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Xiong P, Wang WW, Liu XS, Wang YF, Wang JL. A CTL - Lys immune function maintains insect metamorphosis by preventing gut bacterial dysbiosis and limiting opportunistic infections. BMC Biol 2024; 22:54. [PMID: 38448930 PMCID: PMC10918859 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria are beneficial to the host, many of which must be passed on to host offspring. During metamorphosis, the midgut of holometabolous insects undergoes histolysis and remodeling, and thus risks losing gut bacteria. Strategies employed by holometabolous insects to minimize this risk are obscure. How gut bacteria affect host insects after entering the hemocoel and causing opportunistic infections remains largely elusive. RESULTS We used holometabolous Helicoverpa armigera as a model and found low Lactobacillus load, high level of a C-type lectin (CTL) gene CD209 antigen-like protein 2 (CD209) and its downstream lysozyme 1 (Lys1) in the midgut of the wandering stage. CD209 or Lys1 depletion increased the load of midgut Lactobacillus, which further translocate to the hemocoel. In particular, CD209 or Lys1 depletion, injection of Lactobacillus plantarum, or translocation of midgut L. plantarum into the hemocoel suppressed 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling and delayed pupariation. Injection of L. plantarum decreased triacylglycerol and cholesterol storage, which may result in insufficient energy and 20E available for pupariation. Further, Lysine-type peptidoglycan, the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell wall, contributed to delayed pupariation and decreased levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterols, and 20E, in both H. armigera and Drosophila melanogaster. CONCLUSIONS A mechanism by which (Lactobacillus-induced) opportunistic infections delay insect metamorphosis was found, namely by disturbing the homeostasis of lipid metabolism and reducing 20E production. Moreover, the immune function of CTL - Lys was characterized for insect metamorphosis by maintaining gut homeostasis and limiting the opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Micali C, Russotto Y, Celesia BM, Santoro L, Marino A, Pellicanò GF, Nunnari G, Venanzi Rullo E. Thyroid Diseases and Thyroid Asymptomatic Dysfunction in People Living With HIV. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:655-667. [PMID: 36136821 PMCID: PMC9498502 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid diseases (TDs) and thyroid asymptomatic dysfunctions (TADs) are correlated with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as well as many endocrine dysfunctions and dysregulation of hormonal axes. To date, available studies on People Living With HIV (PLWH) affected by thyroid diseases and asymptomatic dysfunctions are few and rather controversial. The purpose of the present non-systematic literature review is to recap the current knowledge on the main features of thyroid dysfunctions and disorders in PLWH. Large cohort studies are needed for a better comprehension of the impact, evolution and treatment of thyroid pathologies in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-221-2032
| | - Benedetto Maurizio Celesia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Santoro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Marino
- Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences Department, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
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3
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Raposo MA, Guimarães NS, Tupinambás U. Lipid Accumulation Product Index to Predict Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV. Clin Med Res 2020; 18:120-125. [PMID: 32340981 PMCID: PMC7735448 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2020.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia and central obesity are the main components of metabolic syndrome, which represent important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index has been shown in studies as an efficient marker of metabolic syndrome in general adult population and its applicability in HIV-infected population is not discussed. We aimed to assess the accuracy of the LAP index to identify metabolic syndrome in people living with HIV. METHODS It is a cross-sectional study with 141 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy, conducted in a reference centre of infectious diseases in southeast Brazil. Evaluations included LAP index, anthropometric measurements and clinical and laboratorial variables. Metabolic syndrome was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our sample was 10.6%. A positive and significant correlation was found between the metabolic syndrome and LAP (r=0.401; P<0.01), metabolic syndrome and body mass index (r=0.361; P<0.01) and metabolic syndrome and waist circumference (r=0.427; P<0.01) in our sample. The analysis of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the best cut-off value for LAP index to define metabolic syndrome was 59.4 (sensitivity 80%, specificity 79% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.875. In female and male, analysis of the ROC curve revealed that the best cut-off value for LAP index to define metabolic syndrome was 56.3 (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82% and AUC of 0.929) and 52.0 (sensitivity 78%, specificity 74% and AUC of 0.838), respectively. CONCLUSION Despite the low prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our sample, the ROC curves analyzes demonstrated a good diagnostic accuracy as an additional screening tool of metabolic syndrome according to the IDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Amaral Raposo
- Department of Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Department of Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Department of Infectology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine - Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil
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Kim TI, Brahmandam A, Sarac TP, Orion KC. Trends and perioperative outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing lower extremity revascularization. Vasc Med 2020; 25:527-533. [PMID: 33019909 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20952856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but has led to the rise of chronic conditions including peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, trends and outcomes among patients with HIV undergoing lower extremity revascularization are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and perioperative outcomes of lower extremity revascularization among patients with HIV and PAD in a national database. The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was reviewed between 2003 and 2014. All hospital admissions with a diagnosis of PAD undergoing lower extremity revascularization were stratified based on HIV status. Outcomes were assessed using propensity score matching and multivariable regression. Among all patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization for PAD, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with HIV from 0.21% in 2003 to 0.52% in 2014 (p < 0.01). Patients with HIV were more likely to be younger, male, and have fewer comorbidities, including coronary artery disease and diabetes, at the time of intervention compared to patients without HIV. With propensity score matching and multivariable regression, HIV status was associated with increased total hospital costs, but not length of stay, major amputation, or mortality. Patients with HIV with PAD who undergo revascularization are younger with fewer comorbidities, but have increased hospital costs compared to those without HIV. Lower extremity revascularization for PAD is safe for patients with HIV without increased risk of in-hospital major amputation or mortality, and continues to increase each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner I Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anand Brahmandam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timur P Sarac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Diseases and Surgery, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristine C Orion
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Diseases and Surgery, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Zhao D, Ding Y, Lin H, Chen X, Shen W, Gao M, Wei Q, Zhou S, Liu X, He N. Mitochondrial Haplogroups N9 and G Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:536-543. [PMID: 30950284 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations have an important effect on metabolic disorders, but such studies have not been conducted in HIV-infected patients in Asia. We investigated the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups and their correlation with metabolic disorders in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional survey was performed among 296 HIV patients older than the age of 40 years in a rural prefecture, Eastern China. The entire mtDNA sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using four overlapping pairs of primers that have been standardly used. In this sample, mtDNA haplogroups B, D, M7, and F were the most dominant haplogroups. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was 36.1%, and was highest (77.8%) among those with haplogroup G and lowest (21.4%) among those with haplogroup M8. In multivariable analysis, haplogroups G and N9 were significantly associated with the presence of MetS [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 13.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-94.7; aOR = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.8-36.1; respectively]. Moreover, patients with haplogroup G had increased odds of elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (aOR = 10.1, 95% CI: 1.4-71.1), patients with haplogroup N9 had increased odds of elevated triglycerides (aOR = 13.5, 95% CI: 2.4-76.8). No significant association between mtDNA haplogroups and other MetS components was observed. Our data demonstrate the association between mtDNA haplogroups and MetS in HIV-infected patients. The Asian-specific mtDNA haplogroups G and N9 may confer higher risk for the development of MetS in HIV-infected patients, which requires further longitudinal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wei
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Raposo MA, Armiliato GNDA, Guimarães NS, Caram CA, Silveira RDDS, Tupinambás U. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV/AIDS without the use of antiretroviral therapy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:598-606. [PMID: 29160505 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) have been described even before the introduction of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in the treatment of HIV infection and are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Based on this, the purpose of this study was to assess metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in PLH before the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 87 PLH without the use of ART, which was carried out between January and September 2012 at a specialized infectious diseases center in Minas Gerais, Brazil. RESULTS The main metabolic disorders in the population were low serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity. Dyslipidemia was prevalent in 62.6% of the study population, whereas metabolic syndrome (MS) was prevalent in 11.5% of patients assessed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and 10.8% assessed by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria. Regarding cardiovascular risk, 89.7% of the population presented a low coronary risk according to the Framingham Risk Score. A greater proportion of patients diagnosed with MS presented low cardiovascular risk (80% assessed by IDF criteria and 77.8% assessed by NCEP-ATPIII criteria). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic disorders in this population may be due to HIV infection or lifestyle (smoking, sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet). The introduction of ART can enhance dyslipidemia, increasing cardiovascular risk, especially among those who have classic risks of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Amaral Raposo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Geyza Nogueira de Almeida Armiliato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Camila Abrahão Caram
- Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Wen Y, Ding HB, Chen W, Zhou Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Lu X, Liu J, Kang J, Geng W, Shang H, Liu P. Correlation of baseline hormonal disorders with immunological failure and mortality in male HIV patients during follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5732. [PMID: 28033281 PMCID: PMC5207577 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the effect that hormonal disturbances have on HIV prognosis in male patients. A prospective follow-up study was conducted among male HIV patients who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2014. The final follow-up session occurred before December 31, 2014. We examined the correlation between pre-ART hormone levels and disease prognosis. The Kaplan-Meier method and the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were used to identify hormone-related predictors of immunological failure and mortality. During the follow-up of 163 male HIV patients, mortality rate occurred at a rate of 16.0% (26/163). Of these deaths, 84.6% (22/26) were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related. Furthermore, 53 patients were found to have suffered from immunological failure. Both pre-ART CD4+ T cell counts and the clinical stage assigned to the patients correlated strongly with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Hyponatremia, high cortisol levels, tuberculosis, and being at World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical stage 4 were characteristics that associated significantly with mortality. Being at WHO clinical stage 4 was, itself, a factor that significantly associated with immunological failure. High cortisol levels were found to be an important hormonal disorder that associated with mortality. None of the hormones examined in this study had a strong correlation with immunological failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Hai bo Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenyang Chest Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou
| | - Hong Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital
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Haser GC, Sumpio B. Systemic and cell-specific mechanisms of vasculopathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Vasc Surg 2016; 65:849-859. [PMID: 26994951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation that can damage the vascular system compared with the general population. This can be attributed both to HIV itself and to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) they receive. This review outlines the mechanisms by which HIV and HIV medications can cause vascular complications and identifies strategic areas of research to treat these dysfunctions. REVIEW HIV and HAART affect the vascular system through several mechanisms that target systemic or metabolic systems and specific cells. HIV causes dyslipidemia and chronic immune activation, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition, HIV damages macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets, and this damage also plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. HAART, particularly protease inhibitors, interferes with cholesterol metabolism and can affect macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. The metabolic changes and cell damage induced by HIV and HAART put HIV patients at increased risk for atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. CONCLUSIONS HIV patients have increased risk of developing potentially life-threatening cardiovascular pathology, which cannot be explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone. More research is needed into therapies to target this HIV-specific vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Haser
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Bauer Sumpio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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