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Ovalle Rodríguez P, Ramírez Ortega D, Blanco Ayala T, Roldán Roldán G, Pérez de la Cruz G, González Esquivel DF, Gómez-Manzo S, Sánchez Chapul L, Salazar A, Pineda B, Pérez de la Cruz V. Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Production by N-acetylcysteine Prevents Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood Induced by Lead Exposure during Lactation in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2035. [PMID: 38136155 PMCID: PMC10740504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) exposure during early life induces cognitive impairment, which was recently associated with an increase in brain kynurenic acid (KYNA), an antagonist of NMDA and alpha-7 nicotinic receptors. It has been described that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) favors an antioxidant environment and inhibits kynurenine aminotransferase II activity (KAT II, the main enzyme of KYNA production), leading to brain KYNA levels decrease and cognitive improvement. This study aimed to investigate whether the NAC modulation of the brain KYNA levels in mice ameliorated Pb2+-induced cognitive impairment. The dams were divided into four groups: Control, Pb2+, NAC, and Pb2++NAC, which were given drinking water or 500 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water ad libitum, from 0 to 23 postnatal days (PNDs). The NAC and Pb2++NAC groups were simultaneously fed NAC (350 mg/day) in their chow from 0 to 23 PNDs. At PND 60, the effect of the treatment with Pb2+ and in combination with NAC on learning and memory performance was evaluated. Immediately after behavioral evaluation, brain tissues were collected to assess the redox environment; KYNA and glutamate levels; and KAT II activity. The NAC treatment prevented the long-term memory deficit exhibited in the Pb2+ group. As expected, Pb2+ group showed redox environment alterations, fluctuations in glutamate levels, and an increase in KYNA levels, which were partially avoided by NAC co-administration. These results confirmed that the excessive KYNA levels induced by Pb2+ were involved in the onset of cognitive impairment and could be successfully prevented by NAC treatment. NAC could be a tool for testing in scenarios in which KYNA levels are associated with the induction of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ovalle Rodríguez
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.O.R.); (D.R.O.); (T.B.A.); (D.F.G.E.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Unidad de Posgrado, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramírez Ortega
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.O.R.); (D.R.O.); (T.B.A.); (D.F.G.E.)
| | - Tonali Blanco Ayala
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.O.R.); (D.R.O.); (T.B.A.); (D.F.G.E.)
| | - Gabriel Roldán Roldán
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Conducta, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Dinora Fabiola González Esquivel
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.O.R.); (D.R.O.); (T.B.A.); (D.F.G.E.)
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Laura Sánchez Chapul
- Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Institute of Rehabilitation “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (P.O.R.); (D.R.O.); (T.B.A.); (D.F.G.E.)
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Elmorsy EM, Al-Ghafari A, Al Doghaither H. Role of mitochondrial disruption and oxidative stress in plasticizer phthalate-induced cytotoxicity to human bone osteoblasts. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:765-774. [PMID: 37915493 PMCID: PMC10615828 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are frequently utilized in a wide range of products such as plasticizers with reported negative effects on bones. The current study evaluated the effect of butyl cyclohexyl phthalate on the human osteoblasts via different assays. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays were used to examine the in-vitro cytotoxic effect of butyl cyclohexyl phthalate on human bone osteoblasts in concentrations 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM for 12 to 72 h postexposures. Incubation of osteoblasts with butyl cyclohexyl phthalate significantly reduced cell viability based on its concentrations and durations of exposure. In parallel, osteoblast secretion of procollagen type 1, osteocalcin, as well as alkaline phosphatase was significantly decreased by butyl cyclohexyl phthalate in concentrations (1 or 2 μM). Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate decreased ATP synthesis and mitochondrial complexes I and III activities, with increased lactate production, all of which were detrimental to cellular bioenergetics. The cellular redox defense systems were significantly depleted by increased lipid peroxidation, elevated reactive oxygen species, decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities, and decreased intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH). Redox stress was also induced. Interestingly, preincubating osteoblasts with reduced GSH before exposing them to butyl cyclohexyl phthalate significantly lowered the cytotoxicity of the butyl cyclohexyl phthalate, suggesting that antioxidants may play a helpful protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Mahmoud Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetics Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Doghaither
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
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Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Accelerated Aging: The Pathogenic Role of Increased Homocysteine in Atherosclerosis, Osteoporosis, and Neurodegeneration. Cureus 2023; 15:e42259. [PMID: 37605676 PMCID: PMC10440097 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, seemingly unrelated disorders that occur with advanced age, share major pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis and bone loss. Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) is among these mechanisms that can cause both vascular and bone disease. In its more severe form, hHcy can present early in life as homocystinuria, an inborn error of metabolic pathways of the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine. In its milder forms, hHcy may go undiagnosed and untreated into adulthood. As such, hHcy may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, thrombophilia, and neurodegeneration, collectively representing accelerated aging. Multiple trials to lower cardiovascular risk and improve bone density with homocysteine-lowering agents, yet none has proven to be clinically meaningful. To understand this unmet clinical need, this review will provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of vascular and bone disease in hHcy, using homocystinuria as a model for accelerated atherosclerosis and bone density loss, a model for accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Alkaissi
- Internal Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA
- Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Samy I McFarlane
- Endocrinology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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Dobrakowski M, Machoń-Grecka A, Nowak P, Szczęsny P, Maciejczyk M, Kasperczyk A, Pryzwan T, Kasperczyk S. The influence of erdosteine administration on lead-induced oxidative stress in rat muscle. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022; 45:88-92. [PMID: 31502475 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1659810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lead-exposure is known to disrupt the redox balance of tissues leading to oxidative stress. Due to the fact that a mucolytic drug, erdosteine, exerts also antioxidant properties, we decided to perform a pilot study on rats to evaluate its therapeutic potency in lead poisoning. Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into the following seven groups having 10 animals in each. Group I served as the control group. During 8-week period, rats in groups II-IV, except standard alimentation, received: erdosteine in a dose 350 mg/kg (collateral control group), 1200 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water and placebo, as well as the same doses of lead and erdosteine, respectively. Rats in group V-VII received 1200 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for the initial 6-week period and then administered: placebo, erdosteine and EDTA for 2 weeks, respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly higher in groups III and V compared to the control group. The activities of catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in groups IV, V, and VI compared to the control group. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly lower in group II and significantly higher in groups VI and VII compared to the control group, while the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly lower in group III and significantly higher in group VI. Erdosteine has an effect of protection against lead-induced oxidative stress which is not worse than that of EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dobrakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Anna Machoń-Grecka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Przemysław Nowak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szczęsny
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Maciejczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pryzwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Tenório MCDS, Graciliano NG, Moura FA, de Oliveira ACM, Goulart MOF. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): Impacts on Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:967. [PMID: 34208683 PMCID: PMC8234027 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a medicine widely used to treat paracetamol overdose and as a mucolytic compound. It has a well-established safety profile, and its toxicity is uncommon and dependent on the route of administration and high dosages. Its remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity is the biochemical basis used to treat several diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. The primary role of NAC as an antioxidant stems from its ability to increase the intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH), which is the most crucial biothiol responsible for cellular redox imbalance. As an anti-inflammatory compound, NAC can reduce levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β) by suppressing the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Despite NAC's relevant therapeutic potential, in several experimental studies, its effectiveness in clinical trials, addressing different pathological conditions, is still limited. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the medicinal effects and applications of NAC to human health based on current therapeutic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayara Gomes Graciliano
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil; (N.G.G.); (A.C.M.d.O.)
| | - Fabiana Andréa Moura
- College of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil;
- College of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil; (N.G.G.); (A.C.M.d.O.)
- College of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil;
| | - Marília Oliveira Fonseca Goulart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil;
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil; (N.G.G.); (A.C.M.d.O.)
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Ali SAEM. Nutritional Deficiencies and Hyperhomocysteinemia. NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT AND METABOLIC ASPECTS OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA 2021:259-267. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57839-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Hallajzadeh J, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. The Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Inflammatory Markers and Homocysteine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Scienes and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Pfaff AR, Beltz J, King E, Ercal N. Medicinal Thiols: Current Status and New Perspectives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:513-529. [PMID: 31746294 PMCID: PMC7286615 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191119144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The thiol (-SH) functional group is found in a number of drug compounds and confers a unique combination of useful properties. Thiol-containing drugs can reduce radicals and other toxic electrophiles, restore cellular thiol pools, and form stable complexes with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and copper. Thus, thiols can treat a variety of conditions by serving as radical scavengers, GSH prodrugs, or metal chelators. Many of the compounds discussed here have been in use for decades, yet continued exploration of their properties has yielded new understanding in recent years, which can be used to optimize their clinical application and provide insights into the development of new treatments. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the biochemistry of currently used thiol drugs within the context of developments reported in the last five years. More specifically, this review focuses on thiol drugs that represent the standard of care for their associated conditions, including N-acetylcysteine, 2,3-meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid, British anti-Lewisite, D-penicillamine, amifostine, and others. Reports of novel dosing regimens, delivery strategies, and clinical applications for these compounds were examined with an eye toward emerging approaches to address a wide range of medical conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise R. Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Justin Beltz
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Emily King
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A
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Exposure to Toxic Heavy Metals Can Influence Homocysteine Metabolism? Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010030. [PMID: 31905706 PMCID: PMC7022705 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid whose metabolism is activated in two pathways: remethylation to methionine, which requires folate and vitamin B12, and transsulfuration to cystathionine, which needs pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. High homocysteine level increases the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular diseases, and cognitive impairment. Some evidence showed that exposure to these metals increased plasma homocysteine levels. METHODS A systematic review was carried out to clarify the relationship between homocysteine blood levels and exposure to toxic heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Chromium). RESULTS The results of this systematic review indicate that exposure to Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg is connected with nonphysiological homocysteine levels or vitamin B12 and folate serum concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings reinforce the importance of involvement in exposure to heavy metals in homocysteine metabolism. This supports the role of blood metals as potential upstream modifiable risk factors to prevent the development of other established risk factors as hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Al-Ghafari A, Elmorsy E, Fikry E, Alrowaili M, Carter WG. The heavy metals lead and cadmium are cytotoxic to human bone osteoblasts via induction of redox stress. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225341. [PMID: 31756223 PMCID: PMC6874340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The heavy metals (HMs) lead and cadmium are persistent environmental pollutants capable of inducing ill-health in exposed individuals. One of the primary sites of accumulation and potential damage from HMs is bone, and we therefore examined the acute effects of lead and cadmium on human bone osteoblasts in vitro over a concentration range of 0.1 μM to 1mM, and for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hour exposures. Incubation of osteoblasts with either lead or cadmium reduced cell viability in a concentrations and exposure durations dependent manner, as measured using MTT and LDH assays. Cytotoxicity was significant from 0.1 μM concentrations after 48 hour exposures. Both HMs damaged cellular bioenergetics with reductions of ATP production, mitochondrial complex activities, and aerobic respiration. There was a concomitant elevation of reactive oxygen species, with induction of redox stress measured as increased lipid peroxidation, and depleted cellular redox defense systems via reduced superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and cellular glutathione levels. Both HMs induced nuclear activation of Nrf2, presumably to increase transcription of antioxidant responsive genes to combat oxidative stress. Incubation of osteoblasts with HMs also compromised the secretion of procollagen type 1, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase. Pre-incubation of osteoblasts with reduced glutathione prior to challenge with HMs lessened the cytotoxicity of the HMs, indicative that antioxidants may be a beneficial treatment adjunct in cases of acute lead or cadmium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar; Saudi Arabia.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Fikry
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Majed Alrowaili
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wayne G Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
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Aydın AF, Kondakçı G, Hatipoğlu S, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. N -Acetylcysteine supplementation decreased brain lipid and protein oxidations produced by experimental homocysteine thiolactone exposure: Relevance to neurodegeneration. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:125-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Pedroso TF, Oliveira CS, Fonseca MM, Oliveira VA, Pereira ME. Effects of Zinc and N-Acetylcysteine in Damage Caused by Lead Exposure in Young Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:275-284. [PMID: 28389902 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the toxicity of rats exposed to lead acetate (AcPb) during the second phase of brain development (8-12 days postnatal) in hematological and cerebral parameters. Moreover, the preventive effect of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was investigated. Pups were injected subcutaneously with saline (0.9% NaCl solution), ZnCl2 (27 mg/kg/day), NAC (5 mg/kg/day) or ZnCl2 plus NAC for 5 days (3rd-7th postnatal days), and with saline (0.9% NaCl solution) or AcPb (7 mg/kg/day) in the five subsequent days (8th-12th postnatal days). Animals were sacrificed 21 days after the last AcPb exposure. Pups exposed to AcPb presented inhibition of blood porphobilinogen-synthase (PBG-synthase) activity without changes in hemoglobin content. ZnCl2 pre-exposure partially prevented PBG-synthase inhibition. Regarding neurotoxicity biomarkers, animals exposed to AcPb presented a decrease in cerebrum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and an increase in Pb accumulation in blood and cerebrum. These changes were prevented by pre-treatment with ZnCl2, NAC, and ZnCl2 plus NAC. AcPb exposure caused no alteration in behavioral tasks. In short, results show that AcPb inhibited the activity of two important enzymatic biomarkers up to 21 days after the end of the exposure. Moreover, ZnCl2 and NAC prevented the alterations induced by AcPb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taíse F Pedroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Ester Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Kondakçı G, Aydın AF, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. The effect of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on serum homocysteine levels and hepatic and renal oxidative stress in homocysteine thiolactone-treated rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:128-133. [PMID: 28100069 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1273365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (1 g/kg body weight/day) on serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels, insulin resistance (IR), and hepatic and renal prooxidant-antioxidant balance was evaluated in rats treated with homocysteine thiolactone (HcyT) (500 mg/kg body weight/day for 6 weeks). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in the liver and kidney. HcyT elevated serum Hcy levels and caused IR, but liver and kidney function tests remained unchanged. HcyT increased ROS and MDA without any change in hepatic antioxidants, but it elevated renal SOD and GSH-Px activities. NAC decreased serum Hcy, hepatic and renal ROS and MDA levels, and renal SOD and GSH-Px activities in rats with high Hcy levels. However, it did not ameliorate IR. Our results indicate that NAC supplementation may be effective in decreasing Hcy levels and Hcy-induced hepatic and renal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kondakçı
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - A Fatih Aydın
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- a Department of Biochemistry , Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol 2015; 8:55-64. [PMID: 27486361 PMCID: PMC4961898 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Latif Wani
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Anjum Ara
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Jawed Ahmad Usmani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
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