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Zemlak JL, Marineau L, Willie TC, Addison H, Edwards G, Kershaw T, Alexander KA. Contraceptive Use Among Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence and Reproductive Coercion: The Moderating Role of PTSD and Depression. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2075-2095. [PMID: 36762382 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231153372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Women experiencing reproductive coercion (RC) report more unintended pregnancies and mental health symptoms that can influence contraceptive use patterns. We examined associations between RC and contraceptive use among intimate partner violence (IPV) exposed women aged 18-35 (N = 283). We tested depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and co-morbid depression and PTSD as effect modifiers. Though no association was found between RC and contraception, PTSD significantly modified this relationship. Among Black women (n = 112), those reporting RC and either PTSD or comorbid PTSD and depression were less likely to use partner-independent contraception compared to those reporting RC without mental health symptoms. PTSD could be a barrier to contraceptive choice among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Zemlak
- Marquette University College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lea Marineau
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helena Addison
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Trace Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kamila A Alexander
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Komazec S, Farmer C. Reproductive Coercion and Abuse: The Potential Protective Scope of Existing Family Violence Legislation in Australia. VIOLENCE AND GENDER 2024; 11:14-21. [PMID: 38516063 PMCID: PMC10951439 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion and abuse (RCA) removes or reduces reproductive autonomy and decision-making. RCA-focused research is mostly situated within a health care perspective, with much less focus on sociolegal or criminological considerations. This article reports a summary of findings from an examination of existing Australian family violence legislation to discern whether these provisions could facilitate improved responses to RCA. The study analyzed whether and how RCA is reflected within legislative definitions of family violence across Australia, to determine their potential protective scope. The state of South Australia is the only jurisdiction to provide explicit reference to behaviors regarded as RCA, but many definitions within the family violence legislation in other jurisdictions implicitly cover RCA. While such implicit coverage may hinder the recognition of RCA as a form of family violence, it may also provide sufficient flexibility to enable RCA to be addressed through the legal application of current family violence policy and legislation-with consequential potential benefits for the identification and support of victim-survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Komazec
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Clare Farmer
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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3
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Miller E, Grace KT, Silverman JG, Decker MR, Alexander KA. Preventing reproductive coercion in adolescence. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:91-93. [PMID: 37980919 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Karen T Grace
- School of Nursing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lohmann S, Cowlishaw S, Ney L, O’Donnell M, Felmingham K. The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:630-647. [PMID: 37052388 PMCID: PMC10666508 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231162972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Coercive control is an under researched type of intimate partner violence (IPV). The aims of this review were to (a) synthesize all available evidence regarding associations with coercive control and mental health outcomes including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD, and depression; and (b) compare these with associations involving broader categories of psychological IPV. Primary studies which measured associations of coercive control with PTSD, complex PTSD, depression, or other mental health symptoms, were identified via a systematic search of electronic databases (PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus). Eligible studies involved observational designs and reported associations between coercive control and mental health outcomes, among participants who were at least 18 years old. Studies were published in peer-reviewed journals and English language. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to synthesize correlational data from eligible studies. The search identified 68 studies while data from 45 studies could be included in the meta-analyses. These indicated moderate associations involving coercive control and PTSD (r = .32; 95% confidence interval [.28, .37]) and depression (r = .27; [.22, .31]). These associations were comparable to those involving psychological IPV and PTSD (r = .34; [.25, .42]) and depression (r = .33; [.26, .40]). Only one study reported on the relationship between coercive control and complex PTSD and meta-analyses could not be performed. This review indicated that coercive control exposure is moderately associated with both PTSD and depression. This highlights that mental health care is needed for those exposed to coercive control, including trauma-informed psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lohmann
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sceinces, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke Ney
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology & Counselling, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meaghan O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Felmingham
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sceinces, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Muñoz EA, Shorey RC, Temple JR. Reproductive Coercion Victimization and Associated Mental Health Outcomes Among Female-Identifying Young Adults. J Trauma Dissociation 2023; 24:538-554. [PMID: 37198921 PMCID: PMC10373799 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2212407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion is a serious public health problem. Victimization has been associated with poor mental health outcomes, including symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in clinical and college samples. We build on these findings by examining the association between reproductive coercion victimization and mental and behavioral health outcomes, including depression, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and drinking behaviors in a diverse community-derived sample of female-identifying young adults (mean age = 20; SD=.72). Participants (n = 368) were originally recruited as part of a study on dating violence in seven Texas public high schools. Participants completed an online study that included demographic questions and measures that assessed the variables of interest. Results of regression analyses showed that reproductive coercion victimization predicted depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms, after controlling for race, sexual orientation, and age. The findings also revealed that victims of reproductive coercion were more likely consume more drinks per drinking occasion compared to their non-victimized counterparts. These results add to the growing literature that experiencing reproductive coercion is a risk marker for poor mental and behavioral health. To develop targeted prevention and intervention programs, future research should examine potential mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Muñoz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ryan C Shorey
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, UTMB Health, Galveston, TX, USA
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Lévesque S, Rousseau C, Raynault-Rioux L, Laforest J. Canadian service providers' perspectives on reproductive coercion and abuse: a participatory action research to address their needs and support their actions. Reprod Health 2023; 20:100. [PMID: 37391776 PMCID: PMC10311789 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive coercion and abuse (RCA) is a form of violence that affects sexual and reproductive health. Women and individuals who experienced RCA in an intimate relationship frequently consult service providers (SPs), such as health professionals or violence counselors. The objective of this article, which is the result of a participative action research project targeting RCA perpetrated by in an intimate partner, is twofold: (1) to better understand the practices as well as the barriers and facilitators encountered by SPs and (2) to develop information and awareness tools with them that meet their needs. To this end, we first held focus groups with 31 SPs. The use of thematic analysis revealed intervention strategies that focus on caring and listening, identifying signs of RCA, and creating a safe environment for disclosure. Their practices also focused on harm-reduction strategies and effective referrals. Despite the importance they gave to this issue, lack of time, inappropriate settings, and inadequate training hindered them from intervening effectively with individuals who were victims of RCA. They also indicated the need for easy-to-follow practice guidelines and patient education tools. Based on these findings and the best practices identified in the grey and scientific literature, we developed a practice guide for SPs and a booklet on RCA. The development of these guide and booklets involved a lot of back and forth to meet the needs expressed by the community and health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lévesque
- Sexology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Catherine Rousseau
- Population Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Julie Laforest
- Population Health and Well-Being, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Canada
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Campbell DM, Lucea MB, Cimino AN, Campbell JC, Stockman JK. An examination of the association between forced sex history and reproductive coercion experiences among Black women attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD, USA. Reprod Health 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 37183247 PMCID: PMC10184376 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive coercion victimization (RCV) is a significant public health issue that negatively affects women's sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Less is known about reproductive coercion perpetration (RCP). Few studies have examined these phenomena among representative samples of Black women. METHODS Retrospective data of women (n = 298) attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD were analyzed. We calculated lifetime and 12-month prevalence reports of reproductive coercion, and reported values stratified by forced sex history. Binomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between forced sex history and RCV, accounting for other types of violence typologies. RESULTS Lifetime and past 12-month RCV and RCP prevalence were higher among women with forced sex experiences than their counterparts (Lifetime RCV: 46.9% versus 17.5%; past 12-month RCV: 19.4% versus 8.5%. Lifetime RCP: 24.5% versus 17%; past 12-month RCP: 13.3% versus 10.5%). Adjusted models, lifetime reproductive coercion: Women reporting forced sex had a 3.58 times higher odds of having had experienced RCV compared to women not reporting forced sex (AOR 3.58; 95% CI 2.00, 6.46). Women reporting forced sex had a 3.66 times higher odds of having ever experienced pregnancy coercion compared to their counterparts (AOR 3.66; 95% CI 1.93, 7.03) and 4.30 times higher odds of having ever experienced condom manipulation (AOR 4.30; 95% CI 2.15, 8.86). Adjusted models, past 12-month reproductive coercion: Women reporting forced sex had a 2.72 times higher odds of having had experienced past 12-month RCV compared to women not reporting forced sex (AOR 2.72; 95% CI 1.27, 5.91). Women reporting forced sex had a 3.25 times higher odds of having experienced past 12-month pregnancy coercion compared to their counterparts (AOR 3.25; 95% CI 1.38, 7.83) and 3.41 times higher odds of having experienced past 12-month condom manipulation (AOR 3.41; 95% CI 1.14, 10.98). CONCLUSIONS Participants in our study reported high rates of RCV. Our novel exploration revealed significantly high rates of co-occurring forced sex experiences and RCV and initial prevalence report of RCP. Agencies have a unique opportunity to intervene by implementing screening protocols and referrals for supportive services. These findings may inform future intervention research efforts aimed at improving reproductive health outcomes among Black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507 USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, CA Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jamila K. Stockman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507 USA
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Swan LET, Goffnett J, Pless J, Andrews T. Reproductive Coercion in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: Prevalence and Behavioral Health Impact. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6389-6406. [PMID: 36310500 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221130394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion (RC) is a type of intimate partner violence (IPV) characterized by partner interference with contraception or reproductive decision-making. Despite sexual minority people's vulnerability to other forms of IPV, limited research has examined reproductive coercion in this population. Research on behavioral health impacts of reproductive coercion is also lacking, especially for sexual minorities. This study addressed these gaps by examining the occurrence and behavioral health impact of reproductive coercion among emerging adults, including both heterosexual and sexual minority people. In 2020, survey data were collected with emerging adults (aged 18-24 years) at a university in the southeastern United States (N = 387). We conducted bivariate analyses to explore associates of reproductive coercion and logistic regression to identify risk factors. We then conducted linear regression to investigate relationships between reproductive coercion and behavioral health outcomes, in the full sample and in separate models based on sexual attraction. One in 15 sampled students (6.3%) had experienced reproductive coercion. Sexual attraction was a significant risk factor for reproductive coercion, with increased rates among plurisexual (i.e., attracted to people of multiple genders) compared to monosexual students, in both bivariate (χ2(2) = 7.57, p = .023) and regression analyses (B = 1.25, p = .012). Reproductive coercion was associated with worse behavioral health outcomes in bivariate and regression analyses (anxiety: B = 3.77, p = .001; depression: B = 3.26, p = .010; alcohol use: B = 2.32, p < .001). In separate linear regression models based on sexual attraction, RC was significantly associated with behavioral health indicators for participants who were attracted only to men and those attracted to people of multiple genders but not for participants who were attracted only to women. Findings indicated increased RC risk for plurisexual students compared to monosexuals and showed significant associations between RC and behavioral health outcomes, with differential effects based on sexual attraction. These novel findings support the need for continued research on RC, inclusive of nuanced conceptualizations of sexuality.
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Swan LET, Goffnett J, Pless J, Andrews T. Reproductive Coercion in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults: Prevalence and Behavioral Health Impact. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6389-6406. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1177/08862605221130394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion (RC) is a type of intimate partner violence (IPV) characterized by partner interference with contraception or reproductive decision-making. Despite sexual minority people’s vulnerability to other forms of IPV, limited research has examined reproductive coercion in this population. Research on behavioral health impacts of reproductive coercion is also lacking, especially for sexual minorities. This study addressed these gaps by examining the occurrence and behavioral health impact of reproductive coercion among emerging adults, including both heterosexual and sexual minority people. In 2020, survey data were collected with emerging adults (aged 18–24 years) at a university in the southeastern United States (N = 387). We conducted bivariate analyses to explore associates of reproductive coercion and logistic regression to identify risk factors. We then conducted linear regression to investigate relationships between reproductive coercion and behavioral health outcomes, in the full sample and in separate models based on sexual attraction. One in 15 sampled students (6.3%) had experienced reproductive coercion. Sexual attraction was a significant risk factor for reproductive coercion, with increased rates among plurisexual (i.e., attracted to people of multiple genders) compared to monosexual students, in both bivariate (χ2(2) = 7.57, p = .023) and regression analyses ( B = 1.25, p = .012). Reproductive coercion was associated with worse behavioral health outcomes in bivariate and regression analyses (anxiety: B = 3.77, p = .001; depression: B = 3.26, p = .010; alcohol use: B = 2.32, p < .001). In separate linear regression models based on sexual attraction, RC was significantly associated with behavioral health indicators for participants who were attracted only to men and those attracted to people of multiple genders but not for participants who were attracted only to women. Findings indicated increased RC risk for plurisexual students compared to monosexuals and showed significant associations between RC and behavioral health outcomes, with differential effects based on sexual attraction. These novel findings support the need for continued research on RC, inclusive of nuanced conceptualizations of sexuality.
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Allen ST, White RH, Nestadt DF, Tomko C, Decker MR, Sherman SG. Who Asks About HIV/STI Status?: An Analysis of Women Who Sell Sex and Inject Drugs. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1666-1673. [PMID: 36318423 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03898-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Communication about HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) is a cornerstone of risk reduction, yet there is a dearth of research that examines communication patterns among persons with dual risks for HIV/STI acquisition, such as women who sell sex and inject drugs (WSSID). We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with WSSID (N = 211) in Baltimore, Maryland always asking new clients about their HIV/STI status. Most WSSID were non-Hispanic White (73%) and 74% reported current homelessness. 50% of WSSID reported always asking new clients about their HIV/STI status. Experiencing depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29, 0.96) and having condomless sex with clients (aOR 0.31; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.57) were inversely associated with WSSID always asking new clients about their HIV/STI status. Recent entry into sex work (aOR 2.99; 95% CI: 1.30, 6.87) was positively associated with always asking new clients about their HIV/STI status. Enhancing HIV/STI communication in combination with engagement in other risk mitigation strategies may decrease disease incidence among WSSID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Allen
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rebecca Hamilton White
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle F Nestadt
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Tomko
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan G Sherman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Amos V, Lyons GR, Laughon K, Hughes RB, Alhusen JL. Reproductive Coercion Among Women With Disabilities: An Analysis of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Systems Data. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:108-114. [PMID: 37205617 PMCID: PMC10220289 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Reproductive coercion (RC) is a widespread yet understudied type of intimate partner violence that is associated with numerous negative outcomes. Women with disabilities may be at an increased risk of RC; however, little research has been conducted among this population. Using population-based data, we sought to examine the prevalence of RC in postpartum women with disabilities. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a nationally representative survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in partnership with participating states. These analyses include 3,117 respondents who had information on both disability status and experiences of RC. RESULTS Approximately 1.9% of respondents reported experiencing RC (95% CI [1.3, 2.4]). When stratified by disability status, approximately 1.7% of respondents without a disability reported RC whereas 6.2% of respondents with at least one disability reported RC ( p < 0.001). In univariable logistic models, disability, age, education, relationship status, income, and race were all significantly associated with RC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the need for healthcare providers working with women with disabilities to screen for RC and potentially uncover intimate partner violence and prevent its negative health consequences. All states participating in Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data collection are urged to incorporate measures of RC and disability status to better address this significant issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Amos
- University of Virginia School of Nursing, 225 Jeanette Lancaster Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Genevieve R. Lyons
- University of Virginia Public Health Sciences, 1335 Lee St, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Kathryn Laughon
- University of Virginia School of Nursing, 225 Jeanette Lancaster Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Rosemary B. Hughes
- University of Montana Rural Institute for Inclusive Communities, 52 Corbin Hall, Missoula, MT, 59812
| | - Jeanne L. Alhusen
- University of Virginia School of Nursing, 225 Jeanette Lancaster Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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Grace KT, Miller E. Future directions for reproductive coercion and abuse research. Reprod Health 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 36593505 PMCID: PMC9809032 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive coercion and abuse (RCA) is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) in which people with the capacity for pregnancy experience coercive behaviors that threaten their reproductive autonomy. Behaviors that constitute RCA include contraceptive control/sabotage, pregnancy pressure, and controlling the outcome of a pregnancy. Several areas of RCA study have emerged: associations with IPV, health outcomes resulting from RCA, and demographic and contextual factors associated with experiencing RCA. Current research in these areas is summarized and placed in a global context, including sexual and gender minority groups, use of RCA (exploring perpetration), RCA interventions, RCA in women with disabilities, and the question of whether people assigned male at birth can be RCA victims. CONCLUSION Areas for future exploration include evolving interpretations of pregnancy intention in the setting of fewer options for abortion, RCA in people with disabilities and multiple levels of marginalization, including sexual and gender minorities; intersections between RCA and economic abuse in the context of efforts at economic justice; and community-centered approaches to intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Trister Grace
- grid.22448.380000 0004 1936 8032School of Nursing, College of Public Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Mailstop 3C4, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1481 USA
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Muñoz EA, Le VD, Lu Y, Shorey RC, Temple JR. Reproductive Coercion and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Among a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Young Adult Sample. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1261-NP1278. [PMID: 35467974 PMCID: PMC9592682 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion is an understudied form of intimate partner violence (IPV) that occurs when a person attempts to control the autonomous reproductive decision making of their intimate partner. Previous research has demonstrated that individuals who experience reproductive coercion are more likely to experience other forms of IPV (e.g., physical and sexual). Research has also shown that Black/African American and Latinx/Hispanic individuals are at an increased risk of experiencing reproductive coercion compared to their White/Non-Hispanic peers. However, most of the research on reproductive coercion has been conducted in family-planning clinics where IPV is reported at a higher rate than in community samples. Thus, using a diverse community sample of female-identifying young adults (N = 370) who were recruited as part of an ongoing longitudinal study on dating violence, we examined the prevalence of lifetime reproductive coercion and its relationship with other forms of IPV, as well as the differences in prevalence among racial and ethnic groups. Lifetime prevalence of being victimized by any form of reproductive coercion was 11.4%. Results indicated that individuals who experienced reproductive coercion were more likely to experience physical and sexual IPV relative to those who did not experience reproductive coercion. With respect to race/ethnicity, 5.6% of White participants, 10.5% of Black/African American participants, and 14.8% of Hispanic/Latinx participants reported experiencing reproductive coercion. Chi-square analyses showed Hispanic/Latinx participants had a significantly higher prevalence of reproductive coercion when compared to White/Non-Hispanic participants. These findings suggest a need for additional research on culturally-specific risk and protective factors related to reproductive coercion among Hispanic/Latinx individuals to identify potential intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vi Donna Le
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Jeff R. Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch – Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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Hill AV, Hill AL, Jackson Z, Gilreath TD, Fields A, Miller E. Adolescent Relationship Abuse, Gender Equitable Attitudes, Condom and Contraception Use Self-Efficacy Among Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22329-NP22351. [PMID: 35324369 PMCID: PMC9549914 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Experiencing adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) negatively impacts sexual health and influences risk behaviors of adolescent girls. ARA may be associated with more inequitable gender attitudes among girls, a potentially modifiable factor in violence prevention. This study examines the association among gender equitable attitudes, experiences of ARA, and sexual behaviors among girls participating in Sisterhood 2.0, a community-based violence prevention program implemented in low resource neighborhoods. Methods: Data were from baseline surveys collected for Sisterhood 2.0 implemented in Pittsburgh, PA. Participant demographics, gender equitable attitudes, self-efficacy to use condoms with partners, and self-efficacy to select appropriate contraception were assessed. A latent class analysis (LCA) estimated probability of responses to nine indicators, including sexual behavior self-efficacy and violence. Multigroup LCA by grade (9-12) was also estimated and analyses were performed with SAS V9.4. Results: Female-identified adolescents ages 13-19 (n = 246) were primarily Black (75%) and evenly distributed across grade in school. Sixty-five percent reported emotional relationship abuse and 31% reported physical abuse within the previous nine months. A three-class solution was best fitting for the LCA. Experiences of violence were related to less equitable gender attitudes, being sexually active, and lower condom and contraception self-efficacy. Younger participants who were sexual minorities with less educated heads of household had more experiences with ARA and less equitable gender attitudes. Discussion: Gender equitable attitudes were lower in adolescent girls with greater experiences of ARA and worse condom and contraception self-efficacy. Integrating discussions about healthy sexual relationships and gender equity may be salient factors in violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V. Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amber L. Hill
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Jackson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Whitlowe R. Green College of Education, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Tamika D. Gilreath
- Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, College of Health and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alana Fields
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ebadijalal M, Weisi H. Discursive Constructions of Domestic Violence Among Iranian Instagram Users. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP16556-NP16574. [PMID: 34107798 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211021991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence (DV) is a widespread social phenomenon, adversely impacting public mental and physical health. The abatement of such issue necessitates a priori social awareness and a posteriori social support. With that in mind, the present study aimed at disclosing dominant discursive constructions of DV among Iranian Instagram users. Driven by Fairclough's (1992) notion of "moments of crisis," critical discourse analysis was employed as the theoretical framework to elucidate the results obtained from 1,028 comments on nine DV-related posts. Our primary objective was to uncover Iranian Instagram commentators' perception of the causes and consequences of DV as well as the perpetrator and victim's roles through probing into the embedded social values and assumptions underpinning such discursive constructions represented within comments. Meticulous inspection of the data yielded six major themes, namely, (a) blaming the responsible, (b) offering solutions to the victims, (c) portraying the male perpetrators, (d) overgeneralizing the transgression, (e) disregarding men's rights, and (f) portraying the female perpetrators. The results indicated that female and male commentators held dissimilar perspectives with regard to DV and that though the conceptualizations of DV were not destitute of prejudice, both perpetrators and victims were encouraged to take requisite steps to minimize the adverse impact of DV on their families and relations as well as on social and public health. The discursive themes identified in the current work may serve as the stepping stone toward the mitigation of DV within society.
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Grace KT, Holliday CN, Bevilacqua K, Kaur A, Miller J, Decker MR. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Reproductive Coercion in Women Victim/Survivors Receiving Housing Support. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 38:713-722. [PMID: 35283554 PMCID: PMC8901387 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Housing instability and intimate partner violence (IPV) compromise women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) through reduced contraceptive access and increased risk of unintended pregnancy. This study describes the reproductive health status and needs of IPV survivors receiving housing support and explores factors influencing their experience of reproductive coercion (RC), specifically. Cross-sectional baseline data from a quasi-experimental study of 70 IPV survivors enrolled in housing programs in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area from June 2019 through December 2020 were analyzed. Of the 70 women enrolled in the study, 70.3 percent (n = 45) desired to avoid pregnancy, but 57.4 percent were either using no contraceptive method (31.2%) or methods with low effectiveness (26.2%). Approximately, 1 in 6 women (16.4%, n = 11) experienced RC in the past 3 months, which was associated with frequency and severity of IPV (p = 0.001 to 0.005) and PTSD (p = 0.001), as well as not sharing children with the abusive partner (p = 0.002). This study highlights reproductive health risks in an important and under-studied population of women seeking housing due to IPV. Leaving an abusive relationship is a uniquely vulnerable time, and also a time of opportunity, as women are accessing services that can be tailored to their SRH needs. Significant results highlight vulnerability to and consequences of RC in this population. This study has implications for IPV support programs and housing programs that serve women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Trister Grace
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3C4, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | - Arshdeep Kaur
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
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Yelton B, Friedman DB, Noblet S, Lohman MC, Arent MA, Macauda MM, Sakhuja M, Leith KH. Social Determinants of Health and Depression among African American Adults: A Scoping Review of Current Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031498. [PMID: 35162519 PMCID: PMC8834771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression in the United States (US) is increasing across all races and ethnicities and is attributed to multiple social determinants of health (SDOH). For members of historically marginalized races and ethnicities, depression is often underreported and undertreated, and can present as more severe. Limited research explores multiple SDOH and depression among African American adults in the US. Guided by Healthy People (HP) 2030, and using cross-disciplinary mental health terminology, we conducted a comprehensive search to capture studies specific to African American adults in the US published after 2016. We applied known scoping review methodology and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. From 12,315 initial results, 60 studies were included in our final sample. Most studies explored the HP 2030 Social and Community Context domain, with a heavy focus on discrimination and social support; no studies examined Health Care Access and Quality. Researchers typically utilized cross-sectional, secondary datasets; no qualitative studies were included. We recommend research that comprehensively examines mental health risk and protective factors over the life course within, not just between, populations to inform tailored health promotion and public policy interventions for improving SDOH and reducing racial and ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks Yelton
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Daniela B. Friedman
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
- Office for the Study of Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Noblet
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
- Prevention Research Center, Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Matthew C. Lohman
- Office for the Study of Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michelle A. Arent
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Mark M. Macauda
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
- Center for Applied Research and Evaluation, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mayank Sakhuja
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
| | - Katherine H. Leith
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (B.Y.); (S.N.); (M.A.A.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.H.L.)
- Office for the Study of Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Moulton JE, Corona MIV, Vaughan C, Bohren MA. Women's perceptions and experiences of reproductive coercion and abuse: a qualitative evidence synthesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261551. [PMID: 34932570 PMCID: PMC8691598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive coercion and abuse is a major public health issue, with significant effects on the health and well-being of women. Reproductive coercion and abuse includes any form of behaviour that intentionally controls another person's reproductive choices. The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis is to explore women's experiences of reproductive coercion and abuse globally, to broaden understanding of the different ways reproductive coercion and abuse is perpetrated, perceived and experienced across settings and socio-cultural contexts. METHOD We searched Medline, CINAHL and Embase for eligible studies from inception to 25th February 2021. Primary studies with a qualitative study design that focused on the experiences and perceptions of women who have encountered reproductive coercion and abuse were eligible for inclusion. Titles and abstracts, and full texts were screened by independent reviewers. We extracted data from included studies using a form designed for this synthesis and assessed methodological limitations using CASP. We used Thomas and Harden's thematic analysis approach to analyse and synthesise the evidence, and the GRADE-CERQual approach to assess confidence in review findings. RESULTS We included 33 studies from twelve countries in South Asia, the Asia Pacific, North America, South America, Africa and Europe. Most studies used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to discuss women's experiences of reproductive coercion and abuse. Reproductive coercion and abuse manifested in a range of behaviours including control of pregnancy outcome, pregnancy pressure or contraceptive sabotage. There were a range of reasons cited for reproductive coercion and abuse, including control of women, rigid gender roles, social inequalities and family pressure. Women's different responses to reproductive coercion and abuse included using covert contraception and feelings of distress, anger and trauma. Across contexts, perpetration and experiences of reproductive coercion and abuse were influenced by different factors including son preferences and social exclusion. CONCLUSIONS We reflect on the importance of socio-cultural factors in understanding the phenomenon of reproductive coercion and abuse and how it affects women, as well as how the mechanisms of power and control at both individual and societal levels work to perpetuate the incidence of reproductive coercion and abuse against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Moulton
- Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Martha Isela Vazquez Corona
- Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathy Vaughan
- Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Meghan A. Bohren
- Gender and Women’s Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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Willie TC, Alexander KA, Caplon A, Kershaw TS, Safon CB, Galvao RW, Kaplan C, Caldwell A, Calabrese SK. Birth Control Sabotage as a Correlate of Women's Sexual Health Risk: An Exploratory Study. Womens Health Issues 2021; 31:157-163. [PMID: 33218751 PMCID: PMC8005431 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore associations between birth control sabotage, a form of reproductive coercion, and women's sexual risk among women attending family planning health centers. Data were collected from a 2017 cross-sectional online survey of 675 women who attended Connecticut Planned Parenthood centers. Participants reported birth control sabotage; sexual risk (i.e., inconsistent condom use during vaginal and anal sex in the past 6 months, lifetime sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, lifetime exchange sex [trading sex for money, drugs, or other goods], and multiple sexual partners in the past 6 months); and sociodemographics. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between birth control sabotage and women's sexual risk. RESULTS One in six women (16.4%; n = 111) reported experiencing birth control sabotage. Women who reported birth control sabotage had a greater odds of ever having an sexually transmitted infection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-3.60; p = .003), ever engaging in exchange sex (adjusted odds ratio, 2.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-6.53; p = .020), and having multiple sexual partners in the past 6 months (adjusted odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-3.18; p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate increased engagement in sexual risk taking among women who reported birth control sabotage compared with women did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kamila A Alexander
- Department of Community Public Health Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Caplon
- Division of Cancer Control and Populations Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Trace S Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cara B Safon
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel W Galvao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Clair Kaplan
- Planned Parenthood of Southern New England, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abigail Caldwell
- Planned Parenthood of Southern New England, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah K Calabrese
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Intimate Partner Violence and the Role of Child Maltreatment and Neighborhood Violence: A Retrospective Study of African American and US Caribbean Black Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052245. [PMID: 33668319 PMCID: PMC7956464 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research suggests that intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with childhood maltreatment and violence exposure within the neighborhood context. This study examined the role of child maltreatment and violence exposure on intimate partner violence, with the moderating effects of mental disorders (IPV) among US Black women. Methods: Data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), the largest and most complete sample on the mental health of US Blacks, and the first representative sample of Caribbean Blacks residing in the United States was used to address the study objectives. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test of independence, t-test, and logistic regression procedures were used to analyze the data. Results: Bivariate results indicate an association between child abuse and intimate partner victimization among US Black women. Witnessing violence as a child as well as neighborhood violence exposure was also related to IPV but shown to differ between African American and Caribbean Black women. Multivariate findings confirmed the influence of mental disorders and social conditions on US Black women's risk for IPV. Moderating effects of child maltreatment and mental disorders in association with adult IPV were not found. Conclusions: The study addressed the short and long-term impact of child maltreatment and the contribution to the cycle of intimate violence among US Black women including African American and Caribbean Blacks. The study suggests the need for prevention and intervention efforts to improve structural conditions for at-risk populations and communities predisposed to violence and other negative outcomes. Possibilities for future research are also discussed.
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