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Yamamoto Y, Yamaguchi T, Egashira K, Saiki S, Kimura M, Chikazawa T, Yamamoto Y, Kurita K. Dipotassium glycyrrhizate and hinokitiol enhance macrophage efferocytosis by regulating recognition, uptake, and metabolism of apoptotic cells in vitro. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:542-551. [PMID: 38146226 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Efferocytosis is a process whereby macrophages remove apoptotic cells, such as neutrophils, that have accumulated in tissues, which is required for resolution of inflammation. Efferocytosis is impaired in individuals with increasing age and in those with various systemic diseases. Recently, efferocytosis has been reported to be related to the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis, and enhancement of efferocytosis, especially in the subjects with impaired efferocytosis, was suggested to lead to periodontitis prevention and care. Various anti-inflammatory ingredients are used in oral care products, but their effect on efferocytosis is unclear. Here, we aimed to identify ingredients contained in oral care products that are effective for efferocytosis regulation. METHODS The ability of dead cells to induce inflammation in human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were evaluated by measuring IL-6 secretion. Six ingredients in oral care products used as anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated for their effect on efferocytosis using flow cytometry. The expression of various efferocytosis-related molecules, such as MERTK and LRP1 involved in recognition, and LXRα and ABCA1 that function in metabolism, were measured in RAW264.7 cells with or without ingredient treatment. Rac1 activity, which is related to the uptake of dead cells, was measured using the G-LISA kit. RESULTS Dead cells elicited IL-6 secretion in HGF cells. Among the six ingredients, GK2 and hinokitiol enhanced efferocytosis activity. GK2 and hinokitiol significantly increased the expression of MERTK and LRP1, and also enhanced LXRα and ABCA1 expression after efferocytosis. Furthermore, they increased Rac1 activity in the presence of dead cells. CONCLUSION Among the six ingredients tested, GK2 and hinokitiol promoted efferocytosis by regulating apoptotic cell recognition, uptake, and metabolism-related molecules. Efferocytosis upregulation may be one of the mechanisms of GK2 and hinokitiol in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamamoto
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuhei Saiki
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kei Kurita
- R&D Headquarters, LION Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Górski KM, Kowalczyk T, Picot L, Rijo P, Ghorbanpour M, Sitarek P. The Precious Potential of the Sacred Tree Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. as a Source of Secondary Metabolites with Broad Biological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2723. [PMID: 38473970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl., which belongs to the Cupressaceae family, occurs naturally in North America and Asia, especially in Korea, Taiwan and Japan, where it is an evergreen, coniferous, sacred, ethnic tree. It has many useful varieties that are widespread throughout the world and grown for decorative purposes. It is most commonly used as an ornamental plant in homes, gardens or parks. It is also widely used in many areas of the economy; for example, its wood is used in architecture as well as furniture production. In addition, oil extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa is increasingly used in cosmetology for skin care. Due to its wide economic demand, mainly in Japan, it represents the largest area of plantation forest. Despite this, it is on the red list of endangered species. Its use in ethnopharmacology has led to more and more research in recent years in an attempt to elucidate the potential mechanisms of its various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, analgesic and central nervous system effects. It has also been shown that Chamaecyparis obtusa can be used as an insect repellent and an ingredient in plant disease treatment. This thesis provides a comprehensive review of the biological studies to date, looking at different areas of the economic fields of potential use of Chamaecyparis obtusa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Maksymilian Górski
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Laurent Picot
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, La Rochelle Université, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-88349, Iran
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Bryan EE, Bode NM, Chen X, Burris ES, Johnson DC, Dilger RN, Dilger AC. The effect of chronic, non-pathogenic maternal immune activation on offspring postnatal muscle and immune outcomes. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad424. [PMID: 38189595 PMCID: PMC10794819 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of maternal inflammation on offspring muscle development and postnatal innate immune response. Sixteen first-parity gilts were randomly allotted to repeated intravenous injections with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 8, treatment code INFLAM) or comparable volume of phosphate buffered saline (CON, n = 8). Injections took place every other day from gestational day (GD) 70 to GD 84 with an initial dose of 10 μg LPS/kg body weight (BW) increasing by 12% each time to prevent endotoxin tolerance. On GD 70, 76, and 84, blood was collected at 0 and 4 h postinjection via jugular or ear venipuncture to determine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β concentrations. After farrowing, litter mortality was recorded, and the pig closest to litter BW average was used for dissection and muscle fiber characterization. On weaning (postnatal day [PND] 21), pigs were weighed individually and 2 barrows closest to litter BW average were selected for another study. The third barrow closest to litter BW average was selected for the postnatal LPS challenge. On PND 52, pigs were given 5 μg LPS/kg BW via intraperitoneal injection, and blood was collected at 0, 4, and 8 h postinjection to determine TNF-α concentration. INFLAM gilt TNF-α concentration increased (P < 0.01) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection, while CON gilt TNF-α concentration did not differ between time points. INFLAM gilt IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations increased (P = 0.03) 4 h postinjection compared to 0 h postinjection on GD 70, but did not differ between time points on GD 76 and 84. There were no differences between INFLAM and CON gilts litter mortality outcomes (P ≥ 0.13), but INFLAM pigs were smaller (P = 0.04) at birth and tended (P = 0.09) to be smaller at weaning. Muscle and organ weights did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments, with the exception of semitendinosus, which was smaller (P < 0.01) in INFLAM pigs. INFLAM pigs tended (P = 0.06) to have larger type I fibers. INFLAM pig TNF-α concentration did not differ across time, while CON pig TNF-α concentration peaked (P = 0.01) 4 h postinjection. TNF-α concentration did not differ between treatments at 0 and 8 h postinjection, but CON pigs had increased (P = 0.01) TNF-α compared to INFLAM pigs 4 h postinjection. Overall, maternal immune activation did not alter pig muscle development, but resulted in suppressed innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bryan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Nick M Bode
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elli S Burris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Danielle C Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Cryan MT, Li Y, Ross AE. Sustained delivery of focal ischemia coupled to real-time neurochemical sensing in brain slices. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2173-2184. [PMID: 35531656 PMCID: PMC9156565 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Local stimulation of tissue can occur naturally in events like immune-mediated inflammation and focal ischemic injuries in brain and is confined to specific regions within tissue, occurring on various timescales. Making chemical measurements at the exact site of stimulation with current technologies is difficult yet important for understanding tissue response. We have developed a microfluidic device capable of local stimulation of brain slices with minimal lateral spread over time and submillimeter, tunable spatial resolution. This device is compatible with electrochemical measurements to monitor signaling at the site of stimulation over time. The PDMS-based device is three layers and contains a culture well, channel layer, and exit port layer for the channels. Channels with exit ports straddling the stimulus channels and ports were specifically fabricated to focus the stimulus over time. We demonstrated that the device is compatible with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) recording of neurotransmitter release. Localized hypoxia in tissue was verified using Image-iT Green Hypoxia Reagent and coupling this device with FSCV enabled measurement of local dopamine changes at the site of focal ischemia for the first time. This work provides a significant advance in knowledge of local neurochemical fluctuations during sustained tissue injury. Overall, the unique capabilities of the device to deliver sustained localized stimulation combined with real-time sensing provide an innovative platform to answer significant biological questions about how tissues respond at the site of controlled, localized injury and chemical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Cryan
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Drive, 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Yuxin Li
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Drive, 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Ashley E Ross
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, 312 College Drive, 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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Efficacy and potential mechanism of hinokitiol against postharvest anthracnose of banana caused by Colletotrichum musae. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural bioactive compound found in several aromatic and medicinal plants. It is a terpenoid synthetized and secreted by different species as secondary metabolites. This volatile compound was tested and explored for its different biological properties. In this review, we report the pharmacological properties of hinokitiol by focusing mainly on its anticancer mechanisms. Indeed, it can block cell transformation at different levels by its action on the cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy via inhibiting gene expression and dysregulating cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, hinokitiol also exhibits other pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. It showed multiple and several effects through its inhibition, interaction and/or activation of the main cellular targets inducing these pathologies.
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Fu Z, Sun P, Zhang T, Wang K, Li X, Qian Y. Hinokitiol inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107619. [PMID: 33831806 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone-loss disease characterized by abnormally excessive osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Identification of natural medicines that can inhibit osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling is necessary for improved treatment of osteoporosis. In this study, hinokitiol, a tropolone-related compound extracted from the heart wood of several cupressaceous plants, was found to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. Hinokitiol inhibited early activation of the ERK, p38, and JNK-MAPK pathways, thereby suppressing the activity and expression of downstream factors (c-Jun, c-Fos, and NFATC1). Consistent with the above in vitro findings, hinokitiol treatment protected against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. Collectively, our results imply that hinokitiol can potentially serve as an effective agent for treating osteoclast-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanben Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ziyuan Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Kelei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China; Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China.
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Aboutabl ME, Hamed AR, Hamissa MF, Ahmed EK. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of 7-Chloro-4-(Piperazin-1-yl) Quinoline Derivative Mediated by Suppression of InflammatoryMediators Expression in Both RAW 264.7 and Mouse Models. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 4-Aminoquinoline derivatives possess various potential biological properties.The introduction of additional piperazine heterocyclic pharmacophoric moiety tends to haveprofound impact in increasing the activity. The present work was undertaken to investigate thein-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity as well as the peripheral and central analgesicactivities of compound 1-(4-(7-chloroquinoline-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone (5) in experimental models. Methods: The percentage inhibition of the lipopolysaccharide induced NO release of 7-chloro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)quinoline derivatives 1-9 was determined in RAW 264.7 murine macrophagemodel. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of compound 5 on proteinexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Gene expression of inflammatory markerswas evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The peripheral and central analgesicactivities of compound 5 were evaluated in mice using writhing and hot-plate tests, respectively.Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema assay in miceand serum NO and COX-2 levels were measured. Results: Compound 5 demonstrated the highest NO inhibitory activity that was accompaniedby inhibition of iNOS protein expression and decreased gene expression levels of inflammatorymarkers. It revealed a potential peripheral analgesic effect through inhibition of abdominalwrithing in mice treated with doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg and its effect was comparable to diclofenacsodium. Compound 5 possessed an analgesic activity starting from 15 min post administrationand reached its peak at 45 min which was significantly higher than that of tramadol hydrochloridesuggesting its potential as central analgesic agent. It also showed percentage of inhibition ofedema of 34, 50 and 64% at 1, 2, and 3 h respectively, post carrageenan challenge together with asignificant decrease in serum NO and COX-2 levels. Conclusion: The remarkable anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of compound 5 couldbe attributed to the advantageous introduction of the heterocyclic 7-chloro-4-(piperazin1-yl)quinoline scaffold incorporated with N-phenylpiperzine functional groups linked together withthe ethanone pharmacophoric chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elsayed Aboutabl
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 El Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ragab Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; Biology Unit, Central Laboratory for Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 El Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk Hamissa
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 El Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emad Khairy Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, P.O. 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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Inoue Y, Suzuki R, Murata I, Nomura H, Isshiki Y, Kanamoto I. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity Expression of the Hinokitiol/Cyclodextrin Complex Against Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27180-27187. [PMID: 33134678 PMCID: PMC7594135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of a solid dispersion prepared by mixing and grinding hinokitiol (HT) with α-cyclodextrin (αCD), β-cyclodextrin (βCD), or γ-cyclodextrin (γCD). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and evaluating the change in the number of bacteria over time. The test microbes used were two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis). Calculation of the MIC value of HT using the agar dilution method revealed that the MIC of HT/CD inclusion complexes was lower than that of HT alone. HT irreversibly inhibited the growth of microorganisms in a short amount of time. HT/CD complexes retained the antimicrobial activity of HT as a result of including HT in a CD complex. These results suggest that inclusion of HT, an antimicrobial component, using CDs could lead to appropriate control of the drug release rate and efficient display of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
- . Tel: +81-49-271-7317. Fax: +81-49-271-7317
| | - Rina Suzuki
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Isamu Murata
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Harue Nomura
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Yasunori Isshiki
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanamoto
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Phthalates Implications in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030026. [PMID: 32707888 PMCID: PMC7570088 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today’s sedentary lifestyle and eating habits have been implicated as some of the causes of the increased incidence of several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, environmental pollutants have also been identified as another possible cause for this increase in recent decades. The constant human exposure to plastics has been raising attention regarding human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These are plasticizers used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products, such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) plastics and personal care products, with endocrine-disrupting properties, as they can bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic, they are easily released into the environment during their manufacture, use, or disposal, leading to increased human exposure and enhancing health risks. In fact, some studies have related phthalate exposure with cardiovascular health, having already shown a positive association with the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis in adults and some cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to present and relate the most recent studies concerning the implications of phthalates effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Sonyot W, Lamlertthon S, Luangsa-ard JJ, Mongkolsamrit S, Usuwanthim K, Ingkaninan K, Waranuch N, Suphrom N. In Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Novel Insect Fungus Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis Extract and Its Constituents against Propionibacterium acnes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E274. [PMID: 32466146 PMCID: PMC7277416 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris, the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit. This study was conducted to investigate whether the entomopathogenic fungus Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis components have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects against P. acnes that may serve for acne treatment. A chemical study by spectroscopic analysis resulted in the identification of seven known compounds. The anti-P. acnes potency of extracts and test compounds was determined by both agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The ethyl acetate extract from culture broth along with cordytropolone (1) and stipitalide (2) exhibited strong anti- P. acnes activity while (+)-piliformic acid (3) showed mild inhibitory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract and 1-3 was then examined by the quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on heat-killed P. acnes induced cytokine production by THP-1 cells. The result demonstrated that the extract and its constituents (1-3) showed a potent significant effect by inhibiting the P. acnes-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in THP-1. Our results suggest for the first time that P. phaothaiensis and its constituents (1 and 2) hold therapeutic value for further studies as a new alternative treatment for acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witsanu Sonyot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Supaporn Lamlertthon
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand;
| | - Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (J.J.L.-a.); (S.M.)
| | - Suchada Mongkolsamrit
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (J.J.L.-a.); (S.M.)
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Nungruthai Suphrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Protective effect of hinokitiol against periodontal bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 112:104679. [PMID: 32062102 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hinokitiol on periodontal bone loss in a murine model of experimental periodontitis and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of hinokitiol in vitro. DESIGN Periodontitis was induced by tying a silk ligature around the maxillary second molar of mice for 8 days. Hinokitiol was injected once a day for 7 days into the palatal gingiva of the ligated molar. Periodontal bone loss was then assessed morphometrically in the maxillary second molar, and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinucleated giant cells around the molar was quantified. The bacterial load of the silk ligature was calculated by counting the number of colony-forming units, while the transcription levels of proinflammatory cytokine-related genes in the palatal gingiva were evaluated by real-time qPCR. The activity of hinokitiol against LPS-induced transcription of proinflammatory genes in RAW 264.7 macrophages was also examined. RESULTS Local treatment with hinokitiol significantly inhibited the alveolar bone loss and osteoclast differentiation induced by tooth ligation. In addition, hinokitiol treatment decreased the oral bacterial load of the silk ligature and downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokine-related genes, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The results indicated that hinokitiol exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity and exerts a protective effect against periodontitis.
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Wu YJ, Hsu WJ, Wu LH, Liou HP, Pangilinan CR, Tyan YC, Lee CH. Hinokitiol reduces tumor metastasis by inhibiting heparanase via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase B pathway. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:403-413. [PMID: 32132875 PMCID: PMC7053356 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase cleaves the extracellular matrix by degrading heparan sulfate that ultimately leads to cell invasion and metastasis; a condition that causes high mortality among cancer patients. Many of the anticancer drugs available today are natural products of plant origin, such as hinokitiol. In the previous report, it was revealed that hinokitiol plays an essential role in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation processes and promote apoptosis or autophagy resulting to the inhibition of tumor growth and differentiation. Therefore, this study explored the effects of hinokitiol on the cancer-promoting pathway in mouse melanoma (B16F10) and breast (4T1) cancer cells, with emphasis on heparanase expression. We detected whether hinokitiol can elicit anti-metastatic effects on cancer cells via wound healing and Transwell assays. Besides, mice experiment was conducted to observe the impact of hinokitiol in vivo. Our results show that hinokitiol can inhibit the expression of heparanase by reducing the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK). Furthermore, in vitro cell migration assay showed that heparanase downregulation by hinokitiol led to a decrease in metastatic activity which is consistent with the findings in the in vivo experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Jung Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jie Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Pu Liou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Chen Q, Zhang KX, Li TY, Piao XM, Lian ML, An RB, Jiang J. Cardamine komarovii flower extract reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting MyD88/TRIF signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:461-468. [PMID: 31262458 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effect of Cardamine komarovii flower (CKF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We determined the effect of CKF methanolic extracts on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), and related protein expression levels of MyD88/TRIF signaling pathways in peritoneal macrophages (PMs). Nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 was analyzed by immunofluorescence. For the in vivo experiments, an ALI model was established to detect the number of inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice. The pathological damage in lung tissues was evaluated through H&E staining. Our results showed that CKF can decrease the production of inflammatory mediators, such as NO and PGE2, by inhibiting their synthesis-related enzymes iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced PMs. In addition, CKF can downregulate the mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 to inhibit the production of inflammatory factors. Mechanism studies indicated that CKF possesses a fine anti-inflammatory effect by regulating MyD88/TRIF dependent signaling pathways. Immunocytochemistry staining showed that the CKF extract attenuates the LPS-induced translocation of NF-kB p65 subunit in the nucleus from the cytoplasm. In vivo experiments revealed that the number of inflammatory cells and IL-1β in BALF of mice decrease after CKF treatment. Histopathological observation of lung tissues showed that CKF can remarkably improve alveolar clearance and infiltration of interstitial and alveolar cells after LPS stimulation. In conclusion, our results suggest that CKF inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MyD88/TRIF signaling pathways, thereby protecting mice from LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Ministry of Education), Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Ministry of Education), Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Tai-Yuan Li
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xuan-Mei Piao
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei-Lan Lian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Ministry of Education), Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Ren-Bo An
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Ministry of Education), Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Ministry of Education), Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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15
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da Silva Júnior WF, Bezerra de Menezes DL, de Oliveira LC, Koester LS, Oliveira de Almeida PD, Lima ES, de Azevedo EP, da Veiga Júnior VF, Neves de Lima ÁA. Inclusion Complexes of β and HPβ-Cyclodextrin with α, β Amyrin and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060241. [PMID: 31234312 PMCID: PMC6627979 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α, β amyrin (ABAM) is a natural mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes that has a wide range of biological activities. ABAM is isolated from the species of the Burseraceae family, in which the species Protium is commonly found in the Amazon region of Brazil. The aim of this work was to develop inclusion complexes (ICs) of ABAM and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) by physical mixing (PM) and kneading (KN) methods. Interactions between ABAM and the CD’s as well as the formation of ICs were confirmed by physicochemical characterization in the solid state by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Physicochemical characterization indicated the formation of ICs with both βCD and HPβCD. Such ICs were able to induce changes in the physicochemical properties of ABAM. In addition, the formation of ICs with cyclodextrins showed to be an effective and promising alternative to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity and safety of ABAM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Letícia Scherer Koester
- Production and Drug Control Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities (UnP), Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil.
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16
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Raha S, Kim SM, Lee HJ, Lee SJ, Heo JD, Saralamma VVG, Ha SE, Kim EH, Mun SP, Kim GS. Essential oil from Korean Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf ameliorates respiratory activity in Sprague‑Dawley rats and exhibits protection from NF-κB-induced inflammation in WI38 fibroblast cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:393-403. [PMID: 30387810 PMCID: PMC6257863 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, Korean hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), has been widely used for household and commercial purposes. Although the medicinal efficacy of hinoki cypress essential oil has been observed, that of the essential oil‑derived terpenes, which exhibit a mechanism that acts against lung inflammation, remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the anti‑inflammatory effect of hinoki cypress leaf extracted essential oil on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated WI38 fibroblast cells by inhibiting the nuclear factor κ‑light‑chain‑enhancer of activated B cells (NF‑κB) pathway, which exhibited lung tissue protection through the olfactory administration of essential oil in Sprague‑Dawley rats. GC/MS analysis derived 24 terpenes from the essential oil. The morphological observations revealed that, upon LPS stimulation of WI38 fibroblast cells, inflammation was induced, whereas the condition of the cells reverted to normal in the essential oil extract pre‑treated group. The results of western blot analysis revealed the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, activation of cyclooxygnase‑2, and the degradation of cytosolic p65 and inhibitor of NF‑κB‑α in the LPS‑stimulated group. Additionally, confocal imaging of nuclei revealed the translocation of phosphorylated p65, which was recovered in the cytosol in the phytoncide essential oil pre‑treated group. Histopathological observation revealed that the alveolar capacity was enhanced in the essential oil olfactory administered rat group, compared with that in the normal rat group. These findings suggest that terpenes in essential oil from the Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf have therapeutic potential against respiratory inflammation‑related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52828
| | | | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsang 52833
| | - Sung Phil Mun
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University
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17
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Abstract
This review on natural products containing a tropolonoid motif highlights analytical methods applied for structural identification and biosynthetic pathway analysis, the ecological context and the pharmacological potential of this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - David Roman
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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18
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Mou LY, Wu HY, Ma EG, Wang MF, Duan YQ, Lei S, Li GP. Two new xanthone glycosides from Swertia punicea Hemsl. and their anti-inflammatory activity. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1423-1429. [PMID: 30453776 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1509325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new xanthone glycosides (1-2), together with seven known analogues (3-9), were isolated from whole herb of Swertia punicea. The structures of these metabolites were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with data reported in the literature. In an in vitro test, all isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. The results revealed that all of them showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.237 to 3.319 mM. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 (IC50 values in the range 1.237-1.987 mM) displayed more potent anti-inflammatory activity than the positive control, indomethacin (IC50 value of 2.004 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yun Mou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resouces, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resouces, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - En-Guang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resouces, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Feng Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Duan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Lei
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Gan-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resouces, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P. R. China
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19
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Quintans JSS, Shanmugam S, Heimfarth L, Araújo AAS, Almeida JRGDS, Picot L, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:233-257. [PMID: 30389585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response can be driven by cytokine production and is a pivotal target in the management of inflammatory diseases. Monoterpenes have shown that promising profile as agents which reduce the inflammatory process and also modulate the key chemical mediators of inflammation, such as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main interest focused on monoterpenes were to develop the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on monoterpenes that produce anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the release of cytokines, as well as suggesting that which monoterpenoid molecules may be most effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease. Several different inflammatory markers were evaluated as a target of monoterpenes. The proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 IL-13, IL-17A, IFNγ, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Our review found evidence that NF-κB and MAPK signaling are important pathways for the anti-inflammatory action of monoterpenes. We found 24 monoterpenes that modulate the production of cytokines, which appears to be the major pharmacological mechanism these compounds possess in relation to the attenuation of inflammatory response. Despite the compelling evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory effect of monoterpenes, further studies are necessary to fully explore their potential as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Saravanan Shanmugam
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson R G da S Almeida
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants (NEPLAME), Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042, La Rochelle, France
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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20
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Ali YM, Abd El-Aziz AM, Mabrook M, Shabaan AA, Sim RB, Hassan R. Recombinant chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) protects against LPS-induced lung injury in mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:27-33. [PMID: 30145330 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical conditions caused by trauma, lung infection or sepsis. ALI/ARDS is associated with massive recruitment of neutrophils into the lung with release of reactive oxygen species and excessive inflammatory response that damage alveolar tissue. Here we report the successful use of a potent recombinant chemotaxis inhibitory protein (rCHIPS) derived from Staphylococcus aureus in reducing the severity of ALI/ARDS. Treatment with rCHIPS reduces pulmonary inflammation and permeability in mice after intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). rCHIPS treatment significantly reduces lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein content as well as histopathological changes. In addition, treatment with rCHIPS significantly diminishes neutrophils and leukocytes recruitment into lung tissue after LPS administration and hence protects mice from reactive oxygen species mediated lung injury. Our finding reveals potential therapeutic benefits of using rCHIPS for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssif M Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Abeer M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Maha Mabrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shabaan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Jordon
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ramadan Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
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21
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Effect of microencapsulated essential oil form Chamaecyparis obtusa on monocyte-derived dendritic cell activation and CD4+ T cell polarization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201233. [PMID: 30052657 PMCID: PMC6063440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil of Chamaecyparis obtusa (C. obtusa), which is used in soap, toothpaste, and aromatic agents, has been known to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of microencapsulated C. obtusa essential oil on airborne fungus-induced dendritic cell (DC) activation and Th immune responses. We stimulated monocyte-derived DCs with Alternaria alternate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To determine the anti-inflammatory effects, we pre-treated DCs with various concentrations of microencapsulated C. obtusa essential oil and collected the supernatants to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and we determined the expression of cell surface molecules. The effects of the essential oil on CD4+ T cells polarization was determine by culturing stimulated DCs and autologous CD4+ T cells. Alternaria enhanced the production of IL-6 and TNF-α from DCs, and pretreating DCs with 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05% of the essential oil significantly inhibited their production. Increased CD80 and CD86 expression by Alternaria was significantly inhibited with 0.05% of the essential oil. Alternaria-induced IL-5, IL-10, and interferon-gamma from CD4+ T cells were significantly inhibited with C. obtusa essential oil in a dose dependent manner. C. obtusa influenced both Alternaria- and LPS-induced Th1 and Th2 polarization of CD4+ T cells. These results suggest a novel pharmacological use for C. obtusa essential oil to treat inflammatory airway diseases.
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22
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Dastan A, Kilic H, Saracoglu N. One hundred years of benzotropone chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1120-1180. [PMID: 29977384 PMCID: PMC6009416 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemistry of benzo-annulated tropones and tropolones reported since the beginning of the 20th century, which are currently used as tools by the synthetic and biological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Dastan
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Haydar Kilic
- Oltu Vocational Training School, Atatürk University, 25400, Erzurum, Turkey.,East Anotolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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23
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Adadey SM, Yakass MB, Agyemang S, Duodu S. The Modulatory Effect of Lead Drug Candidates on Inflammatory Gene Expression in Sepsis: A Mini-Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2018; 16:48-56. [PMID: 29493457 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180227162926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a debilitating clinical syndrome of systemic inflammation in response to microorganisms especially Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A minority of sepsis cases could be due to non-pathogenic insult such as trauma. Much of the tissue and organ injury observed among septic patients is a consequence of the inflammatory response. The search for effective treatments of sepsis has led to several studies by different research groups across the globe. Although many targets and molecules have been identified, there is still no effective treatment for sepsis. The aim of this report is to review the literature on drugs and drug candidates against sepsis and how they modulate the expression of inflammatory genes. Many compounds have been identified to regulate inflammatory gene expression by interacting with targets such as topoisomerase 1 and nuclear factor kappa B, which regulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Even though these compounds appear promising as potential drugs against sepsis, no effective therapies have been discovered to date and thus the fight against sepsis continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Bright Yakass
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Agyemang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Duodu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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24
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Shih MF, Pan KH, Liu CC, Shen CR, Cherng JY. Treatment of β-thujaplicin counteracts di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-exposed vascular smooth muscle activation, inflammation and atherosclerosis progression. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:333-337. [PMID: 29288721 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of atherosclerosis involves up-regulation of molecules such as E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. The progression of atherosclerosis is linked to proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell via MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. However, the etiology of atherosclerosis concerning plasticizers is unknown. We evaluated β-thujaplicin in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in a model induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we established a new atherosclerosis model in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exposed to a common contact plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). SEVC4-10 endothelial cells were treated with 50% RAW conditioned medium and A7r5 VSMC was treated with the plasticizer, with/without β-thujaplicin (4 or 12 μM). Production of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in SEVC4-10 cells as well as MMP-2/MMP-9 (both expression and activity) in VSMC were monitored. Results showed that the conditioned medium induced E-selectin and ICAM were significantly prevented by β-thujaplicin. However, inhibition on the production of VCAM by β-thujaplicin was only seen in a concentration of 12 μM. Both concentrations of β-thujaplicin also significantly prevented DEHP-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activities. Evidence uncovers that β-thujaplicin has additional factors in amelioration of atherosclerosis and corroborates that β-thujaplicin is a strong candidate in preventing the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fen Shih
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyuan Liu
- Department and Institute of Cosmetics Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Lab Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong Yuh Cherng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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25
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Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Limmatvapirat S, Murata I, Kanamoto I. Molecular interactions of the inclusion complexes of hinokitiol and various cyclodextrins. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2717-2726. [PMID: 28299622 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare inclusion complexes of hinokitiol (HT)/α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and HT/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) by cogrinding and to evaluate the differences in their formation. The physical properties of the preparation were evaluated by Job's plot, phase solubility studies, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, solid fluorescence spectra, and infrared absorption spectra. Intermolecular interaction in the solid state was confirmed to be in the ratios HT/α-CD = 1/2 and HT/β-CD = 1/1. Results indicated that the dissolution property of HT was improved by inclusion in the complexes HT/α-CD and HT/β-CD compared with HT crystals. The 1H-1H ROESY NMR spectrum of HT/α-CD showed that part of the seven-membered ring of HT and the isopropyl group of HT was linked to the wider edges of the two α-CDs. In HT/β-CD, the seven-membered ring of HT interacted with the narrower edge of β-CD and the isopropyl group of HT interacted with the wider edges. This structure of inclusion complexes was attributed to the difference in the cavity diameter of the CD and was thought to influence the dissolution properties.
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Lee JH, Moon JH, Lee YJ, Park SY. SIRT1, a Class III Histone Deacetylase, Regulates LPS-Induced Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes and Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hinokitiol. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1257-1266. [PMID: 28257794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin inflammation is a response of the immune system to infection and injury. In this study, we report that hinokitiol, a tropolone-related natural compound that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in various cell types, can modulate the inflammatory responses of primary human keratinocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hinokitiol treatment inhibited LPS-mediated up-regulation of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). NF-κB activation and cell migration induced by LPS were blocked in keratinocytes treated with hinokitiol. Sirt1, a class Ⅲ histone deacetylase, was up-regulated by hinokitiol treatment, and the inhibition of Sirt1 activity using a pharmacological inhibitor or genetic silencing blocked hinokitiol-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Further, hyperactivation of Sirt1 deacetylase using an adenoviral vector also attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory responses. We thus show that hinokitiol can attenuate LPS-mediated proinflammatory signals via Sirt1 histone deacetylase activation in primary human keratinocytes and suggest that hinokitiol may be a potential therapeutic agent in skin inflammatory diseases like psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
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Wang TH, Hsia SM, Wu CH, Ko SY, Chen MY, Shih YH, Shieh TM, Chuang LC, Wu CY. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163147. [PMID: 27681039 PMCID: PMC5040402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activities of the phenolic essential oil (EO) compounds hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol against oral pathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia. coli were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), bacterial growth curves, temperature and pH stabilities, and synergistic effects of the liquid and vapor EO compounds were tested. The MIC/MBC of the EO compounds, ranging from the strongest to weakest, were hinokitiol (40-60 μg/mL/40-100 μg/mL), thymol (100-200 μg/mL/200-400 μg/mL), carvacrol (200-400 μg/mL/200-600 μg/mL), and menthol (500-more than 2500 μg/mL/1000-more than 2500 μg/mL). The antibacterial activities of the four EO phenolic compound based on the agar diffusion test and bacterial growth curves showed that the four EO phenolic compounds were stable under different temperatures for 24 h, but the thymol activity decreased when the temperature was higher than 80°C. The combination of liquid carvacrol with thymol did not show any synergistic effects. The activities of the vaporous carvacrol and thymol were inhibited by the presence of water. Continual violent shaking during culture enhanced the activity of menthol. Both liquid and vaporous hinokitiol were stable at different temperatures and pH conditions. The combination of vaporous hinokitiol with zinc oxide did not show synergistic effects. These results showed that the liquid and vapor phases of hinokitiol have strong anti-oral bacteria abilities. Hinokitiol has the potential to be applied in oral health care products, dental materials, and infection controls to exert antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Wu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yao Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Innovate Research Center of Medicine, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Yuanchien Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung,Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Shih
- Mind-Body Interface Lab, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Chuang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tu DG, Yu Y, Lee CH, Kuo YL, Lu YC, Tu CW, Chang WW. Hinokitiol inhibits vasculogenic mimicry activity of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells through proteasome-mediated degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2934-2940. [PMID: 27073579 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol, alternatively known as β-thujaplicin, is a tropolone-associated natural compound with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. Breast cancer stem/progenitor cells (BCSCs) are a subpopulation of breast cancer cells associated with tumor initiation, chemoresistance and metastatic behavior, and may be enriched by mammosphere cultivation. Previous studies have demonstrated that BCSCs exhibit vasculogenic mimicry (VM) activity via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. The present study investigated the anti-VM activity of hinokitiol in BCSCs. At a concentration below the half maximal inhibitory concentration, hinokitiol inhibited VM formation of mammosphere cells derived from two human breast cancer cell lines. Hinokitiol was additionally indicated to downregulate EGFR protein expression in mammosphere-forming BCSCs without affecting the expression of messenger RNA. The protein stability of EGFR in BCSCs was also decreased by hinokitiol. The EGFR protein expression and VM formation capability of hinokitiol-treated BCSCs were restored by co-treatment with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. In conclusion, the present study indicated that hinokitiol may inhibit the VM activity of BCSCs through stimulating proteasome-mediated EGFR degradation. Hinokitiol may act as an anti-VM agent, and may be useful for the development of novel breast cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Liang Kuo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Che Lu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Wen Tu
- Department of Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Park Y, Yoo SA, Kim WU, Cho CS, Woo JM, Yoon CH. Anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa on murine models of inflammation and RAW 264.7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3335-41. [PMID: 26936418 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO) have previously been reported. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of EOCO were investigated in two murine models of inflammation: Carrageenan-induced paw edema and thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA, the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by western blotting, and nitrite concentration was measured using Griess reagent. In mice with carrageenan-induced edema, paw thickness and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL-6 in paw homogenates were significantly decreased in the EOCO (5 and 10 mg/kg) group, as compared with the control group. In mice with thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, treatment with EOCO (5 and 10 mg/kg) reduced the number of total cells and suppressed tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), IL‑1β and IL‑6 levels in peritoneal fluid. In addition, EOCO reduced nitric oxide, TNF‑α and IL‑6 production, and suppressed iNOS and COX‑2 expression in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that EOCO may exert anti‑inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro, and that these effects may be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, EOCO may be considered an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, School of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul 100‑032, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Hyeon Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Do HS, Min KJ. Effects of Essential Oil from Hinoki Cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa, on Physiology and Behavior of Flies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143450. [PMID: 26624577 PMCID: PMC4666656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoncides, which are volatile substances emitted from plants for protection against plant pathogens and insects, are known to have insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. In contrast to their negative effects on microorganisms and insects, phytoncides have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Essential oil from Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is mostly used in commercial products such as air purifiers. However, the physiological/behavioral impact of essential oil from C. obtusa on insects is not established. In this study, we tested the effects of essential oil extracted from C. obtusa on the physiologies and behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster and Musca domestica. Exposure to essential oil from C. obtusa decreased the lifespan, fecundity, locomotive activity, and developmental success rate of D. melanogaster. In addition, both fruit flies and house flies showed strong repellent behavioral responses to the essential oil, with duration times of about 5 hours at 70 μg/ml. These results suggest that essential oil from C. obtusa can be used as a ‘human-friendly’ alternative insect repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Park Y, Jung SM, Yoo SA, Kim WU, Cho CS, Park BJ, Woo JM, Yoon CH. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:320-325. [PMID: 26590113 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO) consists of several monoterpenes with anti-inflammatory effects. Monoterpenes are expected to have an analgesic effect through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study investigated the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of EOCO in animal models of pain. Intraperitoneal injection with EOCO (5 or 10mg/kg), aspirin (positive control, 300mg/kg), or DMSO (negative control) was performed 1h before the nociception tests: acetic acid-induced writhing response, formalin test, and hot plate test in mice, and acidic saline-induced allodynia in rats. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory enzymes in formalin-injected paws was determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. Treatment with EOCO significantly reduced acetic acid-induced writhing and paw-licking time in late response of the formalin tests. The anti-nociceptive effect was comparable with aspirin. However, EOCO did not affect the reaction time of licking of the hind paws or jumping in hot plate test and the mechanical withdrawal thresholds in acidic saline-induced allodynia model. Formalin-injected paws of mice treated with EOCO revealed the down-regulated expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, as compared with those of control mice. These data showed the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of EOCO. The pain-relieving effect might be attributed to inhibition of peripheral pain in association with inflammatory response. EOCO could be a useful therapeutic strategy to manage pain and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Jin Park
- Department of Environmental and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Hyeon Yoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibitory Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:167572. [PMID: 26612970 PMCID: PMC4647054 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are usually small molecule peptides, which display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, high efficiency, and stability. For the multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains, AMPs play a significant role in the development of novel antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and specific antimicrobial mechanism. Besides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, AMPs also have anti-inflammatory activity. The neutralization of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) plays a key role in anti-inflammatory action of AMPs. On the one hand, AMPs can readily penetrate the cell wall barrier by neutralizing LPS to remove Gram-negative bacteria that can lead to infection. On the contrary, AMPs can also inhibit the production of biological inflammatory cytokines to reduce the inflammatory response through neutralizing circulating LPS. In addition, AMPs also modulate the host immune system by chemotaxis of leukocytes, to promote immune cell proliferation, epithelialization, and angiogenesis and thus play a protective role. This review summarizes some recent researches about anti-inflammatory AMPs, with a focus on the interaction of AMPs and LPS on the past decade.
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Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Tsunoda Y, Murata I, Isshiki Y, Kondo S, Kanamoto I. Effect of γ-cyclodextrin derivative complexation on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of hinokitiol. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ko J, Bao C, Park HC, Kim M, Choi HK, Kim YS, Lee HJ. β-Thujaplicin modulates estrogen receptor signaling and inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1011-7. [PMID: 25666914 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1008978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Thujaplicin, one of the major constituents in Chamaecyparis obtusa, has been demonstrated to exert different health beneficial efficacy, but the role of β-thujaplicin in regulating mammary tumorigenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we found that β-thujaplicin significantly suppressed the proliferation through arresting the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase as well as inhibited the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in MCF-7 and T47D luminal subtype breast cancer cells. In addition, estrogen receptor α (ER-α) was down-regulated by β-thujaplicin via enhanced proteolysis by ubiquitination, which led to cell growth inhibition. These results suggest that β-thujaplicin may be considered as a potent agent regulating the hormone sensitive mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Ko
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , South Korea
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The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Litsea japonica fruit are mediated via suppression of NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:84-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li LH, Wu P, Lee JY, Li PR, Hsieh WY, Ho CC, Ho CL, Chen WJ, Wang CC, Yen MY, Yang SM, Chen HW. Hinokitiol induces DNA damage and autophagy followed by cell cycle arrest and senescence in gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104203. [PMID: 25105411 PMCID: PMC4126702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite good initial responses, drug resistance and disease recurrence remain major issues for lung adenocarcinoma patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations taking EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). To discover new strategies to overcome this issue, we investigated 40 essential oils from plants indigenous to Taiwan as alternative treatments for a wide range of illnesses. Here, we found that hinokitiol, a natural monoterpenoid from the heartwood of Calocedrus formosana, exhibited potent anticancer effects. In this study, we demonstrated that hinokitiol inhibited the proliferation and colony formation ability of lung adenocarcinoma cells as well as the EGFR-TKI-resistant lines PC9-IR and H1975. Transcriptomic analysis and pathway prediction algorithms indicated that the main implicated pathways included DNA damage, autophagy, and cell cycle. Further investigations confirmed that in lung cancer cells, hinokitiol inhibited cell proliferation by inducing the p53-independent DNA damage response, autophagy (not apoptosis), S-phase cell cycle arrest, and senescence. Furthermore, hinokitiol inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in association with DNA damage and autophagy but exhibited fewer effects on lung stromal fibroblasts. In summary, we demonstrated novel mechanisms by which hinokitiol, an essential oil extract, acted as a promising anticancer agent to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance in lung cancer cells via inducing DNA damage, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, and senescence in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hui Li
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Li
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chi Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jiun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Yong Yen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Shih YH, Lin DJ, Chang KW, Hsia SM, Ko SY, Lee SY, Hsue SS, Wang TH, Chen YL, Shieh TM. Evaluation physical characteristics and comparison antimicrobial and anti-inflammation potentials of dental root canal sealers containing hinokitiol in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94941. [PMID: 24915566 PMCID: PMC4051635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol displays potent antimicrobial activity. It has been used in toothpaste and oral-care gel to improve the oral lichen planus and reduce halitosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 3 different dental root canal sealers with hinokitiol (sealers+H) and their physical and biological effects. AH Plus (epoxy amine resin-based, AH), Apexit Plus (calcium-hydroxide-based, AP), and Canals (zinc-oxide-eugenol-based, CA), were used in this study. The original AH and CA exhibited strong anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity, but AP did not. The setting time, working time, flowability, film thickness, and solubility of each sealer+0.2%H complied with ISO 6876:2001. CA+0.2%H exhibited high cytotoxicity, but the others sealers+0.2%H did not. Because hinokitiol combined with Zn2+ in CA creates a synergistic effect. The physical tests of AP+0.5%–1%H complied with ISO 6876:2001, improved antimicrobial activity, inhibited inflammation genes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA in MG-63 cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and down-regulated lysyl oxidase (LOX) mRNA of HGF. In summary, AH and CA demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, but AP did not. Application of hinokitiol increases AH anti-MRSA activity should less than 0.2% for keep well flowability. AP+0.5%–1% hinokitiol exhibited strong physical, antibacterial, and anti-inflammation potentials, and inhibited S. aureus abscess formation. Applying an appreciable proportion of hinokitiol to epoxy-amine-resin-based and calcium-hydroxide-based root canal sealers is warranted, but the enhanced cytotoxicity and synergistic effect must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Shih
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Jae Lin
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yao Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yuan Lee
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Sang Hsue
- Department of Oral Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Park HJ, Kim SK, Kang WS, Woo JM, Kim JW. Effects of essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa on cytokine genes in the hippocampus of maternal separation rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 92:95-101. [PMID: 24502631 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of an essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO) on early life stress, using maternal separation (MS) rats and a microarray method to analyze the changes in gene expressions caused by EOCO in the hippocampus of MS rats. Rats in the MS groups were separated from their respective mothers from postnatal day (pnd) 14 to 28. Rats in the EOCO-treated groups were exposed to EOCO for 1 or 2 h by inhalation from pnd 21 to 28. The EOCO-treated MS rats showed decreased anxiety-related behaviors compared with the untreated MS rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. In the microarray analysis, we found that EOCO downregulated the expressions of cytokine genes such as Ccl2, Il6, Cxcl10, Ccl19, and Il1rl in the hippocampus of MS rats, and also confirmed that using reverse transcriptase - PCR. In particular, the expressions of Ccl2 and Il6 were predominantly decreased by EOCO in the hippocampus of MS rats. Interestingly, protein expression was also reduced by EOCO in MS rats. These results indicate that EOCO decreases MS-induced anxiety-related behaviors, and modulates cytokines, particularly Ccl2 and Il6, in the hippocampus of MS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jeong Park
- a Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Iha K, Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T. Effect of mouth cleaning with hinokitiol-containing gel on oral malodor: a randomized, open-label pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:433-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effect of N-salicyloyltryptamine (STP), a novel tryptamine analogue, on parameters of cell viability, oxidative stress, and immunomodulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:175-87. [PMID: 23605514 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory actions exerted by some classes of tryptamines, such as benzoyltryptamine analogues, suggest these molecules as promising candidates to develop new therapies to treat conditions associated to acute and chronic pain and inflammation. N-salicyloyltryptamine (STP) was observed to act as an anticonvulsive agent and exert antinociceptive effects in mouse. In the present work, we performed a screening of cytotoxic, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and redox properties of STP in RAW 264.7 macrophages challenged with hydrogen peroxide and LPS. Our results show that STP presents no cytotoxicity in the range of 0.001 to 1 μg/mL, but doses of 50 and 100 μg/mL caused loss of cell viability (IC(50) = 22.75 μg/mL). Similarly, STP at 0.001 to 1 μg/mL did not cause oxidative stress to RAW 264.7 cells, although it did not prevent cell death induced by H(2)O(2) 0.5 mM. At 1 μg/mL, STP reversed some redox and inflammatory parameters induced by LPS. These include thiol (sulfhydryl) oxidation, superoxide dismutase activation, and morphological changes associated to macrophage activation. Besides, STP significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β release, as well as CD40 and TNF-α protein upregulation. Signaling events induced by LPS, such as phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and IκBα and p65 nuclear translocation (NF-kB activation) were also inhibited by STP. These data indicate that STP is able to modulate inflammatory parameters at doses that do not interfere in cell viability.
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He CL, Yi PF, Fan QJ, Shen HQ, Jiang XL, Qin QQ, Song Z, Zhang C, Wu SC, Wei XB, Li YL, Fu BD. Xiang-Qi-Tang and its active components exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 35:215-24. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.744034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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