arrays can be used to thermally regulate the microwell diameters causing a mechanical force on the aggregates, subsequently facilitating the retrieval of cell aggregates from the microwells with high efficiency compared to PEG arrays. This approach can be potentially integrated into high-throughput systems and may become a versatile tool for various applications that require aggregate formation and experimentation, such as tissue engineering, drug discovery, and stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Tekin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Anaya
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark D. Brigham
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Claire Nauman
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Otsuka H. Nanofabrication of nonfouling surfaces for micropatterning of cell and microtissue. Molecules 2010; 15:5525-46. [PMID: 20714311 PMCID: PMC6257743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15085525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, as cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regards, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell-cell contacts through the form and dimension of the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach towards fundamental cell-biological studies, but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. The focus of this review is on the surface engineering aspects of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional surfaces with the aim to provide an introductory overview described in the literature. In particular, the importance of non-fouling surface chemistries is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Preparation of arrays of cell spheroids and spheroid-monolayer cocultures within a microfluidic device. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:572-6. [PMID: 20591731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a novel method for generation of an array of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids within a microchannel in patterned cultures containing one or multiple cell types. This method uses a unique property of a cross-linked albumin coated surface in which the surface can be switched from non-adhesive to cell adhesive upon electrostatic adsorption of a polycation. Introduction of a solution containing albumin and a cross-linking agent into a microchannel with an array of microwells caused the entire surface, with the exception of the interior of the microwells, to become coated with the cross-linked albumin layer. Cells that were seeded within the microchannel did not adhere to the surface of the microchannel and became entrapped in the microwells. HepG2 cells seeded in the microwells formed 3D spheroids with controlled sizes and shapes depending upon the dimensions of the microwells. When the albumin coated surface was subsequently exposed to an aqueous solution containing poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), adhesion of secondary cells, fibroblasts, occurred in the regions surrounding the arrayed spheroids. This coculture system can be coupled with spatially controlled fluids such as gradients and focused flow generators for various biological and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Inamori M, Mizumoto H, Kajiwara T. An approach for formation of vascularized liver tissue by endothelial cell-covered hepatocyte spheroid integration. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2029-37. [PMID: 19320555 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue vascularization in vitro is necessary for cell transplantation and is a major challenge in tissue engineering. To construct large and regularly vascularized tissue, we focused on the integration of endothelial cell-covered spheroids. Primary rat hepatocytes were cultured on a rotary shaker, and 100-150 mum spheroids were obtained by filtration. The hepatocyte spheroids were coated with collagen by conjugation with a type 1 collagen solution. Collagen-coated hepatocyte spheroids were cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and monolayered HUVEC-covered hepatocyte spheroids were constructed. Without a collagen coat, many HUVECs invaded hepatocyte spheroids but did not cover the spheroid surface. To construct regularly vascularized tissue, we packed HUVEC-covered hepatocyte spheroids in hollow fibers used for plasma separation. Packed spheroids attached to each other forming a large cellular tissue with regular distribution of HUVECs. At day 9 after packing, HUVECs invaded the hepatocyte spheroids and a dense vascular network was constructed. Collagen coating of spheroids is useful for the formation of endothelial cell-covered spheroids and subsequent regular vascularized tissue construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Inamori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kusumi T, Ishihara K, Mizumoto H, Nakazawa K, Ijima H, Funatsu K, Kajiwara T. Evaluation of a bioreactor with stacked sheet shaped organoids of primary hepatocytes. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:552-5. [PMID: 19393557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte organoids have an in vivo-like cell morphology and maintain cell viability and function in vitro. On the other hand, the oxygen supply to hepatocytes is sometimes limited in the core of organoids that are more than 100 mum in thickness. In this study, we designed and examined a new bioreactor using sheet-shaped organoids (organoid-sheets) in which the thickness was controlled to prevent hepatocyte death in the core of organoid due to limitation of oxygen supply. The cell culture space consisted of stacked organoid formation spaces and medium flow channels. Each space was separated by flat porous polycarbonate membranes, and the organoid thickness was controlled at 100 microm with a stainless steel spacer. Freshly isolated hepatocytes (7.0 x 10(7)) were immobilized in the bioreactor, yielding a cell density of 4.5 x 10(7) cells/cm(3)-bioreactor. Of the five flow rates tested (1.0, 5.0, 10, 20, and 50 mL/min), the bioreactor with the 10 mL/min had the highest ammonia removal and albumin secretion activities for at least 14 days. In conclusion, a new bioreactor controlling organoid thickness is useful for achieving high cell density culture and the maintenance of hepatocyte function to avoid cell death in the core of the organoids due to limitation of oxygen supply. The bioreactor may be useful for the development of various applications using cultured hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kusumi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mizumoto H, Ishihara K, Nakazawa K, Ijima H, Funatsu K, Kajiwara T. A new culture technique for hepatocyte organoid formation and long-term maintenance of liver-specific functions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 14:167-75. [PMID: 18491949 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2007.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a useful hybrid artificial liver, it is important to use cultured hepatocytes that maintain liver-specific functions for a long time. These requirements were achieved recently by the use of a hepatocyte multicellular aggregate (organoid) with a tissue-like structure. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional culture of hepatocytes that formed an organoid. Primary rat hepatocytes were immobilized inside hollow fibers (for plasma separation) by centrifugation. Hepatocytes formed a cylindrical organoid (cylindroid) of 200 mum in diameter by day 2 of culture. We used two types of culture media, medium A (Williams' medium E containing insulin and epidermal growth factor) and medium B (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing insulin, epidermal growth factor, and hydrocortisone). In medium A, the hepatocyte cylindroid diminished after 14 days of culture and liver-specific functions of the hepatocyte cylindroid nearly disappeared after 1 month of culture. In contrast, hepatocyte cylindroid cultured in medium B maintained its morphology and liver-specific functions for 2-5 months. These results indicate that a combination of the new culture technique and suitable culture medium is effective for expression and maintenance of liver-specific functions of hepatocytes. This culture technique will be helpful in the development of a hybrid artificial liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Irie Y, Mizumoto H, Fujino S, Kajiwara T. Reconstruction of cartilage tissue using scaffold-free organoid culture technique. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:450-3. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Irie Y, Mizumoto H, Fujino S, Kajiwara T. Development of Articular Cartilage Grafts Using Organoid Formation Techniques. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:631-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Fukuda J, Khademhosseini A, Yeo Y, Yang X, Yeh J, Eng G, Blumling J, Wang CF, Kohane DS, Langer R. Micromolding of photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel for spheroid microarray and co-cultures. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5259-67. [PMID: 16814859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineering approaches, such as co-cultures of multiple cell types, that aim to mimic the physiological microenvironment may be beneficial for optimizing cell function and for engineering tissues in vitro. This study describes a novel method for preparing a spheroid microarray on microfabricated hydrogels, alone or in co-cultures. Photocrosslinkable chitosan was synthesized and utilized for fabricating hydrogel microstructures through a micromolding process. The chitosan surface was initially cell repellent but became increasingly cell adhesive over time. By using this unique property of chitosan hydrogels, it was possible to generate patterned co-cultures of spheroids and support cells. In this scheme, cells were initially microarrayed within low shear stress regions of microwells. Human hepatoblastoma cells, Hep G2, seeded in these wells formed spheroids with controlled sizes and shapes and stably secreted albumin during the culture period. The change of cell adhesive properties in the chitosan surface facilitated the adhesion and growth of a second cell type, NIH-3T3 fibroblast, and therefore enabled co-cultures of hepatocyte spheroids and fibroblast monolayers. This co-culture system could be a useful platform for studying heterotypic cell-cell interactions, for drug screening, and for developing implantable bioartificial organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Fukuda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jasmund I, Schwientek S, Acikgöz A, Langsch A, Machens HG, Bader A. The influence of medium composition and matrix on long-term cultivation of primary porcine and human hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 24:59-69. [PMID: 16870503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiated hepatocyte phenotype remains difficult to maintain in culture. The duration over which phenotypically stable hepatocytes can be cultured ranges from a couple of days to a few weeks. Shortcomings in medium formulation may be a factor in this lack of success. We have investigated effects of medium formulation on primary porcine and human hepatocyte cultures. We tested seven culture medium compositions (DMEM, ExCell 400, HepatoZYME-SFM, L-15 Leibovitz, SF-3, Waymouth, and Williams' E) and the effects of serum, fibronectin and biomatrix in a sandwich culture configuration. Albumin, urea, cholesterol, GOT, GPT, LDH and triglyceride concentrations were measured over 14 days. For both human and porcine cultures, the best results were obtained with SF-3 medium. Cells cultivated with Williams' E medium and FCS had good morphology and synthetic function during the first days of culture. However, continued addition of serum, was associated with a subsequent loss of differentiated phenotype. Addition of fibronectin was associated with improved function in cultures maintained in SF-3 medium whilst biomatrix had no effect. In contrast, addition of fibronectin did not influence cultures maintained in Williams' E medium, but cultures with biomatrix were associated with improved function at longer time points.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin RZ, Chou LF, Chien CCM, Chang HY. Dynamic analysis of hepatoma spheroid formation: roles of E-cadherin and β1-integrin. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:411-22. [PMID: 16489443 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A spheroid is an in vitro multicellular aggregate that provides a microenvironment resembling that of normal tissue in vivo. Although cell adhesion molecules such as integrins and cadherins have been implicated in participating in the process of spheroid formation, little is known about the timing of their action. In this study, we have employed an image-based quantitative method to investigate the compactness of cell aggregates during hepatoma spheroid formation in a dynamic fashion. By modulating beta1-integrin and E-cadherin activity with specific blocking antibodies, ion chelators, and RGD-sequence-containing peptides, we show that these cell adhesion molecules mediate the formation of spheroids through the establishment of complex cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. The dynamics of spheroid formation can be separated into three stages. In the first stage, ECM fibers act as a long-chain linker for the attachment of dispersed single-cells to form loose aggregations through the binding of integrins. This is followed by a delay period in which cell aggregates pause in compaction, presumably because of the accumulation of sufficient amounts of E-cadherins. In the third stage, strong homophilic interaction of E-cadherins is a major factor for the morphological transition from loose cell aggregates to compact spheroids. These findings thus provide comprehensive information on the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of hepatoma spheroid formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang Fu Road, 2nd Sec., Hsin Chu, 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khademhosseini A, Langer R, Borenstein J, Vacanti JP. Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2480-7. [PMID: 16477028 PMCID: PMC1413775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507681102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscale technologies are emerging as powerful tools for tissue engineering and biological studies. In this review, we present an overview of these technologies in various tissue engineering applications, such as for fabricating 3D microfabricated scaffolds, as templates for cell aggregate formation, or for fabricating materials in a spatially regulated manner. In addition, we give examples of the use of microscale technologies for controlling the cellular microenvironment in vitro and for performing high-throughput assays. The use of microfluidics, surface patterning, and patterned cocultures in regulating various aspects of cellular microenvironment is discussed, as well as the application of these technologies in directing cell fate and elucidating the underlying biology. Throughout this review, we will use specific examples where available and will provide trends and future directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khademhosseini
- *Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology and
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert Langer
- *Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology and
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | - Joseph P. Vacanti
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Warren Building, Room 1157, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fukuda J, Sakai Y, Nakazawa K. Novel hepatocyte culture system developed using microfabrication and collagen/polyethylene glycol microcontact printing. Biomaterials 2005; 27:1061-70. [PMID: 16111746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The better understanding of cell biology and cell communication requires novel culture systems that better represent the natural cell environment in tissues and organs. We developed a spherical organoid (spheroid) microarray culture system using a combination of microfabrication and microcontact printing. The system consisted of a chip that had cylindrical cavities of 300 microm diameter at a density of 700 cavities/cm2. The bottom faces of these cavities were defined as two different regions that either supported or inhibited cell adhesion. In the cell adhesion region, the center of the bottom face of a 100 microm diameter in a cavity was modified with collagen (Col), and in the non-adhesion region, the entire region around the cavity, except the Col spots, was modified with polyethylene glycol. Primary hepatocytes spontaneously formed spheroids with a uniform diameter at the center of each cavity on the chip. Hepatocytes forming spheroids had a cuboidal cell shape, similar to hepatocytes in vivo, and stably maintained liver-specific phenotypes, such as liver-enriched transcriptional factors, albumin secretion, urea cycle enzymes, and intercellular adhesion molecules. This novel culture system may be applicable as a cellular platform for fundamental studies in cell biology and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Fukuda
- Department of Chemical Processes and Environments, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|