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Ribas-Prats T, Arenillas-Alcón S, Pérez-Cruz M, Costa-Faidella J, Gómez-Roig MD, Escera C. Speech-Encoding Deficits in Neonates Born Large-for-Gestational Age as Revealed With the Envelope Frequency-Following Response. Ear Hear 2023:00003446-990000000-00115. [PMID: 36759954 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present envelope frequency-following response (FFRENV) study aimed at characterizing the neural encoding of the fundamental frequency of speech sounds in neonates born at the higher end of the birth weight continuum (>90th percentile), known as large-for-gestational age (LGA). DESIGN Twenty-five LGA newborns were recruited from the maternity unit of Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital and paired by age and sex with 25 babies born adequate-for-gestational age (AGA), all from healthy mothers and normal pregnancies. FFRENVs were elicited to the/da/ syllable and recorded while the baby was sleeping in its cradle after a successful universal hearing screening. Neural encoding of the stimulus' envelope of the fundamental frequency (F0ENV) was characterized through the FFRENV spectral amplitude. Relationships between electrophysiological parameters and maternal/neonatal variables that may condition neonatal neurodevelopment were assessed, including pregestational body mass index (BMI), maternal gestational weight gain and neonatal BMI. RESULTS LGA newborns showed smaller spectral amplitudes at the F0ENV compared to the AGA group. Significant negative correlations were found between neonatal BMI and the spectral amplitude at the F0ENV. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in spite of having a healthy pregnancy, LGA neonates' central auditory system is impaired in encoding a fundamental aspect of the speech sounds, namely their fundamental frequency. The negative correlation between the neonates' BMI and FFRENV indicates that this impaired encoding is independent of the pregnant woman BMI and weight gain during pregnancy, supporting the role of the neonatal BMI. We suggest that the higher adipose tissue observed in the LGA group may impair, via proinflammatory products, the fine-grained central auditory system microstructure required for the neural encoding of the fundamental frequency of speech sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ribas-Prats
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sonia Arenillas-Alcón
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Cruz
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Costa-Faidella
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,BCNatal-Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Alenius S, Kajantie E, Sund R, Nurhonen M, Haaramo P, Näsänen-Gilmore P, Vääräsmäki M, Lemola S, Räikkönen K, Schnitzlein DD, Wolke D, Gissler M, Hovi P. Risk-Taking Behavior of Adolescents and Young Adults Born Preterm. J Pediatr 2023; 253:135-143.e6. [PMID: 36179892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections (STCTs), teenage pregnancies, and payment defaults in individuals born preterm as proxies for engaging in risk-taking behavior. STUDY DESIGN Our population-based register-linkage study included all 191 705 children alive at 10 years (8492 preterm [4.4%]) born without malformations in Finland between January 1987 and September 1990 as each mother's first child within the cohort. They were followed until young adulthood. We used Cox regression to assess the hazards of STCTs, teenage pregnancies, payment defaults, criminal offending, and substance abuse by gestational age. Gestational age was considered both as a continuous and categorical (extremely, very, moderately, late preterm, early term, post term, and full term as reference) exposure. RESULTS A linear dose-response relationship existed between gestational age and STCT and teenage pregnancy; adjusted hazard for STCT decreased by 1.6% (95% CI, 0.7%-2.6%), and for teenage pregnancy by 3.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-4.8%) per each week decrease in gestational age. Those born extremely preterm (23-27 completed weeks) had a 51% (95% CI, 31%-83%) lower risk for criminal offending than their full-term born counterparts, and those born very preterm (range, 28-31 weeks) had a 28% (95% CI, 7%-53%) higher hazard for payment defaults than those born at full term. Gestational age was not associated with substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS The lower risk-taking that characterizes people born preterm seems to generalize to sexual and to some extent criminal behavior. Those born very preterm are, however, more likely to experience payment defaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Alenius
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reijo Sund
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Nurhonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
| | - Peija Haaramo
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
| | - Pieta Näsänen-Gilmore
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research: Global Health Group, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel D Schnitzlein
- Institute of Labor Economics, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Mika Gissler
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Region Stockholm, Academic Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Karolinska Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Pijnenburg LJ, de Haan L, Smith L, Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Reichenberg A, Velthorst E. Early predictors of mental health in mid-adulthood. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:158-166. [PMID: 31943798 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Substantial research has focused on the examination of factors that contribute to the development of psychiatric problems. However, much less is known about factors early in life that may protect from poor mental health outcomes in midlife. This study aimed to identify the extent to which a set of key perinatal demographic variables and adolescent academic performance were associated with good mental health in mid-adulthood. METHODS In a sample of 525 individuals (aged 34-44, 55.4% male) born and raised in Jerusalem, Israel (STREAM study) we attempted to differentiate those who did and did not report psychiatric symptoms in mid-adulthood. Using χ2 and regression analysis, we explored birth factors (year of birth, sex, birth weight, and number of older siblings, data on parental immigration and socioeconomic status), academic achievement in eighth grade and contemporaneous measures of lifestyle factors, personality traits, and perceived resilience. RESULTS Participants with good mental health were more often male (P = .005) and had better academic performance already at adolescence than participants who reported psychiatric symptoms in midlife (P < .001). They reported fewer physical complaints (P = .008), were less likely to smoke (P = .001) and considered themselves to be more "resilient" (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that better academic performance in adolescence may be associated with better stress-coping strategies, resulting in fewer psychiatric complaints, more perceived resilience, and less stress-related behaviours in mid-adulthood. Future studies confirming this hypothesis could inform public mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Pijnenburg
- Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Stephen Z Levine
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Van Lieshout RJ, Savoy CD, Ferro MA, Krzeczkowski JE, Colman I. Macrosomia and psychiatric risk in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1537-1545. [PMID: 31894421 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The prenatal environment can exert important effects on mental health. While much research has linked low birth weight to psychopathology, the intrauterine environment associated with high birth weight (macrosomia; > 4000 g) is also sub-optimal and may increase risk. Given the increasing prevalence of macrosomic births, understanding the mental health outcomes of infants born macrosomic can help refine theories of etiology, predict disorder, and target preventive interventions. Using data from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), we examined the risk for psychiatric disorders in adolescents born macrosomic. Youth (N = 2151) aged 12-17 years completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID). Rates of common mental disorders assessed by the MINI-KID were compared between those born at normal birth weight (NBW; 2500-4000 g, n = 1817) and adolescents born macrosomic (> 4000 g, n = 334). These associations were then adjusted for participant age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) of the family, parental mental health, and gestational diabetes mellitus. After adjustment for covariates, adolescents born macrosomic had higher odds of conduct disorder (CD; OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.37-7.43), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD; OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.11-2.91), and ADHD (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.21-2.80). Moderation analyses revealed that males born macrosomic were more likely to have psychiatric problems than their female peers. Socioeconomic disadvantage also amplified the risk posed by macrosomia for ODD, ADHD, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. In this study, macrosomia was associated with an increased risk of clinically significant externalizing problems in adolescence, most notably among boys and those facing socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada.
| | - Calan D Savoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, TJB 2311, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John E Krzeczkowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, West 5th Campus, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Cr, Room 308C, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada
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Deyssenroth MA, Marsit CJ, Chen J, Lambertini L. In-depth characterization of the placental imprintome reveals novel differentially methylated regions across birth weight categories. Epigenetics 2020; 15:47-60. [PMID: 31403346 PMCID: PMC6961688 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1647945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes play a pivotal role in placental processes underlying fetal development, and much interest centers on discerning whether these loci, via changes in DNA methylation and/or gene expression, inform disruptions in appropriate fetal growth. In this study, we comprehensively profiled DNA methylation across the placental imprintome and assessed the relationship with gene expression levels and aberrant fetal growth.Placental DNA methylation across 153 imprinted loci, including imprint control regions (ICR) and surrounding non-ICR regions, was surveyed using the Nimblegen TruSeq bisulfite sequencing platform among participants enrolled in the Rhode Island Child Health Study (RICHS, n = 163). Methylation and gene expression associations were assessed using eQTM analysis. Differential methylation analysis contrasting small (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) infants against appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants was assessed using the DMRcate R package.We identified 34 SGA-related differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 9 LGA-related DMRs (FDR<0.05), and these BW-DMRs predominated in promoter and intronic regions. We observed overall hypomethylation among SGA-DMRs overlapping maternally expressed (paternally imprinted) genes while no parent-of-origin effect was observed among LGA DMRs. Three BW-DMRs, mapping to GABRG3, IGF1R and MEST, were common to SGA and LGA placenta. We did not observe significant correlations between BW-DMR-associated CpG methylation and gene expression levels.We report the first in-depth characterization of the placental imprintome in a population-wide setting. Our findings reveal growth-related differences in methylation without concomitant expression differences in regions that extend beyond typically interrogated imprinted loci, highlighting potentially novel placental biomarkers of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A. Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Environmental Health at Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Yang Y, Qi Y, Cui Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhu D, He F, Zheng Y. Emotional and behavioral problems, social competence and risk factors in 6-16-year-old students in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223970. [PMID: 31647827 PMCID: PMC6812843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Child emotional or behavioral problems and insufficient social development has been a heavy burden on family and society. However, currently large-scale studies on emotional and behavioral problems as well as social competence among school children in China are still lacking. This cross-sectional study analyzed the current status and risk factors of behavioral problems and social competences in Beijing students. Method A total of 9,295 students, with ages ranging from 6 to 16 years old, were enrolled in the study. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to screen emotional and behavioral problems, social competences of students. We then assessed significant predictors factors associated with children behavioral problems and social competences. Results The total detection rate of behavioral problems of this cohort was 16.7%. All kinds of social competence scores of boys were lower than girls (P <0.05). The scores of social and learning ability in children with behavioral problems were significantly lower than those without behavior problems (P <0.05). Gender, developmental delay, recent life events, negative relationships and negative child-rearing styles were the shared influencing factors for behavioral problems and social competence. In addition, age, macrosomia, threatened abortion, hospitalization for physical illness, physical illness, poor sleep were independent risk factors for children's emotional and behavioral problems, and non-breastfeeding was an independent risk factor for abnormal social competence. Conclusion The social competence, emotional and behavioral problems are serious among students in Beijing. More attention should be paid to mental health and effective intervention measures should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Qi
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Cui
- National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Zhu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Graffi J, Moss E, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Moss G, Lecompte V, Pascuzzo K, Babineau V, Gordon-Green C, Mileva-Seitz VR, Minde K, Sassi R, Steiner M, Kennedy JL, Gaudreau H, Levitan R, Meaney MJ, Wazana A. The dopamine D4 receptor gene, birth weight, maternal depression, maternal attention, and the prediction of disorganized attachment at 36 months of age: A prospective gene × environment analysis. Infant Behav Dev 2018; 50:64-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Objectives To investigate if an association exists between being born large for gestational age (LGA) and verbal ability or externalizing behaviour problems at ages 4-5 years. Method A secondary analysis was conducted using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, including singleton births in 2004-2005 followed till 4-5 years (n = 1685). LGA was defined as a birth weight > 90th percentile. Outcomes included poor verbal ability (scoring < 15th percentile on the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and externalizing behaviour problems (scoring > 90th percentile on externalizing behaviour scales). Multivariable logistic regression with longitudinal standardized funnel weights and bootstrapping estimation were used. Results Infants born LGA were not found to be at increased risk for poor verbal ability (aOR: 1.16 [0.49,2.72] and aOR: 0.83 [0.37,1.87] for girls and boys, resp.) or externalizing behaviour problems (aOR: 1.24 [0.52,2.93] and aOR: 1.24 [0.66,2.36] for girls and boys, resp.). Social factors were found to impact developmental attainment. Maternal smoking led to an increased risk for externalizing behaviour problems (aOR: 3.33 [1.60,6.94] and aOR: 2.12 [1.09,4.13] for girls and boys, resp.). Conclusion There is no evidence to suggest that infants born LGA are at increased risk for poor verbal ability or externalizing behaviour problems.
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Deyssenroth MA, Peng S, Hao K, Lambertini L, Marsit CJ, Chen J. Whole-transcriptome analysis delineates the human placenta gene network and its associations with fetal growth. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:520. [PMID: 28693416 PMCID: PMC5502484 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is the principal organ regulating intrauterine growth and development, performing critical functions on behalf of the developing fetus. The delineation of functional networks and pathways driving placental processes has the potential to provide key insight into intrauterine perturbations that result in adverse birth as well as later life health outcomes. RESULTS We generated the transcriptome-wide profile of 200 term human placenta using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform and characterized the functional placental gene network using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We identified 17 placental coexpression network modules that were dominated by functional processes including growth, organ development, gas exchange and immune response. Five network modules, enriched for processes including cellular respiration, amino acid transport, hormone signaling, histone modifications and gene expression, were associated with birth weight; hub genes of all five modules (CREB3, DDX3X, DNAJC14, GRHL1 and C21orf91) were significantly associated with fetal growth restriction, and one hub gene (CREB3) was additionally associated with fetal overgrowth. CONCLUSIONS In this largest RNA-Seq based transcriptome-wide profiling study of human term placenta conducted to date, we delineated a placental gene network with functional relevance to fetal growth using a network-based approach with superior scale reduction capacity. Our study findings not only implicate potential molecular mechanisms underlying fetal growth but also provide a reference placenta gene network to inform future studies investigating placental dysfunction as a route to future disease endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A. Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Shouneng Peng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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10
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Keenan K, Hipwell A, McAloon R, Hoffmann A, Mohanty A, Magee K. Concordance between maternal recall of birth complications and data from obstetrical records. Early Hum Dev 2017; 105:11-15. [PMID: 28095344 PMCID: PMC5382715 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal complications are associated with poor outcomes in the offspring. Access to medical records is limited in the United States and investigators often rely on maternal report of prenatal complications. STUDY DESIGN AND AIMS We tested concordance between maternal recall and birth records in a community-based sample of mothers participating in a longitudinal study in order to determine the accuracy of maternal recall of perinatal complications. SUBJECTS Participants were 151 biological mothers, who were interviewed about gestational age at birth, birthweight, and the most commonly occurring birth complications: nuchal cord and meconium aspiration when the female child was on average 6years old, and for whom birth records were obtained. OUTCOME MEASURES Concordance between reports was assessed using one-way random intra-class coefficients for continuous measures and kappa coefficients for dichotomous outcomes. Associations between maternal demographic and psychological factors and discrepancies also were tested. RESULTS Concordance was excellent for continuously measured birthweight (ICC=0.85, p<0.001) and good for gestational age (ICC=0.68, p<0.001). Agreement was good for low birthweight (<2500g) (kappa=0.67, p<0.001), fair for preterm delivery (<37weeks gestation) (kappa=0.44, p<0.001), and poor for nuchal cord or meconium aspiration. Most discrepancies were characterized by presence according to birth record and absence according to maternal recall. Receipt of public assistance was associated with a decrease in discrepancy in report of nuchal cord. CONCLUSIONS Concordance between maternal retrospective report and medical birth records varies across different types of perinatal events. There was little evidence that demographic or psychological factors increased the risk of discrepancies. Maternal recall based on continuous measures of perinatal factors may yield more valid data than dichotomous outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Alison Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Rose McAloon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Amy Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Arpita Mohanty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Kelsey Magee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
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11
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Wazana A, Moss E, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Graffi J, Tsabari G, Lecompte V, Pascuzzo K, Babineau V, Gordon-Green C, Mileva V, Atkinson L, Minde K, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Sassi R, St-André M, Carrey N, Matthews S, Sokolowski M, Lydon J, Gaudreau H, Steiner M, Kennedy JL, Fleming A, Levitan R, Meaney MJ. The interplay of birth weight, dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), and early maternal care in the prediction of disorganized attachment at 36 months of age. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:1145-61. [PMID: 26439067 PMCID: PMC5380440 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disorganized attachment is an important early risk factor for socioemotional problems throughout childhood and into adulthood. Prevailing models of the etiology of disorganized attachment emphasize the role of highly dysfunctional parenting, to the exclusion of complex models examining the interplay of child and parental factors. Decades of research have established that extreme child birth weight may have long-term effects on developmental processes. These effects are typically negative, but this is not always the case. Recent studies have also identified the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) as a moderator of childrearing effects on the development of disorganized attachment. However, there are inconsistent findings concerning which variant of the polymorphism (seven-repeat long-form allele or non-seven-repeat short-form allele) is most likely to interact with caregiving in predicting disorganized versus organized attachment. In this study, we examined possible two- and three-way interactions and child DRD4 polymorphisms and birth weight and maternal caregiving at age 6 months in longitudinally predicting attachment disorganization at 36 months. Our sample is from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment project, a sample of 650 mother-child dyads. Birth weight was cross-referenced with normative data to calculate birth weight percentile. Infant DRD4 was obtained with buccal swabs and categorized according to the presence of the putative allele seven repeat. Macroanalytic and microanalytic measures of maternal behavior were extracted from a videotaped session of 20 min of nonfeeding interaction followed by a 10-min divided attention maternal task at 6 months. Attachment was assessed at 36 months using the Strange Situation procedure, and categorized into disorganized attachment and others. The results indicated that a main effect for DRD4 and a two-way interaction of birth weight and 6-month maternal attention (frequency of maternal looking away behavior) and sensitivity predicted disorganized attachment in robust logistic regression models adjusted for social demographic covariates. Specifically, children in the midrange of birth weight were more likely to develop a disorganized attachment when exposed to less attentive maternal care. However, the association reversed with extreme birth weight (low and high). The DRD4 seven-repeat allele was associated with less disorganized attachment (protective), while non-seven-repeat children were more likely to be classified as disorganized attachment. The implications for understanding inconsistencies in the literature about which DRD4 genotype is the risk direction are also considered. Suggestions for intervention with families with infants at different levels of biological risk and caregiving risk are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wazana
- McGill University, Montreal
- Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Sassi
- McMaster University and St-Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helene Gaudreau
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health and, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal
| | - Meir Steiner
- McMaster University and St-Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton
| | - James L. Kennedy
- University of Toronto
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | | | - Robert Levitan
- University of Toronto
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Michael J Meaney
- McGill University, Montreal
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health and, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal
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12
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Kappil MA, Green BB, Armstrong DA, Sharp AJ, Lambertini L, Marsit CJ, Chen J. Placental expression profile of imprinted genes impacts birth weight. Epigenetics 2015; 10:842-9. [PMID: 26186239 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1073881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of imprinted genes in regulating feto-placental development has been long established. However, a comprehensive assessment of the role of placental imprinted gene expression on fetal growth has yet to be conducted. In this study, we examined the association between the placental expression of 108 established and putative imprinted genes and birth weight in 677 term pregnancies, oversampled for small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Using adjusted multinomial regression analyses, a 2-fold increase in the expression of 9 imprinted genes was positively associated with LGA status: BLCAP [odds ratio (OR) = 3.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.83, 7.82], DLK1 [OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.09], H19 [OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.77, 4.42], IGF2 [OR = 1.43, 95% CI:1.31, 2.40], MEG3 [OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.71], MEST [OR = 4.78, 95% CI: 2.64, 8.65], NNAT [OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.86], NDN [OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.72, 3.68], and PLAGL1 [OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.40, 2.44]. For SGA status, a 2-fold increase in MEST expression was associated with decreased risk [OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.58], while a 2-fold increase in NNAT expression was associated with increased risk [OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1]. Following a factor analysis, all genes significantly associated with SGA or LGA status loaded onto 2 of the 8 gene-sets underlying the variability in the dataset. Our comprehensive placental profiling of imprinted genes in a large birth cohort supports the importance of these genes for fetal growth. Given that abnormal birth weight is implicated in numerous diseases and developmental abnormalities, the expression pattern of placental imprinted genes has the potential to be developed as a novel biomarker for postnatal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Kappil
- a Department of Preventive Medicine ; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ; New York , NY USA
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13
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Dissociable deficits of executive function caused by gestational adversity are linked to specific transcriptional changes in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1353-63. [PMID: 25418810 PMCID: PMC4397392 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poor-quality maternal diet during pregnancy, and subsequent gestational growth disturbances in the offspring, have been implicated in the etiology of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD, schizophrenia, and autism. These disorders are characterized, in part, by abnormalities in responses to reward and errors of executive function. Here, we demonstrate dissociable deficits in reward processing and executive function in male and female mice, solely due to maternal malnutrition via high-fat or low-protein diets. Gestational exposure to a high-fat diet delayed acquisition of a fixed ratio response, and decreased motivation as assessed by progressive ratio. In contrast, offspring of a low-protein diet displayed no deficits in operant learning, but were more prone to assign salience to a cue that predicts reward (sign-tracking) in a Pavlovian-conditioned approach task. In the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), gestational exposure to a high-fat diet promoted impulsivity, whereas exposure to a low-protein diet led to marked inattention. These dissociable executive function deficits are known to be mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), which displays markers of epigenetic dysregulation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Following behavioral characterization, we assayed PFC gene expression using a targeted PCR array and found that both maternal diets increased overall transcription in PFC. Cluster analysis of the relationships between individual transcripts and behavioral outcomes revealed a cluster of primarily epigenetic modulators, whose overexpression was linked to executive function deficits. The overexpression of four genes, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), δ-opioid receptor (OPRD1), cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1), and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), was strongly associated with overall poor performance. All 5-CSRTT deficits were associated with DNMT1 upregulation, whereas impulsive behavior could be dissociated from inattention by overexpression of OPRD1 or COMT, respectively, as well as a distinct cluster of epigenetic regulators. These data provide molecular support for dissociable domains of executive function.
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14
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Lahti M, Eriksson JG, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Lahti J, Wahlbeck K, Tuovinen S, Pesonen AK, Mikkonen M, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Räikkönen K. Late preterm birth, post-term birth, and abnormal fetal growth as risk factors for severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. Psychol Med 2015; 45:985-999. [PMID: 25191989 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late preterm births constitute the majority of preterm births. However, most evidence suggesting that preterm birth predicts the risk of mental disorders comes from studies on earlier preterm births. We examined if late preterm birth predicts the risks of severe mental disorders from early to late adulthood. We also studied whether adulthood mental disorders are associated with post-term birth or with being born small (SGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age, which have been previously associated with psychopathology risk in younger ages. METHOD Of 12 597 Helsinki Birth Cohort Study participants, born 1934-1944, 664 were born late preterm, 1221 post-term, 287 SGA, and 301 LGA. The diagnoses of mental disorders were identified from national hospital discharge and cause of death registers from 1969 to 2010. In total, 1660 (13.2%) participants had severe mental disorders. RESULTS Individuals born late preterm did not differ from term-born individuals in their risk of any severe mental disorder. However, men born late preterm had a significantly increased risk of suicide. Post-term birth predicted significantly increased risks of any mental disorder in general and particularly of substance use and anxiety disorders. Individuals born SGA had significantly increased risks of any mental and substance use disorders. Women born LGA had an increased risk of psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although men born late preterm had an increased suicide risk, late preterm birth did not exert widespread effects on adult psychopathology. In contrast, the risks of severe mental disorders across adulthood were increased among individuals born SGA and individuals born post-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - K Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - E Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - K Wahlbeck
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - S Tuovinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - A-K Pesonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
| | - M Mikkonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit,University of Southampton,UK
| | | | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,Finland
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15
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Jasoni CL, Sanders TR, Kim DW. Do all roads lead to Rome? The role of neuro-immune interactions before birth in the programming of offspring obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:455. [PMID: 25691854 PMCID: PMC4315034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the nervous system can be powerfully modulated by the immune system. Although traditionally considered to be quite separate, neuro-immune interactions are increasingly recognized as critical for both normal and pathological nervous system function in the adult. However, a growing body of information supports a critical role for neuro-immune interactions before birth, particularly in the prenatal programming of later-life neurobehavioral disease risk. This review will focus on maternal obesity, as it represents an environment of pathological immune system function during pregnancy that elevates offspring neurobehavioral disease risk. We will first delineate the normal role of the immune system during pregnancy, including the role of the placenta as both a barrier and relayer of inflammatory information between the maternal and fetal environments. This will be followed by the current exciting findings of how immuno-modulatory molecules may elevate offspring risk of neurobehavioral disease by altering brain development and, consequently, later life function. Finally, by drawing parallels with pregnancy complications other than obesity, we will suggest that aberrant immune activation, irrespective of its origin, may lead to neuro-immune interactions that otherwise would not exist in the developing brain. These interactions could conceivably derail normal brain development and/or later life function, and thereby elevate risk for obesity and other neurobehavioral disorders later in the offspring's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tessa R Sanders
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Grissom NM, Reyes TM. Gestational overgrowth and undergrowth affect neurodevelopment: similarities and differences from behavior to epigenetics. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23201144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of an infant at birth, a measure of gestational growth, has been recognized for many years as a biomarker of future risk of morbidity. Both being born small for gestational age (SGA) and being born large for gestational age (LGA), are associated with increased rates of obesity and metabolic disorder, as well as a number of mental disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety, and depression. The common risks raise the question of what neurobiological mechanisms are altered in SGA and LGA offspring. Here we review recent findings allowing for direct comparison of neurobiological outcomes of SGA and LGA in human and animal models. We also present new data highlighting similarities and differences in behavior and neurobiology in our mouse models of SGA and LGA. Overall, there is significant data to support aberrant epigenetic mechanisms, particularly related to DNA methylation, in the brains of SGA and LGA offspring, leading to disruptions in the cell cycle in development and gene expression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Grissom
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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