1
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Lippner DS, Hildenberger DM, Rhoomes MO, Winborn JN, Dixon H, McDonough J, Rockwood GA. A novel aqueous dimethyl trisulfide formulation is effective at low doses against cyanide toxicity in non-anesthetized mice and rats. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:83-94. [PMID: 34219566 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1935991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide (CN) is a metabolic poison that is capable of intoxicating individuals through accidental or intentional means. With high concentration exposures, death can occur in minutes. In cases of mass casualty exposures, there is a need for a rapid-acting countermeasure capable of being administered in a short period of time in a pre-hospital setting to treat victims. OBJECTIVE These studies evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel aqueous formulation of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as an intramuscular (IM) CN countermeasure using non-anesthetized rodent models. METHODS Non-anesthetized rodents (mice and rats) were exposed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN) along with immediate IM 10% DMTS treatment or vehicle treatment. Survival and other parameters, such as the time to recovery and assessment of clinical toxic signs (e.g., gasping, loss of righting reflex, convulsions, etc.), were quantified to determine the effectiveness of 10% DMTS treatment (12.5, 25, 75 mg/kg IM) compared to vehicle control treatment. A rat KCN delayed-treatment model with a 15-minute treatment delay was also utilized to simulate a real-life exposure/treatment scenario with 10% DMTS treatment. The stability of the 10% DMTS formulation was also assessed. RESULTS A 25 mg/kg IM dose of 10% DMTS exhibits potent efficacy against subcutaneous (SC) KCN challenge in both mice and rats and inhalational HCN exposure in mice. 10% DMTS treatment also shortens the time to recovery in rats using a delayed-treatment model. CONCLUSION IM treatment with 10% DMTS improves survival and clinical outcomes in non-anesthetized rodent models of acute CN toxicity. Additionally, the use of an SC KCN delayed-treatment model in rats is advised to assess the performance of a candidate CN countermeasure in a more realistic exposure/treatment scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lippner
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - D M Hildenberger
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - M O Rhoomes
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - J N Winborn
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - H Dixon
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J McDonough
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - G A Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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2
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Hendry-Hofer TB, Severance CC, Bhadra S, Ng PC, Soules K, Lippner DS, Hildenberger DM, Rhoomes MO, Winborn JN, Logue BA, Rockwood GA, Bebarta VS. Evaluation of aqueous dimethyl trisulfide as an antidote to a highly lethal cyanide poisoning in a large swine model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:95-101. [PMID: 34142637 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1935992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide is a rapid acting, lethal, metabolic poison and remains a significant threat. Current FDA-approved antidotes are not amenable or efficient enough for a mass casualty incident. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate short and long-term efficacy of intramuscular aqueous dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) on survival and clinical outcomes in a swine model of cyanide exposure. METHODS Anesthetized swine were instrumented and acclimated until breathing spontaneously. Potassium cyanide infusion was initiated and continued until 5 min after the onset of apnea. Subsequently, animals were treated with intramuscular DMTS (n = 11) or saline control (n = 10). Laboratory values and DMTS blood concentrations were assessed at various time points and physiological parameters were monitored continuously until the end of the experiment unless death occurred. A subset of animals treated with DMTS (n = 5) were survived for 7 days to evaluate muscle integrity by repeat biopsy and neurobehavioral outcomes. RESULTS Physiological parameters and time to apnea were similar in both groups at baseline and at time of treatment. Survival in the DMTS-treated group was 90% and 30% in saline controls (p = 0.0034). DMTS-treated animals returned to breathing at 12.0 ± 10.4 min (mean ± SD) compared to 22.9 ± 7.0 min (mean ± SD) in the 3 surviving controls. Blood collected prior to euthanasia showed improved blood lactate concentrations in the DMTS treatment group; 5.47 ± 2.65 mmol/L vs. 9.39 ± 4.51 mmol/L (mean ± SD) in controls (p = 0.0310). Low concentrations of DMTS were detected in the blood, gradually increasing over time with no elimination phase observed. There was no mortality, histological evidence of muscle trauma, or observed adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, in DMTS-treated animals survived to 7 days. CONCLUSION Intramuscular administration of aqueous DMTS improves survival following cyanide poisoning with no observed long-term effects on muscle integrity at the injection site or adverse neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carter C Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Subrata Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kirsten Soules
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dennean S Lippner
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Diane M Hildenberger
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Melissa O Rhoomes
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jessica N Winborn
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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Neumeister SM, Gray JP. The Strategic National Stockpile: identification, support, and acquisition of medical countermeasures for CBRN incidents. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:308-321. [PMID: 33208007 PMCID: PMC10754051 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1853294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) serves as a repository of materiel, including medical countermeasures (MCMs), that would be used to support the national health security response to a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) incident, either natural or terrorism-related. To support and advance the SNS, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) manages targeted investigatory research portfolios, such as Countermeasures Against Chemical Terrorism (CounterACT) for chemical agents, that coordinate projects covering basic research, drug discovery, and preclinical studies. Project BioShield, managed by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Agency (BARDA), guides and supports academia and industry with potential MCMs through the Food & Drug Administration's approval process and ultimately supports the acquisition of successful products into the SNS. Public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the ever-increasing number of MCMs in the SNS present logistical and financial challenges to its maintenance. While MCMs for biological agents have been readily adopted, those for chemical agents have required sustained investments. This paper reviews the methods by which MCMs are identified and supported for inclusion in the SNS, the current status of MCMs for CBRN threats, and challenges with SNS maintenance as well as identifies persistent obstacles for MCM development and acquisition, particularly for ones focused on chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shondra M. Neumeister
- Biotechnology Program, Information Technology Systems Department, University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD, U.S
- Southeastern Technical Solutions, Inc., Port St. Lucie, FL, U.S
| | - Joshua P. Gray
- Biotechnology Program, Information Technology Systems Department, University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD, U.S
- Department of Science, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, U.S
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4
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Warnakula I, Ebrahimpour A, Li SY, Gaspe Ralalage RD, Hewa-Rahinduwage CC, Kiss M, Rios CT, Kelley KD, Whiteman AC, Thompson DE, Rockwood GA, Petrikovics I. Evaluation of the Long-Term Storage Stability of the Cyanide Antidote: Dimethyl Trisulfide and Degradation Product Identification. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27171-27179. [PMID: 33134677 PMCID: PMC7594147 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the long-term storage stability of a formulation of the cyanide (CN) antidote dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). The F3-formulated DMTS was stored in glass ampules at 4, 22, and 37 °C. Over a period of one year, nine ampules (n = 3 at each temperature) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV/vis at daily time intervals in the first week, weekly time intervals in the first month, and monthly thereafter for a period of one year to determine the DMTS content. No measurable loss of DMTS was found at 4 and 22 °C, and good stability was noted up to five months for samples stored at 37 °C. At 37 °C, a 10% (M/M) decrease of DMTS was discovered at the sixth month and only 30% (M/M) of DMTS remained by the end of the study; discoloration of the formulation and the growth of new peaks in the HPLC chromatogram were also observed. To identify the unknown peaks at 37 °C, controlled oxidation studies were performed on DMTS using two strong oxidizing agents: meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Dimethyl tetrasulfide and dimethyl pentasulfide were observed as products using both of the oxidizing agents. Dimethyl disulfide was also observed as a product of degradation, which was further oxidized to S-methyl methanethiosulfonate only when mCPBA was used. HPLC-UV/vis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/solid phase microextraction analysis revealed good agreement between the degradation products of the stability study at 37 °C and those of disproportionation reactions. Furthermore, at 4 and 22 °C, chromatograms were remarkably stable over the one-year study period, indicating that the F3-formulated DMTS shows excellent long-term storage stability at T ≤ 22 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika
K. Warnakula
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Sun Yi Li
- Department
of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | | | | | - Márton Kiss
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Christian T. Rios
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Kyler D. Kelley
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Ashley C. Whiteman
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - David E. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical
Toxicology Division, United States Army
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Rickets Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department
of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
- . Phone: 1-936-294-4389. Fax: 1-936-294-4996
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5
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Erny M, Lundqvist M, Rasmussen JH, Ludemann-Hombourger O, Bihel F, Pawlas J. Minimizing HCN in DIC/Oxyma-Mediated Amide Bond-Forming Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Erny
- PolyPeptide Group, 7 rue de Boulogne, 67100 Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marika Lundqvist
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO Box 30089, 20061 Limhamn, Sweden
| | - Jon H. Rasmussen
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO Box 30089, 20061 Limhamn, Sweden
| | | | - Frédéric Bihel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7200, CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jan Pawlas
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO Box 30089, 20061 Limhamn, Sweden
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6
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Dorrigiv M, Zareiyan A, Hosseinzadeh H. Garlic (
Allium sativum
) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: A comprehensive update review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1770-1797. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Dorrigiv
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of MedicineAJA University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Armin Zareiyan
- Public Health DepartmentNursing Faculty at Aja University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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7
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Determination of free cyano-cobinamide in swine and rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:100-108. [PMID: 31185415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Cobinamide (Cbi) has shown promise as a therapeutic for cyanide poisoning. There are several forms of Cbi based on the identity of the ligands bound to the cobalt in Cbi and these different forms of Cbi have divergent behavior (e.g., the aquo and hydroxo forms of Cbi readily bind to proteins, limiting their distribution significantly, whereas [Cbi(CN)2] does not). While current analysis techniques only measure total Cbi, methods to elucidate the behavior of 'available' Cbi versus cyanide-complexed Cbi would be valuable for biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, a method was developed for the analysis of cyanide-complexed Cbi in plasma via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Plasma samples were prepared by denaturing proteins with 10% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed, dried, and reconstituted. Cyanide-complexed Cbi was then analyzed via LC-MS-MS. The limit of detection was 0.2 μM, and the linear dynamic range was between 1 and 200 μM. The accuracy was 100 ± 17% and the precision, measured by relative standard deviation (%RSD), was ≤18.5%. Carryover, a severe problem when analyzing Cbi via liquid chromatography was eliminated using a polymeric-based stationary phase (PLRP-S) and a controlled washing protocol. The method allowed evaluation of the cyanide-bound and 'available' Cbi from treated animals and, when paired with a method for total Cbi analysis, allows for estimation of Cbi utilization when treating cyanide poisoning.
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8
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Petrikovics I, Kiss L, Chou CE, Ebrahimpour A, Kovács K, Kiss M, Logue B, Chan A, Manage ABW, Budai M, Boss GR, Rockwood GA. Antidotal efficacies of the cyanide antidote candidate dimethyl trisulfide alone and in combination with cobinamide derivatives. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:438-444. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1585504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Ching-En Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Kristóf Kovács
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Márton Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Brian Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ananda B. W. Manage
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Marianna Budai
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, USA
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9
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Li F, Lu R, Zhao T, Zhang X, Wang S, Xing G. Comparing the protective effects of three sulfur compounds against acrylonitrile-induced acute toxicity in CYP2E1-induced rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:387-397. [PMID: 30991910 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719839847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) can be induced by diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic liver disease, and obesity. This study assessed the protective effects of three sulfur compounds, namely phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), and sodium thiosulfate (STS), on acrylonitrile (ACN)-induced acute toxicity in rats enriched with CYP2E1. PEITC and DMTS were administered intragastrically (i.g.), whereas STS was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at an identical dose of 0.5 mmol/kg for 3 days in acetone-pretreated rats before ACN (90 mg/kg) injection (i.p.). Acetone-treated rats that expressed high levels of CYP2E1 were more susceptible to ACN-induced acute toxicity. The sulfur compounds reduced the rate of convulsions and loss of the righting reflex in acute ACN-exposed CYP2E1-induced rats; PEITC and DMTS also increased the survival rates. PEITC inhibited hepatic CYP2E1 activity and protected hepatic and cerebral cytochrome c oxidase (CcOx) activities in acute ACN-exposed CYP2E1-enriched rats; DMTS protected hepatic CcOx activity. DMTS attenuated ACN-induced oxidative injury by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing glutathione content in the brain. STS only reduced cerebral MDA levels, whereas PEITC did not exhibit any antioxidant effects. Collectively, PEITC provided superior protective effects against ACN-induced acute toxicity in rats with increased CYP2E1 activity, followed by DMTS; STS provided limited effects. PEITC and DMTS might be considered as promising chemopreventive agents against ACN-induced acute toxicity in vulnerable subpopulations with increased CYP2E1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- 1 School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- 1 School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- 1 School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- 1 School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- 1 School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Hendry-Hofer TB, Witeof AE, Lippner DS, Ng PC, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Bebarta VS. Intramuscular dimethyl trisulfide: efficacy in a large swine model of acute severe cyanide toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:265-270. [PMID: 30306816 PMCID: PMC6451663 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1511800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide is a deadly compound used as a terrorist agent. Current FDA approved antidotes require intravenous administration, limiting their utility in a mass casualty scenario. Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), a sulfur-based molecule, binds cyanide converting it to the less toxic by-product thiocyanate. Studies evaluating efficacy in rodents have been performed, but a large, clinically relevant animal model has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the efficacy of intramuscular DMTS on survival and clinical outcomes in a swine model of acute, severe cyanide toxicity. METHODS Anesthetized swine were instrumented for continuous monitoring of hemodynamics. Prior to potassium cyanide infusion animals were acclimated and breathing spontaneously. At 5-minutes post-apnea animals were treated with DMTS or saline. Vital signs, hemodynamics, and laboratory values were evaluated at various time points. RESULTS Baseline values and time to apnea were similar in both groups. Survival in the DMTS treated group was 83.3% and 0% in saline controls (p = .005). The DMTS group returned to breathing at a mean time of 19.3 ± 10 min after antidote, control animals did not return to breathing (CI difference 8.8, 29.8). At the end of the experiment or time of death, mean lactate was 9.41 mmol/L vs. 4.35 mmol/L (CI difference -10.94,0.82) in the saline and DMTS groups, respectively and pH was 7.20 vs. 7.37 (CI difference -0.04, 0.38). No adverse effects were observed at the injection site. CONCLUSION Intramuscular administration of DMTS improves survival and clinical outcomes in our large animal swine model of acute cyanide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B. Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alyssa E. Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dennean S. Lippner
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
| | - Patrick C. Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hopsital Authority
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
| | - Vikhyat S. Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Colonel, USAF Reserve, Office of the Chief Scientist, 59th MDW Staff, JBSA, Texas
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11
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Analysis of potential cyanide antidote, dimethyl trisulfide, in whole blood by dynamic headspace gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is a natural organic trisulfide that has been patented as a promising antidotal candidate against cyanide (CN). The primary mode of action of DMTS is as a sulfur donor that enables the conversion of CN to thiocyanate. Recently, it was discovered that DMTS is capable of oxidizing hemoglobin (Hb) to methemoglobin (MetHb) in vitro. The goal of these experiments was to measure the extent of DMTS-induced MetHb formation in vivo. In these experiments, intramuscular (IM) injections of formulated DMTS were administered to mice. Following the IM injection, blood was drawn and analyzed for MetHb using a rapid spectrophotometric method. Methemoglobin levels peaked in a dose-dependent manner between 20 and 30 min., and then began dropping. The highest MetHb levels measured for the 50, 100, 200 and 250 mg/kg doses of DMTS were respectively 3.28, 6.12, 9.69, and 10.76% MetHb. These experiments provide the first experimental evidence that IM administered DMTS generates MetHb in vivo and provide additional evidence for the presence of a secondary therapeutic pathway for DMTS - CN scavenging by DMTS-generated MetHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Kiss
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA
| | - David E Thompson
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA
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13
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Hendry-Hofer TB, Ng PC, Witeof AE, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Boss GR, Bebarta VS. A Review on Ingested Cyanide: Risks, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Treatment Challenges. J Med Toxicol 2018; 15:128-133. [PMID: 30539383 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide, a metabolic poison, is a rising chemial threat and ingestion is the most common route of exposure. Terrorist organizations have threatened to attack the USA and international food and water supplies. The toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of oral cyanide are unique, resulting in high-dose exposures, severe symptoms, and slower onset of symptoms. There are no FDA-approved therapies tested for oral cyanide ingestions and no approved intramuscular or oral therapies, which would be valuable in mass casualty settings. The aim of this review is to evaluate the risks of oral cyanide and its unique toxicokinetics, as well as address the lack of available rapid diagnostics and treatments for mass casualty events. We will also review current strategies for developing new therapies. A review of the literature using the PRISMA checklist detected 7284 articles, screened 1091, and included 59 articles or other reports. Articles referenced in this review were specific to risk, clinical presentation, diagnostics, current treatments, and developing therapies. Current diagnostics of cyanide exposure can take hours or days, which can delay treatment. Moreover, current therapies for cyanide poisoning are administered intravenously and are not specifically tested for oral exposures, which can result in higher cyanide doses and unique toxicodynamics. New therapies developed for oral cyanide exposures that are easily delivered, safe, and can be administered quickly by first responders in a mass casualty event are needed. Current research is aimed at identifying an antidote that is safe, effective, easy to administer, and has a rapid onset of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa E Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Office of the Chief Scientist, USAF Reserve, 59th MDW, JB, San Antonio, TX, USA
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14
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Abstract
Background Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is a highly lipid-soluble cyanide (CN) antidote candidate molecule. In prior studies with various US FDA-approved co-solvents, surfactants, and their combinations, aqueous solutions containing 15% polysorbate 80 (Poly80) were found to effectively solubilize DMTS in formulations for intramuscular administration. However, DMTS formulated in 15% aqueous Poly80 solutions showed gradual losses over time when stored in vials with septum-based seals. Objective The present study tested whether storing DMTS formulations in hermetically sealed glass ampules could mitigate storage losses. Methods Samples consisted of 1-mL aliquots of a 50 mg/ml stock solution of DMTS in 15% aqueous Poly80. The control samples were stored using a vial-within-a-vial system—the inner and outer vials were sealed respectively, with a snap cap, and with a crimped septum. The hermetically sealed test samples were stored in fire-sealed glass ampules. The DMTS content was measured by HPLC–UV analysis at specific time points over a 100-day period. Results While the control samples exhibited systematic DMTS losses, no DMTS losses were observed from the test samples stored in hermetically sealed glass ampules over the 100-day testing period. Conclusion DMTS formulated in 15% aqueous Poly80 solution has excellent stability when stored in fire-sealed glass ampules and thus has the potential to be effectively stored as an intramuscular CN countermeasure for mass casualty scenarios.
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Lee J, Rockwood G, Logue B, Manandhar E, Petrikovics I, Han C, Bebarta V, Mahon SB, Burney T, Brenner M. Monitoring Dose Response of Cyanide Antidote Dimethyl Trisulfide in Rabbits Using Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy. J Med Toxicol 2018; 14:295-305. [PMID: 30094773 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanide (CN) poisoning is a serious chemical threat from accidental or intentional exposures. Current CN exposure treatments, including direct binding agents, methemoglobin donors, and sulfur donors, have several limitations. Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is capable of reacting with CN to form the less toxic thiocyanate with high efficiency, even without the sulfurtransferase rhodanese. We investigated a soluble DMTS formulation with the potential to provide a continuous supply of substrate for CN detoxification which could be delivered via intramuscular (IM) injection in a mass casualty situation. We also used non-invasive technology, diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), to monitor physiologic changes associated with CN exposure and reversal. METHODS Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were infused with a lethal dose of sodium cyanide solution (20 mg/60 ml normal saline). Animals were divided into three groups and treated with saline, low dose (20 mg), or high dose (150 mg) of DMTS intramuscularly. DOS continuously assessed changes in tissue hemoglobin concentrations and cytochrome c oxidase redox state status throughout the experiment. RESULTS IM injection of DMTS increased the survival in lethal CN poisoning. DOS demonstrated that high-dose DMTS (150 mg) reversed the effects of CN exposure on cytochrome c oxidase, while low dose (20 mg) did not fully reverse effects, even in surviving animals. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated potential efficacy for the novel approach of supplying substrate for non-rhodanese mediated sulfur transferase pathways for CN detoxification via intramuscular injection in a moderate size animal model and showed that DOS was useful for optimizing the DMTS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoen Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
| | - Gary Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Rickets Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Brian Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Erica Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Changhoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Geonggi-do, 10444, South Korea
| | - Vik Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Rd. East, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
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Kiss L, Bocsik A, Walter FR, Ross J, Brown D, Mendenhall BA, Crews SR, Lowry J, Coronado V, Thompson DE, Sipos P, Szabó-Révész P, Deli MA, Petrikovics I. From the Cover: In Vitro and In Vivo Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration Studies with the Novel Cyanide Antidote Candidate Dimethyl Trisulfide in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:398-407. [PMID: 28973547 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro and in vivo studies highlight the strong potential of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as an antidote for cyanide (CN) intoxication. Due to its high oxygen demand, the brain is one of the main target organs of CN. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the uptake of molecules into the brain. In the literature, there is no data about the ability of DMTS to penetrate the BBB. Therefore, our aim was to test the in vitro BBB penetration of DMTS and its in vivo pharmacokinetics in blood and brain. The in vitro BBB penetration of DMTS was measured by using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (BBB-PAMPA), and a triple BBB co-culture model. The pharmacokinetics was investigated in a mouse model by following the DMTS concentration in blood and brain at regular time intervals following intramuscular administration. DMTS showed high penetrability in both in vitro systems (apparent permeability coefficients: BBB-PAMPA 11.8 × 10-6 cm/s; cell culture 158 × 10-6 cm/s) without causing cell toxicity and leaving the cellular barrier intact. DMTS immediately absorbed into the blood after the intramuscular injection (5 min), and rapidly penetrated the brain of mice (10 min). In addition to the observed passive diffusion in the in vitro studies, the contribution of facilitated and/or active transport to the measured high permeability of DMTS in the pharmacokinetic studies can be hypothesized. Earlier investigations demonstrating the antidotal efficacy of DMTS against CN together with the present results highlight the promise of DMTS as a brain-protective CN antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - James Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Denise Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Brooke A Mendenhall
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Sarah R Crews
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Jana Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Valerie Coronado
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - David E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Peter Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
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DeLeon SM, Downey JD, Hildenberger DM, Rhoomes MO, Booker L, Rockwood GA, Basi KA. DMTS is an effective treatment in both inhalation and injection models for cyanide poisoning using unanesthetized mice. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:332-341. [PMID: 28922956 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1376749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cyanide (CN) is a metabolic poison, halting ATP synthesis by inhibiting complex IV of the electron transport chain. If exposed at high enough concentrations, humans and most animals can die within minutes. Because time is a crucial factor in survival of CN poisoning, a rapidly bioavailable, nontoxic, easy to administer CN medical countermeasure could improve morbidity/mortality in a mass CN exposure scenario. The most likely route of exposure to CN is via inhalation. OBJECTIVE This study examined the efficacy of a new formulation for dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), a countermeasure which has shown promise as a treatment for CN poisoning, using both inhalation and injection models of CN exposure. METHODS We developed a model of acute CN inhalation intoxication, using the highly toxic agent system from CH Technologies for nose-only exposure. Both continuous and discontinuous HCN exposure paradigms were implemented. For comparison, we also utilized a potassium cyanide (KCN) injection model. In all experiments, DMTS was administered as a cyanide countermeasure via intramuscular injection in unanesthetized mice. RESULTS We found DMTS administration to be highly protective against both subcutaneous KCN and HCN inhalation toxicity. In the KCN injection model, DMTS afforded protection against 3.73 times the LD50 dose of KCN. In our HCN inhalation exposure model, mice challenged with LC50 HCN doses for the duration of either 10- or 40-minute exposure paradigms demonstrated improved survival in the presence of DMTS treatment (87.5% and 90.0% survival, respectively). Animals in the DMTS treatment groups of both lethal exposure models similarly exhibited improvement in observed toxic signs. CONCLUSION We show that a newly developed formulation of DMTS is efficacious within two lethal CN exposure mouse models (inhalation and injection) and is highly effective by intramuscular injection. Within these HCN studies, we demonstrate efficacy of DMTS in both continuous and discontinuous inhalation exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M DeLeon
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Jason D Downey
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Diane M Hildenberger
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Melissa O Rhoomes
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Lamont Booker
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
| | - Kelly A Basi
- a Medical Toxicology Division, Biochemistry and Physiology Branch , US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD , USA
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18
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Dong X, Kiss L, Petrikovics I, Thompson DE. Reaction of Dimethyl Trisulfide with Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1661-1663. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - David E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
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19
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Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, Patterson SE, Prezant DJ, Sciuto AM, Svendsen ER, White CW, Veress LA. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:1060-1072. [PMID: 28418689 PMCID: PMC5529138 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201704-297ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the proceedings from the Inhalational Lung Injury Workshop jointly sponsored by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) program on May 21, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The CounterACT program facilitates research leading to the development of new and improved medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents. The workshop was initiated by the Terrorism and Inhalational Disasters Section of the Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health Assembly of the ATS. Participants included both domestic and international experts in the field, as well as representatives from U.S. governmental funding agencies. The meeting objectives were to (1) provide a forum to review the evidence supporting current standard medical therapies, (2) present updates on our understanding of the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of inhalational lung injuries, (3) discuss innovative investigative approaches to further delineating mechanisms of lung injury and identifying new specific therapeutic targets, (4) present promising novel medical countermeasures, (5) facilitate collaborative research efforts, and (6) identify challenges and future directions in the ongoing development, manufacture, and distribution of effective and specific medical countermeasures. Specific inhalational toxins discussed included irritants/pulmonary toxicants (chlorine gas, bromine, and phosgene), vesicants (sulfur mustard), chemical asphyxiants (cyanide), particulates (World Trade Center dust), and respirable nerve agents.
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20
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Kiss L, Holmes S, Chou CE, Dong X, Ross J, Brown D, Mendenhall B, Coronado V, De Silva D, Rockwood GA, Petrikovics I, Thompson DE. Method development for detecting the novel cyanide antidote dimethyl trisulfide from blood and brain, and its interaction with blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:149-157. [PMID: 28110144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antidotal potency of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) against cyanide poisoning was discovered and investigated in our previous studies. Based on our results it has better efficacy than the Cyanokit and the Nithiodote therapies that are presently used against cyanide intoxication in the US. Because of their absence in the literature, the goal of this work was to develop analytical methods for determining DMTS from blood and brain that could be employed in future pharmacokinetic studies. An HPLC-UV method for detection of DMTS from blood, a GC-MS method for detection of DMTS from brain, and associated validation experiments are described here. These analytical methods were developed using in vitro spiking of brain and blood, and are suitable for determining the in vivo DMTS concentrations in blood and brain in future pharmacokinetic and distribution studies. An important phenomenon was observed in the process of developing these methods. Specifically, recoveries from fresh blood spiked with DMTS were found to be significantly lower than recoveries from aged blood spiked in the same manner with DMTS. This decreased DMTS recovery from fresh blood is important, both because of the role it may play in the antidotal action of DMTS in the presence of cyanide, and because it adds the requirement of sample stabilization to the method development process. Mitigation procedures for stabilizing DMTS samples in blood are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Secondra Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Ching-En Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Xinmei Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - James Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Denise Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Brooke Mendenhall
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Valerie Coronado
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Deepthika De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Rickets Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - David E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2117, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA.
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De Silva D, Lee S, Duke A, Angalakurthi S, Chou CE, Ebrahimpour A, Thompson DE, Petrikovics I. Intravascular Residence Time Determination for the Cyanide Antidote Dimethyl Trisulfide in Rat by Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:6546475. [PMID: 28053802 PMCID: PMC5174746 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6546475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
These studies represent the first report on the intravascular residence time determinations for the cyanide antidote dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) in a rat model by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (HPLC-UV). The newly developed sample preparation included liquid-liquid extraction by cyclohexanone. The calibration curves showed a linear response for DMTS concentrations between 0.010 and 0.30 mg/mL with R2 = 0.9994. The limit of detection for DMTS via this extraction method was 0.010 mg/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.034 mg/mL. Thus this calibration curve provided a tool for determining DMTS in the range between 0.04 and 0.30 mg/mL. Rats were given 20 mg/kg DMTS dose (in 15% Polysorbate 80) intravenously, and blood samples were taken 15, 60, 90, 120, and 240 min after DMTS injections. The data points were plotted as DMTS concentration in RBCs versus time, and the intravascular residence time was determined graphically. The results indicated a half-life of 36 min in a rat model, suggesting that the circulation time is long enough to provide a reasonable time interval for cyanide antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthika De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Steven Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Anna Duke
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Siva Angalakurthi
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Ching-En Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - David E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville Texas, TX 77340, USA
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Manandhar E, Maslamani N, Petrikovics I, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Determination of dimethyl trisulfide in rabbit blood using stir bar sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kovacs K, Duke AC, Shifflet M, Winner B, Lee SA, Rockwood GA, Petrikovics I. Parenteral dosage form development and testing of dimethyl trisulfide, as an antidote candidate to combat cyanide intoxication. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:958-963. [PMID: 26740339 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1125923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the solubility enhancement and the in vivo antidotal efficacy testing of a new potential cyanide (CN) countermeasure, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). Various FDA approved cyclodextrins (HPβCD, RMβCD, HPγCD), cosolvents (ethanol, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol), surfactants (cremophor EL, cremophor RH 40, sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, polysorbate 80) and their combinations were applied. Based on the solubility enhancing potential of the tested systems, polysorbate 80 was chosen for further in vivo efficacy studies. A composition comprising 15% polysorbate 80 and 50 mg/ml DMTS with the applied DMTS dose of 100 mg/kg provided a therapeutic antidotal protection of 3.4 × LD50. For comparison, the present therapy of sodium thiosulfate (TS) with the dose of 100 mg/kg provided only 1.1 × LD50 protection, and at the dose of 200 mg/kg, the LD50 was enhanced by 1.3 times. No difference in the therapeutic protection by DMTS was detected when the concentration of polysorbate 80 was increased to 20% (3.2 × LD50 protection). These data demonstrate the potential importance of DMTS as a CN countermeasure, and the formulation comprising polysorbate 80 provides the base of an injectable intramuscular dosage form that can later serve as a CN antidotal kit suitable for mass scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Kovacs
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
| | - Anna C Duke
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
| | - Marla Shifflet
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
| | - Brittany Winner
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
| | - Stephen A Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- b U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground , Aberdeen , MD , USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- a Department of Chemistry , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , TX , USA and
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