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Xia Q, Guo F, Hou X, Tang Z, Liu L. Perinatal Stroke in a Chinese Neonatal Center: Clinical Characteristics, Long-Term Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 148:111-117. [PMID: 37703655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal stroke manifests atypically and can potentially result in significant neurological sequelae in affected infants. Studies on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and prognostic factors are limited. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of perinatal stroke. METHODS Patients diagnosed with perinatal stroke were enrolled from 2009 to 2018. Clinical data including general information, clinical manifestations, and risk factors were collected and compared. Follow-up was performed for at least two years. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t tests, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Sixty-nine cases were identified with an incidence of one of 2049 live births (51 boys and 18 girls). Twenty-seven patients (39%) experienced perinatal ischemic stroke (PIS) and 42 (61%) perinatal hemorrhagic stroke (PHS). In 48 cases (69%) onset involved acute symptomatic stroke (21 ischemic strokes and 27 hemorrhagic strokes). Seizures within 12 to 72 hours (20 cases, 29%) were the most common presentations. Most (57%) perinatal arterial ischemic strokes focused on the left middle cerebral artery. About 43% of PHS was diagnosed with temporal lobe hemorrhage, and 40% of patients exhibited multiple lesions of cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. There was no association between adverse prognosis after perinatal stroke and different risk factors. During follow-up, six patients (10%) were dead and 22 patients (35%) experienced adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS More infants exhibited hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke. Among infants with asymptomatic perinatal stroke, PHS was more common. The first symptom of perinatal stroke within 12 to 72 hours after birth is convulsions, with the left middle cerebral artery and the temporal lobe being the most common lesion sites for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, respectively. PIS was more likely to achieve adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xia
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fa Guo
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Hou
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zezhong Tang
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Pediatric Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Pin JN, Leonardi L, Nosadini M, Pelizza MF, Capato L, Piretti L, Cavicchiolo ME, Simioni P, Baraldi E, Perilongo G, Luciani M, Sartori S. Deep Medullary Vein Thrombosis in Newborns: A Systematic Literature Review. Neonatology 2023; 120:539-547. [PMID: 37379822 DOI: 10.1159/000530647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep medullary vein (DMV) thrombosis is a rare cause of brain damage in both preterm and full-term neonates. In this study, we aimed to collect data on clinical and radiological presentation, treatment, and outcome of neonatal DMV thrombosis. METHODS Systematic literature review on neonatal DMV thrombosis was carried out in PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, Scopus, and Web of Science up to December 2022. RESULTS Seventy-five published cases of DMV thrombosis were identified and analysed (preterm newborns were 46%). Neonatal distress, respiratory resuscitation, or need for inotropes were present in 34/75 (45%) of patients. Signs and symptoms at presentation included seizures (38/75, 48%), apnoea (27/75, 36%), lethargy or irritability (26/75, 35%). At magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fan-shaped linear T2 hypointense lesions were documented in all cases. All had ischaemic injuries, most often involving the frontal (62/74, 84%) and parietal lobes (56/74, 76%). Signs of haemorrhagic infarction were present in 53/54 (98%). Antithrombotic treatment was not mentioned in any of the studies included. Although mortality was low (2/75, 2.6%), a large proportion of patients developed neurological sequelae (intellectual disability in 19/51 [37%] and epilepsy in 9/51 [18%] cases). CONCLUSIONS DMV thrombosis is rarely identified in the literature, even if it is possibly under-recognized or under-reported. Presentation in neonatal age is with seizures and non-specific systemic signs/symptoms that often cause diagnostic delay, despite the pathognomonic MRI picture. The high rate of morbidity, which determines significant social and health costs, requires further in-depth studies aimed at earlier diagnosis and evidence-based prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Norberto Pin
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Letizia Leonardi
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza,", Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Pelizza
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Capato
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Piretti
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cavicchiolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Simioni
- General Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Luciani
- Department of Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza,", Padua, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Roy B, Webb A, Walker K, Morgan C, Badawi N, Novak I. Risk factors for perinatal stroke in term infants: A case-control study in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:673-679. [PMID: 36786434 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aetiology of perinatal stroke is poorly understood. This study aimed to prospectively confirm the risk factors and identify any previously unknown variables. METHODS A prospective case-control study was conducted in Australia. Univariate odds ratios (ORs), associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and multivariable logistic regression models fitted with backwards stepwise variable selection were used. RESULTS Sixty perinatal stroke cases reported between 2017 and 2019 included 95% (57/60) with multiple risk factors. Univariate analysis identified emergency caesarean section rather than NVD (P < 0.01), low Apgar score (<7) at 1, 5 and 10 min of age (P < 0.01), resuscitation at birth (P < 0.01), abnormal cord blood gas (P < 0.01), neonatal infection/sepsis (P < 0.01), congenital heart disease (P < 0.01) and hypoglycaemia (P < 0.01) as significant risk factors. Multivariate analysis found smoking during pregnancy (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.09-1.99), 1-min Apgar score < 7 (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.15-2.08), 10-min Apgar score < 7 (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.02-1.54) and hypoglycaemia (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07-2.06). CONCLUSIONS Perinatal stroke is associated with multiple risk factors. Exposure to smoking, 10-min Apgar score < 7, neonatal infection and hypoglycaemia were independent risk factors. Emergency caesarean section, resuscitation at birth and abnormal cord blood gas were additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bithi Roy
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annabel Webb
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Walker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,RPA Newborn Care, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iona Novak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Singh G, Wallin DJ, Abrahante Lloréns JE, Tran PV, Feldman HA, Georgieff MK, Gisslen T. Dose- and sex-dependent effects of phlebotomy-induced anemia on the neonatal mouse hippocampal transcriptome. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:712-720. [PMID: 34775474 PMCID: PMC9098692 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) is universal and variable in degree among preterm infants and may contribute to neurodevelopmental risk. In mice, PIA causes brain tissue hypoxia, iron deficiency, and long-term sex-dependent neurobehavioral abnormalities. The neuroregulatory molecular pathways disrupted by PIA underlying these effects are unknown. METHODS Male and female pups were phlebotomized daily from postnatal day (P)3-P14 via facial venipuncture to target hematocrits of 25% (moderate, mPIA) and 18% (severe, sPIA). P14 hippocampal RNA from non-bled control and PIA mice was sequenced by next-generation sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS mPIA females showed the least DEGs (0.5% of >22,000 genes) whereas sPIA females had the most (8.6%), indicating a dose-dependent effect. mPIA and sPIA males showed similar changes in gene expression (5.3% and 4.7%, respectively), indicating a threshold effect at mPIA. The pattern of altered genes induced by PIA indicates sex-specific and anemia-dose-dependent effects with increased pro-inflammation in females and decreased neurodevelopment in males. CONCLUSION These gene-expression changes may underlie the reduced recognition memory function in male and abnormal social-cognitive behavior in female adult mice following neonatal PIA. These results parallel clinical studies demonstrating sex-specific behavioral outcomes as a function of neonatal anemia. IMPACT Phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA) in neonatal mice results in an altered hippocampal transcriptome and the severity of changes are dependent upon degree of anemia and sex of neonatal mice. The reported findings provide context to the sex-specific outcomes that have been reported in transfusion threshold clinical trials of preterm infants and therefore may inform treatment strategies that may be based on sex. These data advance the field by showing that consequences of PIA may be based in sex-specific transcriptomic alterations. Such changes may also result from other causes of neonatal anemia that also affect term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Diana J. Wallin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Phu V. Tran
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Henry A. Feldman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tate Gisslen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Magnitude of birth asphyxia and its associated factors among live birth in north Central Ethiopia 2021: an institutional-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:425. [PMID: 35850676 PMCID: PMC9295463 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leading cause of neonatal death worldwide is birth asphyxia. Yearly, in the first month of life, 2.5 million children died around the world. Birth asphyxia is a major problem, particularly in developing nations like Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to determine the magnitude of birth asphyxia and the factors that contributed to it among neonates delivered at the Aykel Primary Hospital in north-central Ethiopia. Methods From August 1 to August 31, 2021, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 144 live births. An Apgar score less than 7 in the fifth minute of birth authorized the diagnosis of birth asphyxia. Variable contention (P < 0.250) for multivariable analysis was determined after data examination and cleaning. Then, to identify important factors of birth asphyxia, a multivariable logistic regression model with a p-value of 0.05 was developed. Finally, a significant relationship between a dependent variable and independent factors was defined as a p-value less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results The majority of the mothers, 71.53%, received at least one Antenatal care visit, and more than half of the newborns were male (62.50%). The percentage of neonates that had asphyxia at delivery was 11.11% (95% CI: 6.3 -16.9%). Male newborns were 5.02 times more probable than female newborns to asphyxiate [AOR: 5.02, 95% CI (1.11–22.61)]. Mothers who have not had at least one Antenatal Care visit were 3.72 times more likely to have an asphyxiated newborn than those who have at least one Antenatal Care visit [AOR: 3.72, 95%CI (1.11–12.42)]. Similarly, mothers who had an adverse pregnancy outcome were 7.03 times more likely to have an asphyxiated newborn than mothers who had no such history [AOR: 7.03, 95% CI (2.17–22.70)]. Conclusion Birth asphyxia in newborn has come to a standstill as a major public health issue. The sexual identity of the newborn, Antenatal Care visits, and a history of poor pregnancy outcomes were all found to be significant risk factors for birth asphyxia. These findings have great importance for various stakeholders who are responsible for reducing birth asphyxia; in addition, policymakers should establish and revise guidelines associated to newborn activities and workshops.
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Devianne J, Legris N, Crassard I, Bellesme C, Bejot Y, Guidoux C, Pico F, Germanaud D, Obadia M, Rodriguez D, Tuppin P, Kossorotoff M, Denier C. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Outcome in a Cohort of Adolescents With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. Neurology 2021; 97:e1920-e1932. [PMID: 34544816 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the epidemiologic, clinical, and paraclinical features of adolescents with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and its therapeutic management and outcome. METHODS This multicenter retrospective cohort included patients 10 to 18 years of age hospitalized for a first episode of CVT in 2 French regions between 1999 and 2019. The number of cases was compared to the number recorded by the French health insurance system. The CVT registry of the Lariboisière hospital allowed comparisons with adults. RESULTS One hundred two patients were included (52.9% female; median age 15.1 years). Estimated incidence was 0.37 to 0.38 per 100,000 adolescents per year; 45.5% of patients presented with focal deficits or seizures or in a coma. Male patients were younger than female patients (14.2 vs 15.6 years; p < 0.01) and more often admitted to intensive care (52.1% vs 24.1%; p = 0.0,035). The lateral sinus was the most common CVT location (72.3%), and 29.4% of adolescents had associated venous infarction or hematoma. Most patients (94.1%) received anticoagulation. Treatment also included an endovascular procedure (2.9%), decompressive craniectomy (4.9%), and CSF shunt (6.9%). The most frequently identified CVT-associated condition was local infection in male (18.6%) and systemic disease in female (14.8%; p < 0.001) patients. The proportion of CVTs in adolescents without an identified associated condition or risk factor was low (1.9% vs 11.4% in adults; p < 0.002). Adverse outcome at 1 year was more frequent than in adults (33.3% vs 11.8%; p = 0.0,001). DISCUSSION CVT in adolescents is rare and complex with specific epidemiology, including differences in clinical presentation and associated conditions between sexes, and more severe outcomes than in adults. Careful specialized management and follow-up are therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Devianne
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Legris
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Crassard
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Celine Bellesme
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Bejot
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Celine Guidoux
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Pico
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - David Germanaud
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Michael Obadia
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Tuppin
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Manoelle Kossorotoff
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Christian Denier
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology of Hôpital Bicêtre (J.D., N.L., C.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Paris Saclay University; Hôpital Lariboisière (I.C.), AP-HP, Paris; Pediatric Neurology and Stroke Unit (C.B.), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre; University Région Bourgogne (Y.B.), Hôpital de Dijon; Hôpital Bichat (C.G.), AP-HP, Paris; Hôpital André Mignot (F.P.), Versailles; Hôpital Armand Trousseau (D.R.), AP-HP; Hôpital Fondation Rothschild (M.O.); Hôpital Robert Debré (D.G.), AP-HP; French National Health Insurance (CNAM) (P.T.); and Pediatric Neurology Unit and French Center for Pediatric Stroke (M.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France.
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Perinatal stroke: mapping and modulating developmental plasticity. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:415-432. [PMID: 34127850 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cases of hemiparetic cerebral palsy are caused by perinatal stroke, resulting in lifelong disability for millions of people. However, our understanding of how the motor system develops following such early unilateral brain injury is increasing. Tools such as neuroimaging and brain stimulation are generating informed maps of the unique motor networks that emerge following perinatal stroke. As a focal injury of defined timing in an otherwise healthy brain, perinatal stroke represents an ideal human model of developmental plasticity. Here, we provide an introduction to perinatal stroke epidemiology and outcomes, before reviewing models of developmental plasticity after perinatal stroke. We then examine existing therapeutic approaches, including constraint, bimanual and other occupational therapies, and their potential synergy with non-invasive neurostimulation. We end by discussing the promise of exciting new therapies, including novel neurostimulation, brain-computer interfaces and robotics, all focused on improving outcomes after perinatal stroke.
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8
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Kopyta I, Cebula A, Sarecka-Hujar B. Early Deaths after Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Pediatric Patients: Incidence and Risk Factors. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060471. [PMID: 34204895 PMCID: PMC8228712 DOI: 10.3390/children8060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In developed countries, cerebrovascular diseases are among the 10 most common causes of death in both the pediatric and adult population. The prevalence of fatal outcomes following arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in various groups of pediatric patients ranges from 1% to almost 32%. However, a constant improvement in stroke mortality among children has been observed. The extent of the decline differs among studies (from nearly tenfold to twofold decline), as it depends on the study population. While a portion of this variability might be explained by factors such as health care access, population age, diseases related to ethnicity, and different etiologies of stroke in studied populations, the understanding of such differences is still insufficient. Risk factors for death in the early stages of the disease are poorly understood and are usually based on the clinical presentations of relatively small groups of pediatric patients. Familiarity with these factors may be of significant importance for prognosis, but also for the early selection of patients requiring careful supervision. The present study aimed to analyze and discuss the current literature data on the incidence of early death and risk factors for early death in children suffering from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kopyta
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow Str 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (I.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Cebula
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow Str 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (I.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Beata Sarecka-Hujar
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa Str 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. The Impact of Sex on Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Young Patients: From Stroke Occurrence to Poststroke Consequences. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030238. [PMID: 33803901 PMCID: PMC8003301 DOI: 10.3390/children8030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The male sex has been suggested to predominate in paediatric patients with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), especially in newborns. The explanation for this phenomenon remains unsatisfactory since it focuses on the analysis of the potential relationship with trauma and arterial dissection. In turn, in some populations of young adults, men suffer from AIS more frequently than women, which may be related to the protective role of oestrogen. On the other hand, certain data indicate that women dominate over men. Some of the disparities in the frequencies of particular symptoms of AIS and poststroke consequences in both children and young adults have been suggested; however, data are scarce. Unfortunately, the low number of studies on the subject does not allow certain conclusions to be drawn. For adults, more data are available for patients aged over 60 years, the results of which are more obvious. The present literature review aimed to discuss available data on the prevalence of AIS, its clinical presentations, and poststroke consequences in regard to the sex of young patients. We considered young patients to be children from birth up to the age of 19 years of life and young adults to be individuals up to the age of 55 years. The role of sex hormones in AIS and possible gender differences in genetic risk factors for AIS were also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sarecka-Hujar
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa Str 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-32-269-98-30
| | - Ilona Kopyta
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow Str 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
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Lactate Administration Reduces Brain Injury and Ameliorates Behavioral Outcomes Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neuroscience 2020; 448:191-205. [PMID: 32905840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a major cause of mortality and disability in newborns and the only standard approach for treating this condition is therapeutic hypothermia, which shows some limitations. Thus, putative neuroprotective agents have been tested in animal models. The present study evaluated the administration of lactate, a potential energy substrate of the central nervous system (CNS) in an animal model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI), that mimics in neonatal rats the brain damage observed in human newborns. Seven-day-old (P7) male and female Wistar rats underwent permanent common right carotid occlusion combined with an exposition to a hypoxic atmosphere (8% oxygen) for 60 min. Animals were assigned to four experimental groups: HI, HI + LAC, SHAM, SHAM + LAC. Lactate was administered intraperitoneally 30 min and 2 h after hypoxia in HI + LAC and SHAM + LAC groups. HI and SHAM groups received vehicle at the same time points. The volume of brain lesion was evaluated in P9. Animals underwent behavioral assessments: negative geotaxis, righting reflex (P8 and P14), and cylinder test (P20). Lactate administration reduced the volume of brain lesion and improved behavioral parameters after HI in both sexes. Thus, lactate administration could be a neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of neonatal HI, a disorder still affecting a significant percentage of human newborns.
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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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12
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Sorg AL, von Kries R, Klemme M, Gerstl L, Weinberger R, Beyerlein A, Lack N, Felderhoff-Müser U, Dzietko M. Risk factors for perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke: a large case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:513-520. [PMID: 31489622 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify maternal, obstetric, and neonatal risk factors related to perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (PAIS) diagnosed within 28 days after birth and to understand the underlying pathophysiology. METHOD For case and control ascertainment, we used active surveillance in 345 paediatric hospitals and a population-based perinatal database for quality assurance of hospital care. We analysed complete cases of PAIS using logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was guided by a directed acyclic graph. RESULTS After exclusion of records with missing data, we analysed 134 individuals with PAIS and 576 comparison individuals. In univariate analysis, male sex, preterm birth (<37wks gestational age), small for gestational age (SGA), low umbilical artery pH (<7.1), low 5-minute-Apgar score (<7), multiple pregnancies, hypoxia, intubation/mask ventilation, nulliparity, Caesarean section, vaginal-operative delivery, chorioamnionitis, and oligohydramnios were associated with an increased risk. Mutual adjustment yielded male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-2.73), multiple birth (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.21-8.58), chorioamnionitis (OR 9.89; 95% CI 2.88-33.94), preterm birth (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.01-3.43), and SGA (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.76-5.28) as independent risk factors. INTERPRETATION We confirmed the increased risk in males and the role of chorioamnionitis and SGA for PAIS, pointing to the importance of inflammatory processes and fetal-placental insufficiency. Multiple birth and preterm birth were additional risk factors. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Chorioamnionitis and small for gestational age (SGA) precede perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (PAIS). Chorioamnionitis and SGA are independent risk factors for PAIS. Inflammatory processes and fetal-placental insufficiency are the likely underlying mechanisms. Multiple birth and preterm birth are additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Sorg
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Kries
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Klemme
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital and Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Gerstl
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Weinberger
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyerlein
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Lack
- Bavarian Quality Assurance for In-Patient Medical Care, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mark Dzietko
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Perinatal strokes are a diverse but specific group of focal cerebrovascular injuries that occur early in brain development and affect an estimated 5 million people worldwide. The objective of this review is to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentations, pathophysiology, outcomes, and management for the 6 subtypes of perinatal stroke. Some perinatal strokes are symptomatic in the first days of life, typically with seizures, including neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, neonatal hemorrhagic stroke, and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. The remaining subtypes present in the first year of life or later, usually with motor asymmetry and include arterial presumed perinatal ischemic stroke, presumed perinatal hemorrhagic stroke, and in utero periventricular venous infarction. The consequences of these injuries include cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive and behavioral challenges, in addition to the psychosocial impact on families. While there have been significant advances in understanding mechanisms of both injury and recovery, there is still a great deal to learn regarding causation and the optimization of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dunbar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Alhawiti NM, Alqahtani SA. Chronic testosterone administration improves cardiac contractility and has a beneficial effect on the haemostatic system by enhancing fibrinolytic activity and inducing hypocoagulation in healthy rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:311-320. [PMID: 29616829 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1458244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic supraphysiological dose of testosterone propionate administration cardiovascular function in rats from the perspective of haemostatic function including platelet functions, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Testosterone significantly enhanced cardiac contractility by enhancing LVSP (10%), dp/dtmax (36.7%), dp/dtmin (14.6%) without altering heart rate, diastolic function, and serum lipid profile. While it has no effect on platelets count, thromboxane B2 levels, and platelet aggregation, testosterone significantly enhanced bleeding time and increased circulatory and thoracic aorta mRNA and protein levels of tPA (46.5%, 58.2%, and 74.3%, respectively) and significantly decreased those of PAI-1 (29.3%, 26.4%, and 32.8%, respectively). While there were no significant changes in PT and aPTT, mRNA and protein levels of prothrombin and factor VII were downregulated in the livers of the testosterone-treated rats (57.7% and 64.9%, respectively). Overall, chronic testosterone administration in rats may act as a cardio-protective agent by modulating haemostasis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif M Alhawiti
- a College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , KSA
- b Kind Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) , Riyadh , KSA
| | - Sultan A Alqahtani
- b Kind Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) , Riyadh , KSA
- c College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS) , Riyadh , KSA
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15
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Bonnin P, Mazighi M, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Kubis N. Early Collateral Recruitment After Stroke in Infants and Adults. Stroke 2019; 50:2604-2611. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bonnin
- From the U965, INSERM, F-75010, Université de Paris, France (P.B.)
- U1148–Laboratory for Vascular and Translational Science, INSERM, F-75018, Université de Paris, France (P.B., M.M., N.K.)
- Service de Physiologie Clinique (P.B., N.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Mikaël Mazighi
- U1148–Laboratory for Vascular and Translational Science, INSERM, F-75018, Université de Paris, France (P.B., M.M., N.K.)
- Service de Neurologie (M.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (M.M.)
- Service de Neuroradiologie Interventionnelle, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | | | - Nathalie Kubis
- U1148–Laboratory for Vascular and Translational Science, INSERM, F-75018, Université de Paris, France (P.B., M.M., N.K.)
- Service de Physiologie Clinique (P.B., N.K.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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16
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Early Sex Differences in the Immune-Inflammatory Responses to Neonatal Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153809. [PMID: 31382688 PMCID: PMC6695584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that neonatal ischemia induces microglia/macrophage activation three days post-ischemia. We also found that female mice sustained smaller infarcts than males three months post-ischemia. The objective of our current study was to examine whether differential acute neuroinflammatory response and infiltrated immune cells occurs between male and females after three days post-ischemia. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in male and female postnatal 9-day-old (P9) mice, and mice were sacrificed three days after ischemia. Brains were analyzed for mRNA transcription after microglia magnetic cell sorting to evaluate M1 and M2 markers. FACS analysis was performed to assess myeloid infiltration and microglial expression of CX3 chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1). Inflammatory cytokine expression and microglia/macrophage activation were analyzed via in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence techniques. Lesion volume and cell death were measured. An increase in microglia/macrophages occurred in male versus female mice. The cells exhibited amoeboid morphology, and TNFα and ptgs2 (Cox-2) genes were more expressed in males. More myeloid cell infiltration was found in male versus female brains. However, we did not observe sex-dependent differences in the injured volume or cell death density. Our data show that sex differences in the acute microglial and immune responses to neonatal ischemia are likely both gene- and region-specific.
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Physical and Family History Variables Associated With Neurological and Cognitive Development in Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 96:30-36. [PMID: 30853154 PMCID: PMC7288445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is caused by a somatic mutation in GNAQ leading to capillary venous malformations in the brain presenting with various neurological, ophthalmic, and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. This clinical variability makes accurate prognosis difficult. We hypothesized that the greater extent of physical factors (extent of skin, eye, and brain involvement), presence of possible genetic factors (gender and family history), and age of seizure onset may be associated with greater symptom severity and need for surgery in patients with SWS. METHODS The questionnaire was collected from 277 participants (age: two months to 66 years) with SWS brain involvement at seven US sites. RESULTS Bilateral brain involvement was associated with both learning disorder and intellectual disability, whereas port-wine birthmark extent was associated with epilepsy and an increased likelihood of glaucoma surgery. Subjects with family history of vascular birthmarks were also more likely to report symptomatic strokes, and family history of seizures was associated with earlier seizure onset. Learning disorder, intellectual disability, strokelike episodes, symptomatic stroke, hemiparesis, visual field deficit, and brain surgery were all significantly associated with earlier onset of seizures. CONCLUSION The extent of brain and skin involvement in SWS, as well as the age of seizure onset, affect prognosis. Other genetic factors, particularly variants involved in vascular development and epilepsy, may also contribute to neurological prognosis, and further study is needed.
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Portale A, Fiumara A, Scalora L, Greco F, Smilari P, Venti V, Pustorino E, Pavone P. Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in childhood: clinical report from a single control center. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:283-293. [PMID: 30542811 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-4017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the clinical designation for a rapidly developing loss of brain function due to an interruption in the blood supply to all or part of the brain. It is the third cause of death in adults and one of the top 10 causes in pediatric age. The perinatal period of onset is the second only to adult age group in the incidence of stroke. Arterial ischemic stroke during childhood occurs most frequently in the perinatal period with an incidence of 1 out 2300-5000 live infant births. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study that includes 28 patients affected by perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Family and gestational history, risk factors of perinatal stroke, gender and clinical data of affected children and outcome are reported. RESULTS A stroke family history was registered in three unrelated families. Gestational history disclosed cases of threats of abortion, preterm delivery, hyperthermia, gestosis, and placental disorders. In the children, onset of seizures were reported within 3 days of life and diagnosis of stroke was confirmed by brain MRI which disclosed involvement of the middle cerebral artery in all the cases. Hemilateral cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures, and intellectual disability from mild to severe were the most frequent complications. CONCLUSION Stroke is still a common and dreadful events in perinatal period as this disorder is often unpredictable and cause of severe neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Portale
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Scalora
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Greco
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Smilari
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Venti
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Pustorino
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Leconte C, Csaba Z, Chafa L, Pansiot J, Talatizi M, Simon K, Moretti R, Marchand-Leroux C, Baud O, Besson VC. Sex differences in the effects of PARP inhibition on microglial phenotypes following neonatal stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:375-389. [PMID: 29852289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal acute ischemic stroke is a cause of neonatal brain injury that occurs more frequently in males, resulting in associated neurobehavioral disorders. The bases for these sex differences are poorly understood but might include the number, morphology and activation of microglia in the developing brain when subjected to stroke. Interestingly, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition preferentially protects males against neonatal ischemia. This study aims to examine the effects of PJ34, a PARP inhibitor, on microglial phenotypes at 3 and 8 days and on neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood for both male and female P9 mice subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). PJ34 significantly reduced the lesion size by 78% and reduced the density of CX3CR1gfp-labeled microglial cells by 46% when examined 3 days after pMCAo in male but not in female mice. Eight days after pMCAo, the number of Iba1+/Cox-2+ cells did not differ between male and female mice in the cortical peri-infarct region. In the amygdala, Iba1+/Cox-2+ (M1-like) cell numbers were significantly decreased in PJ34-treated males but not in females. Conversely, Iba1+/Arg-1+ (M2-like) and Arg-1+/Cox-2+ (Mtransitional) cell numbers were significantly increased in PJ34-treated females. Regarding neurobehavioral disorders during adulthood, pMCAo induced a motor coordination deficit and a spatial learning deficit in female mice only. PJ34 prevented MBP fibers, motor coordination and learning disorders during adulthood in female mice. Our data show significant sex differences in the effects of PARP inhibition on microglia phenotypes following neonatal ischemia, associated with improved behavior and myelination during adulthood in females only. Our findings suggest that modulating microglial phenotypes may play key roles in behavior disorders and white matter injury following neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Claire Leconte
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Linda Chafa
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Talatizi
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Kristin Simon
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Moretti
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie C Besson
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. A Model of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: 20 Years Already and What Lessons? Front Neurol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 30131764 PMCID: PMC6090994 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and ischemia are a common cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy with subsequent learning disabilities and epilepsy. Recent data suggest a higher incidence of focal ischemia-reperfusion located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in near-term and newborn babies. Pre-clinical studies in the field of cerebral palsy research used, and still today, the classical HI model in the P7 rat originally described by Rice et al. (1). At the end of the 90s, we designed a new model of focal ischemia in the P7 rat to explore the short and long-term pathophysiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, particularly the phenomenon of reperfusion injury and its sequelae (reported in 1998). Cerebral blood-flow and cell death/damage correlates have been fully characterized. Pharmacologic manipulations have been applied to the model to test therapeutic targets. The model has proven useful for the study of seizure occurrence, a clinical hallmark for neonatal ischemia in babies. Main pre-clinical findings obtained within these 20 last years are discussed associated to clinical pattern of neonatal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Baud
- INSERM U1141 PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Dunbar M, Kirton A. Perinatal stroke: mechanisms, management, and outcomes of early cerebrovascular brain injury. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2018; 2:666-676. [PMID: 30119760 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal stroke encompasses a heterogeneous group of focal neurological injuries early in brain development that probably affects more than 5 million people worldwide. Many such injuries are symptomatic in the first days of life, including neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, and neonatal haemorrhagic stroke. The remaining focal neurological injuries usually present later in the first year with motor asymmetry, such as arterial presumed perinatal ischaemic stroke, periventricular venous infarction, and presumed perinatal haemorrhagic stroke. The numerous sequelae of these injuries include hemiparesis (cerebral palsy), epilepsy, and cognitive, language, and behavioural challenges. In this Review we summarise each perinatal stroke disease, examining the epidemiology, pathophysiology, acute management, and outcomes, including the effect on parents and families, and emerging therapies to mitigate these lifelong morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dunbar
- Department of Community Health Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Munoz D, Hidalgo MJ, Balut F, Troncoso M, Lara S, Barrios A, Parra P. Risk Factors for Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study. CELL MEDICINE 2018; 10:2155179018785341. [PMID: 32634191 PMCID: PMC6172995 DOI: 10.1177/2155179018785341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Arterial ischemic stroke in newborns is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology and associated risk factors are not yet clearly understood and defined. Objective The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate possible risk factors in diagnosed cases of PAIS (perinatal arterial ischemic stroke). Materials and methods Case-control study. Clinical data of patients with PAIS diagnosis were analyzed. Two healthy controls were selected for each PAIS case, matched for gestational age. Risk factors were explored using univariable and multivariable analysis. Outcome 40 patients were included in the study, 24 males and 16 females; 52.5% of cases were diagnosed within the first month of birth, and 47.5% were retrospectively diagnosed. The results showed a male predominance (66.7%). The distribution of cerebral ischemic injury was predominantly medial cerebral artery (87.5%) and occurred more commonly in the left cerebral hemisphere (62.5%). Significant risk factors in the univariate analysis (P < 0.05) were primiparity, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, asphyxia, twin pregnancy, placenta abruption, emergency cesarean section, Apgar score ≤7 after 5 min, breech presentation, and hyperbilirubinemia. In the multivariate analysis, primiparity (OR 11.74; CI 3.28-42.02), emergency cesarean section (OR 13.79; CI 3.51-54.13), birth asphyxia (OR 40.55; CI 3.08-532.94) and Apgar score ≤7 after 5 min (OR 13.75; CI 1.03-364.03) were significantly associated factors with PAIS. Only five (16.6%) patients had an abnormal thrombophilia study. Conclusion Risk factors of primiparity, emergency cesarean section, birth asphyxia, and Apgar score ≤7 after 5 min were significantly associated with perinatal stroke. More studies with a larger number of patients and with prolonged follow up are required to establish more clearly the associated risk factors involved in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Munoz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Daniela Munoz, Department of Pediatric Neurology and
Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán Hospital, University of Chile, Región Metropolitana, Santa
Rosa Avenue, 1234, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María José Hidalgo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Balut
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Troncoso
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Lara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Barrios
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Parra
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, San Borja Arriarán
Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Besson VC, Baud O. Sexually Dimorphic Outcomes after Neonatal Stroke and Hypoxia-Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010061. [PMID: 29278365 PMCID: PMC5796011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies have demonstrated a higher vulnerability in males towards ischemic and/or hypoxic-ischemic injury in infants born near- or full-term. Male sex was also associated with limited brain repair following neonatal stroke and hypoxia-ischemia, leading to increased incidence of long-term cognitive deficits compared to females with similar brain injury. As a result, the design of pre-clinical experiments considering sex as an important variable was supported and investigated because neuroprotective strategies to reduce brain injury demonstrated sexual dimorphism. While the mechanisms underlining these differences between boys and girls remain unclear, several biological processes are recognized to play a key role in long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes: gonadal hormones across developmental stages, vulnerability to oxidative stress, modulation of cell death, and regulation of microglial activation. This review summarizes the current evidence for sex differences in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic and/or ischemic brain injury, considering the major pathways known to be involved in cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with damages of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Valérie C Besson
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
- EA4475-Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Baud
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Boese AC, Kim SC, Yin KJ, Lee JP, Hamblin MH. Sex differences in vascular physiology and pathophysiology: estrogen and androgen signaling in health and disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28626075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences between women and men are often overlooked and underappreciated when studying the cardiovascular system. It has been long assumed that men and women are physiologically similar, and this notion has resulted in women being clinically evaluated and treated for cardiovascular pathophysiological complications as men. Currently, there is increased recognition of fundamental sex differences in cardiovascular function, anatomy, cell signaling, and pathophysiology. The National Institutes of Health have enacted guidelines expressly to gain knowledge about ways the sexes differ in both normal function and diseases at the various research levels (molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ system). Greater understanding of these sex differences will be used to steer future directions in the biomedical sciences and translational and clinical research. This review describes sex-based differences in the physiology and pathophysiology of the vasculature, with a special emphasis on sex steroid receptor (estrogen and androgen receptor) signaling and their potential impact on vascular function in health and diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms, and stroke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Seong C Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;
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25
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Lee CC, Lin JJ, Lin KL, Lim WH, Hsu KH, Hsu JF, Fu RH, Chiang MC, Chu SM, Lien R. Clinical Manifestations, Outcomes, and Etiologies of Perinatal Stroke in Taiwan: Comparisons between Ischemic, and Hemorrhagic Stroke Based on 10-year Experience in A Single Institute. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58:270-277. [PMID: 28087259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke is a common cause of established neurological sequelae. Although several risk factors have been identified, many questions regarding causes and clinical outcomes remain unanswered. This study investigated the clinical manifestations and outcomes of perinatal stroke and identified its etiologies in Taiwan. METHODS We searched the reports of head magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography performed between January 2003 and December 2012. The medical records of enrolled infants with perinatal stroke were also reviewed. RESULTS Thirty infants with perinatal stroke were identified; 10 infants had perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) and 20 had perinatal hemorrhagic stroke (PHS). Neonatal seizure was the most common manifestation and presented in 40% of infants with PAIS and 50% of infants with PHS. All survivors with PAIS and 77% of the surviving infants with PHS developed neurological sequelae. Acute seizure manifestation was associated with poststroke epilepsy in infants with PHS but not in infants with PAIS (86% vs. 0%, p=0.005). PAIS was mostly caused by dysfunctional hemostasis (20%) and embolism (20%), whereas PHS was mostly attributable to birth asphyxia (30%). CONCLUSION Perinatal stroke is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates in infants. Clinically, it can be difficult to distinguish PAIS and PHS. One should keep a high level of suspicion, especially for PHS, if infants develop unexplained seizure, cyanosis, conscious change, anemia, and/or thrombocytopenia. A systematic diagnostic approach is helpful in identifying the etiologies of perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Lee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jainn-Jim Lin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Lin Lin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wai-Ho Lim
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsiang Hsu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Fu Hsu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ren-Huei Fu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Chou Chiang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ming Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Reyin Lien
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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26
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Pizov NA, Pizova NV. [Sex differences in acute disturbances of cerebral blood circulation]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:70-74. [PMID: 28514337 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171171270-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that in the development of stroke observed sex differences, which manifest themselves both clinically and by laboratory parameters. While men have a higher incidence of stroke for most of his life, a woman in a more advanced age have a higher risk for stroke. Sex differences in the development of stroke depend on several factors, including genetic and hormonal changes throughout life. Studies sex differences in the risk of stroke is only in the initial stage, but the first results show that there are differences in neuronal cell death in males and females after experimental ischemic stroke. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of stroke in men and women will lead to more appropriate treatment strategies for patients of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pizov
- Jaroslavl State Medical University, Jaroslavl, Russia
| | - N V Pizova
- Jaroslavl State Medical University, Jaroslavl, Russia
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27
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Radicioni M, Bini V, Chiarini P, Fantauzzi A, Leone F, Scattoni R, Camerini PG. Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis in the Asphyxiated Cooled Infants: A Prospective Observational Study. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 66:63-68. [PMID: 27823842 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is unusual in the asphyxiated cooled infants, but reliable data regarding the incidence of this comorbidity are lacking. We assessed the incidence of sinovenous thrombosis in a population of asphyxiated cooled infants by performing routine brain magnetic resonance venography. METHODS All asphyxiated infants who underwent therapeutic cooling at our institution completed brain magnetic resonance venography after rewarming. Assessing the incidence of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis was the primary goal. Secondary analyses included group comparisons for laboratory tests and monitored parameters, relationship between variables, logistic regression models, and receiver operating characteristic curve for cerebral sinovenous thrombosis prediction. RESULTS Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis was detected in 10 of 37 infants (27%), most commonly affecting the superior sagittal sinus (eight of ten). These infants manifested higher blanket (P < 0.001) and lower esophageal temperatures (P = 0.006), lower platelet counts (P = 0.045), and received more red blood cell transfusions (P = 0.038) than the cooled infants without thrombosis. Blanket temperature was independently associated with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (P = 0.049), and 32°C/hour was the optimal cutoff value to predict the event (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 88.5%). CONCLUSIONS High incidence or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia suggests that magnetic resonance venography may be reasonable in many of these children. High blanket temperature may be one variable that helps identify patients at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Radicioni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Bini
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiarini
- Neuroradiology, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ambra Fantauzzi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Leone
- Neuroradiology, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scattoni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Camerini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Lolli V, Molinari F, Pruvo JP, Soto Ares G. Radiological and clinical features of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in newborns and older children. J Neuroradiol 2016; 43:280-9. [PMID: 26970861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) represents an increasingly recognized cause of pediatric stroke. Our purpose was to assess gender and age differences in the etiology, clinical presentation, and imaging features of CSVT in neonates and older children. METHODS Subjects aged newborn to 18 years diagnosed with CSVT at the Lille university hospital between 2011 and 2014 were included. RESULTS Eleven neonates and 16 non-neonates constituted the study population. The incidence of CSVT was significantly higher in male newborns. Clinical presentation did not vary significantly between the groups. Risk factors were age-dependent, with acute systemic illnesses significantly predominating in neonates (54%), whereas local infections, prothrombotic conditions, and trauma were more common in older children (36, 27, and 27% respectively). No predisposing factor could be identified in 36% of the neonates as compared to less than 5% of the non-neonates. Thrombosis of the deep venous structures was documented in 73% of the neonates whereas involvement of the superficial sinuses was significantly more frequent in the non-neonates group. Venous infarctions and extraparenchymal hemorrhages were significantly more frequent in the neonates group. CONCLUSION Male patients are at higher risk for CSVT than females. In neonates, involvement of the deep venous structures is significantly more common. Brain parenchymal and extraparenchymal changes occur more frequently in this age group than in older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lolli
- Radiology department, Erasmus university hospital, 808, route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Pruvo
- Neuroradiology department, Roger-Salengro hospital, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Gustavo Soto Ares
- Neuroradiology department, Roger-Salengro hospital, 59037 Lille, France
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Machado V, Pimentel S, Pinto F, Nona J. Perinatal ischemic stroke: a five-year retrospective study in a level-III maternity. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2015; 13:65-71. [PMID: 25993071 PMCID: PMC4946814 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging diagnosis, and clinical outcome of perinatal stroke. Methods Data was retrospectively collected from full-term newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a level III maternity in Lisbon with cerebral stroke, from January 2007 to December 2011. Results There were 11 cases of stroke: nine were arterial ischemic stroke and two were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We estimated an incidence of arterial ischemic stroke of 1.6/5,000 births and of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis of 7.2/100,000 births. There were two cases of recurrent stroke. Eight patients presented with symptoms while the remaining three were asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. The most frequently registered symptoms (8/11) were seizures; in that, generalized clonic (3/8) and focal clonic (5/8). Strokes were more commonly left-sided (9/11), and the most affected artery was the left middle cerebral artery (8/11). Transfontanelle ultrasound was positive in most of the patients (10/11), and stroke was confirmed by cerebral magnetic resonance in all patients. Electroencephalographic recordings were carried out in five patients and were abnormal in three (focal abnormalities n=2, burst-suppression pattern n=1). Eight patients had previously identified risk factors for neonatal stroke which included obstetric and neonatal causes. Ten patients were followed up at outpatients setting; four patients developed motor deficits and one presented with epilepsy. Conclusions Although a modest and heterogeneous sample, this study emphasizes the need for a high level of suspicion when it comes to neonatal stroke, primarily in the presence of risk factors. The prevalence of neurological sequelae in our series supports the need of long-term follow-up and early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Nona
- Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, Lisboa, Portugal
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30
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Abstract
Neonates have the highest risk for pathologic thrombosis among pediatric patients. A combination of genetic and acquired risk factors significantly contributes to this risk, with the most important risk factor being the use of central venous catheters. Proper imaging is critical for confirming the diagnosis. Despite a significant number of these events being life- and limb-threatening, there is limited evidence on what the appropriate management strategy should be. Evaluation and treatment of any neonate with a clinically significant thrombosis should occur at a tertiary referral center that has proper support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Saxonhouse
- Division of Neonatology, Levine Children's Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, 7th Floor, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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31
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Grunt S, Mazenauer L, Buerki SE, Boltshauser E, Mori AC, Datta AN, Fluss J, Mercati D, Keller E, Maier O, Poloni C, Ramelli GP, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Steinlin M. Incidence and outcomes of symptomatic neonatal arterial ischemic stroke. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e1220-8. [PMID: 25896840 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) is associated with considerable lifetime burdens such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. Prospective epidemiologic studies that include outcome assessments are scarce. This study aimed to provide information on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, infarct characteristics, associated clinical variables, treatment strategies, and outcomes of NAIS in a prospective, population-based cohort of Swiss children. METHODS This prospective study evaluated the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, vascular territories, associated clinical variables, and treatment of all full-term neonates diagnosed with NAIS and born in Switzerland between 2000 and 2010. Follow-up was performed 2 years (mean 23.3 months, SD 4.3 months) after birth. RESULTS One hundred neonates (67 boys) had a diagnosis of NAIS. The NAIS incidence in Switzerland during this time was 13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11-17) per 100,000 live births. Seizures were the most common symptom (95%). Eighty-one percent had unilateral (80% left-sided) and 19% had bilateral lesions. Risk factors included maternal risk conditions (32%), birth complications (68%), and neonatal comorbidities (54%). Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy use was low (17%). No serious side effects were reported. Two years after birth, 39% were diagnosed with cerebral palsy and 31% had delayed mental performance. CONCLUSIONS NAIS in Switzerland shows a similar incidence as other population-based studies. About one-third of patients developed cerebral palsy or showed delayed mental performance 2 years after birth, and children with normal mental performance may still develop deficits later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grunt
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Lea Mazenauer
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Buerki
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre N Datta
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joël Fluss
- Neuropaediatrics, Paediatric Subspecialties Service, University Children's Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Elmar Keller
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Children's Hospital, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Maier
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Children's Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Poloni
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Paolo Ramelli
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Maja Steinlin
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Mirza MA, Ritzel R, Xu Y, McCullough LD, Liu F. Sexually dimorphic outcomes and inflammatory responses in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:32. [PMID: 25889641 PMCID: PMC4359482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of motor and cognitive impairment in children. Clinically, male infants are more vulnerable to ischemic insults and suffer more long-term deficits than females; however, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference remain elusive. Inflammatory processes initiated by microglial activation are fundamental in the pathophysiology of ischemia. Recent studies report a sexual dimorphism in microglia numbers and expression of activation markers in the neonatal brain under normal conditions. How these basal sex differences in microglia affect HIE remains largely unexplored. This study investigated sex differences in ischemic outcomes and inflammation triggered by HIE. We hypothesize that ischemia induces sex-specific brain injury in male and female neonates and that microglial activation and inflammatory responses play an important role in this sexual dimorphism. Methods Male and female C57BL6 mice were subjected to 60-min Rice-Vanucci modeling (RVM) at post-natal day 10 (P10) to induce HIE. Stroke outcomes were measured 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after stroke. Microglial activation and inflammatory responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and cytokine analysis. Results On day 1 of HIE, no difference in infarct volumes or seizure scores was seen between male and female neonates. However, female neonates exhibited significantly smaller infarct size and fewer seizures compared to males 3 days after HIE. Females also had less brain tissue loss and behavioral deficits compared to males at the chronic stage of HIE. Male animals demonstrated increased microglial activation and up-regulated inflammatory response compared to females at day 3. Conclusions HIE leads to an equivalent primary brain injury in male and female neonates at the acute stage that develops into sexually dimorphic outcomes at later time points. An innate immune response secondary to the primary injury may contribute to sexual dimorphism in HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish A Mirza
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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33
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Lehman LL, Rivkin MJ. Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: presentation, risk factors, evaluation, and outcome. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:760-8. [PMID: 25444092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is as common as large vessel arterial ischemic stroke in adults and leads to significant morbidity. Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is the most common identifiable cause of cerebral palsy and can lead to cognitive and behavioral difficulties that are amortized over a lifetime. METHODS The literature on perinatal arterial ischemic stroke was reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS Risk factors for perinatal arterial ischemic stroke include those that are maternal, neonatal, and placental. The most common clinical signs at presentation are seizures and hemiparesis. Evaluation should begin with thorough history acquisition and physical examination followed by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, with consideration of magnetic resonance angiography of the head and neck, echocardiogram, and thrombophilia evaluation. Treatment beginning early to include physical, speech, and occupational therapies including constraint-induced movement therapy and close cognitive and developmental follow-up may be beneficial. Future treatments may include transcranial magnetic stimulation, hypothermia, and erythropoietin. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke comprises a group of arterial ischemic injuries that can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in term and preterm infants with different types of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke having different clinical presentations, risk factors, and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Lehman
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of and Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Fuentes A, Deotto A, Desrocher M, deVeber G, Westmacott R. Determinants of cognitive outcomes of perinatal and childhood stroke: A review. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 22:1-38. [PMID: 25355013 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.969694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of cognitive and behavioral outcomes of perinatal and childhood stroke is rapidly evolving. A current understanding of cognitive outcomes following pediatric stroke can inform prognosis and direct interventions and our understanding of plasticity in the developing brain. However, our understanding of these outcomes has been hampered by the notable heterogeneity that exists amongst the pediatric stroke population, as the influences of various demographic, cognitive, neurological, etiological, and psychosocial variables preclude broad generalizations about outcomes in any one cognitive domain. We therefore aimed to conduct a detailed overview of the published literature regarding the effects of age at stroke, time since stroke, sex, etiology, lesion characteristics (i.e., location, laterality, volume), neurologic impairment, and seizures on cognitive outcomes following pediatric stroke. A key theme arising from this review is the importance of interactive effects among variables on cognitive outcomes following pediatric stroke. Interactions particularly of note include the following: (a) age at Stroke x Lesion Location; (b) Lesion Characteristics (i.e., volume, location) x Neurologic Impairment; (c) Lesion Volume x Time Since Stroke; (d) Sex x Lesion Laterality; and (e) Seizures x Time Since Stroke. Further, it appears that these relationships do not always apply uniformly across cognitive domains but, rather, are contingent upon the cognitive ability in question. Implications for future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fuentes
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Angela Deotto
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Mary Desrocher
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Gabrielle deVeber
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Robyn Westmacott
- c Department of Psychology , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
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35
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Association between hypoxia and perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90106. [PMID: 24587227 PMCID: PMC3938587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) occurs in an estimated 17 to 93 per 100000 live births, yet the etiology is poorly understood. Although investigators have implicated hypoxia as a potential cause of AIS, the role of hypoxia in AIS remains controversial. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between perinatal hypoxia factors and perinatal arterial ischemic stroke through a meta-analysis of published observational studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS A systematic search of electronically available studies published through July 2013 was conducted. Publication bias and heterogeneity across studies were evaluated and summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with fixed-effects or random-effects models. RESULTS A total of 8 studies describing the association between perinatal hypoxia factors and neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) met inclusion criteria, and 550 newborns with AIS were enrolled. The associations were found for AIS: preeclampsia (OR 2.14; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.66), ventouse delivery (OR 2.23; 95% CI, 1.26 to 3.97), fetal heart rate abnormalities (OR 6.30; 95% CI, 3.84 to 10.34), reduced fetal movement (OR 5.35; 95% CI, 2.17 to 13.23), meconium-stained liquor (OR 3.05; 95% CI, 2.02 to 4.60), low Apgar score (OR 5.77; 95% CI, 1.66 to 20.04) and resuscitation at birth (OR 4.59; 95% CI, 3.23 to 6.52). Our data did not show any significant change of the mean risk estimate for oxytocin induction (OR 1.33; 95% CI, 0.84 to 2.11) and low arterial umbilical cord ph (OR 4.63; 95% CI 2.14 to 9.98). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant association between perinatal hypoxia factors and AIS. The result indicates that perinatal hypoxia maybe one of causes of AIS. Large scale prospective clinical studies are still warranted.
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36
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Su JJ, Park SK, Hsieh TM. The Effect of Testosterone on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Mens Health 2014; 8:470-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1557988314522642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone and plays an important role in men’s health and well-being. Historically, testosterone was believed to adversely affect cardiovascular function. However, contemporary literature has refuted this traditional thinking; testosterone has been suggested to have a protective effect on cardiovascular function through its effects on the vascular system. Data from modern research indicate that hypogonadism is closely related to the development of various cardiovascular risk factors, including hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Several studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of testosterone supplementation therapy on reversing symptoms of hypogonadism and improving cardiovascular disease risk profiles. In this review, we perform a critical analysis on the association between testosterone and cardiovascular disease.
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37
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Bektaş Ö, Teber S, Akar N, Uysal LZ, Arsan S, Atasay B, Deda G. Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis in Children and Neonates. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2014; 21:777-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029614523491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim is to present the etiology and risk factors for cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) and the radiological findings, anticoagulant therapy used, and treatment outcome of patients with CSVT. This study included 12 patients who were treated for CSVT at the Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology. This study included 5 girls (41.7%) and 7 boys (58.3%) with a mean age of symptom onset of 5.2 ± 6.29 years (range: 0-18 years), who were followed at our institution for a mean of 1.8 ± 1.73 years (range: 0-6.5 years). Among the patients, 3 had no risk factors, 2 had 1 risk factor, and 7 had multiple risk factors. Anticoagulant therapy was administered to 4 patients, of which 1 had neurological sequelae; neurological sequelae or exitus occurred in 4 of the 8 patients who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. The present findings showed that appropriate prophylaxis in appropriately selected patients reduced the rate of recurrence of CSVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Bektaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Teber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nejat Akar
- Department of Pediatric Molecular Genetics, TOBB ETU Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leyla Zümrüt Uysal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saadet Arsan
- Department of Neonatology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begüm Atasay
- Department of Neonatology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülhis Deda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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38
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Koellhoffer EC, McCullough LD. The effects of estrogen in ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 4:390-401. [PMID: 24323337 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and the most common cause of long-term disability in the USA. Women have a lower incidence of stroke compared with men throughout most of the lifespan which has been ascribed to protective effects of gonadal steroids, most notably estrogen. Due to the lower stroke incidence observed in pre-menopausal women and robust preclinical evidence of neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of estrogen, researchers have focused on the potential benefits of hormones to reduce ischemic brain injury. However, as women age, they are disproportionately affected by stroke, coincident with the loss of estrogen with menopause. The risk of stroke in elderly women exceeds that of men and it is clear that in some settings estrogen can have pro-inflammatory effects. This review will focus on estrogen and inflammation and its interaction with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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39
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Abstract
Neonates have one of the highest risks for thromboembolism among pediatric patients. This risk is attributable to a combination of multiple genetic and acquired risk factors. Despite a significant number of these events being either life threatening or limb threatening, there is limited evidence on appropriate management strategy. Most of what is recommended is based on uncontrolled studies, case series, or expert opinion. This review begins with a discussion of the neonatal hemostatic system, focusing on the common sites and imaging modalities for the detection of neonatal thrombosis. Perinatal and postnatal risk factors are presented and management options discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Saxonhouse
- Pediatrix Medical Group, Jeff Gordon Children's Hospital, 920 Church Street North, CMC-NE, Concord, NC 28025, USA.
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40
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Hashmi M, Wasay M. Caring for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011; 4:389-94. [PMID: 21887032 PMCID: PMC3162711 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.83870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children is increasingly recognized as diagnostic tools and clinical awareness has improved. It is a multifactorial disease where prothrombotic risk factors and predisposing clinical conditions usually in combination constitute the underlying etiology. Clinical features range from headache, seizures to comatose state. Although symptomatic treatment involving control of infections, seizures and intracranial hypertension is uniform, use of anticoagulation and local thrombolytic therapy is still controversial. Morbidity and mortality can be significant and long-term neurological sequelae include developmental delay, sensorimotor and visual deficits and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashira Hashmi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
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41
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Kersbergen KJ, Groenendaal F, Benders MJNL, de Vries LS. Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: neuroimaging and long-term follow-up. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:1111-20. [PMID: 21693652 PMCID: PMC3674555 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811408090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are known to have a higher risk of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis than children of other age groups. The exact incidence in neonates remains unknown and is likely to be underestimated, as clinical presentation is nonspecific and diagnosis can only be made when dedicated neuroimaging techniques, including computed tomographic venography or magnetic resonance venography, are performed. Associated intracranial lesions are common and some, such as a unilateral thalamic hemorrhage, should suggest cerebral sinovenous thrombosis as the underlying etiology. Neurodevelopmental outcome is poor in approximately 50% of these infants and is adversely affected by associated parenchymal lesions. Anticoagulation therapy will limit propagation of the clot and possibly the development or enhancement of parenchymal lesions. Multicenter randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to address many of these important issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Kersbergen
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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42
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Chabrier S, Husson B, Dinomais M, Landrieu P, Nguyen The Tich S. New insights (and new interrogations) in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Thromb Res 2011; 127:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Barkat-Masih M, Saha C, Golomb MR. ASKing the kids: how children view their abilities after perinatal stroke. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:44-8. [PMID: 20841467 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810372805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 19 children with a history of perinatal stroke were asked how they saw their own motor abilities and disabilities using the Activities Scale for Kids (ASK) performance and capability questionnaires. The median ASK performance score was significantly lower (86.7) than the median ASK capability score (93.4; P = .03), suggesting children felt they were not doing everything they were capable of doing. Performance and capability total scores were not associated with gender or stroke type; lower performance and capability scores were associated with cerebral palsy. Within groups, performance scores were significantly lower than capability scores in girls (P = .02), children with presumed perinatal stroke (P = .02), children with unilateral stroke (P = .02), and children with large versus small branch unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke (P = .03). Further work is needed to understand why these children's performance does not match perceived capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Barkat-Masih
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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44
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Yang JYK, Chan AKC, Callen DJA, Paes BA. Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: sifting the evidence for a diagnostic plan and treatment strategy. Pediatrics 2010; 126:e693-700. [PMID: 20696732 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is an uncommon disorder in neonates, the incumbent morbidity, mortality, and adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae highlight the importance of establishing an early diagnosis with an appropriate therapeutic plan. The clinical signs and symptoms of the condition are subtle and invariably masquerade under the umbrella of a broad spectrum of neonatal illnesses. A high index of diagnostic suspicion is essential for investigating and initiating treatment in a timely fashion before major complications ensue. Recent advances in accessible radiographic techniques with reduced radiation exposure have facilitated rapid diagnosis of thrombosis in both the superficial and deep plexuses of the cerebral venous systems. The absence of large-scale randomized trials and solid prospective smaller-sample-sized studies of neonates with CSVT has compromised our ability to develop efficacious treatment decisions. In this review of the scientific literature we offer understanding of the complex etiology of CSVT and inherent problems involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder and focus on the limitations in current follow-up. An approach to neonatal CSVT is proposed on the basis of the available evidence from guidelines, registries, prospective and retrospective infant studies, and case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y K Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Room 3A, McMaster University, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4J9
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45
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Berfelo FJ, Kersbergen KJ, van Ommen CH, Govaert P, van Straaten HL, Poll-The BT, van Wezel-Meijler G, Vermeulen RJ, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, de Haan TR. Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis From Symptom to Outcome. Stroke 2010; 41:1382-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.583542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is a rare disease with severe neurological sequelae. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to investigate the clinical course, possible risk factors, and outcome of a cohort of neonatal patients with sinovenous thrombosis and, second, to estimate the incidence in The Netherlands.
Methods—
From January 1999 to March 2009, a review of all neonatal patients with sinovenous thrombosis from 6 tertiary neonatal intensive care units was performed. Population characteristics, clinical presentation, (prothrombotic) risk factors, neuroimaging, interventions, and neurodevelopment were evaluated. An estimated incidence was calculated based on the Netherlands Perinatal Registry.
Results—
Fifty-two neonates were included (39 boys) with a median gestational age of 39 weeks (range, 30 to 42 weeks; 5 preterm). An assisted or complicated delivery occurred in 32 of 52. Presenting symptoms developed at a median postnatal age of 1.5 days (range, 0 to 28 days) and consisted mainly of seizures (29 of 52). All sinovenous thrombosis cases were confirmed with MRI/MR venography. Multisinus thrombosis was most common followed by superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. FII G20210A mutation was present in 2 of 18 tested neonates (11%). Anticoagulation therapy (in 22 of 52) did not result in hemorrhagic complications. At follow-up (median age, 19 months; range, 3 to 72 months), moderate to severe neurological sequelae were present in 38%. The mortality was 10 of 52 (19%). A variable, although high yearly incidence of 1.4 to 12 per 100 000 term newborns was found.
Conclusions—
Neonatal sinovenous thrombosis is a multifactorial disease. The estimated incidence in The Netherlands seems higher than reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florieke J. Berfelo
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Karina J. Kersbergen
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - C. H.(Heleen) van Ommen
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Paul Govaert
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - H. L.M.(Irma) van Straaten
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Bwee-Tien Poll-The
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Gerda van Wezel-Meijler
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - R. Jeroen Vermeulen
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Linda S. de Vries
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
| | - Timo R. de Haan
- From the Department of Neurology (F.J.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (K.J.K., F.G., L.S.d.V.), Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Pediatric Haematology (C.H.v.O.), Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Department of Neonatology (P.G.), Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Academic Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; the
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Monteiro AMV, Lima CMADO, Ribeiro ÉB, Lins MC, Miranda S, Miranda LE. Diagnóstico por imagem e aspectos clínicos da trombose venosa cerebral em recém-natos a termo sem dano cerebral: revisão em 10 anos. Radiol Bras 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842010000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Descrever e comparar os métodos de imagem e os aspectos clínicos em quatro recém-natos a termo diagnosticados como trombose venosa cerebral, sem dano encefálico, adscritos a uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Revisão em 10 anos com quatro casos diagnosticados como trombose venosa cerebral por meio de ultrassonografia transfontanela com Doppler e confirmados por ressonância magnética/angiorressonância, correlacionados aos aspectos clínicos e evolução neurológica. RESULTADOS: A ultrassonografia foi normal em 75% dos casos e a ressonância magnética, em 100%. No caso alterado, a dilatação venosa foi identificada. O Doppler e a angiorressonância estavam alterados em 100% dos casos. Dos aspectos clínicos, a hipóxia (100%) e a convulsão precoce (100%) predominaram, com potencial evocado alterado em 50% dos casos. Na avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento, todas as áreas estiveram dentro da normalidade até a última avaliação. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia associada ao Doppler é capaz de identificar as alterações da trombose venosa cerebral, devendo ser complementada com a ressonância magnética, que é o padrão ouro de diagnóstico.
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Chabrier S, Saliba E, Nguyen The Tich S, Charollais A, Varlet MN, Tardy B, Presles E, Renaud C, Allard D, Husson B, Landrieu P. Obstetrical and neonatal characteristics vary with birthweight in a cohort of 100 term newborns with symptomatic arterial ischemic stroke. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14:206-13. [PMID: 19541515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many questions remain regarding the mechanism of perinatal stroke. METHODS In a series of 100 prospectively enrolled term neonates with symptomatic arterial ischemic stroke, we explored family antecedents, pregnancy and delivery conditions and clinical presenting features and distinguished features of the 50 larger infants with the remainder. Cardiac and cervical arterial imaging were performed in 70 and 51 cases. RESULTS Previous fetal loss, first pregnancy, primiparity, twin-gestation, cesarean and traumatic delivery, neonatal distress, male sex and premature rupture of membranes were statistically more common than in the general population. Normal pregnancy proportion and mean birthweight were in the normal range, arguing against a vasculo-placental origin in the majority. Furthermore, there was an excess of large babies. The larger infants were more subject to suffer from acute perinatal events, with a trend for an excess of neonatal distress (p=0.065) and for more severe presenting features (p=0.027), while the lighter were more likely to have experienced longstanding obstetrical risk factors such as complicated pregnancy (p=0.047) and tobacco exposure (p=0.028). Cervical MR angiography showed an internal carotid occlusion in two babies, whereas echo-Doppler was always normal; in one case the two methods were discordant. Echocardiography was non-informative. INTERPRETATION The data from this prospective cohort of neonates with stroke confirm that many obstetrical and perinatal factors are risk determinants. They also suggest that birthweight and gender may be biomarkers of two populations of neonates with different pathological mechanisms. MR angiography appears more sensitive than echo-Doppler for the exploration of the neonatal cervical vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chabrier
- Unit of Néonatologie et Réanimation Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Abstract
Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease, with differences between males and females observed both clinically and in the laboratory. While males have a higher incidence of stroke throughout much of the lifespan, aged females have a higher burden of stroke. Sex differences in stroke result from a combination of factors, including elements intrinsic to the sex chromosomes as well as the effects of sex hormone exposure throughout the lifespan. Research investigating the sexual dimorphism of stroke is only in the beginning stages, but early findings suggest that different cell death pathways are activated in males and females after ischemic stroke. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in stroke will lead to more appropriate treatment strategies for patients of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Christine Turtzo
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC 1840, Farmington, CT 06030, USA, Tel.: +1 860 679 8939, ,
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Normann S, de Veber G, Fobker M, Langer C, Kenet G, Bernard TJ, Fiedler B, Sträter R, Goldenberg NA, Nowak-Göttl U. Role of endogenous testosterone concentration in pediatric stroke. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:754-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vannucci SJ, Hurn PD. Gender differences in pediatric stroke: is elevated testosterone a risk factor for boys? Ann Neurol 2009; 66:713-4. [PMID: 20035500 PMCID: PMC2888285 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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