6
|
Dahlin AM, Wibom C, Andersson U, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Deltour I, Hougaard DM, Scheurer ME, Lau CC, McKean-Cowdin R, Kennedy RJ, Hung LT, Yee J, Margol AS, Barrington-Trimis J, Gauderman WJ, Feychting M, Schüz J, Röösli M, Kjaerheim K, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D, Fichna M, Nowak J, Searles Nielsen S, Asgharzadeh S, Mirabello L, Hjalmars U, Melin B. A genome-wide association study on medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:309-315. [PMID: 32056145 PMCID: PMC7136185 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor of the cerebellum that occurs predominantly in children. To find germline genetic variants associated with medulloblastoma risk, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 244 medulloblastoma cases and 247 control subjects from Sweden and Denmark. METHODS Genotyping was performed using Illumina BeadChips, and untyped variants were imputed using IMPUTE2. RESULTS Fifty-nine variants in 11 loci were associated with increased medulloblastoma risk (p < 1 × 10-5), but none were statistically significant after adjusting for multiple testing (p < 5 × 10-8). Thirteen of these variants were genotyped, whereas 46 were imputed. Genotyped variants were further investigated in a validation study comprising 249 medulloblastoma cases and 629 control subjects. In the validation study, rs78021424 (18p11.23, PTPRM) was associated with medulloblastoma risk with OR in the same direction as in the discovery cohort (ORT = 1.59, pvalidation = 0.02). We also selected seven medulloblastoma predisposition genes for investigation using a candidate gene approach: APC, BRCA2, PALB2, PTCH1, SUFU, TP53, and GPR161. The strongest evidence for association was found for rs201458864 (PALB2, ORT = 3.76, p = 3.2 × 10-4) and rs79036813 (PTCH1, ORA = 0.42, p = 2.6 × 10-3). CONCLUSION The results of this study, including a novel potential medulloblastoma risk loci at 18p11.23, are suggestive but need further validation in independent cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dahlin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl Wibom
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Deltour
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Unit of Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ching C Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah J Kennedy
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Long T Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and The Saban Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janis Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and The Saban Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley S Margol
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and The Saban Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Danuta Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Fichna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Susan Searles Nielsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and The Saban Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ulf Hjalmars
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kline CN, Packer RJ, Hwang EI, Raleigh DR, Braunstein S, Raffel C, Bandopadhayay P, Solomon DA, Aboian M, Cha S, Mueller S. Case-based review: pediatric medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Pract 2017; 4:138-150. [PMID: 29692919 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor affecting children. These tumors are high grade with propensity to metastasize within the central nervous system and, less frequently, outside the neuraxis. Recent advancements in molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma refine diagnosis and improve counseling in regards to overall prognosis. Both are predicated on the molecular drivers of each subgroup-WNT-activated, SHH-activated, group 3, and group 4. The traditional therapeutic mainstay for medulloblastoma includes a multimodal approach with surgery, radiation, and multiagent chemotherapy. As we discover more about the molecular basis of medulloblastoma, efforts to adjust treatment approaches based on molecular risk stratification are under active investigation. Certainly, the known neurological, developmental, endocrine, and psychosocial injury related to medulloblastoma and its associated therapies motivate ongoing research towards improving treatment for this life-threatening tumor while at the same time minimizing long-term side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie N Kline
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Roger J Packer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - David R Raleigh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Steve Braunstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Corey Raffel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - David A Solomon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Mariam Aboian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Soonmee Cha
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 (C.K., S.M.); Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P.); Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Health Systems, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 (R.P., E.H.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, 1825 4th Street, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 (D.R., S.B.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, CA 94143 (C.R., S.M.); Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (P.B.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (P.B.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M551, Box 0102 San Francisco, CA 94143 (D.S.); Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Parnassus Avenue, M327, San Francisco, CA 94143 (M.A., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 Sandler Neurosciences, 625 Nelson Rising Lane, 402B, Box 0434, San Francisco, CA 94158 (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|