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Anderson KM, Macler A, Bergenfeld I, Trang QT, Yount KM. The Media and Sexual Violence Among Adolescents: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Educators Across Vietnam. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2319-2335. [PMID: 38727786 PMCID: PMC11176223 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Growing access to technology and media has presented new avenues of influence on youth attitudes and norms regarding sexuality and sexual violence, as well as new technological pathways through which to perpetrate sexual violence. The aim of this research was to understand contextual influences on and needs for scale-up of sexual violence prevention programming in the media-violence context of Vietnam. We conducted 45 interviews with high school teachers (n = 15), university lecturers (n = 15), and affiliates from youth-focused community service organizations (n = 15) from across Vietnam. Additionally, we conducted four sector-specific focus groups with a sub-sample of interview participants (k = 4, n = 22). Media and technology were brought up consistently in relation to sexual violence prevention and sexual health information. Key informants noted that, in Vietnam, generational differences in acceptability of sex and lack of comprehensive sexuality education intersect with new technological opportunities for exposure to sexual information and media. This creates a complex landscape that can promote sexual violence through priming processes, instigate mimicry of violent media, and presents new opportunities for the perpetration of sexual violence though technology. Development of comprehensive sexual education, including violence prevention education, is imperative, with consideration of age-specific needs for Vietnamese youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Anderson
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alicia Macler
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Vyas S, Jansen HAFM, Viet NNT, Gardner J, Loan TTB, Phan H. Changes in the Correlates for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Vietnam: Evidence From the 2010 and 2019 National Prevalence Surveys. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2699-2729. [PMID: 37654183 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231197566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand whether the risk and protective factors associated with current partner violence changed in Vietnam using findings from two comparable surveys conducted in 2010 and 2019. Fifteen (2010) and 17 (2019) factors were significantly associated with violence, and the level of consistency was high-nonpartner sexual violence, respondent and partner prior abuse, men's expressions of masculinity, and indicators of low economic status continue to put women at risk. Gender-transformative approaches that address power inequalities, foster positive parenting, and promote the political and social influence of women are required and should be adapted to the Vietnam context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hien Phan
- United Nations Population Fund, Myanmar
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Yount KM, Comeau D, Blake SC, Sales J, Sacks M, Nicol H, Bergenfeld I, Kalokhe AS, Stein AD, Whitaker DJ, Parrott D, Van HTH. Consortium for violence prevention research, leadership training, and implementation for excellence (CONVERGE): a protocol to train science leaders in gender-based-violence and violence-against-children research for impact. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1181543. [PMID: 37469691 PMCID: PMC10352114 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) are two prevalent and highly interconnected global health challenges, yet data and research capacities to study these forms of violence and to generate evidence-based policies and programs remain limited. To address critical shortages in research capacity in Vietnam and to establish a model for other Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), we are establishing CONVERGE-the Consortium for Violence Prevention Research, Implementation, and Leadership Training for Excellence. Methods Based on a needs assessment with partners in Vietnam, CONVERGE will provide a comprehensive research training program supporting 15 long-term, postdoctoral trainees with multi-disciplinary research training in GBV and VAC. We also will offer in-country trainings and short-courses to 40 short-term mid-career academic trainees and 60 short-term practitioner/stakeholder trainees over 5 years to build productive GBV and VAC academic, scientific, and practitioner networks. The CONVERGE training program has four components: (1) 14 h of virtual/in-person annual mentorship training to prepare research mentors and to create a pipeline of future mentors in Vietnam; (2) a one-month intensive research training for long-term postdoctoral fellows at Emory University; (3) a structured 17-month, in-country mentored research project for long-term trainees that results in a peer-reviewed manuscript and a subsequent grant submission; and, (4) week-long in-country intensive translational trainings on implementation science, advanced topics in leadership, and advanced topics in science dissemination. Opportunities for on-going virtual training and professional networking will be provided for CONVERGE trainees and mentors in Vietnam with other trainees and mentors of D43s focused on injury/violence prevention, D43s housed at Emory, and D43s with other institutions in Southeast Asia. To assess the reach, implementation, fidelity, and effectiveness of these four components, we will implement a rigorous, mixed-methods, multi-level evaluation strategy using process and outcome measures. Findings from the evaluation will be used to refine program components for future trainee and mentor cohorts and to assess long-term program impact. Discussion Led by Emory University in the US and Hanoi Medical University in Vietnam, CONVERGE represents leading institutions and experts from around the world, with a goal of providing mentorship opportunities for early-career scientists with an interest in violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dawn Comeau
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Blake
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica Sales
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Sacks
- Goizueta Business School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah Nicol
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Dominic Parrott
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Mavragani A, Bradley H, Bergenfeld I, Trang QT, Sales JM, Li Y, Minh TH. Impacts of GlobalConsent, a Web-Based Social Norms Edutainment Program, on Sexually Violent Behavior and Bystander Behavior Among University Men in Vietnam: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e35116. [PMID: 36705965 PMCID: PMC9919511 DOI: 10.2196/35116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence against women is prevalent worldwide. Prevention programs that treat men as allies and integrate a bystander framework are emerging in lower income settings, but evidence of their effectiveness is conflicting. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the impact of GlobalConsent on sexually violent behavior and prosocial bystander behavior among university men in Vietnam. METHODS We used a double-blind, parallel intervention versus control group design with 1:1 randomization at 2 universities. A total of 793 consenting heterosexual or bisexual men aged 18-24 years who matriculated in September 2019 were enrolled and assigned randomly to GlobalConsent or an attention-control adolescent health education (AHEAD) program. GlobalConsent is an adapted, theory-based, 6-module web-based intervention with diverse behavior change techniques and a locally produced serial drama. AHEAD is a customized, 6-module attention-control program on adolescent health. Both the programs were delivered to computers and smartphones over 12 weeks. Self-reported sexually violent behaviors toward women in the prior 6 months and prosocial bystander behaviors in the prior year were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS More than 92.7% (735/793) of men in both study arms completed at least 1 program module, and >90.2% (715/793) of men completed all 6 modules. At baseline, a notable percentage of men reported any sexually violent behavior (GlobalConsent: 123/396, 31.1%; AHEAD: 103/397, 25.9%) in the prior 6 months. Among men receiving GlobalConsent, the odds of reporting a high level (at least 2 acts) of sexually violent behavior at the endline were 1.3 times the odds at baseline. Among men receiving AHEAD, the corresponding odds ratio was higher at 2.7. The odds of reporting any bystander behavior at endline were 0.7 times the odds at baseline for GlobalConsent, and the corresponding odds ratio for AHEAD was lower at 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Compared with a health attention-control condition, GlobalConsent has sustained favorable impacts on sexually violent behavior and prosocial bystander behavior among matriculating university men in Vietnam, who would otherwise face increasing risks of sexually violent behavior. GlobalConsent shows promise for national scale-up and regional adaptations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04147455; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04147455. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12889-020-09454-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jessica M Sales
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yiman Li
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Seff I, Cislaghi B, Levtov R, Vlahovicova K, Stark L. Quantitative Proxies for Social Norms: A Proposed Approach for Interrogating Clustering, Reference Groups, and Validity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21266-NP21292. [PMID: 35061950 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of researchers studying intimate partner violence (IPV) employ aggregate measures of relevant attitudes to serve as proxy measures for norms around IPV. However, there is a lack of consistency in how these measures are constructed and how their validity is confirmed. The first aim of this study is to demonstrate and validate innovative techniques for exploring social norms proxies in quantitative data and identifying the relative appropriateness of different available reference groups. The second aim is to demonstrate how such an approach can contribute to IPV research. The analysis employed data from the 2016 Tanzania International Men and Gender Equality Survey, including 1008 men and 1008 women ages 15-49 years. An attitudinal score measuring acceptance of IPV and two measures for individual-level descriptive and injunctive norms were constructed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the extent of clustering for the attitudinal score within several sets of groupings. Bivariate multi-level Ordinary Least Squares regressions estimated the predictive effect of an individual's group norm proxy on their descriptive or injunctive norms. Attitudinal clustering was most significant for reference groups defined as males only across villages and males only across a combination of villages and marital status, with ICCs of 0.229 and 0.236, respectively. Men's social norms were found to be correlated with reference groups comprised of both men only and women only, though men's norms were substantially more correlated with the attitudes of men in their reference group than with women's. Results highlight the importance of critically examining the validity of proxy measures for social norms prior to their inclusion in analysis. Findings also underscore the importance of collecting attitudinal data from men to better understand norms around IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seff
- Brown School of Social Work, 7548Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ruti Levtov
- The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School of Social Work, 7548Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Anderson KM, Bergenfeld I, Cheong YF, Minh TH, Yount KM. Childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior among university men in Vietnam. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101103. [PMID: 35698483 PMCID: PMC9187524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual violence against women remains a global public health problem, with Southeast Asia having among the highest rates of violence victimization globally. Exposure to violence in adolescence--a highly prevalent experience in Vietnam--is associated with later perpetration of violence against others. However, childhood maltreatment as a latent construct is understudied, with most analyses focusing on theoretical categories, potentially missing key patterns of victimization, particularly poly-victimization. Poor understanding of these experience limits researchers' ability to predict and intervene upon cyclical perpetration of violence. This study aims to identify latent classes of childhood maltreatment, and to test associations between class membership and sexually violent behavior during the first 12 months of university in a sample of Vietnamese men. Methods and findings Heterosexual and bisexual men aged 18-24 matriculating into two universities in Hanoi were recruited for the randomized controlled trial of GlobalConsent, a six-module online sexual-violence prevention program. Participants (N = 793) completed a baseline survey, were randomized 1:1 to GlobalConsent or attention control, and were invited to complete post-test surveys at six-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline. Validated scales were employed to assess childhood maltreatment and past-six-month sexually violent behavior at each post-test. Latent class analysis identified four classes of childhood maltreatment: Limited-to-no, physical, physical and emotional, and poly-victimization. Associations between childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior demonstrate a threshold effect, wherein poly-victimized men were significantly more likely than men in other classes to have engaged in sexually violent behavior during the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions There is a vital need for screening and intervention with men who have experienced childhood maltreatment in Vietnam to prevent future violence perpetration. Education is needed to break the cycle of violence intergenerationally and in romantic relationships by changing harmful norms around men's sexual privilege and the normalization of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Anderson
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, 48, 251/8 Nguyen Khang str, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Mapping Women’s and Men’s Pathways into Thailand’s Prisons for Homicide and Sex Offences: Utilising a Feminist Pathways Approach. LAWS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/laws11020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In feminist criminology, there is a growing body of research exploring pathways to prison, but few studies have specifically sought to map women’s journeys into the criminal justice system for crimes of physical violence and sex offending. Gender comparative research is sparse, and, to date, we know little about women and men imprisoned in Thailand for these types of crimes. Subsequently, in this paper, we report findings from a gender comparative feminist pathways study conducted in Thailand, with a specific focus on violence and sex offending; namely, homicide, sexual assault, human trafficking, and sex work-related offences. We utilise a qualitative analysis of life-history interviews to centre and value these women’s and men’s voices, establish their backstories, and thematically map their imprisonment trajectories. Three pathways to prison emerged: (1) lifestyles of contravention, (2) harmed and harming, and (3) destructive masculinity. Utilising the participants’ descriptions, we highlight similarities and variance by gender within and between these pathways.
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Lewis P, Bergenfeld I, Thu Trang Q, Minh TH, Sales JM, Yount KM. Gender norms and sexual consent in dating relationships: a qualitative study of university students in Vietnam. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2022; 24:358-373. [PMID: 33512308 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1846078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Social norms surrounding sex and relationships remain gendered among young people in Vietnam, with men maintaining a privileged role in heterosexual relationships. This analysis explored how university students in Vietnam perceived prevailing gender norms, and how these norms influenced men's understanding of sexual consent in dating relationships. This analysis drew primarily on in-depth interviews with heterosexual men and secondarily from interviews with women attending two universities in Hanoi in 2018. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed a broader narrative about how prevailing gender norms shape men's dating behaviour and beliefs about consent. Participants expected young men to be independent and decisive. Men were seen as free to initiate dating and sexual encounters. Some participants expected young women to be accommodating in dating relationships, although acceptable relationships for women were restricted, and premarital sex was a reputational risk. Most participants described cues for consent and non-consent for sex; however, dismissal of women's refusals, and normalised sexual coercion were common. Among university men in Hanoi, gender norms privileging men and growing expectations of premarital sex may be normalising sexual coercion in dating relationships. University educational programmes are needed to promote equitable gender norms, affirmative sexual consent and expanded definitions of sexual coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lewis
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population (CCIHP), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population (CCIHP), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jessica M Sales
- Department of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bergenfeld I, Lanzas G, Trang QT, Sales J, Yount KM. Rape Myths Among University Men and Women in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP1401-NP1431. [PMID: 32529939 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520928644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence is a persistent, underreported threat to the well-being of women and girls worldwide. In Vietnam, as elsewhere, myths and misconceptions around rape and other forms of sexual violence present a major barrier to reporting and prevention. Based on qualitative research from a parent study aimed at reducing sexual violence perpetration at universities in Vietnam, we sought to characterize commonly held myths among university students that may contribute to the perpetration and justification of such behaviors. Our analysis drew on focus group discussions with men (n = 69) and semi-structured interviews with men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) recruited from two universities in Hanoi. Conducted in April and May of 2018, interviews covered topics including gender norms, dating relationships, consent, and sexual violence, whereas focus groups conducted in October 2018 were designed to assess reactions to an existing sexual violence prevention program. Thematic analysis of interview and focus group transcripts revealed that myths and misconceptions about sexual violence persist among university-aged men and women. Chief among these were that rape results mainly from men's uncontrollable desire, that victims provoke rape by their "reckless" behavior, such as drinking or dressing provocatively, that "real" rape is characterized by physical force from the perpetrator and "fierce resistance" on the part of the victim, and that rape occurs only under a narrow set of circumstances. Although men and women endorsed most myths equally, justification of rape through victim blaming featured much less in women's narratives than in men's. Myths concerning false rape allegations, observed in Western populations, were not considered relevant to Vietnamese students. Findings informed the development of a contextualized rape myths acceptance scale for testing and use in Vietnam. A nuanced understanding of salient rape myths among male and female students may also inform university-based efforts to prevent sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Bernados SC, Ocampo LA. Survivors' Social Construction of Intimate Partner Violence in Cebu City, Philippines. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9796-NP9818. [PMID: 31291791 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519862267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide social issue perpetrated by intimate male partners against their wives. Studies on IPV have generated accurate comparative information since the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women to guide strategy and track progress in attempts to comprehend the IPV issues. In many attempts to understand violence against women, the social construction of IPV was not well documented in the literature. This article aims to explore IPV survivors' social construction of IPV by analyzing the experiential narratives of IPV survivors. To address the objective, this article used the phenomenological approach by examining the lived experiences of 15 IPV survivors. Our study finds that IPV made IPV survivors empowered, and with this social construction, survivors were able to overcome violence perpetrated by their intimate partners. The findings further proved that giving preferential attention to the needs of IPV victims could lead to victim empowerment, a factor needed in the elimination of violence against women and children in all forms. It is suggested for any intervention activities to (a) ultimately address the empowerment of individuals and (b) respond to the needs of individuals because what may work for one victim may not work for another.
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Newmann SJ, Zakaras JM, Dworkin SL, Withers M, Ndunyu L, Gitome S, Gorrindo P, Bukusi EA, Rocca CH. Measuring Men's Gender Norm Beliefs Related to Contraception: Development of the Masculine Norms and Family Planning Acceptance Scale. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2691-2702. [PMID: 33821378 PMCID: PMC8416878 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01941-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Male partner resistance is identified as a key factor that influences women's contraceptive use. Examination of the masculine norms that shape men's resistance to contraception-and how to intervene on these norms-is needed. To assess a gender-transformative intervention in Kenya, we developed and evaluated a masculinity-informed instrument to measure men's contraceptive acceptance-the Masculine Norms and Family Planning Acceptance (MNFPA) scale. We developed draft scale items based on qualitative research and administered them to partnered Kenyan men (n = 150). Item response theory-based methods were used to reduce and psychometrically evaluate final scale items. The MNFPA scale had a Cronbach's α of 0.68 and loaded onto a single factor. MNFPA scores were associated with self-efficacy and intention to accept a female partner's use of contraception; scores were not associated with current contraceptive use. The MNFPA scale is the first rigorously developed and psychometrically evaluated tool to assess men's contraceptive acceptance as a function of male gender norms. Future work is needed to test the MNFPA measure in larger samples and across different contexts. The scale can be used to evaluate interventions that seek to shift gender norms to increase men's positive engagement in pregnancy spacing and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Newmann
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Unit 6D-14, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
| | - Jennifer Monroe Zakaras
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shari L Dworkin
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Mellissa Withers
- University of Southern California Institute On Inequalities in Global Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louisa Ndunyu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Serah Gitome
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip Gorrindo
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Corinne H Rocca
- Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Grose RG, Chen JS, Roof KA, Rachel S, Yount KM. Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence Against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:1-20. [PMID: 31902238 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1707466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) against women and girls is pervasive and has negative consequences for sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In this systematic review of reviews, we aimed to synthesize research about the SRH outcomes of GBV for adolescent girls and young women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). GBV exposures were child abuse, female genital mutilation/cutting, child marriage, intimate partner violence (IPV), and non-partner sexual violence. PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus searches were supplemented with expert consultations, reference-list searches, and targeted organizational website searches. Reviews had to contain samples of girls and young women ages 10-24, although inclusion criteria were expanded post-hoc to capture adolescent-adult combined samples. Twenty-seven reviews were quality-rated. Study-level data were extracted from the 10 highest quality reviews (62 unique studies, 100 samples). Reviews were mostly from Africa and Asia and published between 2011 and 2015. We found consistent associations between GBV and number of sexual partners, gynecological conditions (e.g., sexually transmitted infections [STIs]), unwanted/unplanned pregnancy, and abortion. Some types of IPV also were associated with greater use of contraception/STI prevention. Addressing GBV is essential to improve SRH for girls and women in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Grace Grose
- Department of Community Health Education, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Northern Colorado
| | - Julia S Chen
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Katherine A Roof
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Sharon Rachel
- Kennedy-Satcher Center for Mental Health Equity, Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Asa Griggs Candler Chair of Global Health | Professor of Global Health and Sociology, Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University
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Maguele MS, Tlou B, Taylor M, Khuzwayo N. Risk factors associated with high prevalence of intimate partner violence amongst school-going young women (aged 15-24years) in Maputo, Mozambique. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243304. [PMID: 33296426 PMCID: PMC7725391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many countries, there is evidence that intimate partner violence is prevalent among young women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with intimate partner violence in young women (aged 15–24 years) attending secondary schools in Maputo, Mozambique. Method Using a probability proportional sampling strategy, 431 participants were recruited, and the data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between IPV and sociodemographic and sociocultural factors. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Results Of the 413 participants, 248 (60%) (95% CI: 55.15–64.61) had experienced at least one form of IPV in their lifetime. Then, of the 293 participants who had a partner in the previous 12 months prior to the data collection, 186 (63.4%) (95% CI: 57.68–69.00) reported IPV in the 12 months prior to data collection. The psychological violence was the predominant type of violence, lifetime prevalence 230 (55.7%), and over the previous 12 months 164 (55.9%). The risk of IPV was associated with young women lacking religious commitment (AOR, 1.596, 95% CI: 1.009–2.525, p = 0.046) and if the head of the young women’s household was unemployed (AOR, 1.642 95% CI: 1.044–2.584, p = 0.032). In the bivariate analysis the odds of being abused remained lower among the younger teenage women (OR, 0.458 95% CI: 0.237–0.888, p = 0.021), and higher, among young women if the partner was employed (OR, 2.247 95% CI: 1.187–4.256, p = 0.013) and among the young women believing that males are superior to females (OR, 2.298 95% CI:1.014–5.210. p = 0.046). Conclusion These findings reveal a high prevalence of IPV among young women. Comprehensive programs should incorporate socioeconomic empowerment strategies to increase women’s autonomy. There is a need to address religious beliefs through cultural perspectives, to improve social interactions that promote violence free relationships, gender egalitarian norms, and physical and emotional wellbeing for young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suzana Maguele
- Instituto Superior de Ciências de Saúde, ISCISA, Maputo, Mozambique.,School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Boikhutso Tlou
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nelisiwe Khuzwayo
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Maguele MS, Taylor M, Khuzwayo N. Evidence of sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040641. [PMID: 33293315 PMCID: PMC7722834 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study carried out a scoping review of research on intimate partner violence to determine the extent to which studies on sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women (15-24 years) have been conducted, and how different geographical areas are represented. It also considered whether the methodologies used were sufficient to describe the risk factors, prevalence and health outcomes associated with intimate partner violence among young women. STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS Online databases were used to identify studies published between 2008 and 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines by Arksey and O'Malley were used to select studies, and primary studies were assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool, V.2011. Thematic content analysis was used to summarise the findings of the scoping review. RESULTS The majority of publications eight (61.5%) reported cross-sectional studies, while four (31.5%) were qualitative studies. One of the studies (7%) collected measured data. Overall, 13 (100%) of the publications examined factors influencing intimate partner violence.Using a customised quality assessment instrument, 12 (92.3%) of studies achieved a 'high'-quality ranking with a score of 100%, and 7.7% of studies achieved an 'average' quality ranking with a score of 75%. CONCLUSIONS While the quality of the studies is generally high, researches on sociocultural factors influencing intimate partner violence among young women would benefit from a careful selection of methods and reference standards, including direct measures of the violence affecting young women. Prospective cohort studies are required linking early exposure with individual, sociocultural and community factors, and detailing the abuse experienced from childhood, adolescence and youth. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018116463. SCOPING PROTOCOL PUBLICATION: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1234-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suzana Maguele
- Instituto Superior de Ciencias de Saude, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nelisiwe Khuzwayo
- Discipline of Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Yount KM, Minh TH, Trang QT, Cheong YF, Bergenfeld I, Sales JM. Preventing sexual violence in college men: a randomized-controlled trial of GlobalConsent. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1331. [PMID: 32873262 PMCID: PMC7466489 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual violence—any sexual act committed against a person without freely given consent—disproportionately affects women. Women’s first experiences of sexual violence often occur in adolescence. In Asia and the Pacific, 14% of sexually experienced adolescent girls report forced sexual debut. Early prevention with men that integrates a bystander framework is one way to address attitudes and behavior while reducing potential resistance to participation. Methods This paper describes a study protocol to adapt RealConsent for use in Vietnam and to test the impact of the adapted program—GlobalConsent—on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, and in turn, on sexual violence perpetration and prosocial bystander behavior. RealConsent is a six-session, web-based educational entertainment program designed to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to enhance prosocial bystander behavior in young men. The program has reduced the incidence of sexual violence among men attending an urban, public university in the Southeastern United States. We used formative qualitative research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Map of the Adaptation Process to adapt RealConsent. We conducted semi-structured interviews with college men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) to understand the social context of sexual violence. We conducted focus group discussions with university men and stakeholders (n = 14) to elicit feedback on the original program. From these data, we created scripts in storyboard format of the adapted program. We worked closely with a small group of university men to elicit feedback on the storyboards and to refine them for acceptability and production. We are testing the final program—GlobalConsent—in a randomized controlled trial in heterosexual or bisexual freshmen men 18–24 years attending two universities in Hanoi. We are testing the impact of GlobalConsent (n = 400 planned), relative to a health-education attention control condition we developed (n = 400 planned), on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, prosocial bystander behavior, and sexual violence perpetration. Discussion This project is the first to test the impact of an adapted, theoretically grounded, web-based educational entertainment program to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to promote prosocial bystander behavior among young men in a middle-income country. If effective, GlobalConsent will have exceptional potential to prevent men’s sexual violence against women globally. Trial registration U.S. National Library of Medicine Clinicaltrials.govNCT04147455 on November 1, 2019 (Version 1). Retrospectively registered. Protocol amendments will be submitted to clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, 48, 251/8 Nguyen Khang str, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, 48, 251/8 Nguyen Khang str, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jessica M Sales
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Dako-Gyeke P, Addo-Lartey AA, Ogum Alangea D, Sikweyiya Y, Chirwa ED, Coker-Appiah D, Jewkes R, Adanu RMK. 'Small small quarrels bring about happiness or love in the relationships': Exploring community perceptions and gendered norms contributing to male perpetrated intimate partner violence in the Central Region of Ghana. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225296. [PMID: 31751400 PMCID: PMC6872138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explore gender norms held by men and women that might contribute to male perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ghana. This qualitative research was conducted at the pre-intervention stage of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Our intervention uses community-based action teams to change social norms on gender and violence. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted within communities. We found that male perpetrated IPV is a common phenomenon within the study communities, yet it is complex and experienced differently depending on the context. A woman's non-compliance with gender norms provided context for the male partner to enforce societal conformity through IPV. Also, male partners' misbehavior (e.g. alcohol abuse) may exacerbate IPV. Whereas the former is socially acceptable, the latter may be contested. Victims may challenge/counteract IPV using varying tactics (e.g. threats), which were mainly directed toward male partners' immoral behavior. We conclude that there is a need to assess IPV with key considerations for female agency, as some victims may respond with violence. Moreover, some communities have the tendency to demonstrate more gender-equitable attitudes regarding male perpetration of IPV, as indicated by laws instituted by some traditional leaders to deter perpetrators. These are key learnings that can inform the design and delivery of various interventions that seek to address IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Deda Ogum Alangea
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Esnat Dorothy Chirwa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard Mawuena Kofi Adanu
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Nhị TT, Hạnh NTT, Gammeltoft TM. Emotional violence and maternal mental health: a qualitative study among women in northern Vietnam. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2018; 18:58. [PMID: 29699557 PMCID: PMC5921269 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Worldwide, intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a pressing and prevalent public health problem. Existing research has found close associations between IPV and perinatal mental health, yet little is known about women’s own perceptions of these associations. This study aimed to explore Vietnamese women’s experiences of emotional partner violence and their perceptions of the implications of such violence for their mental health. Methods The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 women living in Hanoi, Vietnam who had reported exposure to emotional partner violence and attained high depression scores in a prospective cohort study. Ten women were pregnant and ten had recently given birth. The data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results The women described emotional partner violence as a major life stressor. Their accounts pointed to three particularly significant dimensions of emotional violence: being ignored by the husband; being denied support; and being exposed to controlling behaviours. These experiences affected the women’s sense of wellbeing profoundly, causing sadness and distress. The women’s accounts indicated that experiences of emotional violence were significantly shaped by dominant kinship arrangements: practices of patrilocal residence and principles of patrilineal descent tended to aggravate women’s vulnerabilities to partner violence. Conclusions This qualitative study from Vietnam documents close associations between emotional partner violence and perinatal distress, while also pointing to kinship arrangements as particularly significant structural contexts shaping women’s experiences of partner violence. The study findings suggest that effective policies and programs to decrease women’s vulnerability to intimate partner violence must take into account the kinship arrangements that prevail in a given society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trần Thơ Nhị
- Department of Population, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, No.1 Ton That Tung, Khuong Thuong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyễn Thị Thúy Hạnh
- Department of Population, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, No.1 Ton That Tung, Khuong Thuong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tine M Gammeltoft
- Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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