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Bomfim KDXD, Leite UDR, Goes PSAD. A systematic review of the measurement properties of self-report screening tools to detect risk or exposure to child sexual abuse for children under 12. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21027. [PMID: 38027830 PMCID: PMC10663738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a substantial public health issue that is challenging to measure epidemiologically due to the "pact of silence" among those involved. Validated tools could contribute to early recognition or risk detection for CSA. We aimed to systematically assess self-report tools' measurement properties and methodological quality that detect risk or exposure to CSA for children under twelve. The search strategy, selection criteria, data extraction, data analysis, and synthesis followed the COSMIN methodology for systematic reviews (2018). PROSPERO 2021 registration CRD42021278465. MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and ERIC were searched until August 2021, with an updated search on September 23, 2021, and unlimited by language. The inclusion criteria were: to assess risk or exposure to CSA under twelve years old by objective items and self-report tools; sexual violence risk or exposure in the domestic context; the application context should include health facilities (such as hospital emergency rooms, outpatient clinics, pediatric wards, psychology centers, social services), education (such as schools) and community; no language or date restriction. The exclusion criteria were: non-self-report tools studies, comprehensive articles, comments, editorials, expert opinions, and studies of projective techniques. The COSMIN risk of bias checklist was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Feasibility aspects were assessed. This study had no funding source; 29 studies describing eight tools met eligibility criteria. No single instrument reported all nine measurement properties outlined by the COSMIN methodology. The strength of the evidence was moderate to high for six out of eight instruments. ICAST-C and JVQ were the tools that obtained the highest number of rated measurement properties and strength of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umbelina do Rego Leite
- Psychology Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sávio Angeiras de Goes
- Post-graduate Program on Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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2
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Rokach A, Clayton S. The Consequences of Child Abuse. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111650. [PMID: 37297790 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the consequences of early adverse experiences across various domains of life. Drawing on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) conceptual framework, we discuss the ACE pyramid and the varying degrees of consequences that ACE exposure may elicit. Using online search engines such as Google Scholar, the authors sifted through empirical research to locate relevant articles and research to help prepare this review. This article sheds light on the implications of ACEs for health, socio-emotional and psychosocial well-being, relationships, personality, and cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Rokach
- Psychology Department., Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Shauna Clayton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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3
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Goodman ML, Temple JR, Elliott AJ, Seidel SE, Gitari S, Raimer-Goodman LA. Child maltreatment, social capital, maternal mental health and duration of program involvement: Assessment from a community-based empowerment program in Kenya. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023; 38:407-417. [PMID: 37197413 PMCID: PMC10187605 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multisystem, multi-level interventions are required to enable resilient, nurturing environments for children facing adversity. This study assesses parenting behavior associated with participation in a community-based, adapted microfinance program, and mediated by program-affiliated social capital, maternal depression and self-esteem among Kenyan women. Participants in the intervention, Kuja Pamoja kwa Jamii (KPJ, Swahili for "Come Together to Belong"), gather weekly to engage in trainings and group-based microfinance. Groups selected for the study had participated in the program for 0-15 months at the time of the first interview. Women (n = 400) completed surveys in June 2018 and June 2019. Measures included duration of program exposure, group-affiliated social capital (i.e. trust, belonging, cohesion, and expectation of mutual benefit), depression, self-esteem, and conflict tactics. We used regression analyses and generalized structural equation models to explore associations between program exposure, social capital, psychosocial variables and child maltreatment. Each standard deviation increase in duration of program exposure decreased odds of child physical abuse by 40% and child neglect by 35%. Each standard deviation in the social capital index predicted a significant reduction in odds of child physical abuse (aOR: 0.67), and child neglect (aOR: 0.71). Self-esteem and depression fully mediated observed associations between social capital and child maltreatment. Findings recommend further investigation of the potential for adapted microfinance programs to deliver parenting interventions, improve mental health and foster resilience-enabling social capital. A randomized control trial is required to validate the potential of the assessed intervention to improve parenting behaviors and supportive social conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Goodman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sodzo International, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Aleisha J. Elliott
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sodzo International, Houston, TX, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhan N, Long M, Xie D, Geng F. Associations of childhood neglect, difficulties in emotion regulation, and psychological distresses to COVID-19 pandemic: An intergenerational analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105674. [PMID: 35609405 PMCID: PMC9110570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although individuals' psychological responses to trauma are varied, significant associations between parental and offspring's reactions have been documented among trauma-exposed families. Common susceptible factors originated from intergenerational transmission may be underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the intergenerational transmission of depression and anxiety during early outbreak of COVID-19 and further examined whether the transmission of child neglect and difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) was associated with the transmission of psychological distresses. METHODS Self-reported questionnaires of depression, anxiety, COVID-19 related worries, difficulties in ER, physical and emotional neglect suffered in childhood were completed by 2011 Chinese parent - offspring dyads. Path analysis was used to examine hypothesized relationships. RESULTS The proportions of physical neglect and emotional neglect were 31.2% and 16.9% respectively among parents, while 28.6% and 20.8% respectively among offspring. There were remarkably similar in response patterns between parents and offspring. Parents' COVID-19 related worries, depression and anxiety levels were significantly associated with offspring's COVID-19 related worries, depression and anxiety. Difficulties in ER not only impacted psychological distresses directly, but also mediated the relationships between childhood neglect and psychological distresses among both parents and offspring. Difficulties in ER and childhood neglect, as important risk factors, were modestly transmitted from parent to offspring. CONCLUSIONS Family members shared a certain degree of similarity in psychological reactions to trauma. Transmitted susceptible factors from parents to offspring may contribute to this similarity. Family therapy may be suitable for family members exposed to the same traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Zhang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nalan Zhan
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengyuan Long
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongjie Xie
- Hangzhou College of Preschool Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fulei Geng
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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Lo Iacono L, Trentini C, Carola V. Psychobiological Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Current Knowledge and Clinical Implications. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:771511. [PMID: 34924938 PMCID: PMC8678607 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has documented the long-term harms of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on an individual’s emotional-adaptive function and mental health. Recent studies have also provided evidence of the biological impact of CSA, implicating specific alterations in many systems, including the endocrine and immune systems, and in DNA and chromatin, in the pathogenesis of medical disorders. Although the effects of CSA are often examined with regard to the general impact of early-life traumatic experiences, the study of CSA per sè, as a trigger of specific pathogenic pathways, would be more appropriate to understand their long-term implications and develop tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Based on these premises, this narrative minireview summarizes the research on the short-term and long-term sequelae of CSA, focusing on dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the effects on the immune system, and the changes to DNA through altered methylation. Also, we discuss the literature that examines dysfunctional DNA telomere erosion and oxidative stress markers as a sign of CSA. Finally, recent evidence of the intergenerational transmission of the effects of CSA is reported. The impact of CSA on brain connectivity and functions is out of the scope of this review, thus brain imaging studies are not included. The results of this minireview are discussed, considering their implications for prevention and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lo Iacono
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Trentini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Carola
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Mannarini S, Taccini F, Rossi AA. Women and Violence: Alexithymia, Relational Competence and Styles, and Satisfaction with Life: A Comparative Profile Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:147. [PMID: 34821608 PMCID: PMC8615153 DOI: 10.3390/bs11110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This research investigates the two sides of violence by profiling female interpersonal violence offenders (IVO) and female interpersonal violence victims (IVV). These groups of women have been compared on three key variables within the context of violence: satisfaction with life (SWL), alexithymia, and relational styles-defined according to the Relational Competence Theory (RCT). Regarding the latter, the experience of functional or dysfunctional relational styles in childhood and adult relationships has been evaluated and compared with both groups of women. Methods: This study involved 131 women: IVO (n = 41; enrolled in a penitentiary), IVV (n = 41; enrolled in an anti-violence center), and a control group (CG; n = 49; enrolled from the general population). Profile analysis was performed. Results: Female IVO showed low SWL, high levels of alexithymia, and a pattern of mixed relational styles with both parents and the current partner. Female IVV revealed low SWL, low levels of alexithymia and dysfunctional relational styles with both parents and current partner. Women from the CG showed high SWL, absence of alexithymia and functional relational styles with both parents and current partner. Conclusions: The profiles outlined in this study are extremely informative regarding alexithymia, relational styles, and SWL in both female IVV and IVO. Clinical interventions for both groups of women should be developed relying on these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mannarini
- Section of Applied Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (F.T.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Taccini
- Section of Applied Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (F.T.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Section of Applied Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (F.T.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Goodman M, Wangamati SA, Maranga FKN, Gitari S, Seidel S, Keiser P. Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Kenyan Males: Mediation by Self-Esteem and Impulsivity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9035-9059. [PMID: 31339427 PMCID: PMC9374165 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519862278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates associations between childhood social environments and current intimate partner conflict tactics in early adulthood. The subsample for this study (n = 251 men) were participants in a larger community-based study of men's mental and behavioral health in semirural Kenya. A survey questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, including validated recall measures from childhood, collective self-esteem and impulsivity, and the conflict tactics scale short form. Analyses utilized regression and mediation methods. The recall measures evaluated the degree of relational warmth and safety recalled from early childhood and forms of abuse, neglect and dysfunction present in the childhood home. Collective self-esteem assessed the perceived value of one's social groups and one's value as a member of these groups. Impulsivity measured the propensity to act without thinking. The conflict tactics scale evaluates the presence and frequency of specific behaviors following intimate partner conflict, which lead to two factors-negotiation-based tactics and violence tactics. More early memories of relational warmth, responsiveness, and safety during childhood predict fewer violent intimate conflict tactics. More adverse childhood experiences predict more violent conflict tactics and fewer negotiation-based conflict tactics. Self-esteem and impulsivity mediated associations between recalled childhood experiences and conflict tactics. Further research is required to explore other predisposing factors, psychological processes, and cultural and social norms surrounding the use of violent and nonviolent intimate partner conflict resolution by young men in Sub-Saharan Africa. Violence prevention strategies and policies should explicitly link intimate partner violence prevention with prevention of violence against boys. Interventions should recognize men who perpetrate intimate partner violence are more likely victims of violent childhoods than men who do not perpetrate intimate partner violence. Promoting collective self-esteem and reducing impulsivity among young men may reduce violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goodman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sodzo International, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Keiser
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Psychological and Gender Differences in a Simulated Cheating Coercion Situation at School. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10070265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze gender, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility differences of high school students’ behaviors in a simulated situation of peer coercion into academic cheating. Method: A total of 1147 volunteer adolescents participated, (Men: N = 479; Mage = 16.3; Women: N = 668; Mage = 16.2). The participants saw 15 s animated online video presenting peer coercion into an academic cheating situation, including a questionnaire about their reactions to face the situation. They also answered the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for children and adolescents and the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth (AFQ-Y). Gender was associated with the behaviors facing the situation. Higher state anxiety and inflexibility were present in those participants that avoided aggressive behaviors facing the situation; on the other hand, trait anxiety was present in those who reacted aggressively. Finally, higher anxiety and inflexibility were associated with the used moral disengagement mechanisms, but also with peers’ perception as sanctioning or being against the participants’ decision. The most aggressive students were more flexible and less stressed than those who tried to solve assertively. Expectations about peers seem to be relevant to the decision-making facing moral dilemmas and peer victimization.
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9
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Ali PA, O'Cathain A, Croot E. Influences of Extended Family on Intimate Partner Violence: Perceptions of Pakistanis in Pakistan and the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:3965-3993. [PMID: 30019609 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518785378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited research has been undertaken on the role of extended family members in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This study uniquely explores the perspective of Pakistani men and women about the role of a husband and wife's families in relation to marital conflict and IPV. For this qualitative study, data were collected through 41 individual interviews, including 20 from Pakistan and 21 from the United Kingdom. The findings are presented in four themes, including "privacy and personal space," "interference and instigation of problems," "conflicting and uncommunicated expectations," and "adjustment facilitation." A lack of privacy and personal space within a family home shared with extended family on the husband's side, interference in terms of mothers-in-law and sisters-in-law making complaints about the wife, and the couple's differing expectations of the husband's responsibility for his extended family could cause tension and conflict that could lead to IPV. The husband's family could also have a positive effect by minimizing conflict through offering the couple personal time and helping the wife to adjust to her new family. The wife's family was perceived as having a much more passive role in terms of not interfering, but instead allowing her to adjust to her new extended family. In conclusion, the husband's extended family can have a considerable impact on conflict within couples. Public health prevention initiatives for IPV in Pakistani people should address the role of the husband's extended family. The findings of the study are not only important for the population studied, which is part of an international diaspora, but also for other communities worldwide that value close family structure due to cultural and religious preferences.
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10
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Martínez-González MB, Turizo-Palencia Y, Arenas-Rivera C, Acuña-Rodríguez M, Gómez-López Y, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Gender, Anxiety, and Legitimation of Violence in Adolescents Facing Simulated Physical Aggression at School. Brain Sci 2021; 11:458. [PMID: 33916876 PMCID: PMC8066134 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnaire to analyze the legitimation of violent behaviors and anxiety levels. We registered their decisions to solve the situation using a categorical scale that included assertive, avoidant, aggressive, submissive, and supportive behaviors. Gender was not associated with the adolescent's behaviors in facing a simulated peer aggression situation. However, male teenagers tended to perceive adults as sanctioners and neutrals; those who used the diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization to justify their behavior also showed a higher state of anxiety. Female teenagers who expected legitimation from their peers, presented higher anxiety as well. Educational interventions may use these results, helping adolescents to understand that their acts have substantial implications in the lives of others. It is essential to develop group interventions that modify how adolescents manage their conflicts and change gender stereotypes that significantly impact health. We highlight the need for linking families in educational programs facing the challenges of transforming the legitimization of violence in parental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina B. Martínez-González
- Department of Social Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (Y.T.-P.); (C.A.-R.); (M.A.-R.); (Y.G.-L.)
| | - Yamile Turizo-Palencia
- Department of Social Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (Y.T.-P.); (C.A.-R.); (M.A.-R.); (Y.G.-L.)
| | - Claudia Arenas-Rivera
- Department of Social Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (Y.T.-P.); (C.A.-R.); (M.A.-R.); (Y.G.-L.)
| | - Mónica Acuña-Rodríguez
- Department of Social Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (Y.T.-P.); (C.A.-R.); (M.A.-R.); (Y.G.-L.)
| | - Yeferson Gómez-López
- Department of Social Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (Y.T.-P.); (C.A.-R.); (M.A.-R.); (Y.G.-L.)
| | - Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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11
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Öztürk A, Çelik S, Karahan E. The male nursing students' childhood traumas and attitudes toward violence: A cross-sectional study in Turkey. ARCHIVES OF MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/amh.amh_16_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Rieder AD, Roth SL, Musyimi C, Ndetei D, Sassi RB, Mutiso V, Hall GB, Gonzalez A. Impact of maternal adverse childhood experiences on child socioemotional function in rural Kenya: Mediating role of maternal mental health. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12833. [PMID: 30943319 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mothers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer heightened vulnerability for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which is exacerbated by the multitude of risk factors associated with poverty and may lead to increased risk of psychiatric disorder. The constellation of complex, co-occurring biological, environmental, social, economic and psychological risk factors are in turn transmitted to her child, conferring vulnerability for adverse development. This study examines the association between maternal intra- and extra-familial ACEs, maternal education and the mental health of her child, mediated by maternal mental health. Mother-child dyads (n = 121) in Machakos, Kenya were examined cross-sectionally using self-report measures of ACEs, maternal mental health and child internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. The four models proposed to examine the relationship between intra- and extra-familial maternal ACEs and child internalizing and externalizing problems demonstrated indirect pathways through maternal mental health. These effects were found to be conditional on levels of maternal education, which served as a protective factor at lower levels of maternal ACEs. These models demonstrate how the impact of ACEs persists across the lifespan resulting in a negative impact on maternal mental health and conferring further risk to subsequent generations. Elucidating the association between ACEs and subsequent intergenerational sequelae, especially in LMIC where risk is heightened, may improve targeted caregiver mental health programs for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rieder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sophia L Roth
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - David Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roberto B Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Mutiso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey B Hall
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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