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Roussos P, Kosoy R, Fullard J, Bendl J, Kleopoulos S, Shao Z, Argyriou S, Mathur D, Vicari J, Ma Y, Humphrey J, Brophy E, Raj T, Katsel P, Voloudakis G, Lee D, Bennett D, Haroutunian V, Hoffman G. Alzheimer's disease transcriptional landscape in ex-vivo human microglia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3851590. [PMID: 38343831 PMCID: PMC10854306 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3851590/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the brain and are implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other diseases. Yet the cellular and molecular processes regulating their function throughout the course of the disease are poorly understood. Here, we present the transcriptional landscape of primary microglia from 189 human postmortem brains, including 58 healthy aging individuals and 131 with a range of disease phenotypes, including 63 patients representing the full spectrum of clinical and pathological severity of AD. We identified transcriptional changes associated with multiple AD phenotypes, capturing the severity of dementia and neuropathological lesions. Transcript-level analyses identified additional genes with heterogeneous isoform usage and AD phenotypes. We identified changes in gene-gene coordination in AD, dysregulation of co-expression modules, and disease subtypes with distinct gene expression. Taken together, these data further our understanding of the key role of microglia in AD biology and nominate candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yixuan Ma
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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2
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Di Castro MA, Garofalo S, Mormino A, Carbonari L, Di Pietro E, De Felice E, Catalano M, Maggi L, Limatola C. Interleukin-15 alters hippocampal synaptic transmission and impairs episodic memory formation in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:652-666. [PMID: 37992787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent immunomodulators exerting pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS). They influence neuronal functions and circuit activities with effects on memory processes and behaviors. Here, we unravel a neuromodulatory activity of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in mouse brain. Acute exposure of hippocampal slices to IL-15 enhances gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA) release and reduces glutamatergic currents, while chronic treatment with IL-15 increases the frequency of hippocampal miniature inhibitory synaptic transmission and impairs memory formation in the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Moreover, we describe that serotonin is involved in mediating the hippocampal effects of IL-15, because a selective 5-HT3A receptor antagonist prevents the effects on inhibitory neurotransmission and ameliorates mice performance in the NOR test. These findings provide new insights into the modulatory activities of cytokines in the CNS, with implications on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amalia Di Castro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mormino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Carbonari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Di Pietro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora De Felice
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed Via Atinese 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Italy.
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3
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Garland EF, Dennett O, Lau LC, Chatelet DS, Bottlaender M, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:186. [PMID: 37580767 PMCID: PMC10424356 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18kD translocator protein (TSPO) is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) target to quantify neuroinflammation in patients. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cerebellum is the pseudo-reference region for comparison with the cerebral cortex due to the absence of AD pathology and lower levels of TSPO. However, using the cerebellum as a pseudo-reference region is debated, with other brain regions suggested as more suitable. This paper aimed to establish the neuroinflammatory differences between the temporal cortex and cerebellar cortex, including TSPO expression. Using 60 human post-mortem samples encompassing the spectrum of Braak stages (I-VI), immunostaining for pan-Aβ, hyperphosphorylated (p)Tau, TSPO and microglial proteins Iba1, HLA-DR and MSR-A was performed in the temporal cortex and cerebellum. In the cerebellum, Aβ but not pTau, increased over the course of the disease, in contrast to the temporal cortex, where both proteins were significantly increased. TSPO increased in the temporal cortex, more than twofold in the later stages of AD compared to the early stages, but not in the cerebellum. Conversely, Iba1 increased in the cerebellum, but not in the temporal cortex. TSPO was associated with pTau in the temporal cortex, suggesting that TSPO positive microglia may be reacting to pTau itself and/or neurodegeneration at later stages of AD. Furthermore, the neuroinflammatory microenvironment was examined, using MesoScale Discovery assays, and IL15 only was significantly increased in the temporal cortex. Together this data suggests that the cerebellum maintains a more homeostatic environment compared to the temporal cortex, with a consistent TSPO expression, supporting its use as a pseudo-reference region for quantification in TSPO PET scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Garland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Oliver Dennett
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Laurie C Lau
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, Paris-Sacaly University, 91400, Orsay, France
- UNIACT Neurospin, CEA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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4
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Duffy MF, Ding J, Langston RG, Shah SI, Nalls MA, Scholz SW, Whitaker DT, Auluck PK, Marenco S, Gibbs JR, Cookson MR. Divergent patterns of healthy aging across human brain regions at single-cell resolution reveal links to neurodegenerative disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551097. [PMID: 37577533 PMCID: PMC10418086 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Age is a major common risk factor underlying neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Previous studies reported that chronological age correlates with differential gene expression across different brain regions. However, prior datasets have not disambiguated whether expression associations with age are due to changes in cell numbers and/or gene expression per cell. In this study, we leveraged single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNAseq) to examine changes in cell proportions and transcriptomes in four different brain regions, each from 12 donors aged 20-30 years (young) or 60-85 years (old). We sampled 155,192 nuclei from two cortical regions (entorhinal cortex and middle temporal gyrus) and two subcortical regions (putamen and subventricular zone) relevant to neurodegenerative diseases or the proliferative niche. We found no changes in cellular composition of different brain regions with healthy aging. Surprisingly, we did find that each brain region has a distinct aging signature, with only minor overlap in differentially associated genes across regions. Moreover, each cell type shows distinct age-associated expression changes, including loss of protein synthesis genes in cortical inhibitory neurons, axonogenesis genes in excitatory neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, enhanced gliosis markers in astrocytes and disease-associated markers in microglia, and genes critical for neuron-glia communication. Importantly, we find cell type-specific enrichments of age associations with genes nominated by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in microglia that are independent of overall expression levels across cell types. We present this data as a new resource which highlights, first, region- and cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in healthy aging that may contribute to selective vulnerability and, second, provide context for testing GWAS-nominated disease risk genes in relevant subtypes and developing more targeted therapeutic strategies. The data is readily accessible without requirement for extensive computational support in a public website, https://brainexp-hykyffa56a-uc.a.run.app/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan F. Duffy
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Rebekah G. Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Syed I. Shah
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D. Thad Whitaker
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Pavan K. Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
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5
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Han X, Ashraf M, Tipparaju SM, Xuan W. Muscle-Brain crosstalk in cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1221653. [PMID: 37577356 PMCID: PMC10413125 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1221653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly adults. To date, no effective cures for sarcopenia and AD are available. Physical and cognitive impairments are two major causes of disability in the elderly population, which severely decrease their quality of life and increase their economic burden. Clinically, sarcopenia is strongly associated with AD. However, the underlying factors for this association remain unknown. Mechanistic studies on muscle-brain crosstalk during cognitive impairment might shed light on new insights and novel therapeutic approaches for combating cognitive decline and AD. In this review, we summarize the latest studies emphasizing the association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment. The underlying mechanisms involved in muscle-brain crosstalk and the potential implications of such crosstalk are discussed. Finally, future directions for drug development to improve age-related cognitive impairment and AD-related cognitive dysfunction are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wanling Xuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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6
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Lok HC, Katzeff JS, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Fu Y, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Elevated GRO-α and IL-18 in serum and brain implicate the NLRP3 inflammasome in frontotemporal dementia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8942. [PMID: 37268663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a heterogeneous group of proteinopathies characterized by the progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. It is marked by microglial activation and subsequent cytokine release. Although cytokine levels in FTD brain and CSF have been examined, the number of cytokines measured in each study is limited and knowledge on cytokine concentrations in FTD serum is scarce. Here, we assessed 48 cytokines in FTD serum and brain. The aim was to determine common cytokine dysregulation pathways in serum and brain in FTD. Blood samples and brain tissue samples from the superior frontal cortex (SFC) were collected from individuals diagnosed with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and healthy controls, and 48 cytokines were measured using a multiplex immunological assay. The data were evaluated by principal component factor analysis to determine the contribution from different components of the variance in the cohort. Levels of a number of cytokines were altered in serum and SFC in bvFTD compared to controls, with increases in GRO-α and IL-18 in both serum and SFC. These changes could be associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation or the NFκB pathway, which activates NLRP3. The results suggest the possible importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in FTD. An improved understanding of the role of inflammasomes in FTD could provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Chuen Lok
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jared S Katzeff
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Chou CC, Vest R, Prado MA, Wilson-Grady J, Paulo JA, Shibuya Y, Moran-Losada P, Lee TT, Luo J, Gygi SP, Kelly JW, Finley D, Wernig M, Wyss-Coray T, Frydman J. Proteostasis and lysosomal quality control deficits in Alzheimer's disease neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.27.534444. [PMID: 37034684 PMCID: PMC10081252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteostasis and organelle homeostasis dysfunction in human aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. Analyzing proteome-wide changes in human donor fibroblasts and their corresponding transdifferentiated neurons (tNeurons), we find aging and AD synergistically impair multiple proteostasis pathways, most notably lysosomal quality control (LQC). In particular, we show that ESCRT-mediated lysosomal repair defects are associated with both sporadic and PSEN1 familial AD. Aging- and AD-linked defects are detected in fibroblasts but highly exacerbated in tNeurons, leading to enhanced neuronal vulnerability, unrepaired lysosomal damage, inflammatory factor secretion and cytotoxicity. Surprisingly, tNeurons from aged and AD donors spontaneously develop amyloid-β inclusions co-localizing with LQC markers, LAMP1/2-positive lysosomes and proteostasis factors; we observe similar inclusions in brain tissue from AD patients and APP-transgenic mice. Importantly, compounds enhancing lysosomal function broadly ameliorate these AD-associated pathologies. Our findings establish cell-autonomous LQC dysfunction in neurons as a central vulnerability in aging and AD pathogenesis.
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Prado GHJD, Sardeli AV, Lord JM, Cavaglieri CR. The effects of ageing, BMI and physical activity on blood IL-15 levels: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111933. [PMID: 36007720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the study was to test the effect of ageing, BMI, physical activity and chronic exercise on IL-15 blood concentration by meta-analyses of the literature. METHODS The search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase and Cochrane databases. First meta-analysis compared blood IL-15 of healthy adults across three age groups (<35 years, 35-65 years, and >65 years), considering BMI as confounding factor; the second compared IL-15 levels between physically active and non-physically active individuals (cross-sectional studies); and the third tested the effect of chronic exercise interventions on blood IL-15 levels on participants of any age, sex, and health condition. RESULTS From 2582 studies retrieved, 67 were selected for the three meta-analyses (age effect: 59; physical activity cross-sectional effect: 5; chronic exercise effect: 14). Older adults had lower blood IL-15 than young and middle-aged adults (5.30 pg/ml [4.76; 5.83]; 7.11 pg/ml [6.33; 7.88]; 7.10 pg/ml [5.55; 8.65], respectively). However, the subgroup of overweight older adults had higher IL-15 than young and middle aged overweight adults; Habitual physical activity did not affect blood IL-15 (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.61 [-0.65; 1.88], p = 0.34); Chronic exercise reduced blood IL-15 in short-term interventions (<16 weeks) (SMD -0.14 [-0.27; -0.01], p = 0.04), but not studies of >16 weeks of intervention (SMD 0.44 [-0.26; 1.15], p = 0.22). CONCLUSION The present meta-analyses highlight the complex interaction of age, BMI and physical activity on blood IL-15 and emphasize the need to take these factors into account when considering the role of this myokine in health throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Veiga Sardeli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Gerontology Program, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Janet Mary Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Gerontology Program, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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9
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Liu E, Karpf L, Bohl D. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767041. [PMID: 34970118 PMCID: PMC8712677 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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10
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Doroszkiewicz J, Mroczko P, Kulczyńska-Przybik A. Inflammation in the CNS - understanding various aspects of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:16-31. [PMID: 34856902 PMCID: PMC9127729 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211202143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disorder, and one of the most common causes of dementia in the world. Current, insufficiently sensitive and specific methods of early diagnosis and monitoring of this disease prompt a search for new tools. Numerous literature data indicate that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not limited to the neuronal compartment, but involves various immunological mechanisms. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a very important process in AD pathology. It seems to play pleiotropic roles, both neuroprotective as well as neurodegenerative, in the development of cognitive impairment depending on the stage of the disease. Mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory proteins could be considered biomarkers of disease progression. Therefore, the present review summarizes the role of some inflammatory molecules and their potential utility in the detection and monitoring of dementia severity. The paper also provides a valuable insight into new mechanisms leading to the development of dementia, which might be useful in discovering possible anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
| | - Piotr Mroczko
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
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11
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Duran-Aniotz C, Orellana P, Leon Rodriguez T, Henriquez F, Cabello V, Aguirre-Pinto MF, Escobedo T, Takada LT, Pina-Escudero SD, Lopez O, Yokoyama JS, Ibanez A, Parra MA, Slachevsky A. Systematic Review: Genetic, Neuroimaging, and Fluids Biomarkers for Frontotemporal Dementia Across Latin America Countries. Front Neurol 2021; 12:663407. [PMID: 34248820 PMCID: PMC8263937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.663407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) includes a group of clinically, genetically, and pathologically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders, affecting the fronto-insular-temporal regions of the brain. Clinically, FTD is characterized by progressive deficits in behavior, executive function, and language and its diagnosis relies mainly on the clinical expertise of the physician/consensus group and the use of neuropsychological tests and/or structural/functional neuroimaging, depending on local availability. The modest correlation between clinical findings and FTD neuropathology makes the diagnosis difficult using clinical criteria and often leads to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis, primarily due to lack of recognition or awareness of FTD as a disease and symptom overlap with psychiatric disorders. Despite advances in understanding the underlying neuropathology of FTD, accurate and sensitive diagnosis for this disease is still lacking. One of the major challenges is to improve diagnosis in FTD patients as early as possible. In this context, biomarkers have emerged as useful methods to provide and/or complement clinical diagnosis for this complex syndrome, although more evidence is needed to incorporate most of them into clinical practice. However, most biomarker studies have been performed using North American or European populations, with little representation of the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region. In the LAC region, there are additional challenges, particularly the lack of awareness and knowledge about FTD, even in specialists. Also, LAC genetic heritage and cultures are complex, and both likely influence clinical presentations and may modify baseline biomarker levels. Even more, due to diagnostic delay, the clinical presentation might be further complicated by both neurological and psychiatric comorbidity, such as vascular brain damage, substance abuse, mood disorders, among others. This systematic review provides a brief update and an overview of the current knowledge on genetic, neuroimaging, and fluid biomarkers for FTD in LAC countries. Our review highlights the need for extensive research on biomarkers in FTD in LAC to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the disease and its associated biomarkers. Dementia research is certainly reduced in the LAC region, highlighting an urgent need for harmonized, innovative, and cross-regional studies with a global perspective across multiple areas of dementia knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Orellana
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Leon Rodriguez
- Trinity College, Global Brain Health Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Henriquez
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Cabello
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tamara Escobedo
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit - Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie D. Pina-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCSF Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCSF Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
- Trinity College, Global Brain Health Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit - Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Aksnes M, Aass HCD, Tiiman A, Edwin TH, Terenius L, Bogdanović N, Vukojević V, Knapskog AB. Associations of cerebrospinal fluid amyloidogenic nanoplaques with cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:18. [PMID: 34099032 PMCID: PMC8186140 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) is central in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently it has been shown that specifically, larger, Thioflavin T-binding Aβ aggregates are associated with increased neuroinflammation and cytokine release. This study was aimed to quantify fibrillary amyloid aggregates, so-called nanoplaques, and investigate their relationship with cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS CSF was collected from 111 patients assessed for cognitive complaints at the Oslo University Hospital Memory Clinic. The patients were grouped based on their amyloid status. The CSF nanoplaque concentration was quantified with the Thioflavin T-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay. The levels of nine cytokines (eotaxin-1, granulocyte stimulating factor, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-7, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, gamma-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified with a magnetic bead-based multiplex assay and read on a Luminex IS 200 instrument. RESULTS There were 49 amyloid-negative and 62 amyloid-positive patients in the cohort; none of the cytokines differed significantly between the amyloid groups. The increased nanoplaque levels were associated with levels of MIP-1β below the lower limit of quantification, and with decreased levels of MIP-1α and IL-8. The associations remained significant when adjusted for age, sex, cognitive function, apolipoprotein ε4 status and CSF core biomarker levels. CONCLUSION The cytokine levels were not associated with amyloid status in this cohort. The nanoplaque levels were negatively associated with MIP-1β, MIP-1α and IL-8, which is in line with recent findings suggesting that the upregulation of some cytokine markers has a protective role and is negatively associated with AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trine Holt Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (CNS), Center for Molecular Medicine CMM L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Swift IJ, Sogorb-Esteve A, Heller C, Synofzik M, Otto M, Graff C, Galimberti D, Todd E, Heslegrave AJ, van der Ende EL, Van Swieten JC, Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD. Fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia: past, present and future. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:204-215. [PMID: 33188134 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders includes a heterogeneous group of conditions. However, following on from a series of important molecular studies in the early 2000s, major advances have now been made in the understanding of the pathological and genetic underpinnings of the disease. In turn, alongside the development of novel methodologies for measuring proteins and other molecules in biological fluids, the last 10 years have seen a huge increase in biomarker studies within FTD. This recent past has focused on attempting to develop markers that will help differentiate FTD from other dementias (particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD)), as well as from non-neurodegenerative conditions such as primary psychiatric disorders. While cerebrospinal fluid, and more recently blood, markers of AD have been successfully developed, specific markers identifying primary tauopathies or TDP-43 proteinopathies are still lacking. More focus at the moment has been on non-specific markers of neurodegeneration, and in particular, multiple studies of neurofilament light chain have highlighted its importance as a diagnostic, prognostic and staging marker of FTD. As clinical trials get under way in specific genetic forms of FTD, measures of progranulin and dipeptide repeat proteins in biofluids have become important potential measures of therapeutic response. However, understanding of whether drugs restore cellular function will also be important, and studies of key pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, lysosomal function and synaptic health, are also now becoming more common. There is much still to learn in the fluid biomarker field in FTD, but the creation of large multinational cohorts is facilitating better powered studies and will pave the way for larger omics studies, including proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics, as well as investigations of multimodal biomarker combinations across fluids, brain imaging and other domains. Here we provide an overview of the past, present and future of fluid biomarkers within the FTD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Joanna Swift
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Emily Todd
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Amanda J Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Daniel Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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14
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Tsai CL, Erickson KI, Sun HS, Kuo YM, Pai MC. A cross-sectional examination of a family history of Alzheimer's disease and ApoE epsilon 4 on physical fitness, molecular biomarkers, and neurocognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2020; 230:113268. [PMID: 33383402 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined whether the ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene impacts molecular biomarkers and neurocognitive performance among individuals at genetic risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The correlations between physical fitness and molecular/neurocognitive indices were also explored. METHODS Fasting blood samples were collected from 162 individuals with a family history of AD (ADFH). There were twenty-two carriers of the ApoE-4 variant (ApoE-4 group). For comparison purposes we randomly selected 22 non-ɛ4 carriers (non-ApoE-4 group) from the ADFH individuals. Circulating inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15), neuroprotective growth factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, IGF-2, VEGF, and FGF-2), and Amyloid-β peptides (e.g., Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42), neurocognitive performance [e.g., behavior and brain even-related potentials (ERP)] during a task-switching paradigm, as well as physical fitness scores were measured. RESULTS The ApoE-4 group relative to the non-ApoE-4 group was similar with respect to molecular biomarkers, physical fitness, and most measures of neurocognitive performance. However, ADFH individuals that were ɛ4 carriers exhibited significantly higher local switching accuracy costs, worse accuracy as well as smaller ERP P3 amplitudes for the memory-switching condition. Importantly, cardiorespiratory fitness levels were significantly correlated with accuracy for most task-switching conditions, and levels of BDNF, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 collapsed across the two groups even when controlling for the age co-variable, while the ApoE-4 group revealed similar pattern of results. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that individuals with ADFH that were carriers of the ApoE-4 variant performed worse on the task-switching paradigm and that this could be due to compromised task-set and memory updating processes. Physical exercise interventions aimed to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness levels could be a potential AD prevention strategy for ameliorating cognitive function and reducing the accumulation of the Aβ peptides in this high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia
| | - H-Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.
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15
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Kuan PF, Clouston S, Yang X, Kotov R, Bromet E, Luft BJ. Molecular linkage between post-traumatic stress disorder and cognitive impairment: a targeted proteomics study of World Trade Center responders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:269. [PMID: 32753605 PMCID: PMC7403297 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing work on proteomics has found common biomarkers that are altered in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current study expands our understanding of these biomarkers by profiling 276 plasma proteins with known involvement in neurobiological processes using the Olink Proseek Multiplex Platform in individuals with both PTSD and MCI compared to either disorder alone and with unaffected controls. Participants were World Trade Center (WTC) responders recruited through the Stony Brook WTC Health Program. PTSD and MCI were measured with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, respectively. Compared with unaffected controls, we identified 16 proteins associated with comorbid PTSD-MCI at P < 0.05 (six at FDR < 0.1), 20 proteins associated with PTSD only (two at FDR < 0.1), and 24 proteins associated with MCI only (one at FDR < 0.1), for a total of 50 proteins. The multiprotein composite score achieved AUCs of 0.84, 0.77, and 0.83 for PTSD-MCI, PTSD only, and MCI only versus unaffected controls, respectively. To our knowledge, the current study is the largest to profile a large set of proteins involved in neurobiological processes. The significant associations across the three case-group analyses suggest that shared biological mechanisms may be involved in the two disorders. If findings from the multiprotein composite score are replicated in independent samples, it has the potential to add a new tool to help classify both PTSD and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sean Clouston
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Book University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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16
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Nascimento C, Nunes VP, Diehl Rodriguez R, Takada L, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Nitrini R, Lafer B. A review on shared clinical and molecular mechanisms between bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:269-283. [PMID: 31014945 PMCID: PMC6994228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders are highly prevalent and important causes of medical burden worldwide. Co-occurrence of neurological and psychiatric symptoms are observed among mental disorders, representing a challenge for their differential diagnosis. Psychiatrists and neurologists have faced challenges in diagnosing old adults presenting behavioral changes. This is the case for early frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and bipolar disorder. In its initial stages, FTD is characterized by behavioral or language disturbances in the absence of cognitive symptoms. Consequently, patients with the behavioral subtype of FTD (bv-FTD) can be initially misdiagnosed as having a psychiatric disorder, typically major depression disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). Bipolar disorder is associated with a higher risk of dementia in older adults and with cognitive impairment, with a subset of patients presents a neuroprogressive pattern during the disease course. No mendelian mutations were identified in BD, whereas three major genetic causes of FTD have been identified. Clinical similarities between BD and bv-FTD raise the question whether common molecular pathways might explain shared clinical symptoms. Here, we reviewed existing data on clinical and molecular similarities between BD and FTD to propose biological pathways that can be further investigated as common or specific markers of BD and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nascimento
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Villela Paula Nunes
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Diehl Rodriguez
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology and LIM 22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Leonel Takada
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Kimie Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-90, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-90, Brazil; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-120, USA.
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Beny Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Meyer PF, Savard M, Poirier J, Labonté A, Rosa-Neto P, Weitz TM, Town T, Breitner J. Bi-directional Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Markers with Stage of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:577-590. [PMID: 29660934 PMCID: PMC5929310 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Yet, studies comparing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma immune marker levels of healthy and demented individuals have yielded conflicting results. We analyzed CSF from 101 members of the parental history-positive PREVENT-AD cohort of healthy aging adults, and 237 participants without dementia from the initial cohort of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1). Following recent practice, we used the biomarkers total-tau and amyloid-β1-42 to allocate participants from each study into four stages of AD pathogenesis: Stage 0 (no abnormality), Stage 1 (reduced amyloid-β1-42), Stage 2 (reduced amyloid-β1-42 and increased total-tau), or “Suspected Non-Alzheimer Pathology” (elevated total-tau only). Investigating the PREVENT-AD participants’ CSF assay results for 19 immune/inflammatory markers, we found six that showed a distinct bi-directional relationship with pathogenetic stage. Relative to Stage 0, these were diminished at Stage 1 but strongly increased at Stage 2. Among the ADNI participants (90 healthy controls and 147 with mild cognitive impairment), we found that 23 of 83 available CSF markers also showed this distinct pattern. These results support recent observations that immune activation may become apparent only after the onset of both amyloid and tau pathologies. Unexpectedly, they also suggest that immune marker activity may diminish along with earliest appearance of amyloid-β plaque pathology. These findings may explain discordant results from past studies, and suggest the importance of characterizing the extent of AD pathology when comparing clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Meyer
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Savard
- Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Studies in Aging and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Labonté
- Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Studies in Aging and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tara M Weitz
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Breitner
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Studies in Aging and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Tsai CL, Pai MC, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Distinctive Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Modes on Neurocognitive and Biochemical Changes in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:316-332. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190228125429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Decreased levels of the neuroprotective growth factors, low-grade inflammation, and
reduced neurocognitive functions during aging are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s
disease. Physical exercise modifies these disadvantageous phenomena while a sedentary lifestyle
promotes them.
Purpose:
The purposes of the present study included investigating whether both aerobic and resistance exercise
produce divergent effects on the neuroprotective growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and neurocognitive
performance, and further exploring whether changes in the levels of these molecular biomarkers are associated
with alterations in neurocognitive performance.
Methods:
Fifty-five older adults with amnestic MCI (aMCI) were recruited and randomly assigned to an aerobic
exercise (AE) group, a resistance exercise (RE) group, or a control group. The assessment included neurocognitive
measures [e.g., behavior and event-related potential (ERP)] during a task-switching paradigm, as
well as circulating neuroprotective growth factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, and FGF-2) and inflammatory
cytokine (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15) levels at baseline and after either a 16-week aerobic or
resistance exercise intervention program or a control period.
Results:
Aerobic and resistance exercise could effectively partially facilitate neurocognitive performance [e.g.,
accuracy rates (ARs), reaction times during the heterogeneous condition, global switching cost, and ERP P3
amplitude] when the participants performed the task switching paradigm although the ERP P2 components and
P3 latency could not be changed. In terms of the circulating molecular biomarkers, the 16-week exercise interventions
did not change some parameters (e.g., leptin, VEGF, FGF-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). However, the
peripheral serum BDNF level was significantly increased, and the levels of insulin, TNF-α, and IL-15 levels
were significantly decreased in the AE group, whereas the RE group showed significantly increased IGF-1
levels and decreased IL-15 levels. The relationships between the changes in neurocognitive performance (AR
and P3 amplitudes) and the changes in the levels of neurotrophins (BDNF and IGF-1)/inflammatory cytokines
(TNF-α) only approached significance.
Conclusion:
These findings suggested that in older adults with aMCI, not only aerobic but also resistance exercise
is effective with regard to increasing neurotrophins, reducing some inflammatory cytokines, and facilitating
neurocognitive performance. However, the aerobic and resistance exercise modes likely employed divergent
molecular mechanisms on neurocognitive facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Ghezzi L, Serpente M, Arcaro M, D'Anca M, De Riz M, Arighi A, Fumagalli GG, Pietroboni AM, Piccio L, Scarpini E. Inflammatory expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Nasu-Hakola Disease. Cytokine 2019; 116:115-119. [PMID: 30690291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2) are one of the major causes of Nasu Hakola Disease (NHD). We analysed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) profile of 164 inflammatory factors in patients with NHD carrying the TREM2 Q33X mutation as compared with heterozygous and wild type individuals. Several molecules related to bone formation and angiogenesis were altered in NHD compared to non-carriers: Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in PBMC (2.32 fold-increase; P = 0.01), as were Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFB)3 levels (1.51 fold-increase; P = 0.02). Conversely, CXCL5 and Pro Platelet Basic Protein (PPBP) were strongly downregulated (-28.26, -9.85 fold-decrease over non-carriers, respectively, P = 0.01), as well as Platelet Factor 4 Variant 1 (PF4V1; -41.44, P = 0.03). Among other inflammatory factors evaluated, Interleukin (IL)-15 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Member (TNFSF)4 mRNA levels were decreased in NHD as compared with non-carriers (-2.25 and -3.87 fold-decrease, P = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). In heterozygous individuals, no significant differences were observed, apart from IL-15 mRNA levels, that were decreased at the same extent as NHD (-2.05 fold-decrease over non-carriers, P = 0.002). We identified a signature in PBMC from patients with NHD consisting of strongly decreased mRNA levels of CXCL5, PPBP, PF4V1, mildly decreased IL-15 and TNFSF4 and mildly increased BMP-1 and TGFB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Fenoglio
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - L Ghezzi
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - M Serpente
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arcaro
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - M D'Anca
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Riz
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - A Arighi
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - G G Fumagalli
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A M Pietroboni
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - L Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Scarpini
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
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Taipa R, das Neves SP, Sousa AL, Fernandes J, Pinto C, Correia AP, Santos E, Pinto PS, Carneiro P, Costa P, Santos D, Alonso I, Palha J, Marques F, Cavaco S, Sousa N. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease and their correlation with cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 76:125-132. [PMID: 30711675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative data suggest that neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The purpose of this work was to assess if patients with AD present a specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profile and if it correlates to disease progression. We determined the levels of 27 cytokines in CSF of patients with AD and compared them with patients with frontotemporal dementia and nondemented controls. In addition, we correlated the cytokine levels with cognitive status and disease progression after 12 months. Patients with AD had higher levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (eotaxin, interleukin [IL]-1ra, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alfa) compared to nondemented controls. There was a negative correlation between the disease progression and the levels of several cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, basic fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon gamma, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1β). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a "protective" role of the upregulation of specific intrathecal cytokine levels in AD. This finding supports that a fine "rebalancing" of the immune system represents a new target in AD therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Taipa
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sofia P das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana L Sousa
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudia Pinto
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Correia
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ernestina Santos
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro S Pinto
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Carneiro
- Immunology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricio Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Santos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Cavaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Centro Clínico Académico (2CA), Braga, Portugal
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Rakic S, Hung YMA, Smith M, So D, Tayler HM, Varney W, Wild J, Harris S, Holmes C, Love S, Stewart W, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Systemic infection modifies the neuroinflammatory response in late stage Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 30193587 PMCID: PMC6127939 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that systemic infections accelerate cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models suggest that this may be due to enhanced pro-inflammatory changes in the brain. We have performed a post-mortem human study to determine whether systemic infection modifies the neuropathology and in particular, neuroinflammation, in the late-stage of the disease. Sections of cerebral cortex and underlying white matter from controls and Alzheimer's patients who died with or without a terminal systemic infection were immunolabelled and quantified for: (i) Αβ and phosphorylated-tau; (ii) the inflammation-related proteins Iba1, CD68, HLA-DR, FcγRs (CD64, CD32a, CD32b, CD16), CHIL3L1, IL4R and CCR2; and (iii) T-cell marker CD3. In Alzheimer's disease, the synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95 were quantified by ELISA, and the inflammatory proteins and mRNAs by MesoScale Discovery Multiplex Assays and qPCR, respectively. Systemic infection in Alzheimer's disease was associated with decreased CD16 (p = 0.027, grey matter) and CD68 (p = 0.015, white matter); increased CD64 (p = 0.017, white matter) as well as increased protein expression of IL6 (p = 0.047) and decreased IL5 (p = 0.007), IL7 (p = 0.002), IL12/IL23p40 (p = 0.001), IL15 (p = 0.008), IL16 (p < 0.001) and IL17A (p < 0.001). Increased expression of anti-inflammatory genes CHI3L1 (p = 0.012) and IL4R (p = 0.004) were detected in this group. T-cell recruitment to the brain was reduced when systemic infection was present. However, exposure to systemic infection did not modify the pathology. In Alzheimer's disease, CD68 (p = 0.026), CD64 (p = 0.002), CHI3L1 (p = 0.016), IL4R (p = 0.005) and CCR2 (p = 0.010) were increased independently of systemic infection. Our findings suggest that systemic infections modify neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. However, rather than promoting pro-inflammatory changes, as observed in experimental models, they seem to promote an anti-inflammatory, potentially immunosuppressive, environment in the human brain.
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Inflammatory markers of CHMP2B-mediated frontotemporal dementia. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:136-142. [PMID: 30193769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological studies and animal models have suggested an inflammatory component in the pathomechanism of the CHMP2B associated frontotemporal dementia (FTD-3). In this cross-sectional study, serum and cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed for inflammatory markers in CHMP2B mutation carriers. Serum levels of CCL4 were increased throughout life. Serum levels of IL-15, CXCL10, CCL22 and TNF-α were significantly associated with cognitive decline, suggesting a peripheral inflammatory response to neurodegeneration. CSF levels of sTREM2 appeared to increase more rapidly with age in CHMP2B mutation carriers. The identification of a peripheral inflammatory response to disease progression supports the involvement of an inflammatory component in FTD-3.
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Janelidze S, Mattsson N, Stomrud E, Lindberg O, Palmqvist S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hansson O. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018; 91:e867-e877. [PMID: 30054439 PMCID: PMC6133624 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure CSF levels of biomarkers reflecting microglia and astrocytes activation, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular changes and study their associations with the core biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology (β-amyloid [Aβ] and tau), structural imaging correlates, and clinical disease progression over time. METHODS The study included cognitively unimpaired elderly (n = 508), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 256), and patients with AD dementia (n = 57) from the longitudinal Swedish BioFINDER cohort. CSF samples were analyzed for YKL-40, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), placental growth factor, and fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1). MRI data were available from 677 study participants. Longitudinal clinical assessments were conducted in control individuals and patients with MCI (mean follow-up 3 years, range 1-6 years). RESULTS CSF levels of YKL-40, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-15, and Flt-1 were increased during the preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD. High levels of these biomarkers were associated with increased CSF levels of total tau, with the associations, especially for YKL-40, being stronger in Aβ-positive individuals. The results were similar for associations between phosphorylated tau and YKL-40, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. High levels of the biomarkers were also associated with cortical thinning (primarily in the precuneus and superior parietal regions) and with subsequent cognitive deterioration in patients without dementia as measured with Mini-Mental State Examination (YKL-40) and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (YKL-40, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and IL-15). Finally, higher levels of CSF YKL-40, ICAM-1, and Flt-1 increased risk of development of AD dementia in patients without dementia. CONCLUSIONS Neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction are early events occurring already at presymptomatic stages of AD and contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Erik Stomrud
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Olof Lindberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.J., N.M., E.S., O.L., S.P., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University; Department of Neurology (N.M., S.P.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z., K.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL (H.Z.), London.
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Pawlowski M, Lueg G, Gross CC, Johnen A, Krämer J, Weckesser M, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T. Relevance of raised cerebrospinal fluid monocyte levels in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:45-52. [PMID: 29107846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. The contribution of the immune system to its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed comprehensive immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood of patients with FTD. Thirty-two patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and 25 patients with primary progressive aphasia were included and compared to 14 healthy elderly controls. All patients underwent neuropsychological examination, magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging, and peripheral blood and CSF immune cell profiling by multiparameter flow cytometry. The percentage of CSF monocytes was significantly increased specifically in patients with primary progressive aphasia. The proportion of monocytes in the CSF of the total FTD patient group directly correlated with semantic language impairment and microstructural temporal lesions. Increased intrathecal numbers of monocytes suggest a specific response of the innate immune system in a subset of patients with FTD. The findings are of clinical relevance since monocyte levels in the CSF were correlated with typical neuropsychological deficits and microstructural patterns of temporal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gero Lueg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Johnen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Weckesser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Duning
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Johansson P, Almqvist EG, Wallin A, Johansson JO, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Svensson J. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid concentration of interleukin-12/23 subunit p40 in patients with cognitive impairment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176760. [PMID: 28464009 PMCID: PMC5413050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other cognitive disorders is unclear. In a well-defined mono-center population, we measured cytokines and chemokines in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Methods Consecutive patients with AD (n = 30), stable mild cognitive impairment (SMCI, n = 11), other dementias (n = 11), and healthy controls (n = 18) were included. None of the subjects was treated with glucocorticoids, cholinesterase inhibitors, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Serum and CSF concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-12/23 p40, IL-15, IL-16, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and three chemokines were measured using a multiplex panel. Results After correction for multiple comparisons, only CSF IL-12/23 p40 concentration differed significantly between the total patient group (n = 52) and controls (n = 18; p = 0.002). Further analyses showed that CSF IL-12/23 p40 concentration was decreased in all patient subgroups (AD, other dementias, and SMCI) compared to healthy controls (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). In the total study population (n = 70), CSF IL-12/23 p40 concentrations correlated positively with CSF concentrations of β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1–42) and phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau) whereas in AD patients (n = 30), CSF IL-12/23 p40 only correlated positively with CSF P-Tau (r = 0.46, p = 0.01). Conclusions Most cytokines and chemokines were similar in patients and controls, but CSF IL-12/23 subunit p40 concentration was decreased in patients with cognitive impairment, and correlated with markers of AD disease status. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of CSF IL-12/23 p40 in other dementias and SMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Johansson
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Falköping, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik G. Almqvist
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Ove Johansson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Svensson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Markers of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:203-211. [PMID: 28161476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have linked neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Studies on markers of inflammation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia provided inconsistent results. We hypothesized that distinct blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers are associated with biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology in older adults without cognitive impairment or with beginning cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To identify blood-based and CSF neuroinflammation marker signatures associated with AD pathology (i.e. an AD CSF biomarker profile) and to investigate associations of inflammation markers with CSF biomarkers of amyloid, tau pathology, and neuronal injury. DESIGN/METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from 120 older community-dwelling adults with normal cognition (n=48) or with cognitive impairment (n=72). CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181, and a panel of 37 neuroinflammatory markers in both CSF and serum were quantified. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to determine a reference model that best predicts an AD CSF biomarker profile defined a priori as p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio >0.0779. It was then compared to a second model that included the inflammatory markers from either serum or CSF. In addition, the correlations between inflammatory markers and CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181 levels were assessed. RESULTS Forty-two subjects met criteria for having an AD CSF biomarker profile. The best predictive models included 8 serum or 3 CSF neuroinflammatory markers related to cytokine mediated inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis. Both models improved the accuracy to predict an AD biomarker profile when compared to the reference model. In analyses separately performed in the subgroup of participants with cognitive impairment, adding the serum or the CSF neuroinflammation markers also improved the accuracy of the diagnosis of AD pathology. None of the inflammatory markers correlated with the CSF Aβ1-42 levels. Six CSF markers (IL-15, MCP-1, VEGFR-1, sICAM1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF-D) correlated with the CSF tau and p-tau181 levels, and these associations remained significant after controlling for age, sex, cognitive impairment, and APOEε4 status. CONCLUSIONS The identified serum and CSF neuroinflammation biomarker signatures improve the accuracy of classification for AD pathology in older adults. Our results suggest that inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis as reflected by CSF markers are closely related to cerebral tau pathology.
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, Shim K, Suk K, An SSA, Kim S. Role of inflammatory molecules in the Alzheimer's disease progression and diagnosis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:242-254. [PMID: 28431620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder and the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. Several genetic, environmental, and physiological factors, including inflammations and metabolic influences, are involved in the progression of AD. Inflammations are composed of complicated networks of many chemokines and cytokines with diverse cells. Inflammatory molecules are needed for the protection against pathogens, and maintaining their balances is important for normal physiological function. Recent studies demonstrated that inflammation may be involved in neurodegenerative dementia. Cellular immune components, such as microglia or astrocytes, mediate the release of inflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor, growth factors, adhesion molecules, or chemokines. Over- and underexpression of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, respectively, may result in neuroinflammation and thus disease initiation and progression. In addition, levels of several inflammatory factors were reported to be altered in the brain or bodily fluids of patients with AD, reflecting their neuropathological changes. Therefore, simultaneous detection of several inflammatory molecules in the early or pre-symptomatic stage may improve the early diagnosis of AD. Further studies are needed to determine, how induction or inhibition of inflammatory factors could be used for AD therapies. This review summarizes the role or possible role of immune cells and inflammatory molecules in disease progression or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Galimberti D, Bonsi R, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Cioffi SMG, Fumagalli G, Arighi A, Ghezzi L, Arcaro M, Mercurio M, Rotondo E, Scarpini E. Inflammatory molecules in Frontotemporal Dementia: cerebrospinal fluid signature of progranulin mutation carriers. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:182-7. [PMID: 26021560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in progranulin gene (GRN) are one of the major causes of autosomal dominant Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Progranulin displays anti-inflammatory properties and is likely a ligand of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptor 2, expressed on microglia. A few cytokines and chemokines are altered in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with sporadic FTLD, whereas no information is available in familial cases. We evaluated, through BioPlex, levels of 27 inflammatory molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and related receptors, in CSF and matched serum, from FTLD patients carrying GRN mutations as compared with sporadic FTLD with no GRN mutations and controls. Mean±SD Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly increased in CSF from sporadic FTLD patients as compared with controls (334.27±151.5 versus 159.7±49pg/ml; P⩽0.05). In GRN mutation carriers versus controls, CSF levels of MCP-1 were unchanged, whereas Interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels were increased (809.17±240.0 versus 436.61±202.5pg/ml; P=0.012). In the same group, TNFα and Interleukin (IL)-15 levels were decreased (3.18±1.41 versus 35.68±30.5pg/ml; P=0.013 and 9.34±5.54 versus 19.15±10.03pg/ml; P=0.023, respectively). Conversely, Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted (RANTES) levels were decreased in patients, with or without mutations, as compared with controls (4.63±3.30 and 2.58±20 versus 87.57±70pg/ml, respectively; P<0.05). Moreover, IP-10, IL-15 and RANTES CSF levels were not influenced by age, whereas MCP-1 levels increased with age (ρ=0.48; P=0.007). In conclusion, inflammatory de-regulation was observed in both sporadic FTLD and GRN carriers compared to controls, with a specific inflammatory profile for the latter group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - R Bonsi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - C Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - M Serpente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - S M G Cioffi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - G Fumagalli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - A Arighi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - L Ghezzi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - M Arcaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - M Mercurio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - E Rotondo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - E Scarpini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Zhang XF, Zhao YF, Zhu SW, Huang WJ, Luo Y, Chen QY, Ge LJ, Li RS, Wang JF, Sun M, Xiao ZC, Fan GH. CXCL1 Triggers Caspase-3 Dependent Tau Cleavage in Long-Term Neuronal Cultures and in the Hippocampus of Aged Mice: Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:89-104. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhao
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Wei Zhu
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jie Huang
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ying Chen
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ge
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Run-Sheng Li
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Fei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Sun
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Shunxi-Monash Immune Regeneration and Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Guo-Huang Fan
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Bishnoi RJ, Palmer RF, Royall DR. Serum interleukin (IL)-15 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117282. [PMID: 25710473 PMCID: PMC4339977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-15), a pro-inflammatory cytokine has been studied as a possible marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however its exact role in neuro-inflammation or the pathogenesis AD is not well understood yet. A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) approach was used to examine the relationship between serum IL-15 levels and AD in a well characterized AD cohort, the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). Instead of categorical diagnoses, we used two latent construct d (for dementia) and g’ (for cognitive impairments not contributing to functional impairments) in our analysis. The results showed that the serum IL-15 level has significant effects on cognition, exclusively mediated by latent construct d and g’. Contrasting directions of association lead us to speculate that IL-15’s effects in AD are mediated through functional networks as d scores have been previously found to be specifically related to default mode network (DMN). Our finding warrants the need for further research to determine the changes in structural and functional networks corresponding to serum based biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram J. Bishnoi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Royall
- Department of Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, and Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans’ Health System Audie L. Murphy Division, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and protein biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Current status and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:757-68. [PMID: 25526887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a spectrum of rare neurodegenerative diseases with an estimated prevalence of 15-22 cases per 100,000 persons including the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), semantic dementia (SD), FTD with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). The pathogenesis of the diseases is still unclear and clinical diagnosis of FTLD is hampered by overlapping symptoms within the FTLD subtypes and with other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Intracellular protein aggregates in the brain are a major hallmark of FTLD and implicate alterations in protein metabolism or function in the disease's pathogenesis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which surrounds the brain can be used to study changes in neurodegenerative diseases and to identify disease-related mechanisms or neurochemical biomarkers for diagnosis. In the present review, we will give an overview of the current literature on proteomic studies in CSF of FTLD patients. Reports of targeted and unbiased proteomic approaches are included and the results are discussed in regard of their informative value about disease pathology and the suitability to be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will give some future perspectives on CSF proteomics and a list of candidate biomarkers which might be interesting for validation in further studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Westhoff D, Witlox J, Koenderman L, Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JFM, van Stijn MFM, Houdijk APJ, Hoogland ICM, Maclullich AMJ, van Westerloo DJ, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels and the risk of postoperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:122. [PMID: 24093540 PMCID: PMC3851488 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and neurodegenerative disease predispose to delirium and are both associated with increased activity of the innate immune system resulting in an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the brain. We examined whether hip fracture patients who develop postoperative delirium have altered levels of inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to surgery. Methods Patients were 75 years and older and admitted for surgical repair of an acute hip fracture. CSF samples were collected preoperatively. In an exploratory study, we measured 42 cytokines and chemokines by multiplex analysis. We compared CSF levels between patients with and without postoperative delirium and examined the association between CSF cytokine levels and delirium severity. Delirium was diagnosed with the Confusion Assessment Method; severity of delirium was measured with the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98. Mann–Whitney U tests or Student t-tests were used for between-group comparisons and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used for correlation analyses. Results Sixty-one patients were included, of whom 23 patients (37.7%) developed postsurgical delirium. Concentrations of Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (P=0.021), Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (P=0.032) and Interleukin-6 (P=0.005) were significantly lower in patients who developed delirium postoperatively. Conclusions Our findings fit the hypothesis that delirium after surgery results from a dysfunctional neuroinflammatory response: stressing the role of reduced levels of anti-inflammatory mediators in this process. Trial registration The Effect of Taurine on Morbidity and Mortality in the Elderly Hip Fracture Patient. Registration number: NCT00497978. Local ethical protocol number: NL16222.094.07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Westhoff
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques accumulation and cognitive impairment. Both environmental factors and heritable predisposition have a role in AD. Histamine is a biogenic monoamine that plays a role in several physiological functions, including induction of inflammatory reactions, wound healing, and regeneration. The Histamine mediates its functions via its 4 G-protein-coupled Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) to histamine H1 receptor (H4R). The histaminergic system has a role in the treatment of brain disorders by the development of histamine receptor agonists, antagonists. The H1R and H4R are responsible for allergic inflammation. But recent studies show that histamine antagonists against H3R and regulation of H2R can be more efficient in AD therapy. In this review, we focus on the role of histamine and its receptors in the treatment of AD, and we hope that histamine could be an effective therapeutic factor in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naddafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bettcher BM, Kramer JH. Inflammation and clinical presentation in neurodegenerative disease: a volatile relationship. Neurocase 2013; 19:182-200. [PMID: 22515699 PMCID: PMC3733377 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2011.654227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A proposed immune mechanism that potentially modifies or exacerbates neurodegenerative disease presentation in older adults has received considerable attention in the past decade, with recent studies demonstrating a strong link between pro-inflammatory markers and neurodegeneration. The overarching aim of the following review is to synthesize recent research that supports a possible relationship between inflammation and clinical features of neurodegenerative diseases, including risk of development, cognitive and clinical correlates, and progression of the specified diseases. Specific emphasis is placed on providing a temporal context for the association between inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Magouirk Bettcher
- Neurology Department, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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Perkins MR, Ryschkewitsch C, Liebner JC, Monaco MCG, Himelfarb D, Ireland S, Roque A, Edward HL, Jensen PN, Remington G, Abraham T, Abraham J, Greenberg B, Kaufman C, LaGanke C, Monson NL, Xu X, Frohman E, Major EO, Douek DC. Changes in JC virus-specific T cell responses during natalizumab treatment and in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003014. [PMID: 23144619 PMCID: PMC3493478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) induced by JC virus (JCV) is a risk for natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here we characterize the JCV-specific T cell responses in healthy donors and natalizumab-treated MS patients to reveal functional differences that may account for the development of natalizumab-associated PML. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses specific for all JCV proteins were readily identified in MS patients and healthy volunteers. The magnitude and quality of responses to JCV and cytomegalovirus (CMV) did not change from baseline through several months of natalizumab therapy. However, the frequency of T cells producing IL-10 upon mitogenic stimulation transiently increased after the first dose. In addition, MS patients with natalizumab-associated PML were distinguished from all other subjects in that they either had no detectable JCV-specific T cell response or had JCV-specific CD4 T cell responses uniquely dominated by IL-10 production. Additionally, IL-10 levels were higher in the CSF of individuals with recently diagnosed PML. Thus, natalizumab-treated MS patients with PML have absent or aberrant JCV-specific T cell responses compared with non-PML patients, and changes in T cell-mediated control of JCV replication may be a risk factor for developing PML. Our data suggest further approaches to improved monitoring, treatment and prevention of PML in natalizumab-treated patients. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a complication of treatment with natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. PML results from a failure of the immune system to control replication of JC virus (JCV) in the brain. We studied the T cell responses of 8 patients with MS who were starting treatment with natalizumab, 10 healthy volunteers, and 4 patients with natalizumab-associated PML. The magnitude and quality of JCV-specific immune responses remained unchanged after starting natalizumab. However, applying the same methods and antigens, we found that immune responses in the individuals who developed PML differed from those in the MS patients and healthy volunteers. In the four patients with PML from whom the laboratory had identified JCV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), two had no measurable T cell response to JCV and two had T cells that produced IL-10, an anti-inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we studied the CSF of 10 patients with natalizumab-associated PML and 10 patients on natalizumab who had similar symptoms but did not have PML. We found that IL-10 was detectable in the CSF of half of the individuals with PML but none of the control group. These findings shed light on the mechanisms that lead to PML in a subset of patients treated with natalizumab and have implications for therapeutic and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Perkins
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Ryschkewitsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Liebner
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Chiara G. Monaco
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Himelfarb
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Ireland
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Annelys Roque
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Edward
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter N. Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gina Remington
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaspreet Abraham
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles Kaufman
- Louisiana Neurologic Consultants. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chris LaGanke
- North Central Neurology, Cullman, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Monson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoning Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eugene O. Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EOM); (DCD)
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EOM); (DCD)
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Unveiling clusters of RNA transcript pairs associated with markers of Alzheimer's disease progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45535. [PMID: 23029078 PMCID: PMC3448659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One primary goal of transcriptomic studies is identifying gene expression patterns correlating with disease progression. This is usually achieved by considering transcripts that independently pass an arbitrary threshold (e.g. p<0.05). In diseases involving severe perturbations of multiple molecular systems, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this univariate approach often results in a large list of seemingly unrelated transcripts. We utilised a powerful multivariate clustering approach to identify clusters of RNA biomarkers strongly associated with markers of AD progression. We discuss the value of considering pairs of transcripts which, in contrast to individual transcripts, helps avoid natural human transcriptome variation that can overshadow disease-related changes. Methodology/Principal Findings We re-analysed a dataset of hippocampal transcript levels in nine controls and 22 patients with varying degrees of AD. A large-scale clustering approach determined groups of transcript probe sets that correlate strongly with measures of AD progression, including both clinical and neuropathological measures and quantifiers of the characteristic transcriptome shift from control to severe AD. This enabled identification of restricted groups of highly correlated probe sets from an initial list of 1,372 previously published by our group. We repeated this analysis on an expanded dataset that included all pair-wise combinations of the 1,372 probe sets. As clustering of this massive dataset is unfeasible using standard computational tools, we adapted and re-implemented a clustering algorithm that uses external memory algorithmic approach. This identified various pairs that strongly correlated with markers of AD progression and highlighted important biological pathways potentially involved in AD pathogenesis. Conclusions/Significance Our analyses demonstrate that, although there exists a relatively large molecular signature of AD progression, only a small number of transcripts recurrently cluster with different markers of AD progression. Furthermore, considering the relationship between two transcripts can highlight important biological relationships that are missed when considering either transcript in isolation.
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Abstract
IL-15 is a proinflammatory cytokine. It is produced by activated blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated glial cells. It promotes T-cell proliferation, induction of cytolytic effector cells including natural killer and cytotoxic cells and stimulates B-cell to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulins. Little information is available on the exact role of IL-15 in the neurological diseases. Microglial cells are the main regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). IL-15 may be involved in the inflammatory reactions and microglial activation of some common CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but its exact role in their pathogenesis is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rentzos
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Athens National University, School of Medicine, Greece.
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Swardfager W, Lanctôt K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N. A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:930-41. [PMID: 20692646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that inflammation is involved in the neurodegenerative cascade leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and symptoms. This study sought to quantitatively summarize the clinical cytokine data. METHODS Original English language peer-reviewed studies measuring cytokine concentrations in AD and healthy control subjects were included. Mean (± standard deviation) cytokine concentrations for AD and control subjects were extracted. RESULTS Forty studies measuring peripheral blood cytokine concentrations and 14 measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine concentrations were included. In peripheral blood, there were significantly higher concentrations (weighted mean difference [95% confidence interval]) of interleukin (IL)-6 (2.86 [1.68, 4.04] pg/mL, p < .00001, N[AD/control subjects] = 985/680, 14 studies), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (3.25 [.76, 5.74] pg/mL, p = .01, N = 680/447, 14 studies), IL-1β (.55 [.32, .78] pg/mL, p < .00001, N = 574/370, 10 studies), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (67.23 [28.62, 105.83] pg/mL, p = .0006, N = 190/158, 5 studies), IL-12 (7.60 [5.58, 9.62] pg/mL, p < .00001, N = 148/106, 5 studies), and IL-18 (15.82 [1.98, 29.66] pg/mL, p = .03, N = 131/94, 4 studies) but not of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ, or C-reactive protein in AD subjects compared with control subjects. There were significantly higher concentrations of TGF-β (7.81 [2.27, 13.35] pg/mL, p =.006, N = 113/114, 5 studies) but not IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the CSF of AD subjects compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results strengthen the clinical evidence that AD is accompanied by an inflammatory response, particularly higher peripheral concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-12 and IL-18 and higher CSF concentrations of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Midregional Proenkephalin A and N-terminal Protachykinin A are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia disorders and acute neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Umehara T, Udagawa J, Takamura K, Kimura M, Ishimitsu R, Kiyono H, Kawauchi H, Otani H. Role of interleukin-15 in the development of mouse olfactory nerve. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2009; 49:253-7. [PMID: 20021484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2009.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 interacts with components of the IL-2 receptor (R) and exhibits T cell-stimulating activity similar to that of IL-2. In addition, IL-15 is widely expressed in many cell types and tissues, including the central nervous system. We provide evidence of a novel role of IL-15 in olfactory neurogenesis. Both IL-15 and IL-15R alpha were expressed in neuronal precursor cells of the developing olfactory epithelium in mice. Adult IL-15R alpha knockout mice had fewer mature olfactory neurons and proliferating cells than wild-type. Our results suggest that IL-15 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation in olfactory neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Umehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan.
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Lee KS, Chung JH, Lee KH, Shin MJ, Oh BH, Hong CH. Bioplex analysis of plasma cytokines in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:105-9. [PMID: 18930766 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms within the central nervous system contribute to cognitive impairment via cytokine-mediated interactions between neurons and glial cells. Sixty-nine subjects were consecutively recruited from October 2005 to February 2007. Fifteen individuals were excluded from the study and we ultimately enrolled 19 not cognitively impaired subjects, 25 mild cognitive impairment patients, and 10 Alzheimer's disease patients. To examine the inflammatory markers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, we measured the plasma concentrations of 23 cytokines using a bioplex assay. The results showed that the macrophage migration inhibitory factor was higher in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease patients compared with the not cognitively impaired group; the results also showed that monokine induced by gamma interferon was higher in Alzheimer's disease patients than in not cognitively impaired subjects, as well as those of the mild cognitive impairment group [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Jong D, Kremer BPH, Olde Rikkert MGM, Verbeek MM. Current state and future directions of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1421-34. [PMID: 17970699 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of neurochemical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Predominantly, these biomarkers comprise cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers directly related to the pathophysiology of this disorder (such as amyloid beta protein, tau protein). We particularly pay attention to the innovations in this area that have been made in technological aspects during the past 5 years (e.g., multiplex analysis of biomarkers, proteomics), to the discovery of novel, potential biomarkers (e.g., amyloid beta oligomers, isoprostanes), and to the extension of this research towards identification of biomarkers in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle de Jong
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cario G, Izraeli S, Teichert A, Rhein P, Skokowa J, Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Schrauder A, Karawajew L, Ludwig WD, Welte K, Schünemann HJ, Schlegelberger B, Schrappe M, Stanulla M. High interleukin-15 expression characterizes childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with involvement of the CNS. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:4813-20. [PMID: 17947730 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.11.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Applying current diagnostic methods, overt CNS involvement is a rare event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In contrast, CNS-directed therapy is essential for all patients with ALL because without it, the majority of patients eventually will experience relapse. To approach this discrepancy and to explore potential distinct biologic properties of leukemic cells that migrate into the CNS, we compared gene expression profiles of childhood ALL patients with initial CNS involvement with the profiles of CNS-negative patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated leukemic gene expression profiles from the bone marrow of 17 CNS-positive patients and 26 CNS-negative patients who were frequency matched for risk factors associated with CNS involvement. Results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and validated using independent patient samples. RESULTS Interleukin-15 (IL-15) expression was consistently upregulated in leukemic cells of CNS-positive patients compared with CNS-negative patients. In multivariate analysis, IL-15 expression levels greater than the median were associated with CNS involvement compared with expression equal to or less than the median (odds ratio [OR] = 10.70; 95% CI, 2.95 to 38.81). Diagnostic likelihood ratios for CNS positivity were 0.09 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.65) for the first and 6.93 (95% CI, 2.55 to 18.83) for the fourth IL-15 expression quartiles. In patients who were CNS negative at diagnosis, IL-15 levels greater than the median were associated with subsequent CNS relapse compared with expression equal to or less than the median (OR = 13.80; 95% CI, 3.38 to 56.31). CONCLUSION Quantification of leukemic IL-15 expression at diagnosis predicts CNS status and could be a new tool to further tailor CNS-directed therapy in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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