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Grubbe F, Wagner E, Pogarell O, Dudeck M, Hasan A. [Inpatient Treatment of Mentally Ill Prisoners in General Psychiatric Departments and Hospitals]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2024; 92:128-134. [PMID: 36720233 DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inpatient psychiatric treatment of prisoners is organized differently in Germany, depending on the structural conditions of the federal state and prison. There are very few findings on the different possibilities of treatment and the view of the hospitals on this issue. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to gain an up-to-date picture of inpatient treatment of prisoners in general psychiatric departments and hospitals and the challenges these institutions face. METHODS We conducted an anonymous online survey of the frequency, extent, and challenges of inpatient treatment of prisoners. Approximately 460 chief physicians of German general psychiatric departments and hospitals were invited to participate in this survey. In addition to descriptive statistics, we calculated group differences by type of hospital and by subjective responsibility for inpatient care of prisoners. RESULTS A total of 74 chief physicians surveyed participated; 51.4% of the surveyed hospitals provided psychiatric inpatient treatment to prisoners in 2020. Group differences between the different types of hospitals were found only for the presence of anticipated anxiety among regular inpatients. Various differences were found between responsible and non-responsible hospitals, especially with regard to organizational aspects. DISCUSSION For the treatment of mentally ill prisoners, various organizational challenges as well as fears of hospital staff and fellow patients were mentioned by the participants. The type of hospital appears to play a subordinate role here, whereas the responsibility of the hospital for the inpatient treatment of mentally ill prisoners might be more decisive for anticipated concerns and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grubbe
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg
| | - Elias Wagner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München
| | - Manuela Dudeck
- Klinik für Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Ulm am BKH Günzburg
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, Bezirkskrankenhaus Augsburg
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Mohamed S. The State of Mental Health Services for Incarcerated Adults in Ontario: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024:306624X241228218. [PMID: 38314705 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x241228218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with mental illness are significantly overrepresented in the Canadian justice system. Given the high rate of mental illness among individuals who are incarcerated, correctional facilities must implement accessible and effective mental health resources. This not only improves their health and well-being but also contributes to their rehabilitation efforts. However, evidence suggests that the care provided in prisons is inadequate. This scoping review asks, "What is known about the access and quality of mental health care services for adults who are incarcerated in Ontario?" Mental health care services included non-acute interventions and care that is provided in the institution. This scoping review followed the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews methodology. Databases searched include MedLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Abstracts, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the grey literature. The search yielded 354 titles and abstracts of which 16 met the inclusion criteria. Conducted from 2010-2022, the 16 studies included qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Common themes that were identified related to segregation, mental health assessments, medication prescribing and access, opioid agonist therapy, psychiatric service access, systemic and institutional barriers, mental health perception, and the need for collaboration. Despite the significant demand for mental health care in Ontario correctional facilities, limitations to quality care are evident. Such limitations intersect and are then exacerbated, resulting in poor mental health care provision among the incarcerated population. More research is warranted regarding the access, quality, and efficiency of mental health care in Ontario prisons, and how factors including ethnicity, gender, and prison classification (provincial vs. federal) may influence mental health care and its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohamed
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Plummer N, Guardado R, Ngassa Y, Montalvo C, Kotoujian PJ, Siddiqi K, Senst T, Simon K, Acevedo A, Wurcel AG. Racial Differences in Self-Report of Mental Illness and Mental Illness Treatment in the Community: An Analysis of Jail Intake Data. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023; 50:966-975. [PMID: 37733128 PMCID: PMC10543583 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Jails and prisons in the United States house people with elevated rates of mental health and substance use disorders. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the frequency of racial/ethnic differences in the self-report of mental illness and psychiatric medication use at jail entry. Our sample included individuals who had been incarcerated between 2016 and 2020 at the Middlesex Jail & House of Correction, located in Billerica, MA. We used data from the "Offender Management System," the administrative database used by the jail containing data on people who are incarcerated, and COREMR, the electronic medical record (EMR) used in the Middlesex Jail & House of Correction. We evaluated two primary outcomes (1) self-reported mental illness history and (2) self-reported use of psychiatric medication, with the primary indicator of interest as race/ethnicity. At intake, over half (57%) of the sample self-reported history of mental illness and 20% reported the use of psychiatric medications. Among people who self-reported a history of mental illness, Hispanic (AOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60-0.90), Black (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.43-0.64), Asian/Pacific Islander (Non-Hispanic) people (AOR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.13-0.74), and people from other racial/ethnic groups (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.93) all had decreased odds of reporting psychiatric medications. Mental illness was reported in about one-half of people who entered jail, but only 20% reported receiving medications in the community prior to incarceration. Our findings build on the existing literature on jail-based mental illness and show racial disparities in self-report of psychiatric medications in people who self-reported mental illness. The timing, frequency, and equity of mental health services in both the community and the jail setting deserves further research, investment, and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcissa Plummer
- Department of Population Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rubeen Guardado
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yvane Ngassa
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Cristina Montalvo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrea Acevedo
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - Alysse G. Wurcel
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
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Tucker S, Luetz JM. Art Therapy in Australian Prisons: A Research Agenda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X231165350. [PMID: 37154516 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231165350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Art therapy in prisons remains widely under-researched in Australia and beyond and represents a major gap in the literature. Despite evidence that art therapy can be a tool for social change, to date, there are no recorded studies in Australia which have investigated the therapeutic benefits of art in prison populations with measured outcomes. Literary analysis suggests that research tends to be hampered by limitations in methodological approaches that are suited to prison environments. By engaging "inside" with inmates over the course of an 8-week art therapy program, this research design addresses this knowledge gap. Building on 5 years of piloting, the research methodological design presented in this paper embodies a prototype that promises to overcome the limitations of previous research approaches. This research agenda promises to facilitate creative interventions through sensitively attuned art therapy delivery. Benefits are expected to accrue to diverse stakeholder groups, including inmates, chaplaincy and parole services, voluntary facilitators, policymakers, criminologists, and taxpayers, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tucker
- Uniting Care Prison Ministry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Campus, QLD, Australia
- Christian Heritage College (CHC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes M Luetz
- The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Alphacrucis University College, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gonete KA, Tariku A, Wami SD, Akalu TY. Dietary diversity practice and associated factors among adolescent girls in Dembia district, northwest Ethiopia, 2017. Public Health Rev 2020; 41:23. [PMID: 33062379 PMCID: PMC7547502 DOI: 10.1186/s40985-020-00137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary diversity is defined as the number of food groups or items consumed over a reference period, and usually, it is a problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. Inadequate dietary diversity is one of a major public health problem and can result in physical, emotional, and psychological changes among adolescents. However, studies on dietary diversity among school children were very limited. Hence, this study aimed at determining dietary diversity practices and factors among adolescents in Dembia district. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 15, 2017, at Dembia district, northwest Ethiopia. A total of 474 study subjects were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the data. Dietary diversity was measured through standard tool adopted from Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) 2016 using the 24-h recall method. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was employed to identify factors associated with a diversified diet. Result This study illustrated that 32.3% (95% CI 27.9–36.8) of the adolescents had adequate dietary diversity. Inadequate dietary diversity was significantly associated with being Muslim (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7), self-employment (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.9), middle (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.8) and high wealth category (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2–0.6), and underweight (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3–9.5). Conclusion The findings of this study showed that only one-third of adolescent girls have adequate dietary diversity. Low level of dietary diversification suggested points to the need for strengthening efforts targeting to improve the healthy dietary practice of adolescents by giving due attention to poor households and undernourished adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir Abdela Gonete
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Tariku
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Daba Wami
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Spatial Pattern and Associated Factors of ANC Visits in Ethiopia: Spatial and Multilevel Modeling of Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Data. Adv Prev Med 2020; 2020:4676591. [PMID: 32922999 PMCID: PMC7453231 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4676591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is an increase in having antenatal care (ANC), still many women lack recommended ANC contacts in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining spatial patterns and associated factors of not having ANC visits using the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 data. Methods A two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique was employed based on EDHS data from January 18 to June 27, 2016. A total of 7,462 women were included in the study. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to visualize the spatial distribution. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for not having ANC visits in Ethiopia. A multivariable multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify individual- and community-level determinants of not having antenatal care. Model comparison was checked using the likelihood test and goodness of fit was assessed by the deviance test. Results The primary clusters' spatial window was located in Somalia, Oromia, Afar, Dire Dawa, and Harari regions with the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of 133.02, at p < 0.001 level of significance. In this study, Islam religion (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.7 with 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.52,0.96)), mother education being primary (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.49,0.71)), distance from health facility being a big problem (AOR = 0.76, CI (0.65,0.89)), second birth order (AOR = 1.35, CI (1.03, 1.76)), richer wealth index (AOR = 0.65, CI (0.51,0.82)), rural residence (AOR = 2.38, CI (1.54,3.66)), and high community media exposure (AOR = 0.68, CI (0.52,0.89)) were determinants of not having antenatal care in Ethiopia. Conclusion The spatial distribution of ANC in Ethiopia is non-random. A higher proportion of not having ANC is found in northeast Amhara, west Benishangul Gumuz, Somali, Afar, north, and northeast SNNPR. On the other hand, a low proportion of not having ANC was found in Tigray, Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa. In Ethiopia, not having antenatal care is affected by both individual- and community-level factors. Prompt attention by the Federal Ministry of Health is compulsory to improve ANC especially in rural residents, uneducated women, poor households, and regions like Oromia, Gambella, and Somalia.
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Fovet T, Amad A, Horn M, Thomas P, Chan-Chee C. Utilization of Hospital-Level Mental Health Care Services for Inmates in France: A Transversal Study. Psychiatr Serv 2020; 71:824-828. [PMID: 32264798 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No study has assessed utilization of hospital-level mental health care for French prisoners. In particular, the impact of unités hospitalières spécialement aménagées (UHSAs; "specially equipped hospital units"), the full-time inpatient psychiatric wards for inmates created in 2010, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the overall patterns of psychiatric hospitalization for detained people in France during 2016. METHODS The study was conducted by using a national psychiatric hospital discharge database. The authors identified incarcerated people who were hospitalized in UHSAs, general psychiatric hospitals, maximum-security unités pour malades difficiles (UMDs; "units for difficult patients"), and day treatment hospitals for inmates known as services médico-psychologiques régionaux (SMPRs; "regional medical-psychological services"), from January 1 to December 31, 2016. RESULTS In 2016, 4,392 incarcerated patients (7,027 admissions) were hospitalized (92% males). Overall, 1,944 patients were hospitalized in UHSAs, 1,787 in general psychiatric hospitals, 97 in UMDs, and 1,465 in SMPRs. That year, 815 patients (19%) were admitted to at least two different facilities. The mean cumulative length of stay per patient was 86.7 days (95% confidence interval=80.1-93.3; median=27 days), with longer durations of stay in UMDs and SMPRs than in UHSAs and general psychiatric hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Despite the recent creation of UHSAs, the hospitalization of inmates in general psychiatric hospitals remains frequent in France. Future research should consider the value of further developing UHSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Ali Amad
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Christine Chan-Chee
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
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Casiano H, Hensel JM, Chartier MJ, Ekuma O, MacWilliam L, Mota N, McDougall C, Bolton JM. The Intersection between Criminal Accusations, Victimization, and Mental Disorders: A Canadian Population-Based Study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2020; 65:492-501. [PMID: 32363932 PMCID: PMC7298584 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720919660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understand the relationship between criminal accusations, victimization, and mental disorders at a population level using administrative data from Manitoba, Canada. METHOD Residents aged 18 to 64 between April 1, 2007, and March 31, 2012 (N = 793,024) with hospital- and physician-diagnosed mental disorders were compared to those without. Overall and per-person rates of criminal accusations and reported victimization in the 2011/2012 fiscal year were examined. Relative risks were calculated, adjusting for age, sex, income, and presence of a substance use disorder. The overlap between diagnosed mental disorders, accusations, and victimization with a χ2 test of independence was studied. RESULTS Twenty-four percent (n = 188,693) of the population had a mental disorder over the 5-year time frame. Four to fifteen percent of those with a mental disorder had a criminal accusation, compared to 2.4% of the referent group. Individuals with mental disorders, especially psychotic or personality disorders, were often living in low-income, urban neighborhoods. The adjusted relative risk of accusations and victimization remained 2 to 5 times higher in those with mental disorders compared to the referent group. Criminal accusations and victimization were most prevalent among individuals with a history of attempted suicide (15.2% had an accusation and 8.1% were victims). The risk of victimization in the same year as a criminal accusation was significantly increased among those with mental disorders compared to those without (χ2 = 211.8, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with mental disorders are at elevated risk of both criminal involvement and victimization. The identification of these multiply-stigmatized individuals may lead to better intervention and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hygiea Casiano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Hensel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mariette J Chartier
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Okechukwu Ekuma
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leonard MacWilliam
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Natalie Mota
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chelsey McDougall
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James M Bolton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kennedy HG, Simpson A, Haque Q. Perspective On Excellence in Forensic Mental Health Services: What We Can Learn From Oncology and Other Medical Services. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31681042 PMCID: PMC6813277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that excellence in forensic and other mental health services can be recognized by the abilities necessary to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and equivalent forms of rigorous quantitative research to continuously improve the outcomes of treatment as usual (TAU). Forensic mental health services (FMHSs) are growing, are high cost, and increasingly provide the main access route to more intensive, organized, and sustained pathways through care and treatment. A patient newly diagnosed with a cancer can expect to be enrolled in RCTs comparing innovations with the current best TAU. The same should be provided for patients newly diagnosed with severe mental illnesses and particularly those detained and at risk of prolonged periods in a secure hospital. We describe FMHSs in four levels 1 to 4, basic to excellent, according to seven domains: values or qualities, clinical organization, consistency, timescale, specialization, routine outcome measures, and research. Excellence is not elitism. Not all centers need to achieve excellence, though all should be of high quality. Services can provide each population with a network of centers with access to one center of excellence. Excellence is the standard needed to drive the virtuous circle of research and development that is necessary for teaching, training, and the pursuit of new knowledge and better outcomes. Substantial advances in treatment of severe mental disorders require a drive at a national and international level to create services that meet these standards of excellence and are focused, active, and productive to drive better functional outcomes for service users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Forensic Mental Health Service, Central Mental Hospital, Dundrum, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Simpson
- Division for Forensic Psychiatry-University of Toronto Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Quazi Haque
- Elysium Healthcare, London, United Kingdom.,Division for Forensic Psychiatry-University of Toronto Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health-University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Simpson AIF, Jones RM. Two Challenges Affecting Access to Care for Inmates with Serious Mental Illness: Detecting Illness and Acceptable Services. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63:648-650. [PMID: 30071756 PMCID: PMC6187441 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718792844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. F. Simpson
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Roland M. Jones
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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