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Tseng PT, Zeng BY, Zeng BS, Yeh PY, Stubbs B, Kuo JS, Sun CK, Cheng YS, Chen YW, Chen TY, Wu YC, Tu YK, Lin PY, Li DJ, Liang CS, Suen MW, Lee YC, Yang WC, Hsu CW, Shiue YL, Su KP. The efficacy and acceptability of anti-inflammatory omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in sepsis management: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 202:102633. [PMID: 39159529 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a critical medical condition associated with high mortality for patients. Current pharmacological strategies for sepsis management or prevention had not achieved satisfactory results. The omega-3 fatty acids, with anti-inflammatory benefits, are considered to be promising agents for sepsis management/prevention. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the efficacy of various dosages and formulations of fish oil supplements for sepsis management and sepsis prevention. The current NMA consisted of two parts: (1) sepsis management and (2) sepsis prevention. The PubMed, ClinicalKey, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched to date of February 22nd, 2024 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled participants with a diagnosis of sepsis or who with high risk for sepsis. All NMA procedures were conducted under the frequentist model. The primary outcomes assessed are (1) mortality rate in sepsis treatment or (2) incidence of sepsis in sepsis prevention. Our NMA, based on 28 RCTs and 1718 participants (mean age=51.6 years, mean female proportion=35.6 %), showed that (1) high dose parenteral fish oil supplement yield the lowest mortality rate in sepsis management in adult patients, and (2) high dose enteral fish oil supplement yield the lowest incidence of sepsis in pediatric patients. This study provides compelling evidence that high-dose fish oil supplements provide beneficial effects for both sepsis management and sepsis prevention. Our findings provide a preliminary rationale for future large-scale RCTs to investigate the role of fish oil supplementation in sepsis management or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Tao Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yan Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Syuan Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yang Yeh
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Clinical Psychology Center, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Faculty of Health, Social Care Medicine and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - John S Kuo
- Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Chen
- Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Dian-Jeng Li
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mein-Woei Suen
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Gender Equality Education and Research Center, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ping An Medical Clinic, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Sankararaman S, Venegas C, Seth S, Palchaudhuri S. "Feed a Cold, Starve a Fever?" A Review of Nutritional Strategies in the Setting of Bacterial Versus Viral Infections. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:314-322. [PMID: 38587572 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Some data, mostly originally derived from animal studies, suggest that low glucose intake is protective in bacterial sepsis but detrimental in overwhelming viral infections. This has been interpreted into a broad belief that different forms of sepsis may potentially require different nutritional management strategies. There are a few mechanistic differences between the host interactions with virus and bacteria which can explain why there may be opposing responses to macronutrient and micronutrient during the infected state. Here, we aim to review relevant evidence on the mechanisms and pathophysiology of nutritional management strategies in various infectious syndromes and summarize their clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Newer literature - in the context of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic - offers some insight to viral infections. There is still limited clinically applicable data during infection that clearly delineate the role of nutrition during an active viral vs bacterial infections. Based on contrasting findings in different models of viruses and bacteria, the macronutrient and micronutrient needs may depend more on specific infectious organisms that may not be generalizable as bacterial versus viral. Overall, the metabolic effects of sepsis are context dependent, and various host-specific (e.g., age, baseline nutritional status, immune status, comorbidities) and illness variables (phase, duration, and severity of illness) play a significant role in determining the outcome besides pathogen-specific (virus or bacterial or fungi and combined infections) factors. Microbe therapy (probiotics and prebiotics) seems to have therapeutic potential in both viral and bacterial infected states, and this seems like a promising area for further practical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carla Venegas
- Department Critical Care Medicine and Nutrition Support Team, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sonia Seth
- Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sonali Palchaudhuri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Slim MA, Turgman O, van Vught LA, van der Poll T, Wiersinga WJ. Non-conventional immunomodulation in the management of sepsis. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 121:9-16. [PMID: 37919123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis remains a critical global health issue, demanding novel therapeutic strategies. Traditional immunomodulation treatments such as corticosteroids, specific modifiers of cytokines, complement or coagulation, growth factors or immunoglobulins, have so far fallen short. Meanwhile the number of studies investigating non-conventional immunomodulatory strategies is expanding. This review provides an overview of adjunctive treatments with herbal-based medicine, immunonutrition, vasopressors, sedative treatments and targeted temperature management, used to modulate the immune response in patients with sepsis. Herbal-based medicine, notably within traditional Chinese medicine, shows promise. Xuebijing injection and Shenfu injection exhibit anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects, and the potential to lower 28-day mortality in sepsis. Selenium supplementation has been reported to reduce the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia among sepsis patients, but study results are conflicting. Likewise, the immune-suppressive effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with improved clinical outcomes in sepsis. The immunomodulating properties of supportive treatments also gain interest. Vasopressors like norepinephrine exhibit dual dosage-dependent roles, potentially promoting both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Dexmedetomidine, a sedative, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, reducing sepsis mortality rates in some studies. Temperature management, particularly maintaining higher body temperature, has also been associated with improved outcomes in small scale human trials. In conclusion, emerging non-conventional immunomodulatory approaches, including herbal medicine, immunonutrition, and targeted supportive therapies, hold potential for sepsis treatment, but their possible implementation into everyday clinical practice necessitates further research and stringent clinical validation in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Slim
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - O Turgman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rosseel Z, Cortoos PJ, Jonckheer J, Cools W, Vinken M, Reynaert H, De Waele E. Parenteral Nutrition, Sepsis, Acute Heart Failure and Hepatotoxic Drugs Are Related to Liver Test Disturbances in Critically Ill Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112612. [PMID: 37299575 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) is often associated with liver dysfunction in the ICU, although other factors such as sepsis, acute heart failure (AHF), and hepatotoxic drugs can be equally present. The relative impact of PN on liver dysfunction in critically ill patients is largely unknown. METHODS We recorded the presence of pre-existing liver disturbances, AHF, sepsis, daily PN volume, and commonly used hepatotoxic drugs in adult ICU patients, together with daily aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkalic phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin (TB), and INR values in patients with three or more PN treatment days. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the relative contribution of each liver parameter. Nutritional adequacy was defined as intake/needs. RESULTS We included 224 ICU patients with PN treatment lasting more than 3 days between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019. For AST, pre-existing liver disturbances (+180% ± 11%) and the presence of AHF (+75% ± 14%) were the main predictors of deterioration, whereas PN volume caused only a limited increase of 14% ± 1%/L. Similar results were observed for ALT. GGT, INR, and TB are mainly influenced by the presence of sepsis/septic shock and pre-existing liver disturbances, with no impact of PN or hepatotoxic drugs. Carbohydrate intake exceeded recommendations, and protein and lipid intake were insufficient in this study cohort. CONCLUSIONS Liver test disturbances in ICU patients on PN are multifactorial, with sepsis and AHF having the highest influence, with only limited impact from PN and hepatotoxic drugs. Feeding adequacy can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenzi Rosseel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Cortoos
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Joop Jonckheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Cools
- Department of Support for Quantitative and Qualitative Research (SQUARE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Reynaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Du Y, Rong L, Cong Y, Shen L, Zhang N, Wang B. Macrophage polarization: an effective approach to targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:191-209. [PMID: 33682588 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1901079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a systemic disease with immune abnormalities that can affect the entire digestive tract. A high percentage of patients with IBD are unresponsive to current pharmacological agents, hence the need exists for novel therapeutic approaches. There is compelling evidence that macrophage polarization plays a key role in the remission of IBD patients and that it could open up future treatment options for patients.Areas covered: This paper highlights the crucial role of macrophage polarization in IBD. The authors shed light on the phenotype and function of macrophages and potential drug targets for polarization regulation. Existing approaches for regulating macrophage polarization are discussed and potential solutions for safety concerns are considered. We performed a literature search on the IBD and macrophage polarization mainly published in PubMed January 2010-July 2020.Expert opinion: Evidence indicates that there are fewer M2 macrophages and a high proportion of M1 macrophages in the intestinal tissues of individuals who are non- responsive to treatment. Regulating macrophage polarization is a potential novel targeted option for IBD treatment. Improved mechanistic insights are required to uncover more precise and effective targets for skewing macrophages into a proper phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Du
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Rong
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Cong
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Guirgis FW, Black LP, DeVos E, Henson M, Ferreira J, Miller T, Rosenthal M, Leeuwenburgh C, Kalynych C, Moldawer L, Jones L, Crandall M, Reddy ST, Gao H, Wu S, Moore F. Lipid intensive drug therapy for sepsis pilot: A Bayesian phase I clinical trial. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:1332-1340. [PMID: 33392541 PMCID: PMC7771745 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholesterol may be protective in sepsis. Patients with early sepsis may have critically low cholesterol levels that are associated with poor outcomes. The study objective was to test the safety of a fish oil-containing lipid injectable emulsion for stabilizing early cholesterol levels in sepsis. METHODS Phase I Bayesian optimal interval design trial of adult patients with septic shock (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥4 or vasopressor dependence). Using sequential dose escalation, participants received 2 doses of 1.0 to 1.6 g/kg of lipid emulsion (Smoflipid 20% lipid emulsion) within 48 hours of enrollment. Cholesterol levels, function, and organ failure were assessed serially during the first 7 days of hospital admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 10 patients with septic shock were enrolled. One patient withdrew for social reasons. Another patient had an unrelated medical complication and received 1 drug dose. Of 9 patients, mean age was 58 years (SD 16), median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment was 8, and 28-day mortality was 30%. No serious adverse events related to lipid infusion occurred. The six occurrences of non-serious adverse events possibly related to lipid infusion included hyperglycemia (1), elevated triglycerides (3), anemia (1), and vascular access redness/pain (1) for all doses. The mean change in total cholesterol levels from enrollment was -7 (SD 16.6) at 48 hours and 14 (SD 25.2) at 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Fish oil-containing lipid emulsion administration during early septic shock was safe. Further studies are needed to assess effects on cholesterol levels, function, and organ failure. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03405870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem W. Guirgis
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lauren Page Black
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Elizabeth DeVos
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Morgan Henson
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jason Ferreira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Taylor Miller
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric ResearchUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Colleen Kalynych
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lisa Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Marie Crandall
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of Medicine–JacksonvilleJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Hanzhi Gao
- Department of BiostatisticsCollege of Public Health & Health Professions College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sam Wu
- Department of BiostatisticsCollege of Public Health & Health Professions College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Frederick Moore
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Hanindita MH, Irawan R, Ugrasena IDG, Hariastawa IGBA. Comparison of two lipid emulsions on interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and fatty acid composition in infants post gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized trial. F1000Res 2020; 9:1168. [PMID: 33299555 PMCID: PMC7707114 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26269.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nutritional support plays an essential role for recovery in infants who undergo gastrointestinal surgery. The current standard type of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) used as parenteral nutrition is the mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) rich in ω-6. Studies showed that ω-6 is associated with higher level of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to increased mortality rate, morbidity rate, and postoperative recovery time. The latest generation of emulsion is a mixture of MCT, LCT, olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO) which may optimize the ω6/ω3 ratio. This study aimed to compare the effect of MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE to standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and serum fatty acids in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled, pretest-posttest design study was done in twelve subjects that were classified into two groups. Group 1 received standard IVLE, group 2 received MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE. The type of standard and MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE used in this study were Lipofundin 20% and SMOFlipid 20%, respectively, both administered for three consecutive days in 1-4 gram/kilogram/day. IL-1β and IL-8 were examined using ELISA while fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac 23. Results: No statistical difference was found in age, gender, birth weight and diagnosis between both groups. Leukocyte was significantly lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.025). CRP was lower in MCT/LCT/OO/FO group 3 days after surgery (p=0.01) and in changes within 3 days (p=0.016). There were no differences in IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 but ω-6 was higher in standard IVFE group on third day after surgery (p=0,048) Conclusion: MCT/LCT/OO/FO IVLE can significantly lower leukocyte, CRP and ω-6 levels and is comparable with standard IVLE on IL-1β, IL-8 and ω-3 levels in infants who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Herdiana Hanindita
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Roedi Irawan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
| | - I Dewa Gede Ugrasena
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
| | - I G B Adria Hariastawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
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8
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Wolbrink DR, Grundsell JR, Witteman B, Poll MVD, Santvoort HC, Issa E, Dennison A, Goor HV, Besselink MG, Bouwense SA. Are omega-3 fatty acids safe and effective in acute pancreatitis or sepsis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2686-2694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Torrinhas RS, Calder PC, Lemos GO, Waitzberg DL. Parenteral fish oil: An adjuvant pharmacotherapy for coronavirus disease 2019? Nutrition 2020; 81:110900. [PMID: 32738510 PMCID: PMC7836308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), surprisingly, does not affect only the lungs. The severe response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to include a “cytokine storm,” which indicates a state of hyperinflammation and subsequent dysfunction of multiple organs and tissues in the most severe cases. This could be the reason why populations at the highest risk for death from the SARS-CoV-2 infection–induced disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) are those suffering from chronic low-grade inflammation, but prone to hyperinflammation. This includes individuals of advanced age and those with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Inflammation resolution is strongly dependent on lipid mediators, the specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are precursors of very potent SPMs, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Additionally, they are associated with a less aggressive inflammatory initiation, after competing with ω-6 fatty acids for eicosanoid synthesis. Therefore, it makes sense to consider the use of ω-3 PUFAs for clinical management of COVID-19 patients. ω-3 PUFAs may be given by oral, enteral, or parenteral routes; however, the parenteral route favors faster incorporation into plasma phospholipids, blood cells, and tissues. Here, we discuss these aspects to propose the parenteral infusion of ω-3 PUFAs as adjuvant immunopharmacotherapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The death pathway from the coronavirus 2 associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome infection seems to involve a severe inflammatory response. ω-3 fatty acids from fish oil have several anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Sole parenteral infusion of pure fish oil emulsion has been proposed as a pharmacotherapy. In critically ill patients, this practice was safe and associated with inflammatory relief and better clinical outcomes. Here, we suggest this practice be considered as an adjuvant pharmacotherapy for hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Torrinhas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela O Lemos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dan L Waitzberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sadu Singh BK, Narayanan SS, Khor BH, Sahathevan S, Abdul Gafor AH, Fiaccadori E, Sundram K, Karupaiah T. Composition and Functionality of Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition: Examining Evidence in Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32410990 PMCID: PMC7201073 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid emulsions (LEs), an integral component in parenteral nutrition (PN) feeding, have shifted from the primary aim of delivering non-protein calories and essential fatty acids to defined therapeutic outcomes such as reducing inflammation, and improving metabolic and clinical outcomes. Use of LEs in PN for surgical and critically ill patients is particularly well established, and there is enough literature assigning therapeutic and adverse effects to specific LEs. This narrative review contrarily puts into perspective the fatty acid compositional (FAC) nature of LE formulations, and discusses clinical applications and outcomes according to the biological function and structural functionality of fatty acids and co-factors such as phytosterols, α-tocopherol, emulsifiers and vitamin K. In addition to soybean oil-based LEs, this review covers clinical studies using the alternate LEs that incorporates physical mixtures combining medium- and long-chain triglycerides or structured triglycerides or the unusual olive oil or fish oil. The Jaded score was applied to assess the quality of these studies, and we report outcomes categorized as per immuno-inflammatory, nutritional, clinical, and cellular level FAC changes. It appears that the FAC nature of LEs is the primary determinant of desired clinical outcomes, and we conclude that one type of LE alone cannot be uniformly applied to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birinder Kaur Sadu Singh
- Nutrition Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ban Hock Khor
- Dietetics Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharmela Sahathevan
- Dietetics Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor
- Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Tilakavati Karupaiah
- Faculty of Health & Medical Science, School of BioSciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Guirgis FW, Black LP, Rosenthal MD, Henson M, Ferreira J, Leeuwenburgh C, Kalynych C, Moldawer LL, Miller T, Jones L, Crandall M, Reddy ST, Wu SS, Moore FA. LIPid Intensive Drug therapy for Sepsis Pilot (LIPIDS-P): Phase I/II clinical trial protocol of lipid emulsion therapy for stabilising cholesterol levels in sepsis and septic shock. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029348. [PMID: 31537565 PMCID: PMC6756323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a life-threatening, dysregulated response to infection. Both high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should protect against sepsis by several mechanisms; however, for partially unknown reasons, cholesterol levels become critically low in patients with early sepsis who experience poor outcomes. An anti-inflammatory lipid injectable emulsion containing fish oil is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients and may prevent this decrease in serum cholesterol levels by providing substrate for cholesterol synthesis and may favourably modulate inflammation. This LIPid Intensive Drug therapy for Sepsis Pilot clinical trial is the first study to attempt to stabilise early cholesterol levels using lipid emulsion as a treatment modality for sepsis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a two-centre, phase I/II clinical trial. Phase I is a non-randomised dose-escalation study using a Bayesian optimal interval design in which up to 16 patients will be enrolled to evaluate the safest and most efficacious dose for stabilising cholesterol levels. Based on phase I results, the two best doses will be used to randomise 48 patients to either lipid injectable emulsion or active control (no treatment). Twenty-four patients will be randomised to one of two doses of the study drug, while 24 control group patients will receive no drug and will be followed during their hospitalisation. The control group will receive all standard treatments mandated by the institutional sepsis alert protocol. The phase II study will employ a permuted blocked randomisation technique, and the primary endpoint will be change in serum total cholesterol level (48 hours - enrolment). Secondary endpoints include change in cholesterol level from enrolment to 7 days, change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score over the first 48 hours and 7 days, in-hospital and 28-day mortality, lipid oxidation status, inflammatory biomarkers, and high-density lipoprotein function. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Investigators are trained and follow good clinical practices, and each phase of the study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards of each institution. Results of each phase will be disseminated through presentations at national meetings and publication in peer-reviewed journals. If promising, data from the pilot study will be used for a larger, multicentre, phase II clinical trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03405870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem W Guirgis
- Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren Page Black
- Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Morgan Henson
- Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jason Ferreira
- Pharmacy, University of Florida Health at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Colleen Kalynych
- Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Taylor Miller
- Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Jones
- Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Marie Crandall
- Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Medicine; Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA College of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel S Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Das UN. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and sepsis. Nutrition 2019; 65:39-43. [PMID: 31029920 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, Washington, USA; BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India.
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13
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Donoghue V, Schleicher GK, Spruyt MGL, Malan L, Nel DG, Calder PC, Blaauw R. Four-oil intravenous lipid emulsion effect on plasma fatty acid composition, inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in acutely ill patients: A randomised control trial (Foil fact). Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2583-2591. [PMID: 30638739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Data in critically ill patients on the effect of intravenous lipid emulsions (LEs), containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in parenteral nutrition (PN) are scarce and conflicting. This study compared the effects of a four-oil LE (30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain triglycerides, 25% olive oil and 15% fish oil (FO)) (SMOFlipid®) to those of a 100% soybean oil-based LE in critically ill adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS In this double-blind, randomised study, patients (n = 75) predicted to need PN for more than 5 days were randomised to receive either a four-oil LE (Study Group (SG)) or a 100% soybean oil LE (Control Group (CG)). Isocaloric, isonitrogenous PN was administered continuously for 5 days. FO was provided at a dose of 0.09-0.22 g/kg body weight. Measurements included biochemical parameters and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score daily and plasma total phospholipid fatty acids (FAs) and cytokine levels on days 1, 3, 6. Days on mechanical ventilation, length of stay and mortality were also recorded. ANOVA was used to compare response variables between the two groups over the time and Pearson correlation was used to measure relationships between continuous variables. RESULTS 68 patients completed the study (n = 35 SG, n = 33 CG), with male predominance (66% SG, 56% CG). Average age was 60.8 ± 13.9 years (SG) versus 55.7 ± 14.8 (CG) (p = 0.143). The majority were surgical admissions (85% SG versus 91% CG) followed by medical. Plasma phospholipid oleic acid (p = 0.022) and alpha-linolenic acid (p<0.0005) increased in both groups. In the SG, plasma phospholipid EPA and DHA increased (both p<0.001), whereas the omega-6:omega-3 PUFA (n-6:n-3 PUFA) ratio decreased (p < 0.001). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin decreased in both treatment groups. Considering only the change from day 1 to day 6 there was a bigger decrease in AST, ALT and bilirubin levels in the SG. Concentrations of TNF-α decreased from day 1 to day 6 in the SG, whereas they increased in the CG, but the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.112). A significant negative correlation was found between EPA provision on day 3 and the SOFA score (r = -0.4047, p = 0.018). Days on mechanical ventilation (1.24 ± 0.83 days in SG versus 0.88 ± 1.63 days in CG, p = 0.385) and ICU LOS (9.5 ± 7.09 days in SG versus 10.7 ± 7.6 days in CG, p = 0.490) were not different between groups. CONCLUSION PN containing a four-oil LE increased plasma EPA and DHA, decreased n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, and was safe and well tolerated. The negative relationship between day 3 EPA and SOFA score seems promising, but EPA intake and effects may have been diluted by enteral nutrition which was started in more than half of patients on day 4. There was no significant difference in terms of other biochemical measurements, SOFA score, length of ICU stay and mortality. More research is needed in this patient population, particularly regarding dose, duration and timing of FO and the effects on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Donoghue
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - G K Schleicher
- Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre ICU, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M G L Spruyt
- Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - L Malan
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - D G Nel
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - P C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R Blaauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abbasoglu O, Hardy G, Manzanares W, Pontes-Arruda A. Fish Oil-Containing Lipid Emulsions in Adult Parenteral Nutrition: A Review of the Evidence. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 43:458-470. [PMID: 28792885 DOI: 10.1177/0148607117721907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence from laboratory and animal studies that fish oil-containing intravenous lipid emulsions (FOC-IVLEs) have a beneficial effect on inflammation and the immune response, suggesting a possible clinical benefit. Clinical studies of FOC-IVLEs have reported mixed results. The aim of this review is to present findings from recent randomized controlled clinical trials and other quality clinical studies investigating the effects of administering intravenous fish oil alone or as part of a multilipid emulsion and to examine the quality of these studies in an objective, evidence-based manner. METHODS Studies comparing FOC-IVLEs with other IVLEs in adults were included. Thirty-four clinical studies were evaluated: 19 investigated levels of inflammatory and immune markers as an endpoint; 13 investigated rates of infection or sepsis; 3 investigated clinical outcomes in septic patients; and 29 investigated general clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was conflicting evidence for a beneficial effect of fish oil on levels of inflammatory and immune markers and some evidence that fish oil decreased the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Studies generally reported few statistical differences in clinical outcomes and rates of infection and sepsis with FOC-IVLEs as compared with other IVLEs. The quality of reporting was generally poor, and the presented evidence for comparisons between FOC-IVLEs and other IVLEs was inconclusive or weak. CONCLUSIONS There is very little high-quality evidence that FOC-IVLEs have a more beneficial effect than other IVLEs on clinical outcomes in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Abbasoglu
- Division of Nutrition Support, Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gil Hardy
- College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William Manzanares
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Kreymann KG, Heyland DK, de Heer G, Elke G. Intravenous fish oil in critically ill and surgical patients - Historical remarks and critical appraisal. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1075-1081. [PMID: 28747247 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explain the historical and clinical background for intravenous fish oil administration, to evaluate its results by using a product specific metaanalysis, and to stimulate further research in the immune-modulatory potential of fish oil. Concerning the immune-modulatory effects of fatty acids, a study revealed that ω-3 as well as ω-6 fatty acids would prolong transplant survival, and only a mixture with an ω-6:ω-3 ratio of 2.1:1 would give immune-neutral results. In 1998, the label of a newly registered fish oil emulsion also acknowledged this immune-neutral ratio in conjunction with ω-6 lipids. Also, two fish oil-supplemented fat emulsions, registered in 2004, used a similar ω-6:ω-3 ratio. Such an immune-neutral ω-6:ω-3 ratio denoted progress for most patients compared to pure ω-6 lipid emulsions. However, this immune-neutrality might on the other hand be responsible for the limited positive clinical results gained so far in critically ill and surgical patients where in most cases significance could only be shown for the pooled effect of numerous trials. Our product specific metaanalysis also did not reveal any differences, neither in infections rates nor in ICU or hospital length of stay. To evaluate the immune-modulatory effect of fish oil administered alone, new dose finding studies, reporting relevant clinical outcome parameters, are required. Precise mechanistic or physiological biomarkers for the indication of such a therapy should also be developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Georg Kreymann
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Daren K Heyland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Geraldine de Heer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Elke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.
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Das UN. Combination of aspirin with essential fatty acids is superior to aspirin alone to prevent or ameliorate sepsis or ARDS. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:206. [PMID: 27887602 PMCID: PMC5124295 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that aspirin may be of benefit in treating sepsis and ARDS in view of its ability to block cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 activities; inhibit nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB); enhance the production of endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Our previous studies revealed that plasma phospholipid content of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is low in patients with sepsis. This implies that beneficial actions of aspirin in sepsis and ARDS is unlikely to be obtained in view of deficiency of AA and EPA, the precursors of LXA4 and resolvins respectively that are potent anti-inflammatory compounds and enhancers of eNO generation. In view of this, I propose that a combination of aspirin and AA and EPA (and possibly, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) is likely to be superior in the management of sepsis and ARDS compared to aspirin alone. This suggestion is supported by the recent observation that trauma patients with uncomplicated recoveries had higher resolvin pathway gene expression and lower gene expression ratios of leukotriene: resolvin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2020 S 360th St, # K-202, Federal Way, WA, 98003, USA. .,BioScience Research Centre, GVP College of Engineering Campus and Department of Medicine, GVP Hospital, Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam, 530 048, India.
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Baena-Gómez MA, de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Aguilera-García CM, Olza J, Pérez-Navero JL, Gil-Campos M. Inflammatory Response Using Different Lipid Parenteral Nutrition Formulas in Children After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:804-10. [PMID: 27270245 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1156711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional support is an integral part of the supportive care of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) emulsions in parenteral nutrition (PN) may modify the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study is to compare plasma cytokine levels in children after HSCT using an n-3 FA-containing lipid emulsion (LE) and a soybean oil-based formulation in PN. A randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted on 14 children following HSCT. Children were randomized to receive either a fish oil or a soybean oil LE. Blood samples were drawn at baseline, on Day 10 and after completion of PN to analyze plasma interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), 2 (IL-2), 6 (IL-6), 8 (IL-8), 10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). After 10 days of PN, there were no significant changes in interleukins levels when comparing the two groups or time points (baseline vs. Day 10 of PN). In children requiring PN >21 days, IL-10 and TNF-α levels (P ≤ 0.05) were lower in the fish-oil-containing LE group. Fish oil- and soybean oil-supplemented PN administered for at least 10 days does not cause inflammatory changes. Prolonged PN based on fish oil LE may modulate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Auxiliadora Baena-Gómez
- a Department of Paediatrics , Unit of Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - María José de la Torre-Aguilar
- a Department of Paediatrics , Unit of Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Concepción María Aguilera-García
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Josune Olza
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Juan Luis Pérez-Navero
- a Department of Paediatrics , Unit of Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- a Department of Paediatrics , Unit of Paediatric Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
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Influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched lipid emulsions on nosocomial infections and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: ICU lipids study. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:31-9. [PMID: 25226273 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (contained in fish oil) have been shown to beneficially influence infection rate and clinical outcomes in surgical patients probably due to their immunomodulatory action. In contrast, study results of fish oil administration in critically ill patients are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the prevalence of nosocomial infections and clinical outcomes in medical and surgical critically ill patients. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter, randomized, comparative, double-blind study. SETTING Seventeen Spanish ICUs during 4 years. SUBJECTS A total of 159 medical and surgical intensive care patients with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score more than or equal to 13, expected to require total parenteral nutrition for at least 5 days. INTERVENTIONS Patients received total parenteral nutrition prepared either with a lipid emulsion containing 10% fish oil or a fish oil-free lipid emulsion. The prevalence of nosocomial infections was detected during 28 days of ICU stay. Patients were followed 6 months after discharge from the ICU for length of hospital stay, hospital mortality, and 6-month mortality. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The number of patients with nosocomial infections was significantly reduced in the fish oil-receiving group (21.0% vs 37.2%, p = 0.035) and the predicted time free of infection was prolonged (21 ± 2 vs 16 ± 2 d, p = 0.03). No significant differences were detected for ICU, hospital, and 6-month mortality. CONCLUSIONS The results show that administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of nosocomial infections and increases the predicted time free of infections in critically ill medical and surgical patients. The administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was safe and well tolerated.
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Intravenous fish oil lipid emulsions in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:167. [PMID: 25879776 PMCID: PMC4404291 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous fish oil (FO) lipid emulsions (LEs) are rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We previously demonstrated that FO-containing LEs may be able to decrease mortality and ventilation days in patients who are critically ill. Since 2014, several additional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of FO-containing LEs have been published. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to update our previous systematic review with the aim of elucidating the efficacy of FO-containing LEs on clinical outcomes of patients who are critically ill. METHODS We searched electronic databases from 1980 to 2014. We included four new RCTs conducted in critically ill adult patients in which researchers evaluated FO-containing LEs in parenterally or enterally fed patients. RESULTS A total of 10 RCTs (n = 733) met inclusion criteria. The mean methodological score was 8 (range, 3 to 12). No effect on overall mortality was found. When we aggregated the results of five RCTs in which infections were reported, we found that FO-containing LEs significantly reduced infections (risk ratio (RR) = 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44 to 0.92; P = 0.02; heterogeneity I (2) = 0%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that predominantly enteral nutrition-based trials showed a tendency toward a reduction in mortality (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.40 to 1.18; P =0.18; heterogeneity I (2) =35%). High-quality trials showed a significant reduction in hospital length of stay (LOS) (weighted mean difference = -7.42; 95% CI, -11.89 to -2.94; P = 0.001), whereas low-quality trials had no effect (P = 0.45). The results of the test for subgroup differences in hospital LOS was significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION FO-containing LEs may be associated with a reduction in infections and also could be associated with a reduction in duration of ventilation and hospital LOS. Further large-scale RCTs are warranted and should be aimed at consolidating potential positive treatment effects.
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BURKHART CS, DELL-KUSTER S, SIEGEMUND M, PARGGER H, MARSCH S, STREBEL SP, STEINER LA. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury and incidence of sepsis-associated delirium in septic patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58:689-700. [PMID: 24660837 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding immunomodulatory effects of parenteral n-3 fatty acids in sepsis are conflicting. In this study, the effect of administration of parenteral n-3 fatty acids on markers of brain injury, incidence of sepsis-associated delirium, and inflammatory mediators in septic patients was investigated. METHODS Fifty patients with sepsis were randomized to receive either 2 ml/kg/day of a lipid emulsion containing highly refined fish oil (equivalent to n-3 fatty acids 0.12 mg/kg/day) during 7 days after admission to the intensive care unit or standard treatment. Markers of brain injury and inflammatory mediators were measured on days 1, 2, 3 and 7. Assessment for sepsis-associated delirium was performed daily. The primary outcome was the difference in S-100β from baseline to peak level between both the intervention and the control group, compared by t-test. Changes of all markers over time were explored in both groups, fitting a generalized estimating equations model. RESULTS Mean difference in change of S-100β from baseline to peak level was 0.34 (95% CI: -0.18-0.85) between the intervention and control group, respectively (P = 0.19). We found no difference in plasma levels of S-100β, neuron-specific enolase, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and C-reactive protein between groups over time. Incidence of sepsis-associated delirium was 75% in the intervention and 71% in the control groups (risk difference 4%, 95% CI -24-31%, P = 0.796). CONCLUSION Administration of n-3 fatty acids did not affect markers of brain injury, incidence of sepsis-associated delirium, and inflammatory mediators in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. BURKHART
- Department for Anesthesia; Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - S. DELL-KUSTER
- Department for Anesthesia; Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - M. SIEGEMUND
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Kantonsspital Baden; Baden Switzerland
| | - H. PARGGER
- Department for Anesthesia; Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - S. MARSCH
- Medical Intensive Care Unit; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - S. P. STREBEL
- Department for Anesthesia; Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - L. A. STEINER
- Department for Anesthesia; Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Department of Anesthesia; University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Is omega-3 fatty acids enriched nutrition support safe for critical ill patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2014; 6:2148-64. [PMID: 24886987 PMCID: PMC4073140 DOI: 10.3390/nu6062148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effects of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (FA) enriched nutrition support on the mortality of critically illness patients. METHODS Databases of Medline, ISI, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedicine Database were searched and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. We enrolled RCTs that compared fish oil enriched nutrition support and standard nutrition support. Major outcome is mortality. Methodological quality assessment was conducted based on Modified Jadad's score scale. For control heterogeneity, we developed a method that integrated I2 test, nutritional support route subgroup analysis and clinical condition of severity. RevMan 5.0 software (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS Twelve trials involving 1208 patients that met all the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity existed between the trials. A random model was used, there was no significant effect on mortality RR, 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.62, 1.09), p = 0.18. Knowing that the route of fish oil administration may affect heterogeneity, we categorized the trials into two sub-groups: parenteral administration (PN) of omega-3 and enteral administration (EN) of omega-3. Six trials administered omega-3 FA through PN. Pooled results indicated that omega-3 FA had no significant effect on mortality, RR 0.76, 95% CI (0.52, 1.10), p = 0.15. Six trials used omega-3 fatty acids enriched EN. After excluded one trial that was identified as source of heterogeneity, pooled data indicated omega-3 FA enriched EN significant reduce mortality, RR=0.69, 95% CI [0.53, 0.91] (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Omega-3 FA enriched nutrition support is safe. Due to the limited sample size of the included trials, further large-scale RCTs are needed.
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Hall TC, Bilku DK, Al-Leswas D, Neal CP, Horst C, Cooke J, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of parenteral fish oil on survival outcomes in critically ill patients with sepsis: a pilot study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:301-12. [PMID: 24408035 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113518945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Death from sepsis in the intensive care unit (ITU) is frequently preceded by the development of multiple organ failure as a result of uncontrolled inflammation. Treatment with ω-3 has been demonstrated to attenuate the effects of uncontrolled inflammation and may be clinically beneficial. METHOD A randomized control trial investigating the effects of parenteral ω-3 was carried out. Consecutive patients diagnosed with sepsis were entered into the study and randomized to receive either parenteral ω-3 or standard medical care only. The primary outcome measure was a reduction in organ dysfunction using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score as a surrogate marker. The secondary outcome measures were mortality, length of stay, mean C-reactive protein (CRP), and days free of organ dysfunction/failure. RESULTS Sixty patients were included in the study. The baseline demographics were matched for the two cohorts. Patients treated with parenteral ω-3 were associated with a significant reduction in new organ dysfunction (Δ-SOFA 2.2 ± 2.2 vs. 1.0 ± 1.5, P = .005 and maximum-SOFA 10.1 ± 4.2 vs. 8.1 ± 3.2, P = .041) and maximum CRP (186.7 ± 78 vs. 141.5 ± 62.6, P = .019). There was no significant reduction in the length of stay between cohorts. Patients treated with ω-3 in the strata of less severe sepsis had a significant reduction in mortality (P = .042). CONCLUSION The treatment of critically ill septic patients with parenteral ω-3 is safe. It is associated with a significant reduction in organ dysfunction. It may be associated with a reduction in mortality in patients with less severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cindy Horst
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jill Cooke
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Stapleton RD, Jeejeebhoy KN, Heyland DK. Alternative lipid emulsions in the critically ill: a systematic review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:1683-94. [PMID: 23812404 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parenteral lipid emulsions (LEs) are commonly rich in long-chain triglycerides derived from soybean oil (SO). SO-containing emulsions may promote systemic inflammation and therefore may adversely affect clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that alternative oil-based LEs (SO-sparing strategies) may improve clinical outcomes in critically ill adult patients compared to products containing SO emulsion only. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of parenteral SO-sparing strategies on clinical outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS We searched computerized databases from 1980 to 2013. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in critically ill adult patients that evaluated SO-sparing strategies versus SO-based LEs in the context of parenteral nutrition. RESULTS A total of 12 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. When the results of these RCTs were statistically aggregated, SO-sparing strategies were associated with clinically important reductions in mortality (risk ratio, RR 0.83; 95 % confidence intervals, CI 0.62, 1.11; P = 0.20), in duration of ventilation (weighted mean difference, WMD -2.57; 95 % CI -5.51, 0.37; P = 0.09), and in ICU length of stay (LOS) (WMD -2.31; 95 % CI -5.28, 0.66; P = 0.13) but none of these differences were statistically significant. SO-sparing strategies had no effect on infectious complications (RR 1.13; 95 % CI 0.87, 1.46; P = 0.35). CONCLUSION Alternative oil-based LEs may be associated with clinically important reductions in mortality, duration of ventilation, and ICU LOS but lack of statistical precision precludes any clinical recommendations at this time. Further research is warranted to confirm these potential positive treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Manzanares
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay,
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Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Stapleton RD, Jeejeebhoy KN, Heyland DK. Parenteral fish oil lipid emulsions in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:20-8. [PMID: 23609773 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113486006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in fish oils (FO) possess major anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunologic properties that could be beneficial during critical illness. We hypothesized that parenteral FO-containing emulsions may improve clinical outcomes in the critically ill. METHODS We searched computerized databases from 1980-2012. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in critically ill adult patients that evaluated FO-containing emulsions, either in the context of parenteral nutrition (PN) or enteral nutrition (EN). RESULTS A total of 6 RCTs (n = 390 patients) were included; the mean methodological score of all trials was 10 (range, 6-13). When the results of these studies were aggregated, FO-containing emulsions were associated with a trend toward a reduction in mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-1.04; P = .08; heterogeneity I (2) = 0%) and a reduction in the duration of mechanical ventilation (weighted mean difference in days [WMD], -1.41; 95% CI, -3.43 to 0.61; P = .17). However, this strategy had no effect on infections (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.42-1.36; P = .35) and intensive care unit length of stay (WMD, -0.46; 95% CI, -4.87 to 3.95; P = .84, heterogeneity I (2) = 75%). CONCLUSION FO-containing lipid emulsions may be able to decrease mortality and ventilation days in the critically ill. However, because of the paucity of clinical data, there is inadequate evidence to recommend the routine use of parenteral FO. Large, rigorously designed RCTs are required to elucidate the efficacy of parenteral FO in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Manzanares
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neonatology and perinatology. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25:275-81. [PMID: 23481475 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32835f58ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the parenteral nutrition-dependent population. Here, we review the most recent literature involving a fish oil-based lipid emulsion (FOLE) and its effects on PNALD. RECENT FINDINGS Vegetable oil-based lipid emulsions (VBLEs) contribute to PNALD. This may be due to parenteral phytosterols and/or the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators. Whereas a small reduction in the dose of VBLE does not appear to prevent PNALD, a significant reduction in the dose may reverse PNALD; however, it carries the risk of essential fatty acid deficiency. Furthermore, the impact of extreme lipid restriction on subsequent neurodevelopment is unknown. Combination lipid emulsions containing fish oil are associated with decreased bilirubin levels, though no studies compare these emulsions with the outcomes with FOLE alone. The utility of FOLE in the reversal of PNALD has been demonstrated and its administration does not lead to essential fatty acid deficiency. Furthermore, there is evidence that FOLE may prevent PNALD. CONCLUSION FOLE appears to be an efficacious treatment to reverse PNALD. However, more studies are necessary to determine if FOLE might also be beneficial in the prevention of PNALD. Future studies should additionally focus on the preterm infant population, as they represent a major population requiring parenteral nutrition support for survival.
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Prins A, Visser J. Immunonutrition: a South African perspective. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2012.11734414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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