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Jin Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang J, Tian Y. Stressful Life Events and Problem Gambling Among Chinese Lottery Gamblers: The Mediating Effects of Coping Strategies and Magical Thinking. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1-18. [PMID: 38066244 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Problem gambling poses serious harm to individuals and societies worldwide. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling, and further explore the mediating role of coping strategies and magical thinking. Currently, the research on problem gambling is widely conducted worldwide. However, due to the unique characteristics of China's gambling industry, research on problem gambling conducted in the Chinese mainland has always been an underrepresented area in international gambling research. This study recruited participants from a province in central China, and data from 483 of them were ultimately analyzed. The data analysis results indicate that task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, avoidance-oriented coping, and magical thinking all serve as mediators in the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling. Emotion-oriented coping and magical thinking, avoidance-oriented coping and magical thinking, all serve as serial mediators in the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling. Task-oriented coping and magical thinking did not act as serial mediators in this relationship. This study demonstrates that helping problem gamblers develop effective coping strategies and reduce their level of magical thinking is crucial for treating their problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Jin
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Zongshuai Zhang
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Baolu Zhang
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yueming Tian
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center for College Students, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
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Yarbakhsh E, van der Sterren A, Bowles D. Screening and Treatment for Co-occurring Gambling and Substance Use: A Scoping Review. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1699-1721. [PMID: 37493839 PMCID: PMC10628029 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of gambling harms co-occurring with substance use harms. Where harms are co-occurring, they may be experienced as more severe. However, there is little evidence that services are systematically screening for such co-occurring harms in treatment-seeking populations. Furthermore, treatment modalities remain relatively under-developed, with treatment usually addressing only one source of harm.This scoping review looks at the current literature on screening and therapeutic interventions for co-occurring gambling and substance use harms to understand how co-occurring harms may be managed in a treatment setting. It draws together available data on the intersections of substance use harms and gambling related harms, in a treatment context.This research identifies a range of potentially useful validated tools for clinicians in substance use treatment settings to screen for gambling harms. For workers in gambling treatment settings who are seeking validated tools to screen for co-occurring substance use harms, the literature provides less guidance.The validated toolbox of therapeutic interventions for those experiencing co-occurring substance use and gambling harms is relatively sparse. Psychosocial interventions appear to offer the best outcomes on gambling measures for those experiencing co-occurring substance use harms. Further research is needed to establish the benefits of different combinations of treatment and treatment types in achieving reductions across both substance use and gambling harms, when these harms are experienced concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Yarbakhsh
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Association, ACT (ATODA), Canberra, Australia.
- College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Anke van der Sterren
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Association, ACT (ATODA), Canberra, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Devin Bowles
- ACT Council of Social Service (ACTCOSS), Canberra, Australia
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Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) is estimated to be experienced by about 0.5% of the adult population in the United States. The etiology of GD is complex and includes genetic and environmental factors. Specific populations appear particularly vulnerable to GD. GD often goes unrecognized and untreated. GD often co-occurs with other conditions, particularly psychiatric disorders. Behavioral interventions are supported in the treatment of GD. No medications have a formal indication for the GD, although clinical trials suggest some may be helpful. Noninvasive neuromodulation is being explored as a possible treatment. Improved identification, prevention, and treatment of GD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs New England Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Division on Addictions Research at Yale, Yale Impulsivity Research Program, Yale Center of Excellence in Gambling Research, Women and Addictions Core of Women's Health Research at Yale, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 726, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Matheson FI, Hamilton-Wright S, Hahmann T, McLuhan A, Tacchini G, Wendaferew A, Dastoori P. Filling the GAP: Integrating a gambling addiction program into a shelter setting for people experiencing poverty and homelessness. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264922. [PMID: 35290379 PMCID: PMC8923431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of harm from problem gambling weighs heavily on those experiencing poverty and homelessness, yet most problem gambling prevention and treatment services are not designed to address the complex needs and challenges of this population. To redress this service gap, a multi-service agency within a shelter setting in a large urban centre developed and implemented a population-tailored, person-centred, evidence-informed gambling addiction program for its clients. The purpose of this article is to report on qualitative findings from an early evaluation of the program, the first designed to address problem gambling for people experiencing poverty and/or homelessness and delivered within a shelter service agency. Three themes emerged which were related to three program outcome categories. These included increasing awareness of gambling harms and reducing gambling behaviour; reorienting relationships with money; and, seeking, securing, and stabilizing shelter. The data suggest that problem gambling treatment within the context of poverty and homelessness benefits from an approach and setting that meets the unique needs of this community. The introduction of gambling treatment into this multi-service delivery model addressed the complex needs of the service users through integrated and person-centered approaches to care that responded to client needs, fostered therapeutic relationships, reduced experiences of discrimination and stigma, and enhanced recovery. In developing the Gambling Addiction Program, the agency drew on evidence-based approaches to problem gambling treatment and extensive experience working with the target population. Within a short timeframe, the program supported participants in the process of recovery, enhancing their understanding and control of their gambling selves, behaviours, and harms. This project demonstrates that gambling within the context of poverty requires a unique treatment space and approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I. Matheson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Hamilton-Wright
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Hahmann
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur McLuhan
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guido Tacchini
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wieczorek Ł, Biechowska D, Dąbrowska K, Sierosławski J. Psychometric properties of the Polish version of two screening tests for gambling disorders: the Problem Gambling Severity Index and Lie/Bet Questionnaire. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 28:585-598. [PMID: 35558152 PMCID: PMC9090339 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1821824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, no screening tests for gambling disorders have been adapted and validated in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of this study is to adapt the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and Lie/Bet questionnaire (Lie/Bet) and assess their psychometric properties once translated for use with the Polish population. A mixed sample (N = 300) was drawn from venues, social media, snowballing and treatment centers. PGSI had a higher coefficient of predictive power than Lie/Bet. However, differences between validated tests are not significant. Validation of screening tests of gambling disorders showed the necessity for verification of the scale of interpretation of results when conducting tests in Poland, changing cutoff values. The PGSI and Lie/Bet tests are short and easy to apply, they can be implemented in various types of institutions: for screening patients in primary health care facilities and for identifying comorbid gambling disorders in alcohol- and drug-dependence treatment facilities, and in social welfare centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wieczorek
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Biechowska
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Sierosławski
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Guillou Landreat M, Chereau Boudet I, Perrot B, Romo L, Codina I, Magalon D, Fatseas M, Luquiens A, Brousse G, Challet-Bouju G, Grall-Bronnec M. Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e030424. [PMID: 32075821 PMCID: PMC7044887 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gambling characteristics are factors that could influence problem gambling development. The aim of this study was to identify a typology of gamblers to frame risky behaviour based on gambling characteristics (age of initiation/of problem gambling, type of gambling: pure chance/chance with pseudoskills/chance with elements of skill, gambling online/offline, amount wagered monthly) and to investigate clinical factors associated with these different profiles in a large representative sample of gamblers. DESIGN AND SETTING The study is a cross-sectional analysis to the baseline data of the french JEU cohort study (study protocol : Challet-Bouju et al, 2014). Recruitment (April 2009 to September 2011) involved clinicians and researchers from seven institutions that offer care for or conduct research on problem gamblers (PG). Participants were recruited in gambling places, and in care centres. Only participants who reported gambling in the previous year between 18 and 65 years old were included.Participants gave their written informed consent, it was approved by the French Research Ethics Committee. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 628 gamblers : 256 non-problem gamblers (NPG), 169 problem gamblers without treatment (PGWT) and 203 problem gamblers seeking treatment (PGST). RESULTS Six clustering models were tested, the one with three clusters displayed a lower classification error rate (7.92%) and was better suited to clinical interpretation : 'Early Onset and Short Course' (47.5%), 'Early Onset and Long Course' (35%) and 'Late Onset and Short Course' (17.5%). Gambling characteristics differed significantly between the three clusters. CONCLUSIONS We defined clusters through the analysis of gambling variables, easy to identify, by psychiatrists or by physicians in primary care. Simple screening concerning these gambling characteristics could be constructed to prevent and to help PG identification. It is important to consider gambling characteristics : policy measures targeting gambling characteristics may reduce the risk of PG or minimise harm from gambling. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01207674 (ClinicalTrials.gov); Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guillou Landreat
- EA 7479 SPURBO, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
- Addictive Disorders Department, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France
- UMR 1246 SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD 'clinique psychiatrique developpement', Universite Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre, France
- Addictive Disorders, Hospital Louis-Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Irene Codina
- Addictive disorders Unit Marmottan, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Épinay-sur-Orge, France
| | - David Magalon
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hopital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Melina Fatseas
- Psychiatric Laboratory SANPSY USR 3413, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Addictive Disorders, Hospital Centre Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amandine Luquiens
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Hôpital Paul Brousse, APHP Villejuif, Villejuif cedex, France
- CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- CMAP, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- Psychiatry and Addictology, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, UK
| | | | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although numerous correlational studies have shown an association between cognitive distortions and problem gambling, only a few behavioral studies have investigated this topic by comparing problem (PGs) and non-problem gamblers (N-PGs). This quasi-experiment investigated the occurrence in both groups of a widespread cognitive distortion, the gambler's fallacy (GF), using a fictitious roulette game. Moreover, it investigated whether the GF increased the bet amount and whether impulsivity and sensation seeking were associated with the GF. METHODS Two indices of the GF were used: a cognitive index, the probability estimate of each outcome (black/red) after manipulating the final run length (the same outcome occurring four times/once), and a behavioral index, the choice of the outcome on which to bet. A total of 320 (160 PGs and 160 N-PGs) unpaid male volunteers, aged between 18 and 68, participated in this study. HYPOTHESES Erroneous probability estimates should mediate the effect of longer runs on the alternation choice (i.e., the choice of an outcome different from the previous one) to support the occurrence of GF. The GF should increase betting. PGs should be more prone than N-PGs to GF. RESULTS The choice of the outcome depended on both cognitive (erroneous probability estimates) and affective (preference for red) factors. PGs bet more than N-PGs but they were not more prone than N-PGs to incurring GF. Although impulsivity and sensation seeking were more intense in PGs than in N-PGs, they scarcely affected GF. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results corroborate the tested model of the GF that links mistaken probability estimates, choice of the outcome on which to bet, and bet amount. However, they are similar to PGs and N-PGs and fail to corroborate the hypothesis that the GF is more evident in PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Matarazzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy,Corresponding author: Olimpia Matarazzo; Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Ellittico, 31 – 81100 Caserta, Italy; Phone: +39 823 275 379; Fax: +39 823 323 000; E-mail:
| | | | - Claudia Greco
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Barbara Pizzini
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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Mooney A, Roberts A, Bayston A, Bowden‐Jones H. The piloting of a brief relational psychodynamic protocol (psychodynamic addiction model) for problem gambling and other compulsive addictions: A retrospective analysis. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Montourcy M, Hardouin JB, Caillon J, Leboucher J, Rousselet M, Grall-Bronnec M, Challet-Bouju G. Typology of patients with behavioral addictions or eating disorders during a one-year period of care: Exploring similarities of trajectory using growth mixture modeling coupled with latent class analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207398. [PMID: 30427931 PMCID: PMC6235397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Addictions are not restricted to substance-use disorders, and it is now widely recognized that they also include behavioral addictions. Certain individuals with eating disorders also experiment their disorder as an addiction. The objective was to identify typologies of patients presenting with various behavioral addictions or eating disorders according to their evolution within the framework of care, and to specify the factors associated with the differential clinical trajectories. METHODS We included 302 patients presenting with problem gambling, sexual addiction, compulsive buying, excessive videogame use or eating disorders. The patients completed a multiaxial assessment through a face-to-face structured interview and self-administered questionnaires, including sociodemographic and addiction-related characteristics, psychiatric and addictive comorbidities and several psychological characteristics. The assessment was performed at inclusion and then repeated after 6 and 12 months. The statistical analysis included a combination of growth mixture models and latent class analysis. RESULTS We identified five classes of patients with different profiles related to their trajectories during a one-year period of specialized care: "complex patients", "patients with impulsive psychological functioning", "patients with cooperative psychological functioning", "patients with immature psychological functioning," and "patients with resilient psychological functioning". CONCLUSIONS The typology obtained brings interesting findings to propose patient-centered care strategies adapted to these disorders. Because the typology was independent from the type of disorder, it supports the general concept of behavioral addictions, and the similarities between eating disorders and behavioral addictions. The relevance of this model should be further examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Montourcy
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Hardouin
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Caillon
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France
| | | | - Morgane Rousselet
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, UMR INSERM 1246 SHERE, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Oei TPS, Raylu N, Lai WW. Effectiveness of a Self Help Cognitive Behavioural Treatment Program for Problem Gamblers: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:581-595. [PMID: 29032449 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to strengthen the scarce literature on self-help treatments for Problem Gambling (PG) by comparing the effectiveness of a Self-Help Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (SHCBT) program (n = 23) with a 6-week Waitlist condition (n = 32) in problem gamblers. Participants were community volunteers with gambling problems and were randomly allocated to the Waitlist and treatment conditions. Results showed significant improvements at post-treatment in gambling behaviors including frequency of gambling, average amount gambled per day and PG symptoms as well as a number of gambling correlates including psychological states (e.g., depression, anxiety and stress), gambling cognitions, gambling urges, gambling related self-efficacy, satisfaction with life, and quality of life among those who completed the SHCBT program, when compared with the waitlist condition. The effect size (partial η 2) ranged from .25 to .57 for all assessed outcomes that showed significant improvement from pre- to post-treatment. It was concluded that a self-help CBT program can be beneficial for treating community problem gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P S Oei
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Department of Psychology, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore, 387380, Singapore. .,Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Rd, Gulou Qu, Nanjing Shi, 210008, Jiangsu Sheng, China.
| | - N Raylu
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - W W Lai
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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Trivedi RH, Teichert T. Attitudes, beliefs and impulsivity in online gambling addiction. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1466188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit H. Trivedi
- Chair of Marketing and Innovation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teichert
- Chair of Marketing and Innovation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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The Metacognitions about Gambling Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:367-374. [PMID: 29353763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that metacognitions may play a role across the spectrum of addictive behaviours. The goal of our studies was to develop the first self-report scale of metacognitions about gambling. We conducted three studies with one community (n = 165) and two clinical (n = 110; n = 87) samples to test the structure and psychometric properties of the Metacognitions about Gambling Questionnaire and examined its capacity to prospectively predict severity of gambling. Findings supported a two factor solution consisting of positive and negative metacognitions about gambling. Internal consistency, predictive and divergent validity were acceptable. All the factors of the Metacognitions about Gambling Questionnaire correlated positively with gambling severity. Regression analyses showed that negative metacognitions about gambling were significantly associated to gambling severity over and above negative affect and gambling-specific cognitive distortions. Finally only gambling severity and negative metacognitions about gambling were significant prospective predictors of gambling severity as measured three months later. The Metacognitions about Gambling Questionnaire was shown to possess good psychometric properties, as well as predictive and divergent validity within the populations that were tested.
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Tremblay J, Dufour M, Bertrand K, Blanchette-Martin N, Ferland F, Savard AC, Saint-Jacques M, Côté M. The Experience of Couples in the Process of Treatment of Pathological Gambling: Couple vs. Individual Therapy. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2344. [PMID: 29416520 PMCID: PMC5787580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supporting its potential effectiveness, but little is known about the subjective experiences of the participants. Objective: The aim of this article is to document the experiences of gamblers and their partners participating in one of two treatments, namely individual or couple. Method: In a study aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gambling (ICT-PG), couples who were entering specialized treatment for the addiction of one member who was a pathological gambler were randomly assigned to individual or ICT-PG. Nine months after their admission to treatment, gamblers and partners (n = 21 couples; n = 13 ICT-PG; n = 8 individual treatment) were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. A sequenced thematization method was used to extract the major themes. Results: This study highlighted five major themes in the therapeutic process noted by the gamblers and their partners mainly after the couple treatment but also partly through the individual therapy. These were: (1) the gamblers' anxiety about having to reveal their gambling problems in couple therapy; (2) the wish to develop a mutually beneficial understanding of gambling and its effects on the partners in the two types of treatments; (3) the transformation of negative attributions through a more effective intra-couple communication fostered by the couple therapy; (4) the partners' contribution to changes in gambling behavior and prevention of relapses, which were both better supported in couple therapy; and (5) the interpersonal nature of gambling and its connections with the couples' relationship. However, gamblers who were in individual treatment were more likely to mention that their partners' involvement was not necessary. Participants likewise made a few recommendations about the conditions underlying the choice of one treatment method or the other. Discussion: Participants reported satisfaction with both treatment models, but their experience was more positive in couple treatment. Complementary benefits emerged from each form of treatment, which points to future treatments involving both types. Future research should explore both the couple processes associated with attempts to stop pathological gambling and the various ways of involving partners in the gamblers' treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Tremblay
- Psychoeducation Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Magali Dufour
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Bertrand
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nadine Blanchette-Martin
- Research Service in Addiction, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Ferland
- Research Service in Addiction, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marianne Saint-Jacques
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Côté
- Psychoeducation Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC, Canada
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15
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Turner NE, McAvoy S, Ferentzy P, Matheson FI, Myers C, Jindani F, Littman-Sharp N, Malat J. Addressing the Issue of Problem Gambling in the Criminal Justice System: A Series of Case Studies. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2017. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2017.35.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence rates of problem gambling in the adult correctional population are 5 to 10 times higher than those found in the general population. Yet little has been published about dealing with problem gamblers in correctional settings. We conducted a literature review and interviewed 16 key informants who provide services to clients experiencing problem gambling and/or who have worked in the criminal justice system. Our objective was to gain greater understanding of programming for problem gambling for clients who are involved in the criminal justice system, with a particular focus on Ontario. The published literature on this topic is remarkably sparse. In fact, only two peer-reviewed published studies were identified that formally evaluated a treatment program for problem gambling for clients in these settings. However, we uncovered a small number of programs (10) that had been developed for, and delivered to, this population, including a gambling treatment court in Buffalo, Gamblers Anonymous, outpatient treatment during probation or parole, brief psychoeducational programs, brief therapy, a full intense treatment program, and inpatient treatment after release. We present a series of short case studies of these programs. Although some programs have been delivered within correctional institutions, others have been offered either after release or prior to sentencing. A major issue is the lack of awareness of problem gambling in the criminal justice system among judges, lawyers, wardens, corrections workers, and parole officers. The results are discussed in terms of issues and opportunities for programming for problem gamblers in the criminal justice system.Chez la population carcérale adulte, les taux de prévalence du jeu compulsif sont de cinq à dix fois plus élevés que dans l’ensemble de la population. Pourtant, peu de choses ont été publiées sur les joueurs pathologiques en milieu correctionnel. Nous avons effectué une revue de la littérature et avons interviewé 16 informateurs clés qui fournissent des services aux clients ayant un problème de jeu ou qui ont travaillé dans le système de justice pénale. Notre objectif consistait à mieux comprendre les programmes pour traiter le jeu compulsif destinés aux clients qui ont eu des démêlés avec la justice, avec un intérêt particulier pour l’Ontario. Étonnamment, il existe très peu de publications sur ce sujet. En effet, nous n’avons trouvé que deux comptes rendus d’étude publiés et validés par un comité de lecture qui ont évalué en bonne et due forme un programme de traitement pour le jeu pathologique destiné aux clients de ce milieu. Toutefois, nous avons découvert un petit nombre de programmes (10) qui ont été élaborés à l’intention de cette population, et qui lui ont été offerts, notamment un programme judiciaire de traitement du jeu pathologique à Buffalo, le groupe d’aide Joueurs Anonymes, un traitement ambulatoire durant la probation ou la libération conditionnelle, des programmes psychopédagogiques de courte durée, une thérapie brève, un programme complet de traitement intensif et un traitement en établissement après la libération. Nous présentons une série de courtes études de cas de ces programmes. Bien que certains de ces programmes aient été offerts dans des établissements correctionnels, d’autres ont été proposés après la libération ou avant la condamnation. Le principal problème réside dans le fait que les juges, les avocats, les directeurs, les intervenants correctionnels et les agents de libération conditionnelle connaissent mal le jeu pathologique dans le cadre du système de justice pénale. Les résultats sont analysés en fonction des difficultés et des avantages des programmes destinés aux joueurs pathologiques qui ont eu des démêlés avec la justice.
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Hahmann TE. Moderate-Risk and Problem Slot Machine Gamblers: A Typology of Gambling-Related Cognitions. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2017. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2016.34.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive distortions are said to play a key role in the development and maintenance of problem gambling, as well as in its treatment. Toneatto’s (1999, 2002) typology of gambling distortions provides a useful conceptualization of gambling-related cognitions, although game-type specification is absent from his analysis. Toneatto’s categorization was used in the present study to organize the beliefs of 43 slot machine gamblers experiencing either moderate-risk or problem gambling, recruited and interviewed in Toronto, Canada. The typology captured many of the gambling-related cognitions, although specific beliefs held by this sample of slot machine gamblers required revision of the original typology. This study provides unique insight into the cognitive structure of these beliefs, as described by gamblers, and their frequency count, suggesting that game type is an important factor when identifying and describing gambling-specific cognitive distortions. Les distorsions cognitives joueraient un rôle dans l’apparition et le maintien des problèmes de jeu, ainsi que dans leur traitement (Cunningham, Hodgins et Toneatto, 2014; Cunningham, Hodgins, Toneatto et Murphy, 2012; Fortune et Goodie, 2012). La typologie des distorsions cognitives liées au jeu de Toneatto (1999, 2002) est à ce titre un outil utile pour conceptualiser les processus cognitifs des joueurs, bien que l’analyse ne précise pas les types de jeux de hasard en cause (Milosevic et Ledgerwood, 2010). Le présent article cherche à organiser à l’aide des catégories de Toneatto (1999, 2002) les croyances de 43 utilisateurs d’appareils à sous présentant un risque moyen ou problématique, recrutés et interviewés à Toronto (Canada). En conclusion, cette typologie permet de rendre compte de nombreux processus cognitifs liés au jeu, bien que certaines des croyances propres à cet échantillon de joueurs utilisant des appareils à sous aient nécessité une révision des catégories initiales. Fournissant un aperçu unique de la structure cognitive associée à ces croyances, telles qu’elles ont été décrites par les joueurs et selon leur nombre d’occurrences, cette étude donne à penser que le type de jeu de hasard en cause constitue un facteur important pour cerner et décrire les distorsions cognitives rattachées au jeu.
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Goslar M, Leibetseder M, Muench HM, Hofmann SG, Laireiter AR. Efficacy of face-to-face versus self-guided treatments for disordered gambling: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:142-162. [PMID: 28662618 PMCID: PMC5520130 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims In the light of growing traditional and novel forms of gambling, the treatment of disordered gambling is gaining increasing importance and practical relevance. Most studies have examined face-to-face treatments. Although trials implementing self-guided treatments have recently been conducted, these options have not yet been systematically examined. The primary objective of this meta-analysis, therefore, was to analyze the efficacy of all types of psychological face-to-face and self-guided treatments. Methods A multilevel literature search yielded 27 randomized controlled studies totaling 3,879 participants to provide a comprehensive comparative evaluation of the short- and long-term efficacies of face-to-face and self-guided treatments for disordered gambling. Results As expected, the results revealed significantly higher effect sizes for face-to-face treatments (16 studies with Hedges's g ranging from 0.67 to 1.15) as compared with self-guided treatments (11 studies with Hedges's g ranging from 0.12 to 0.30) regarding the reduction of problematic gambling behavior. The intensity of treatment moderated the therapy effect, particularly for self-guided treatments. Discussion and Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis favor face-to-face treatments over self-guided treatments for the reduction of disordered gambling. Although the findings broaden the scope of knowledge about psychological treatment modalities for disordered gambling, further research is needed to identify the reasons for these differences with the goal to optimize the treatment for this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Goslar
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Max Leibetseder
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannah M. Muench
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anton-Rupert Laireiter
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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18
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Nicholson R, Graves C, Ellery M, Afifi TO. The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults. J Gambl Stud 2017; 32:1215-1229. [PMID: 27074945 PMCID: PMC5101278 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disordered gambling in young adults is hypothesized as being related to mistaken gambling-related cognitions. Few studies have examined the temporal order of this relationship using longitudinal data. The purpose of this study is to understand the directionality of the relationship between gambling cognitions and gambling severity in a longitudinal sample of young adults. Young adults (N = 578), initially aged 18–21 years, completed the Manitoba Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults at two time points approximately 2–3 years apart. Measures of beliefs about randomness related to gambling and gambling severity, as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index, were utilized. A cross-sectional relationship between gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions was observed with greater gambling severity being associated with increased endorsement of mistaken cognitions. Evidence for a bidirectional longitudinal relationship was observed with faulty gambling cognitions leading to later problematic gambling behaviors and vice versa when examining a total beliefs scale. When examining specific beliefs about randomness, initial gambling group membership predicted later endorsement of certain beliefs about randomness while initial belief ratings did not impact later gambling group membership. The results of this study suggest a bidirectional relationship between gambling severity and erroneous gambling-related cognitions. However, when examining specific beliefs about randomness, evidence was found for problem gambling behaviors leading to erroneous gambling beliefs. These findings suggest that prevention efforts targeting cognitions may not be as effective in impacting those not yet demonstrating disordered gambling behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Chad Graves
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Ellery
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W5, Canada.
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Valleur M, Codina I, Vénisse JL, Romo L, Magalon D, Fatséas M, Chéreau-Boudet I, Gorsane MA, Guilleux A, Grall-Bronnec M, Challet-Bouju G. Towards a Validation of the Three Pathways Model of Pathological Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2017; 32:757-71. [PMID: 25980378 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of validating the three pathways hypothesis of pathological gambling (Blaszczynski and Nower in Addiction 97:487-499, 2002) 372 pathological gamblers meeting DSM IV (2000) criteria were assessed via a structured clinical interview as well as being subjected to personality tests and evaluation of their gambling practices. Our results show that it is possible to identify three subgroups corresponding to the three pathways: behaviourally conditioned problem gamblers, emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers and antisocial impulsivist problem gamblers. Our results particularly demonstrate that impulsivist gamblers preferentially choose semi-skilful gambling (horse racing and sports gambling) whereas emotionally vulnerable gamblers are significantly more attracted to games of chance (one-armed bandits, scratch cards, etc.) This led us to propose a functional presentation of the three pathways model which differs somewhat from the Blaszczynski and Nower presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Valleur
- Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Hôpital Marmottan, 17 rue d'Armaillé, 75017, Paris, France.
| | - Irène Codina
- Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Hôpital Marmottan, 17 rue d'Armaillé, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vénisse
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD «CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement», University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Colombes, France.,Psychotherapies Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - David Magalon
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Mélina Fatséas
- Psychiatry Laboratory, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, University of Bordeaux and Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mohamed-Ali Gorsane
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paul Brousse University Hospital of Villejuif, Villejuif, France.,Henri EY Hospital, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Paris, France
| | - Alice Guilleux
- EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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21
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Ronzitti S, Soldini E, Lutri V, Smith N, Clerici M, Bowden-Jones H. Types of gambling and levels of harm: A UK study to assess severity of presentation in a treatment-seeking population. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:439-47. [PMID: 27677350 PMCID: PMC5264411 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Previous international research emphasized that some forms of gambling are more "addictive" than others. More recently, research has shown that we should shift our attention from the type of gambling activity to the level of involvement in a number of different gambling activities. The aim of our study was to verify whether a higher Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) score was associated with particular gambling activities and evaluate the impact of involvement on gambling behavior. Methods A total of 736 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder were assessed at the National Problem Gambling Clinic in London. First, the independent two-sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were used to verify if the PGSI score changed significantly according to the gambling activity at a bivariate level. Second, we conducted a cluster analysis and finally, we fitted a linear regression model in order to verify if some variables are useful to predict gambling addiction severity. Results The PGSI score was significantly higher for lower stakes gaming machine gamblers (1% significance level) and for fixed-odds betting terminal (FOBT) gamblers (5% significance level) at a bivariate level. Moreover, such finding was confirmed by cluster and linear regression analyses. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that gambling addiction severity was related to gambling involvement and, for a given level of gambling involvement, gambling addiction severity may vary according to gambling type, with a particularly significant increase for FOBT and gaming machine gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ronzitti
- National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy,Department of Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy,Corresponding author: Silvia Ronzitti; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza (MB), Italy; Phone: +1 203 606 4710; Fax: +1 203 937 4926; E-mail:
| | - Emiliano Soldini
- Methodology and Statistics Laboratory (LABStat), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Vittorio Lutri
- National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Neil Smith
- National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy,Department of Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic (NPGC), Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Dowling N, Merkouris S, Lorains F. Interventions for comorbid problem gambling and psychiatric disorders: Advancing a developing field of research. Addict Behav 2016; 58:21-30. [PMID: 26900888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant psychiatric comorbidity in problem gambling, there is little evidence on which to base treatment recommendations for subpopulations of problem gamblers with comorbid psychiatric disorders. This mini-review draws on two separate systematic searches to identify possible interventions for comorbid problem gambling and psychiatric disorders, highlight the gaps in the currently available evidence base, and stimulate further research in this area. In this mini-review, only 21 studies that have conducted post-hoc analyses to explore the influence of psychiatric disorders or problem gambling subtypes on gambling outcomes from different types of treatment were identified. The findings of these studies suggest that most gambling treatments are not contraindicated by psychiatric disorders. Moreover, only 6 randomized studies comparing the efficacy of interventions targeted towards specific comorbidity subgroups with a control/comparison group were identified. The results of these studies provide preliminary evidence for modified dialectical behavior therapy for comorbid substance use, the addition of naltrexone to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for comorbid alcohol use problems, and the addition of N-acetylcysteine to tobacco support programs and imaginal desensitisation/motivational interviewing for comorbid nicotine dependence. They also suggest that lithium for comorbid bipolar disorder, escitalopram for comorbid anxiety disorders, and the addition of CBT to standard drug treatment for comorbid schizophrenia may be effective. Future research evaluating interventions sequenced according to disorder severity or the functional relationship between the gambling behavior and comorbid symptomatology, identifying psychiatric disorders as moderators of the efficacy of problem gambling interventions, and evaluating interventions matched to client comorbidity could advance this immature field of study.
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Merkouris SS, Thomas SA, Browning CJ, Dowling NA. Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 48:7-31. [PMID: 27372437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to synthesise the evidence relating to pre-treatment predictors of gambling outcomes following psychological treatment for disordered gambling across multiple time-points (i.e., post-treatment, short-term, medium-term, and long-term). A systematic search from 1990 to 2016 identified 50 articles, from which 11 socio-demographic, 16 gambling-related, 21 psychological/psychosocial, 12 treatment, and no therapist-related variables, were identified. Male gender and low depression levels were the most consistent predictors of successful treatment outcomes across multiple time-points. Likely predictors of successful treatment outcomes also included older age, lower gambling symptom severity, lower levels of gambling behaviours and alcohol use, and higher treatment session attendance. Significant associations, at a minimum of one time-point, were identified between successful treatment outcomes and being employed, ethnicity, no gambling debt, personality traits and being in the action stage of change. Mixed results were identified for treatment goal, while education, income, preferred gambling activity, problem gambling duration, anxiety, any psychiatric comorbidity, psychological distress, substance use, prior gambling treatment and medication use were not significantly associated with treatment outcomes at any time-point. Further research involving consistent treatment outcome frameworks, examination of treatment and therapist predictor variables, and evaluation of predictors across long-term follow-ups is warranted to advance this developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Merkouris
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - S A Thomas
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - C J Browning
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; RDNS Institute, RDNS, 31 Alma road, St Kilda, Victoria 3182, Australia; International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Gambling Research, School of Sociology, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
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Bruneau M, Grall-Bronnec M, Vénisse JL, Romo L, Valleur M, Magalon D, Fatséas M, Chéreau-Boudet I, Luquiens A, Challet-Bouju G, Hardouin JB, Hardouin JB. Gambling transitions among adult gamblers: A multi-state model using a Markovian approach applied to the JEU cohort. Addict Behav 2016; 57:13-20. [PMID: 26827154 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to study transitions between two states of gambling in adulthood (problem gambling and non-problem gambling) and to identify factors that might influence these transitions. METHODS Data for this 2-year long longitudinal study were collected in a French Outpatient Addiction Treatment Center, in gambling establishments and through the press. Both problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers were evaluated using a structured interview and self-report questionnaires. The statistical analysis was carried out using a Markovian approach. RESULTS The analyzed cohort consisted of 304 gamblers with 519 observed transitions. Participants with no past-year gambling problems (based on the DSM-IV) had a probability of about 90% of also having no past-year gambling problems at the following assessment, whereas the observed percentage of problem gamblers transitioning to non-problem gambling was of 48%. We reported (i) vulnerability factors of transitioning to problem gambling (such as an anxiety disorder or an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during the childhood), (ii) protective factors for non-problem gamblers, (iii) recovery factors (such as ongoing treatment and younger age) and (iv) persistence factors of a gambling problem (such as a persistent ADHD). CONCLUSIONS The status of problem gambler is unstable over time, whereas we found stability among non-problem gamblers. Our findings suggest the existence of vulnerability and protective factors in gambling. These results lead to think about preventive actions and adaptive care, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or researching gambling problems in people with an anxiety disorder or ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Benoit Hardouin
- EA 4275 SPHERE "MethodS for Patients-centered outcomes and HEalth REsearch", University of Nantes, France; Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, France
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Gambling behaviors and psychopathology related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in problem and non-problem adult gamblers. Psychiatry Res 2016; 239:232-8. [PMID: 27031593 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that Pathological Gambling and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. The aim of this study was to examine whether ADHD is associated with specific severity patterns in terms of gambling behavior, psychopathology and personality traits. 599 problem and non-problem-gamblers were recruited in addiction clinics and gambling places in France. Subjects were assessed with the Wender-Utah Rating Scale-Child, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Temperament and Character Inventory, the South Oaks Gambling Screen and questionnaires assessing gambling related cognitive distortions and gambling habits. 20.7% (n=124) of gamblers were screened positive for lifetime or current ADHD. Results from the multivariate analysis showed that ADHD was associated with a higher severity of gambling-related problems and with more psychiatric comorbidity. Among problem gamblers, subjects with history of ADHD were also at higher risk for unemployment, psychiatric comorbidity and specific dysfunctional personality traits. This study supports the link between gambling related problems and ADHD in a large sample of problem and non-problem gamblers, including problem-gamblers not seeking treatment. This points out the necessity to consider this disorder in the prevention and in the treatment of pathological gambling.
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Pathological Gambling Associated With Aripiprazole or Dopamine Replacement Therapy: Do Patients Share the Same Features? A Review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36:63-70. [PMID: 26658263 PMCID: PMC4700874 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last 10 years, dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) has become a well-known risk factor for developing an impulse control disorder, such as gambling disorder (GD). Another medication, aripiprazole (ARI), has been more recently identified as another risk factor. Dopamine replacement therapy and ARI share a dopamine agonist action. Our work aimed at comparing patients with PG according to their treatment with DRT or ARI. METHODS Two methods were combined-a systematic review concentrated on case reports and the analysis of a French disordered gamblers cohort focused on patients using ARI or DRT at inclusion. RESULTS We reported 48 cases of GD possibly due to DRT and 17 cases of GD possibly due to ARI. Because of their standardized assessment, only the EVALJEU patients could be compared. Two clinical patterns emerged. Patients in the ARI group were young, impulsive, and high novelty seekers and had a history of substance misuse. Their first gambling experience occurred during adolescence. Conversely, patients in the DRT group were old, and they began gambling late in life. They showed low levels of gambling-related cognition. CONCLUSIONS Patients in the ARI group seemed to be more severe pathological gamblers than patients in the DRT group. Aripiprazole is a partial D2 receptor agonist, whereas DRT includes full D2 receptor agonist. The trigger mechanism of PG development is complex and cannot only be attributed only to the pharmacodynamic effects of dopaminergic drugs. Indeed, individual vulnerability factors and environmental factors need to be considered.
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Single-session interventions for problem gambling may be as effective as longer treatments: Results of a randomized control trial. Addict Behav 2016; 52:58-65. [PMID: 26363305 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Empirically supported treatments for problem gambling tend to be multimodal combining cognitive, behavior and motivational interventions. Since problem gamblers often prefer briefer treatments it is important that interventions adopt strategies that are optimally effective. In this study, 99 community-recruited problem gamblers (74% male, mean age: 47.5 years) were randomized to one of four treatments: six sessions of cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, and motivational therapy or a single-session intervention. The sample was followed up for 12 months post-treatment. In both the Intent-to-Treat and Completer statistical analyses, no significant group differences on key gambling variables (i.e., frequency, expenditures, severity) were found. All four treatments showed significant improvement as a result of treatment that endured throughout the follow-up period. These results, although preliminary, suggest that very brief, single-session interventions may be as effective as longer treatments.
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Iliceto P, D’Antuono L, Bowden-Jones H, Giovani E, Giacolini T, Candilera G, Sabatello U, Panksepp J. Brain Emotion Systems, Personality, Hopelessness, Self/Other Perception, and Gambling Cognition: A Structural Equation Model. J Gambl Stud 2015; 32:157-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spada MM, Roarty A. The relative contribution of metacognitions and attentional control to the severity of gambling in problem gamblers. Addict Behav Rep 2015. [PMID: 29531974 PMCID: PMC5845956 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the relationship between metacognitions, attentional control, and the severity of gambling in problem gamblers. One hundred and twenty six problem gamblers completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21, the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire 30, the Attentional Control Scale, and the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Results revealed that negative affect, four out of five metacognitions factors (positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about thoughts concerning danger and uncontrollability, cognitive confidence and beliefs about the need to control thoughts), and all attentional control factors (focusing, shifting and flexible control of thought) were correlated, in the predicted directions, with the severity of gambling. The same metacognitions were also found to be correlated, in the predicted directions, with attention focusing, however only negative beliefs about thoughts concerning danger and uncontrollability and cognitive confidence were found to be correlated with attention shifting and flexible control of thought. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that beliefs about the need to control thoughts were the only predictor of the severity of gambling controlling for negative affect. Overall these findings support the hypotheses and are consistent with the metacognitive model of psychological dysfunction. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Wieczorek Ł, Dąbrowska K. Zaburzenia hazardowe – rozpowszechnienie, oferta terapeutyczna, dostępność leczenia i predyktory podjęcia leczenia. Przegląd literatury. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alkona.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Aragay N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Ramos-Grille I, Cardona S, Garrido G, Anisul Islam M, Menchón JM, Vallès V. Pathological gambling: understanding relapses and dropouts. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 57:58-64. [PMID: 25434846 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little available information on the factors that influence relapses and dropouts during therapy for pathological gambling (PG). The aim of this study was to determine socio-demographic, clinical, personality, and psychopathological predictors of relapse and dropout in a sample of pathological gamblers seeking treatment. A total of 566 consecutive outpatients diagnosed with PG according to DSM-IV-TR criteria were included. All patients underwent an individualized cognitive-behavioral treatment program. We analyzed predictors of relapse during 6months of treatment and during the subsequent 6months of follow-up, and predictors of dropout over the entire therapeutic program. Eighty patients (14.1%) experienced at least one relapse during the entire follow-up of the study: 50 (8.8%) within the treatment period and 12 (2.1%) during the subsequent 6-month follow-up period. The main predictors of relapse were single marital status, spending less than 100euros/week on gambling, active gambling behavior at treatment inclusion, and high scores on the TCI-R Harm Avoidance personality dimension. One hundred fifty-seven patients (27.8%) missed 3 or more therapeutic sessions over the entire therapeutic program. The main predictors of dropout were single marital status, younger age, and high scores on the TCI-R Novelty Seeking personality dimension. The presence of these factors at inclusion should be taken into account by physicians dealing with PG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Aragay
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
| | - Irene Ramos-Grille
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Cardona
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Garrido
- Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammed Anisul Islam
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Vallès
- Department of Psychiatry, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Cunningham JA, Hodgins DC, Toneatto T. Relating severity of gambling to cognitive distortions in a representative sample of problem gamblers. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2014. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2014.29.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the relationship in a general population sample between problem gambling severity and cognitive distortions about gambling. A representative sample of problem gamblers (N = 766) was asked about cognitive distortions related to gambling. A positive association between gambling severity and cognitive distortions emerged, even when the variables associated with participants' demographic characteristics were accounted for. The current study demonstrates that the relationship between problem gambling severity and cognitive distortions does exist in the general population of problem gamblers. This finding emphasizes the key role that cognitive distortions may play in the development and maintenance of pathological gambling.
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Challet-Bouju G, Hardouin JB, Renard N, Legauffre C, Valleur M, Magalon D, Fatséas M, Chéreau-Boudet I, Gorsane MA, Vénisse JL, Grall-Bronnec M. A Gamblers Clustering Based on Their Favorite Gambling Activity. J Gambl Stud 2014; 31:1767-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Challet-Bouju G, Hardouin JB, Vénisse JL, Romo L, Valleur M, Magalon D, Fatséas M, Chéreau-Boudet I, Gorsane MA, Grall-Bronnec M. Study protocol: the JEU cohort study--transversal multiaxial evaluation and 5-year follow-up of a cohort of French gamblers. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:226. [PMID: 25141820 PMCID: PMC4147162 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is abundant literature on how to distinguish problem gambling (PG) from social gambling, but there are very few studies of the long-term evolution of gambling practice. As a consequence, the correlates of key state changes in the gambling trajectory are still unknown. The objective of the JEU cohort study is to identify the determinants of key state changes in the gambling practice, such as the emergence of a gambling problem, natural recovery from a gambling problem, resolution of a gambling problem with intermediate care intervention, relapses or care recourse. METHODS/DESIGN The present study was designed to overcome the limitations of previous cohort study on PG. Indeed, this longitudinal case-control cohort is the first which plans to recruit enough participants from different initial gambling severity levels to observe these rare changes. In particular, we plan to recruit three groups of gamblers: non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers without treatment and problem gamblers seeking treatment.Recruitment takes place in various gambling places, through the press and in care centers. Cohort participants are gamblers of both sexes who reported gambling on at least one occasion in the previous year and who were aged between 18 and 65. They were assessed through a structured clinical interview and self-assessment questionnaires at baseline and then once a year for five years. Data collection comprises sociodemographic characteristics, gambling habits (including gambling trajectory), the PG section of the DSM-IV, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey - 23, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Wender-Utah Rating Scale-Child, the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale, somatic comorbidities (especially current treatment and Parkinson disease) and the Temperament and Character Inventory - 125. DISCUSSION The JEU cohort study is the first study which proposes to identify the predictive factors of key state changes in gambling practice. This is the first case-control cohort on gambling which mixes non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers without treatment and problem gamblers seeking treatment in almost equal proportions. This work may help providing a fresh perspective on the etiology of pathological gambling, which may provide support for future research, care and preventive actions. TRIAL REGISTRATION (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT01207674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, Nantes Cedex 1, 44093, France.
| | - Jean-Benoit Hardouin
- EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam”, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Paris, France ,Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vénisse
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders”, Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France ,EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam”, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 CLIPSYD « CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement », University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France ,Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France ,Present address: Psychotherapies Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital – Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Marc Valleur
- Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Paris, France
| | - David Magalon
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital of Marseille, Paris, France
| | - Mélina Fatséas
- Psychiatry Laboratory, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, University of Bordeaux and Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mohamed-Ali Gorsane
- Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Paul Brousse University Hospital of Villejuif, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France ,Present address: Addictology Department, University Hospital Group Henri Mondor of Creteil, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED “BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders”, Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France ,EA 4275 SPHERE “bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam”, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Paris, France
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Abstract
This article is a critical literature review of pathological gambling focused in the family factors, particularly in the couple dynamics. Its main goal is to develop an explicative integrative systemic model of pathological gambling, based in these couple dynamics. To achieve that aim, a bibliography search was made, using on-line data bases (e.g., EBSCO Host) and recognized books in pathological gambling subject, as well as in the systemic approach in general. This process privileged the recent works (about 70 % of the reviewed literature was published in the last decade), however, also considered some classic works (the oldest one dates back to 1970). The guiding focus of this literature search evolves according to the following steps: (1) search of general comprehension of pathological gambling (19 references), (2) search specification to the subject "pathological gambling and family" (24 references), (3) search specification to the subject "pathological gambling and couple"(11 references), (4) search of systemic information which integrates the evidence resulted in the previous steps (4 references). The developed model is constituted by different levels of systemic complexity (social context, family of origin, couple and individual) and explains the problem as a signal of perturbation in the marital subsystem vital functions (e.g., power and control) though the regularities of marital dynamics of pathological gamblers. Furthermore, it gives theoretical evidence of the systemic familiar intervention in the pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cunha
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Apartado 6153, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal,
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Bouju G, Hardouin JB, Boutin C, Gorwood P, Le Bourvellec JD, Feuillet F, Venisse JL, Grall-Bronnec M. A shorter and multidimensional version of the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (GABS-23). J Gambl Stud 2014; 30:349-67. [PMID: 23334576 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-012-9356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (GABS) is a questionnaire which explores gambling-related dysfunctional beliefs in an unidimensional way. The present research aims to investigate the dimensionality of the scale. 343 undergraduate student gamblers and 75 pathological gamblers seeking treatment completed the GABS and the south oaks gambling screen. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the original one-factor structure of the GABS did not fit the data effectively. We then proposed a shorter version of the GABS (GABS-23) with a new five-factor structure, which fitted with the data more efficiently. The comparisons between students (problem vs. non-problem gamblers) and pathological gamblers seeking treatment indicated that the GABS-23 can discriminate between problem and non-problem gamblers as efficiently as the original GABS. To ensure the validity and the stability of the new structure of the GABS-23, analyses were replicated in an independent sample that consisted of 628 gamblers (256 non problem gamblers, 169 problem gamblers who are not treatment-seeking and 203 problem gamblers seeking treatment). Analyses showed satisfactory results, and the multidimensional structure of the GABS-23 was then confirmed. The GABS-23 seems to be a valid and useful assessment tool for screening gambling-related beliefs, emotions and attitudes among problem and non-problem gamblers. Moreover, it presents the advantage of being shorter than the original GABS, and of screening irrational beliefs and attitudes about gambling in a multidimensional way. The five-factor model of the GABS-23 is discussed based on the theory of locus of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bouju
- Department of Addictology, Reference Centre for Excessive Gambling, Behavioral Addictions Federative Institute, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France,
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Abstract
The aim of the present study is to offer a validated decision model for casino enterprises. The model enables those users to perform early detection of problem gamblers and fulfill their ethical duty of social cost minimization. To this end, the interpretation of casino customers' nonverbal communication is understood as a signal-processing problem. Indicators of problem gambling recommended by Delfabbro et al. (Identifying problem gamblers in gambling venues: final report, 2007) are combined with Viterbi algorithm into an interdisciplinary model that helps decoding signals emitted by casino customers. Model output consists of a historical path of mental states and cumulated social costs associated with a particular client. Groups of problem and non-problem gamblers were simulated to investigate the model's diagnostic capability and its cost minimization ability. Each group consisted of 26 subjects and was subsequently enlarged to 100 subjects. In approximately 95% of the cases, mental states were correctly decoded for problem gamblers. Statistical analysis using planned contrasts revealed that the model is relatively robust to the suppression of signals performed by casino clientele facing gambling problems as well as to misjudgments made by staff regarding the clients' mental states. Only if the last mentioned source of error occurs in a very pronounced manner, i.e. judgment is extremely faulty, cumulated social costs might be distorted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ifrim
- Department of Finance, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
Background:Preliminary research has indicated that general facets of metacognition are associated with problem gambling. In the present study we aimed to investigate whether specific facets of metacognition play a role in explaining gambling initiation and perseveration in individuals presenting with gambling disorder.Aim:To investigate: (1) the presence of metacognitive beliefs about gambling; (2) the goal of gambling, and its start and stop signals; and (3) the perceived impact of gambling on self-consciousness.Method:Ten individuals with a diagnosis of gambling disorder were assessed using metacognitive profiling, a semi-structured interview.Results:Findings indicated that all participants endorsed both positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about gambling. The primary goal of gambling was to relieve economic hardship and improve cognitive-emotional state. All participants reported that they did not know when this goal was achieved. Start signals for gambling included the ideas and feelings that gambling could solve problems and sensations that it might be the right time to win. The stop signal for gambling, for all participants, was running out of money. All participants also reported a perceived reduction in self-consciousness during a gambling episode.Conclusions:These findings provide preliminary evidence that specific facets of metacognition play a role in gambling disorder.
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Bouju G, Grall-Bronnec M, Quistrebert-Davanne V, Hardouin JB, V_nisse JL. Texas hold'em poker: a qualitative analysis of gamblers' perceptions. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2013. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2013.28.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined gamblers' perceptions of Texas Hold'Em (HE) poker, especially regarding excessive behaviours and the nature of skill involved. Sixteen regular HE gamblers were assessed through a semi-structured interview and took part in a session of gambling exposure. A qualitative thematic analysis and a comparative analysis on problem and social gamblers were performed. Problem gamblers had an emotional profile that was characterized by a lack of self-regulation and difficulties with delayed gratification. The desire to take on a new persona through poker seems to be implicated in excessive poker behaviours. Three kinds of skills came to the fore: technical skills (mastery of rules and strategies), psychological skills (self-regulation and accurate analysis of adversaries), and financial skills (the ability to correctly assess the financial risk). The results support the fact that poker deserves to be set apart from other gambling forms, especially when it comes to prevention and treatment.
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Delfabbro P, King D. On Finding the C in CBT: The Challenges of Applying Gambling-Related Cognitive Approaches to Video-Gaming. J Gambl Stud 2013; 31:315-329. [PMID: 24234200 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many similarities have been drawn between the activities of gambling and video-gaming. Both are repetitive activities with intermittent reinforcement, decision-making opportunities, and elements of risk-taking. As a result, it might be tempting to believe that cognitive strategies that are used to treat problem gambling might also be applied to problematic video gaming. In this paper, we argue that many cognitive approaches to gambling that typically involve a focus on erroneous beliefs about probabilities and randomness are not readily applicable to video gaming. Instead, we encourage a focus on other clusters of cognitions that relate to: (a) the salience and over-valuing of gaming rewards, experiences, and identities, (b) maladaptive and inflexible rules about behaviour, (c) the use of video-gaming to maintain self-esteem, and (d) video-gaming for social status and recognition. This theoretical discussion is advanced as a starting point for the development of more refined cognitive treatment approaches for problematic video gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hughes Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia,
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Grall-Bronnec M, Bouju G, Sébille-Rivain V, Gorwood P, Boutin C, Vénisse JL, Hardouin JB. A French adaptation of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): a useful tool for assessment of irrational thoughts among gamblers. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2012. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2012.27.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Irrational thinking might be central in the maintenance of pathological gambling and should therefore be assessed, as other gambling-related cognitions (GRC), before treatment, especially when cognitive-behavioural therapy is proposed. Assessment tools investigating GRC exist but none are in French. Raylu and Oei have developed the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), consisting of 23 items and a five-factor model. We aimed to determine if the French version of the GRCS had psychometric properties similar to those of the original version. Three hundred seventy-nine undergraduate students and 13 problem/pathological gamblers seeking treatment at the University Hospital of Nantes completed the GRCS. Confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and multitrait analysis were performed. The French adaptation of the GRCS is a useful instrument for assessing GRC in order to appreciate the severity of pathological gambling, and it has the potential capacity to measure the treatment effect. Other studies are required to confirm test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change.
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Tang CSK, Wu AMS. Gambling-related cognitive biases and pathological gambling among youths, young adults, and mature adults in Chinese societies. J Gambl Stud 2012; 28:139-54. [PMID: 21556792 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-011-9249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which gambling-related cognitive biases would associate with various levels of gambling pathology among 2,835 youths, 934 young adults, and 162 mature adults in Chinese societies. Results showed that gambling cognitive biases, especially biases in perceived inability to stop gambling and positive gambling expectancy, were salient correlates of pathological gambling across the three age cohorts. Analyses of variances on total cognitive biases also showed a gambling pathology main effect and an age cohort × gambling pathology 2-way interaction effect. It was noted that the probable pathological gambling group had greater cognitive biases than the probable problem gambling group, which in turn had greater cognitive biases than the non-problem gambling group. In the non-problem gambling group, mature adults had greater cognitive biases than youths and young adults, but this pattern was reversed in the probable problem gambling group. In the probable pathological gambling group, youths had greater cognitive biases than young and mature adults. Specific categories of cognitive biases also varied according to gender and gambling pathology. While men as compared to women in the non-problem and probable problem gambling groups reported a greater bias in their perceived inability to stop gambling, no significant gender difference in this bias was found in the probable pathological gambling group. Men generally had greater perceived gambling expectancy bias than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine So-kum Tang
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, AS4, Level 2, 9 Arts Link, Singapore, Singapore.
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Gómez-Peña M, Penelo E, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Álvarez-Moya E, Santamaría JJ, Moragas L, Neus Aymamí M, Gunnard K, Menchón JM, Jimenez-Murcia S. Correlates of Motivation to Change in Pathological Gamblers Completing Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68:732-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Penelo
- Laboratori d'Estadística Aplicada; Psicobiologia i Metodologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Roser Granero
- Laboratori d'Estadística Aplicada; Psicobiologia i Metodologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | | | | | | | - Laura Moragas
- Psychiatry; Bellvitge University Hospital; Barcelona
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Tse S, Dyall L, Clarke D, Abbott M, Townsend S, Kingi P. Why People Gamble: A Qualitative Study of Four New Zealand Ethnic Groups. Int J Ment Health Addict 2012; 10:849-861. [PMID: 23243412 PMCID: PMC3519978 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-012-9380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicultural countries such as New Zealand, it is particularly important that gambling research take into account possible cultural differences. Many New Zealanders come from cultures that do not have a history of gambling, including the Mäori (New Zealand indigenous people), Pacific Islanders, and recent migrants. Little research has examined the reasons why people start and continue to gamble, especially among different ethnic groups. This research project thus aimed to develop a framework to explain how environmental, cultural, and social factors interact with personal attributes to determine gambling behaviors. In a qualitative study, 131 people broadly representative of Mäori, Pacific, Asian, and Päkehä/New Zealand European groups residing in New Zealand were interviewed individually or in focus groups. They included social and problem gamblers, families of problem gamblers, and professionals. Different personal, socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural factors were identified, summarized in a developmental framework, and compared to factors found for ethnic groups in other countries. Public health policy issues were raised, including greater control of gambling promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Tse
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Svensson J, Romild U, Nordenmark M, Månsdotter A. Gendered gambling domains and changes in Sweden. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2011.581676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Riley B, Smith D, Oakes J. Exposure therapy for problem gambling in rural communities: A program model and early outcomes. Aust J Rural Health 2011; 19:142-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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