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Xue J, Deng J, Qin H, Yan S, Zhao Z, Qin L, Liu J, Wang H. The interaction of platelet-related factors with tumor cells promotes tumor metastasis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:371. [PMID: 38637802 PMCID: PMC11025228 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets not only participate in thrombosis and hemostasis but also interact with tumor cells and protect them from mechanical damage caused by hemodynamic shear stress and natural killer cell lysis, thereby promoting their colonization and metastasis to distant organs. Platelets can affect the tumor microenvironment via interactions between platelet-related factors and tumor cells. Metastasis is a key event in cancer-related death and is associated with platelet-related factors in lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. Although the factors that promote platelet expression vary slightly in terms of their type and mode of action, they all contribute to the overall process. Recognizing the correlation and mechanisms between these factors is crucial for studying the colonization of distant target organs and developing targeted therapies for these three types of tumors. This paper reviews studies on major platelet-related factors closely associated with metastasis in lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xue
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Central Hospital of Qingdao Jiaozhou, 99 Yunxi River South Road, Qingdao, 266300, Shandong, China
| | - Jianzhao Deng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Qingdao Jiaozhou, 99 Yunxi River South Road, Qingdao, 266300, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Central Hospital of Qingdao Jiaozhou, 99 Yunxi River South Road, Qingdao, 266300, Shandong, China
| | - Songxia Yan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lifeng Qin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
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Jachowski A, Marcinkowski M, Szydłowski J, Grabarczyk O, Nogaj Z, Marcin Ł, Pławski A, Jagodziński PP, Słowikowski BK. Modern therapies of nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:695-711. [PMID: 37698765 PMCID: PMC10632224 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC), particularly nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most prevalent types of neoplasia worldwide, regardless of gender, with the highest mortality rates in oncology. Over the years, treatment for NSCLC has evolved from conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy to more tailored and minimally invasive approaches. The use of personalised therapies has increased the expected efficacy of treatment while simultaneously reducing the frequency of severe adverse effects (AEs). In this review, we discuss established modern approaches, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as experimental molecular methods like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and nanoparticles. These emerging methods offer promising outcomes and shorten the recovery time for various patients. Recent advances in the diagnostic field, including imaging and genetic profiling, have enabled the implementation of these methods. The versatility of these modern therapies allows for multiple treatment options, such as single-agent use, combination with existing conventional treatments, or incorporation into new regimens. As a result, patients can survive even in the advanced stages of NSCLC, leading to increased survival indicators such as overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Jachowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Marcinkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Szydłowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Oskar Grabarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nogaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łaz Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pławski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland.
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Kong Z, Wang X. Bioprinting Technologies and Bioinks for Vascular Model Establishment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:891. [PMID: 36614332 PMCID: PMC9821327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, large diameter artery defects (diameter larger than 6 mm) can be substituted by unbiodegradable polymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene. There are many problems in the construction of small diameter blood vessels (diameter between 1 and 3 mm) and microvessels (diameter less than 1 mm), especially in the establishment of complex vascular models with multi-scale branched networks. Throughout history, the vascularization strategies have been divided into three major groups, including self-generated capillaries from implantation, pre-constructed vascular channels, and three-dimensional (3D) printed cell-laden hydrogels. The first group is based on the spontaneous angiogenesis behaviour of cells in the host tissues, which also lays the foundation of capillary angiogenesis in tissue engineering scaffolds. The second group is to vascularize the polymeric vessels (or scaffolds) with endothelial cells. It is hoped that the pre-constructed vessels can be connected with the vascular networks of host tissues with rapid blood perfusion. With the development of bioprinting technologies, various fabrication methods have been achieved to build hierarchical vascular networks with high-precision 3D control. In this review, the latest advances in 3D bioprinting of vascularized tissues/organs are discussed, including new printing techniques and researches on bioinks for promoting angiogenesis, especially coaxial printing, freeform reversible embedded in suspended hydrogel printing, and acoustic assisted printing technologies, and freeform reversible embedded in suspended hydrogel (flash) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Kong
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Khadela A, Shah Y, Mistry P, Mansuri M, Sureja D, Bodiwala K. A review of efficacy and safety of cetuximab and bevacizumab-based monoclonal antibodies in head and neck cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:66. [PMID: 36583766 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A combination of monoclonal antibodies prescribed along with the conventional standard of care has a potential to provide significant improvement in patients suffering from head and neck cancer. This combination has also shown a significant decrease in toxicities and improved overall quality of life. Cetuximab acts by inhibiting the human epidermal growth factors as its overexpression in head and neck tumours that are responsible for treatment failure, resistance, and metastasis. Whereas, bevacizumab acts by inhibiting the vascular endothelial growth factor since its overexpression leads to induction of tumour angiogenesis. Current research has not shown any remarkable beneficial effect in disease outcomes. Thus, the addition of these monoclonal antibodies to the standard regimen for head and neck cancer can be considered a prospect that might be beneficial. Cetuximab has already been included as an option under special recommendations in recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer by NCCN in a platinum-based regimen as well as in combination with radiation therapy. This review outlines the applicability of cetuximab and bevacizumab in the treatment of head and neck cancer as well as the clinical trials performed that give an idea about the efficacy and safety of these monoclonal antibodies. Based upon the literature reviewed, it can be deduced that immunotherapy is to be adopted and different targets are to be explored in it in order to combat head and neck cancer. Currently, immunotherapeutic drugs of two major targets have been discussed. These agents are even effective in combination with other therapeutic modalities that are not being able to achieve desirable outcomes due to issues such as resistance and toxicities. Thus, newer targets as well as newer agents acting on established targets are to be explored in order to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Yesha Shah
- Pharm.D Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Priya Mistry
- Pharm.D Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mustakim Mansuri
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dipen Sureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kunjan Bodiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
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Galarraga‐Vinueza ME, Tavelli L. Soft tissue features of peri‐implant diseases and related treatment. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2022. [PMID: 36444772 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for soft tissue grafting at implant sites for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases is a currently investigated and debated topic. PURPOSE The aim of this manuscript is to explore the inflammatory mechanisms at the peri-implant soft tissue compartment, to distinguish the structural components of the peri-implant soft tissue phenotype and their role on peri-implant health, and to appraise the clinical indications and expected outcomes of soft tissue augmentation procedures at peri-implant diseased sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review depicts the inflammatory biomarkers and mediators in the peri-implant crevicular fluid utilized to diagnose peri-implant disease and that have been shown to be associated with peri-implant soft tissue phenotype modification and disease resolution. The impact of the peri-implant soft tissue phenotype, involving keratinized mucosa (KM) width, attached mucosa (AM), mucosal thickness (MT), and supracrestal tissue height (STH), on peri-implant health, esthetic, patient's comfort and disease prevention are discussed. The manuscript also illustrates the use of ultrasonography for the detection of peri-implant health/disease and the evaluation of the treatment outcomes following surgical therapies. RESULTS Current evidence indicates that soft tissue phenotype modification at implant sites with inadequate KM width, AM and MT can be beneficial for promoting peri-implant health and improving patient's comfort and hygiene procedures. Treatment approaches and outcomes from the available literature on soft tissue phenotype modification in combination with conventional techniques at sites with peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis are presented and discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS Soft tissue grafting can be beneficial in preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. Clinical recommendations based on the disease, soft tissue phenotype characteristics and bone defect morphology are provided for a comprehensive hard- and soft-tissue-oriented treatment of peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Galarraga‐Vinueza
- Department of Prosthodontics Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- School of Dentistry Universidad de las Américas (UDLA) Quito Ecuador
| | - Lorenzo Tavelli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Division of Periodontology Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence Synthesis in Oral TissuE RegeneratION (CRITERION) Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Babkina AS, Yadgarov MY, Ostrova IV, Zakharchenko VE, Kuzovlev AN, Grechko AV, Lyubomudrov MA, Golubev AM. Serum Levels of VEGF-A and Its Receptors in Patients in Different Phases of Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Strokes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4888-4901. [PMID: 36286047 PMCID: PMC9601157 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are important regulators of angiogenesis, neuroprotection, and neurogenesis. Studies have indicated the association of VEGF dysregulation with the development of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. We studied the changes in serum levels of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in patients at various phases of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Quantitative assessment of VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 in serum of patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke was performed by enzyme immunoassay in the hyper-acute (1−24 h from the onset), acute (up to 1−7 days), and early subacute (7 days to 3 months) phases of stroke, and then compared with the control group and each other. Results of our retrospective study demonstrated different levels of VEGF-A and its receptors at various phases of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. In ischemic stroke, increased VEGFR-2 level was found in the hyper-acute (p = 0.045) and acute phases (p = 0.024), while elevated VEGF-A and reduced VEGFR-1 levels were revealed in the early subacute phase (p = 0.048 and p = 0.012, respectively). In hemorrhagic stroke, no significant changes in levels of VEGF-A and its receptors were identified in the hyper-acute phase. In the acute and early subacute phases there was an increase in levels of VEGF-A (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively) and VEGFR-2 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). Serum levels of VEGF-A and its receptors in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke indicate different pathogenic pathways depending on the phase of the disease.
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Hou CY, Ma CY, Lin YJ, Huang CL, Wang HD, Yuh CH. WNK1–OSR1 Signaling Regulates Angiogenesis-Mediated Metastasis towards Developing a Combinatorial Anti-Cancer Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012100. [PMID: 36292952 PMCID: PMC9602556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-deficient protein kinase-1 (WNK1) is critical for both embryonic angiogenesis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. However, the downstream effectors of WNK1 during these processes remain ambiguous. In this study, we identified that oxidative stress responsive 1b (osr1b) is upregulated in endothelial cells in both embryonic and tumor-induced angiogenesis in zebrafish, accompanied by downregulation of protein phosphatase 2A (pp2a) subunit ppp2r1bb. In addition, wnk1a and osr1b are upregulated in two liver cancer transgenic fish models: [tert x p53−/−] and [HBx,src,p53−/−,RPIA], while ppp2r1bb is downregulated in [tert x p53−/−]. Furthermore, using HUVEC endothelial cells co-cultured with HepG2 hepatoma cells, we confirmed that WNK1 plays a critical role in the induction of hepatoma cell migration in both endothelial cells and hepatoma cells. Moreover, overexpression of OSR1 can rescue the reduced cell migration caused by shWNK1 knockdown in HUVEC cells, indicating OSR1 is downstream of WNK1 in endothelial cells promoting hepatoma cell migration. Overexpression of PPP2R1A can rescue the increased cell migration caused by WNK1 overexpression in HepG2, indicating that PPP2R1A is a downstream effector in hepatoma. The combinatorial treatment with WNK1 inhibitor (WNK463) and OSR1 inhibitor (Rafoxanide) plus oligo-fucoidan via oral gavage to feed [HBx,src,p53−/−,RPIA] transgenic fish exhibits much more significant anticancer efficacy than Regorafenib for advanced HCC. Importantly, oligo-fucoidan can reduce the cell senescence marker-IL-1β expression. Furthermore, oligo-fucoidan reduces the increased cell senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in tert transgenic fish treated with WNK1-OSR1 inhibitors. Our results reveal the WNK1–OSR1–PPP2R1A axis plays a critical role in both endothelial and hepatoma cells during tumor-induced angiogenesis promoting cancer cell migration. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we further uncover the molecular mechanisms of WNK1 and its downstream effectors during tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting WNK1–OSR1-mediated anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activity, the undesired inflammation response caused by inhibiting WNK1–OSR1 can be attenuated by the combination therapy with oligo-fucoidan and may improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Hou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yung Ma
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-D.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-3-5742470 (H.-D.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35338) (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-D.W.); (C.-H.Y.); Tel.: +886-3-5742470 (H.-D.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35338) (C.-H.Y.)
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Wang F, Wei S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, He J, Sun B. Osimertinib: Another medication related to osteonecrosis of the jaws? A case report and literature review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:947947. [PMID: 36034820 PMCID: PMC9400918 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.947947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an oral complication in cancer patients being treated with either antiresorptives, mainly denosumab and bisphosphonates, or antiangiogenic drugs. Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for the treatment of patients with EGFR T790M advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TKI-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw has been reported in recent years, but these cases almost occur in combination with bisphosphonates, and the data on MRONJ associated to osimertinib is scarce.Case report: We reported a case of MRONJ associated only with osimertinib. A 69-year-old female patient with NSCLC developed MRONJ after 4 years of treatment with osimertinib. Six months ago, she felt persistent pain and swelling in the right maxilla. After 3 months of pain, her dentist extracted one tooth in the right maxilla under local anesthesia. We examined her gingiva and found fistula and pus spillage. A digital volume tomography scan revealed sequestrum. The patient underwent surgical debridement of the necrotic bone under general anesthesia and administered intravenous antibiotics at the hospital. Histopathological analysis of the bone biopsy revealed a diagnosis of MRONJ.Conclusion: This report provides evidence that osimertinib monotherapy can cause MRNOJ, and has a contribution to explore the formation mechanism of MRONJ. For those patients who take osimertinib, routine oral examinations and monitoring should be performed before and during treatment, as well as prompt closure of wounds and antibiotic treatment to avoid infection after invasive oral surgery such as tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zexuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingya He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Sun,
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CRISPR-based VEGF suppression using paired guide RNAs for treatment of choroidal neovascularization. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:613-622. [PMID: 35614998 PMCID: PMC9114159 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genomic disruption of vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) with a single gRNA suppresses choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in preclinical studies, offering the prospect of long-term anti-angiogenesis therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genome editing using CRISPR-CRISPR-associated endonucleases (Cas9) with multiple guide RNAs (gRNAs) can enhance gene-ablation efficacy by augmenting insertion-deletion (indel) mutations with gene truncations but may also increase the risk of off-target effects. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 systems using single versus paired gRNAs to target two different loci in the Vegfa gene that are conserved in human, rhesus macaque, and mouse. Paired gRNAs increased Vegfa gene-ablation rates in human cells in vitro but did not enhance VEGF suppression in mouse eyes in vivo. Genome editing using paired gRNAs also showed a similar degree of CNV suppression compared with single-gRNA systems. Unbiased genome-wide analysis using genome-wide unbiased identification of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) revealed weak off-target activity arising from the second gRNA. These findings suggest that in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing using two gRNAs may increase gene ablation but also the potential risk of off-target mutations, while the functional benefit of targeting an additional locus in the Vegfa gene as treatment for neovascular retinal conditions is unclear.
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Al Kawas H, Saaid I, Jank P, Westhoff CC, Denkert C, Pross T, Weiler KBS, Karsten MM. How VEGF-A and its splice variants affect breast cancer development - clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:227-239. [PMID: 35303290 PMCID: PMC9050780 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression levels and structural variations in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been found to play important roles in cancer development and to be associated with the overall survival and therapy response of cancer patients. Particularly VEGF-A and its splice variants have been found to affect physiological and pathological angiogenic processes, including tumor angiogenesis, correlating with tumor progression, mostly caused by overexpression. This review focuses on the expression and impact of VEGF-A splice variants under physiologic conditions and in tumors and, in particular, the distribution and role of isoform VEGF165b in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Many publications already highlighted the importance of VEGF-A and its splice variants in tumor therapy, especially in breast cancer, which are summarized in this review. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that cytoplasmatic VEGFA/165b expression is higher in invasive breast cancer tumor cells than in normal tissues or stroma. These examples show that the detection of VEGF splice variants can be performed also on the protein level in formalin fixed tissues. Although no quantitative conclusions can be drawn, these results may be the starting point for further studies at a quantitative level, which can be a major step towards the design of targeted antibody-based (breast) cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hivin Al Kawas
- Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inas Saaid
- Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Jank
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Therese Pross
- Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria Margarete Karsten
- Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Matrone A, Gambale C, Prete A, Elisei R. Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Towards a Precision Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:864253. [PMID: 35422765 PMCID: PMC9004483 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.864253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine malignant tumor originating from parafollicular C-cells producing calcitonin. Most of cases (75%) are sporadic while the remaining (25%) are hereditary. In these latter cases medullary thyroid carcinoma can be associated (multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA and IIB) or not (familial medullary thyroid carcinoma), with other endocrine diseases such as pheochromocytoma and/or hyperparathyroidism. RET gene point mutation is the main molecular alteration involved in MTC tumorigenesis, both in sporadic and in hereditary cases. Total thyroidectomy with prophylactic/therapeutic central compartment lymph nodes dissection is the initial treatment of choice. Further treatments are needed according to tumor burden and rate of progression. Surgical treatments and local therapies are advocated in the case of single or few local or distant metastasis and slow rate of progression. Conversely, systemic treatments should be initiated in cases with large metastatic and rapidly progressive disease. In this review, we discuss the details of systemic treatments in advanced and metastatic sporadic MTC, focusing on multikinase inhibitors, both those already used in clinical practice and under investigation, and on emerging treatments such as highly selective RET inhibitors and radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Safak AS, Bulut F, Cumbul A. Histopathological role of vitamin D deficiency in recurrent/chronic tonsillitis pathogenesis: Vascular epithelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis in tonsil. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:699-706. [PMID: 35213796 PMCID: PMC9209805 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our aim in this study is to reveal the role of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of recurrent/chronic tonsillitis and to determine the expression of vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF). Material and Methods This study was conducted between September and February. Thirty‐two patients between the ages of 3 and 35 (mean age 9.71) with recurrent episodes of chronic tonsillitis were selected. Patients were divided into four groups according to their 25OHD levels. Patients with 25OHD levels 0–10 ng/ml were determined as Group 1, 11–20 ng/ml Group 2, 21–30 ng/ml Group 3, and 31–50 ng/ml control Group 4. Routine histological tissue sampling was performed for histopathological evaluation of the tonsillar tissues under light microscope (LM). Five micron sections were taken from the paraffin blocks and stained with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and Trichrome Masson (TCM). VEGF expression was examined immunohistochemically for each group. Results Our analysis showed VEGF expression in all study groups (32 tonsillar tissues). Group 1 and Group 2 histopathological scores were significantly higher than the other groups (p < .001). There were significant differences in VEGF expressions between the four groups (p < .001). 25OHD levels of the patients in Groups 1 and 2 with strong VEGF expression were significantly lower than the other groups (p < .001). Conclusions In conclusion, this study showed an increased angiogenesis in tonsil and an increase in VEGF expression of the tonsillar surface epithelium when blood serum 25OHD levels <20 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse S Safak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, Özel Merkez Prime Hastanesi, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Fuat Bulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Private Corlu REYAP Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Cumbul
- Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Abstract
Based on the analysis of published data, the review provides information on the role and mechanisms of angiogenesis in the development of eye diseases. It has been shown that the developing inflammatory process associated with infections or damage to the organ of vision almost always leads to the appearance of newly formed vessels in the avascular cornea. The progression, in particular, of age-related macular degeneration is associated with the immune-mediated development of angiogenesis processes. A key inducer of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whose activity can be enhanced by a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-), growth (fibroblast growth factor, FGF) and transforming factors (transforming growth factor beta, TGF- ). In addition, VEGF overproduction is mediated by an imbalance of pro-angiogenic (angiogenin) and anti-angiogenic (angiostatin, vasostatin, endostatin; tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases) factors. Antiangiogenic activity based on inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been successfully used in the treatment of a number of eye diseases, such as exudative age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, the pathogenesis of which is based on the growth of newly formed vessels. The review presents information on the main anti-angiogenic drugs for intravitreal administration, used in ophthalmology.
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14
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Involvement of Angiogenesis in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Aneurysms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091269. [PMID: 34572455 PMCID: PMC8469881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the plasma concentration of pro and antiangiogenic factors and their role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery abnormal dilation (CAAD). We measured the plasma concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), Angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) using a sandwich ELISA technique in the plasma of patients with coronary artery abnormal dilation (CAAD, Group 1), coronary artery disease (CAD, Group 2), and normal coronary arteries (NCA, Group 3). Patients suffering from CAAD showed significantly higher plasma concentrations of VEGF (p = 0.002) than those from the control group. Both pathological angiogenesis and inflammation appear to be crucial in the pathogenesis of aneurysmal dilatation of the coronary arteries.
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15
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Expression and characterization of a novel single-chain anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody in the goat milk. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:52-62. [PMID: 34224759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has essential functions in angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tumor invasion. Different approaches have been developed to suppress tumor angiogenesis, which is considered a hallmark of cancer. Anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies constitute an important strategy for cancer immunotherapy, which has been produced on several platforms. In this study, a novel single-chain anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (scVEGFmAb) was produced in the goat mammary gland by adenoviral transduction. scVEGFmAb was purified by affinity chromatography. N-glycans were analyzed by exoglycosidase digestion and hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The biological activity of scVEGFmAb was assessed by scratch and mouse aortic ring assays. scVEGFmAb was produced at 0.61 g/L in the goat milk, and its purification rendered 95 % purity. N-glycans attached to scVEGFmAb backbone were mainly neutral biantennary core fucosylated with Galβ1,4GlcNAc motif, and charged structures were capped with Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. The chimeric molecule significantly prevented cell migration and suppressed microvessel sprouting. These results demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of producing an anti-VEGF therapeutic antibody in the milk of non-transgenic goats with the potential to counteract tumor angiogenesis.
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16
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Utsunomiya H, Gao X, Cheng H, Deng Z, Nakama G, Mascarenhas R, Goldman JL, Ravuri SK, Arner JW, Ruzbarsky JJ, Lowe WR, Philippon MJ, Huard J. Intra-articular Injection of Bevacizumab Enhances Bone Marrow Stimulation-Mediated Cartilage Repair in a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1871-1882. [PMID: 33979242 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) via microfracture historically has been a first-line treatment for articular cartilage lesions. However, BMS has become less favorable because of resulting fibrocartilage formation. Previous studies have shown that angiogenesis blockade promotes cartilage repair. Bevacizumab is a Food and Drug Administration-approved medication used clinically to prevent angiogenesis. HYPOTHESIS The intra-articular injection of bevacizumab would prevent angiogenesis after BMS and lead to improved cartilage repair with more hyaline-like cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The dose of bevacizumab was first optimized in a rabbit osteochondral defect model with BMS. Then, 48 rabbits (n = 8/group/time point) were divided into 3 groups: osteochondral defect (defect), osteochondral defect + BMS (BMS group), and osteochondral defect + BMS + bevacizumab intra-articular injection (bevacizumab group). Rabbits were sacrificed at either 6 or 12 weeks after surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (microCT), macroscope score, modified O'Driscoll histology scores, collagen type 2, Herovici staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Angiogenesis markers were also evaluated. RESULTS The intra-articular dose of 12.5 mg/0.5 mL bevacizumab was found to be effective without deleteriously affecting the subchondral bone. Intra-articular injection of bevacizumab resulted in significantly improved cartilage repair for the bevacizumab group compared with the BMS or the defect group based on 3D microCT, the macroscope score (both P < .05), the modified O'Driscoll histology score (P = .0034 and P = .019 vs defect and BMS groups, respectively), collagen type 2, Herovici staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining at 6 weeks. Cartilage in the bevacizumab group had significantly more hyaline cartilage than did that in other groups. At 12 weeks, the cartilage layer regenerated in all groups; however, the bevacizumab group showed more hyaline-like morphology, as demonstrated by microCT, histology scores (P < .001 and .0225 vs defect and BMS groups, respectively), histology, and immunohistochemistry. The bevacizumab injection did not significantly change mRNA expressions of smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor, or hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of bevacizumab significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of hyaline-like cartilage after BMS in a rabbit model. Future large-animal and human studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical effect of this therapy, which may lead to improved BMS outcomes and thus the durability of the regenerated cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of bevacizumab may be an important clinical adjunct to improve BMS-mediated cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Utsunomiya
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xueqin Gao
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gilberto Nakama
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randy Mascarenhas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julia L Goldman
- Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine & Care, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sudheer K Ravuri
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin W Arner
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph J Ruzbarsky
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter R Lowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marc J Philippon
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Investigation performed at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Chen Z, Chen K, Li J, Shen J, Xu W. Elevated Levels of Endoglin, Endostatin, FGF-α, HGF, and Thrombospondin-2 in Aqueous Humor of nAMD Patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:1092-1098. [PMID: 33793358 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1869785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: to explore the aqueous cytokine profiles in nAMD patients before and after conbercept therapy.Methods: aqueous levels of 17 cytokines were detected in 20 treatment-naïve nAMD eyes and 20 age- and sex-matched age-related cataract (ARC) eyes. All of the nAMD patients received three intravitreal injections of conbercept. The central macular thickness (CMT) and maximum retinal thickness-3 mm (MRT-3 mm) were measured by SD-OCT. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to measure the greatest linear diameter (GLD).Results: Aqueous endoglin, endostatin, FGF-α, HGF, and thrombospondin-2 levels were significantly higher in the nAMD group than those in the ARC group, whether before or after two conbercept injections. In the nAMD group, baseline thrombospondin-2 was positively correlated with GLD. Baseline FGF-α, thrombospondin-2, and VEGF-A were positively correlated with MRT-3 mm. After two conbercept injections, endostatin levels were positively correlated with VEGF-A.Conclusions: Endoglin, endostatin, FGF-α, HGF, and thrombospondin-2 may participate in the pathogenesis of nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kailin Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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18
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Nada H, Elkamhawy A, Lee K. Structure Activity Relationship of Key Heterocyclic Anti-Angiogenic Leads of Promising Potential in the Fight against Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030553. [PMID: 33494492 PMCID: PMC7865909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer; accordingly, a number of anticancer FDA-approved drugs act by inhibiting angiogenesis via different mechanisms. However, the development process of the most potent anti-angiogenics has met various hurdles including redundancy, multiplicity, and development of compensatory mechanisms by which blood vessels are remodeled. Moreover, identification of broad-spectrum anti-angiogenesis targets is proved to be required to enhance the efficacy of the anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this perspective, a proper understanding of the structure activity relationship (SAR) of the recent anti-angiogenics is required. Various anti-angiogenic classes have been developed over the years; among them, the heterocyclic organic compounds come to the fore as the most promising, with several drugs approved by the FDA. In this review, we discuss the structure–activity relationship of some promising potent heterocyclic anti-angiogenic leads. For each lead, a molecular modelling was also carried out in order to correlate its SAR and specificity to the active site. Furthermore, an in silico pharmacokinetics study for some representative leads was presented. Summarizing, new insights for further improvement for each lead have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Nada
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
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19
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Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Ooki A, Wakatsuki T, Kamiimabeppu D, Sato T, Nakayama I, Ogura M, Takahari D, Chin K, Yamaguchi K. Early hypertension and neutropenia are predictors of treatment efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients administered FOLFIRI and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors as second-line chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2021; 10:615-625. [PMID: 33347731 PMCID: PMC7877370 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, Bevacizumab (BEV), ramucirumab (RAM), and aflibercept (AFL), are widely used for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients who are treated with second-line chemotherapy. The difference in outcome between the three drugs has not been evaluated. In contrast to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors have few candidate predictors of efficacy. METHODS Consecutive mCRC patients who were treated with second-line chemotherapy were retrospectively enrolled. Overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety were assessed. Subgroup analyses of prognostic and predictive efficacy markers were performed. RESULTS A total of 119 (41.2%), 107 (37.0%), and 63 patients (21.8%) were treated with FOLFIRI +BEV, RAM, or AFL, respectively. ORR, PFS, and OS showed no significant differences between three groups. However, the frequency of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) in the FOLFIRI +AFL group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.001). Patients with grade 3 or 4 AEs, especially hypertension and neutropenia within the first four cycles of treatment had significantly longer PFS and OS than those without AEs, irrespective of treatment with VEGF inhibitors (p < 0.001). PFS in patients without prior BEV exposure was also significantly longer than that in patients with prior BEV exposure (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Chemotherapeutic efficacy did not differ between the groups. Grade 3 or 4 AEs within the first four cycles of treatment and prior BEV exposure may be an effective predictor of treatment efficacy in mCRC patients administered VEGF inhibitors as second-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Osumi
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Ooki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Takeru Wakatsuki
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Daisaku Kamiimabeppu
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Taro Sato
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Izuma Nakayama
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Takahari
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of GastroenterologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
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20
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Iacobas DA, Mgbemena VE, Iacobas S, Menezes KM, Wang H, Saganti PB. Genomic Fabric Remodeling in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC): A New Paradigm and Proposal for a Personalized Gene Therapy Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123678. [PMID: 33302383 PMCID: PMC7762545 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We applied the genomic fabric principles for personalized gene therapy to a case of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Despite decades of research, the process of finding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease and, more importantly, the therapeutic solution is still a work in progress. We analyzed the transcriptomes of the chest wall metastasis, two distinct cancer nodules, and the cancer-free surrounding tissue in the surgically removed right kidney of a Fuhrman grade 3 metastatic ccRCC patient. The studies revealed that even histopathologically equally classified cancer nodules from the same kidney have different transcriptomic topologies, requiring tailored therapeutic solutions not only for each patient but even for each cancer nodule. We identified death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3); transcription activation suppressor (TASOR); family with sequence similarity 27, member C, long non-coding RNA (FAM27C); and UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit (ALG13) as the gene master regulators of the four profiled regions and proposed molecular mechanisms by which expression manipulation of TASOR and ALG13 may selectively destroy the cancer cells without affecting many of the normal cells. Abstract Published transcriptomic data from surgically removed metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma samples were analyzed from the genomic fabric paradigm (GFP) perspective to identify the best targets for gene therapy. GFP considers the transcriptome as a multi-dimensional mathematical object constrained by a dynamic set of expression controls and correlations among genes. Every gene in the chest wall metastasis, two distinct cancer nodules, and the surrounding normal tissue of the right kidney was characterized by three independent measures: average expression level, relative expression variation, and expression correlation with each other gene. The analyses determined the cancer-induced regulation, control, and remodeling of the chemokine and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, apoptosis, basal transcription factors, cell cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, renal cell carcinoma, and RNA polymerase pathways. Interestingly, the three cancer regions exhibited different transcriptomic organization, suggesting that the gene therapy should not be personalized only for every patient but also for each major cancer nodule. The gene hierarchy was established on the basis of gene commanding height, and the gene master regulators DAPK3,TASOR, FAM27C and ALG13 were identified in each profiled region. We delineated the molecular mechanisms by which TASOR overexpression and ALG13 silencing would selectively affect the cancer cells with little consequences for the normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru A. Iacobas
- Personalized Genomics Laboratory, CRI Center for Computational Systems Biology, Roy G Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
- Correspondence: (D.A.I.); (P.B.S.); Tel.: +1-(936)-261-9626 (D.A.I.)
| | - Victoria E. Mgbemena
- Department of Biology, MD and S Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA;
| | - Sanda Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | - Kareena M. Menezes
- CRI Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, MD and S Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (K.M.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Huichen Wang
- CRI Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, MD and S Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (K.M.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Premkumar B. Saganti
- CRI Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, MD and S Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (K.M.M.); (H.W.)
- Department of Physics, MD and S Brailsford College of Arts and Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
- Correspondence: (D.A.I.); (P.B.S.); Tel.: +1-(936)-261-9626 (D.A.I.)
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21
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Chen K, Xu W, Zheng J, Shen Y, Ma J, Chen Z. Angiogenin, FGF-α, and IL-36β have higher expression levels in aqueous humor of nAMD patients in comparison to cataract patients. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:431. [PMID: 33115414 PMCID: PMC7592502 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous cytokines have been proven to participate in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The present study aimed to investigate the aqueous humor cytokine expression profile in nAMD patients before and after ranibizumab treatments in comparison to cataract patients. Methods This prospective study included 20 treatment-naïve nAMD eyes of 20 patients who received three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Aqueous humor samples were collected before the first (baseline), second (1 month later), and third (2 months later) injections. Controls were 20 age- and gender-matched cataract patients without any other ocular disease. The aqueous concentrations of 28 cytokines were measured using a multiplex bead assay. Central macular thickness (CMT) and maximum retinal thickness (MRT)-3 mm were measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The greatest linear diameter (GLD) was measured by fundus fluorescein angiography (FA). Results Three cytokines in aqueous humor, including angiogenin, interleukin-36β (IL-36β), and fibroblast growth factor-acidic (FGF-α) were significantly higher in nAMD patients in comparison to cataract patients, both before and after two consecutive monthly ranibizumab injections. Compared with the nAMD patients’ basal levels, two consecutive monthly ranibizumab injections effectively reduced the aqueous concentrations of VEGF-A and placental growth factor (PlGF), as well as the values of CMT, MRT-3 mm, and GLD. Conclusions Angiogenin, IL-36β, and FGF-α have higher expression levels in nAMD patients in comparison to cataract patients, both before and after 2 months of ranibizumab therapy. These cytokines may have correlations with the pathogenesis of nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Shen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China.
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22
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Pauli FP, Martins JR, Paschoalin T, Ionta M, Barbosa MLC, Barreiro EJ. Novel VEGFR‐2 inhibitors with an
N
‐acylhydrazone scaffold. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000130. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P. Pauli
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu) Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Martins
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Biophysics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Maria Leticia C. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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23
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Empagliflozin alleviates neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:514-525. [PMID: 32436127 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious condition associated with severe functional disability and high mortality, however; effective therapy remains elusive. Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, has been shown to exert additional non-glycemic benefits including anti-apoptotic effects in different disease settings. Thereby, this study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of empagliflozin on the neuronal apoptosis exhibited in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model targeting HIF-1α/VEGF signaling which is involved in this insult. Global cerebral I/R injury was induced in male Wistar rats through occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 min followed by one-hour reperfusion. Empagliflozin doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg were administered 1 and 24 h after reperfusion. In I/R-injured rats, empagliflozin treatments significantly reduced infarct size and enhanced neurobehavioral functions in a dose-dependent manner. The drug alleviated neuronal death and cerebral injury inflicted by global ischemia as it suppressed neuronal caspase-3 protein expression. In parallel, protein expressions of HIF-1α and its downstream mediator VEGF were upregulated in the ischemic brain following empagliflozin treatment. The results indicated that empagliflozin attenuates cerebral I/R-induced neuronal death via the HIF-1α/VEGF cascade.
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24
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Guimaraes TACD, Georgiou M, Bainbridge JWB, Michaelides M. Gene therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: rationale, clinical trials and future directions. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:151-157. [PMID: 32269060 PMCID: PMC7848059 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy has transformed the management and outcome of neovascular AMD (nAMD), although the need for repeated intravitreal injections—even lifelong—and the related complications, high drug costs, frequent clinic visits and repeated imaging have resulted in an enormous burden both to healthcare systems and patients. The application of gene therapy approaches for sustained delivery of a range of antiangiogenic proteins has the promise of helping to address these aforementioned challenges. A number of early phase clinical trials of gene therapy in nAMD have provided encouraging results, with many more ongoing or anticipated. There remain significant areas of controversy, including regarding the optimal treatment targets, routes of administration and potential safety concerns. In this review we aim to provide an update of the current status of gene therapy for nAMD and briefly discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - James W B Bainbridge
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK .,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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25
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Akturk UD, Tuncer C, Bozkurt H, Sahin OS, Bulut H, Arikok A, Dinc C, Gurer B, Turkoglu E. Blocking VEGF by Bevacizumab Attenuates VEGF-Induced Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rabbits. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:e136-e143. [PMID: 32251821 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) plays a vital role in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia. Anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies, like bevacizumab (BEV), may attenuate VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis, reduced vascular cell proliferation, and improve vasospasm after SAH. METHODS Thirty-two adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 rabbits in each group: group 1 (control); group 2 (SAH); group 3 (SAH + vehicle); and group 4 (SAH + BEV). BEV (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered 5 minutes after the intracisternal blood injection and continued for 72 hours once per day in the same dose for group 4. Animals were sacrificed 72 hours after SAH. Basilar artery cross-sectional areas, arterial wall thicknesses, and hippocampal degeneration scores were evaluated in all groups. RESULTS VEGF is associated with the narrowing of the basilar artery. Treatment with BEV statistically significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the basilar artery when compared with the SAH and the vehicle groups. Basilar artery wall thicknesses in the BEV group was statistically significant smaller than in the SAH and vehicle groups. The hippocampal degeneration scores for the BEV and control groups were similar and significantly lower than those for the SAH and vehicle groups. CONCLUSIONS Cellular proliferation and subsequent vessel wall thickening is a reason to delay cerebral ischemia and deterioration of the neurocognitive function. Intraperitoneal administration of BEV was found to attenuate cerebral vasospasm and prevent delayed cerebral ischemia and improve neurocognitive function after SAH in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Dogu Akturk
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Tuncer
- Duzce Univesity, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bozkurt
- Ministry of Health, Kecioren Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Selcuk Sahin
- Binali Yildirim University Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Husamettin Bulut
- Private Edremit Korfez Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ata Arikok
- Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Dinc
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Pathology Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bora Gurer
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Turkoglu
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye School of Medicine, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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de la Torre P, Pérez-Lorenzo MJ, Alcázar-Garrido Á, Flores AI. Cell-Based Nanoparticles Delivery Systems for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Lessons from Anti-Angiogenesis Treatments. Molecules 2020; 25:E715. [PMID: 32046010 PMCID: PMC7038177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main strategy of cancer treatment has focused on attacking the tumor cells. Some cancers initially responsive to chemotherapy become treatment-resistant. Another strategy is to block the formation of tumor vessels. However, tumors also become resistant to anti-angiogenic treatments, mostly due to other cells and factors present in the tumor microenvironment, and hypoxia in the central part of the tumor. The need for new cancer therapies is significant. The use of nanoparticle-based therapy will improve therapeutic efficacy and targeting, while reducing toxicity. However, due to inefficient accumulation in tumor sites, clearance by reticuloendothelial organs and toxicity, internalization or conjugation of drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can increase efficacy by actively delivering them into the tumor microenvironment. Nanoengineering MSCs with drug-loaded NPs can increase the drug payload delivered to tumor sites due to the migratory and homing abilities of MSCs. However, MSCs have some disadvantages, and exosomes and membranes from different cell types can be used to transport drug-loaded NPs actively to tumors. This review gives an overview of different cancer approaches, with a focus on hypoxia and the emergence of NPs as drug-delivery systems and MSCs as cellular vehicles for targeted delivery due to their tumor-homing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana I. Flores
- Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas 12), Avda. de Cordoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (P.d.l.T.); (M.J.P.-L.)
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27
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Feng Z, Yu Q, Zhang T, Tie W, Li J, Zhou X. Updates on mechanistic insights and targeting of tumour metastasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2076-2086. [PMID: 31957271 PMCID: PMC7011147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumours are one of the major diseases that seriously endanger human health. The characteristics of their invasion and metastasis are one of the main causes of death in cancer patients, and these features cannot be separated from the participation of various molecules-related cells living in the tumour microenvironment and specific structures. Tumour invasion can approximately be divided into several specific steps according to the movement of tumour cells. In each step, there are different actions in the tumour microenvironment that mediate the interactions among substances. Researchers are attempting to clarify every mechanism of the tumour dissemination. However, there is still a long way to the final determination. Here, we review these interactions in tumour invasion and metastasis at the structural, molecular and cellular levels. We also discuss the ongoing studies and the promise of targeting metastasis in tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanpeng Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xikun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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28
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Sun F, Bi Q, Wang X, Liu J. Down‐regulation of mir‐27b promotes angiogenesis and fibroblast activation through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 28:39-48. [PMID: 31587435 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Sun
- Department of Burn CosmetologyThe Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai 264000 China
| | - Qingxia Bi
- Department of Burn CosmetologyThe Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai 264000 China
| | - Xueming Wang
- Department of Burn CosmetologyThe Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai 264000 China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- Department of Burn CosmetologyThe Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Yantai 264000 China
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29
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Synthesis and biological activity of structurally diverse phthalazine derivatives: A systematic review. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3979-3997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Emerging Roles of Redox-Mediated Angiogenesis and Oxidative Stress in Dermatoses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2304018. [PMID: 31178954 PMCID: PMC6501144 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2304018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of new vessel formation, which sprouts from preexisting vessels. This process is highly complex and primarily involves several key steps, including stimulation of endothelial cells by growth factors, degradation of the extracellular matrix by proteolytic enzymes, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, and capillary tube formation. Currently, it is considered that multiple cytokines play a vital role in this process, which consist of proangiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, and angiopoietins) and antiangiogenic factors (e.g., endostatin, thrombospondin, and angiostatin). Angiogenesis is essential for most physiological events, such as body growth and development, tissue repair, and wound healing. However, uncontrolled neovascularization may contribute to angiogenic disorders. In physiological conditions, the above promoters and inhibitors function in a coordinated way to induce and sustain angiogenesis within a limited period of time. Conversely, the imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors could cause pathological angiogenesis and trigger several diseases. With insights into the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis, increasing reports have shown that a close relationship exists between angiogenesis and oxidative stress (OS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. OS, an imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidant systems, is a cause and consequence of many vascular complains and serves as one of the biomarkers for these diseases. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports that OS and angiogenesis play vital roles in many dermatoses, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin tumor. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of OS as a trigger of angiogenesis in skin disorders, highlights newly identified mechanisms, and introduces the antiangiogenic and antioxidant therapeutic strategies.
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31
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Mozolevska V, Schwartz A, Cheung D, Goyal V, Shaikh B, Dingman B, Kim E, Mittal I, Asselin CY, Edel A, Ravandi A, Thliveris J, Singal PK, Czaykowski P, Jassal DS. Role of renin-angiotensin system antagonists in the prevention of bevacizumab- and sunitinib-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H446-H458. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00344.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although anticancer systemic therapy agents clearly lead to improved survival in patients with cancer, these can come at the cost of serious complications including cardiotoxicity. Two types of targeted systemic therapies currently in use for colorectal cancer (CRC) and renal cell cancer (RCC), respectively, include the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor bevacizumab (BVZ) and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (SNT). Despite the beneficial effects of BVZ and SNT in improving clinical outcomes in the settings of CRC and RCC, there is an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to determine whether prophylactic administration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors would attenuate the cardiotoxic side effects of BVZ or SNT in a chronic in vivo murine model. A total of 194 wild-type C57Bl/6 male mice received: 1) 0.9% saline, 2) BVZ (10 mg·kg−1·wk−1), or 3) SNT (40 mg·kg−1·day−1) for 4 wk. Within each arm, mice received daily prophylactic treatment with hydralazine (0.05 mg/ml), aliskiren (50 mg/kg), perindopril (4 mg/kg), or valsartan (2 mg/kg). Although hydralazine effectively lowered blood pressure in BVZ- or SNT-treated mice, it did not prevent left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Prophylactic administration of aliskiren, perindopril, or valsartan prevented adverse cardiovascular remodeling in mice treated with either BVZ or SNT. The addition of RAS antagonists also downregulated expression of phosphorylated p38 and Bcl-2-like 19-kDa interacting protein 3 in SNT-treated mice. In our chronic in vivo murine model, RAS antagonists partially attenuated the development of BVZ- or SNT-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Future clinical studies are warranted to investigate the cardioprotective effects of prophylactic treatment with RAS inhibitors in the settings of CRC and RCC. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the evolving field of cardio-oncology, bevacizumab and sunitinib improve clinical outcomes in the settings of metastatic colorectal cancer and renal cell cancer, respectively. These anticancer drugs, however, are associated with an increased risk of cardiotoxicity. The prophylactic administration of renin-angiotensin system antagonists is partially cardioprotective against bevacizumab- and sunitinib-mediated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Mozolevska
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna Schwartz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vineet Goyal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bilal Shaikh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bella Dingman
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Esther Kim
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ishika Mittal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chantal Y. Asselin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea Edel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pawan K. Singal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Piotr Czaykowski
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Davinder S. Jassal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Arbab AS, Rashid MH, Angara K, Borin TF, Lin PC, Jain M, Achyut BR. Major Challenges and Potential Microenvironment-Targeted Therapies in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122732. [PMID: 29258180 PMCID: PMC5751333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered one of the most malignant, genetically heterogeneous, and therapy-resistant solid tumor. Therapeutic options are limited in GBM and involve surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapies, including antiangiogenic treatments (AATs) targeting the VEGF–VEGFR pathway, have witnessed enhanced infiltration of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, causing therapy resistance and tumor relapse in clinics and in preclinical models of GBM. This review article is focused on gathering previous clinical and preclinical reports featuring major challenges and lessons in GBM. Potential combination therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) to overcome the myeloid cell-mediated resistance problem in GBM are discussed. Future directions are focused on the use of TME-directed therapies in combination with standard therapy in clinical trials, and the exploration of novel therapies and GBM models for preclinical studies. We believe this review will guide the future of GBM research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Rashid
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Kartik Angara
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Thaiz F Borin
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Ping-Chang Lin
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Meenu Jain
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Bhagelu R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis laboratory, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Levene
- Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
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34
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Casillas AL, Toth RK, Sainz AG, Singh N, Desai AA, Kraft AS, Warfel NA. Hypoxia-Inducible PIM Kinase Expression Promotes Resistance to Antiangiogenic Agents. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:169-180. [PMID: 29084916 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients develop resistance to antiangiogenic drugs, secondary to changes in the tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia. PIM kinases are prosurvival kinases and their expression increases in hypoxia. The goal of this study was to determine whether targeting hypoxia-induced PIM kinase expression is effective in combination with VEGF-targeting agents. The rationale for this therapeutic approach is based on the fact that antiangiogenic drugs can make tumors hypoxic, and thus more sensitive to PIM inhibitors.Experimental Design: Xenograft and orthotopic models of prostate and colon cancer were used to assess the effect of PIM activation on the efficacy of VEGF-targeting agents. IHC and in vivo imaging were used to analyze angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis. Biochemical studies were performed to characterize the novel signaling pathway linking PIM and HIF1.Results: PIM was upregulated following treatment with anti-VEGF therapies, and PIM1 overexpression reduced the ability of these drugs to disrupt vasculature and block tumor growth. PIM inhibitors reduced HIF1 activity, opposing the shift to a pro-angiogenic gene signature associated with hypoxia. Combined inhibition of PIM and VEGF produced a synergistic antitumor response characterized by decreased proliferation, reduced tumor vasculature, and decreased metastasis.Conclusions: This study describes PIM kinase expression as a novel mechanism of resistance to antiangiogenic agents. Our data provide justification for combining PIM and VEGF inhibitors to treat solid tumors. The unique ability of PIM inhibitors to concomitantly target HIF1 and selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells addresses two major components of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 169-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Casillas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rachel K Toth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alva G Sainz
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences graduate program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Noel A Warfel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Pinto MP, Owen GI, Retamal I, Garrido M. Angiogenesis inhibitors in early development for gastric cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1007-1017. [PMID: 28770623 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1361926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis, or the generation of new blood vessels from pre-existent ones is a critical process for tumor growth and progression. Hence, the development of angiogenesis inhibitors with therapeutic potential has been a central focus for researchers. Most angiogenesis inhibitors target the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) pathway, however a number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and inhibitors of the mammalian Target-Of-Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway also display antiangiogenic activity. Areas covered: Here we review the effectiveness of a variety of compounds with antiangiogenic properties in preclinical and clinical settings in gastric cancer (GC). Expert opinion: In coming years angiogenesis will remain as a therapeutic target in GC. To date, ramucirumab a monoclonal antibody that targets VEGFR2 is the most successful antiangiogenic tested in clinical studies, and it is now well established as a second-line therapy in GC. The arrival of precision medicine and the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors will increase the number of clinical trials using targeted agents like ramucirumab in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. A hypothetical working model that combines ramucirumab with immunotherapy is presented. Also, the impact of nanotechnology and a molecular subtype classification of GC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- a School of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- c School of Chemistry and Biology, Laboratory on the Immunology of Reproduction , Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- a School of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ignacio Retamal
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Marcelo Garrido
- b Center UC for Investigation in Oncology (CITO) , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- d School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Angara K, Borin TF, Arbab AS. Vascular Mimicry: A Novel Neovascularization Mechanism Driving Anti-Angiogenic Therapy (AAT) Resistance in Glioblastoma. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:650-660. [PMID: 28668763 PMCID: PMC5496207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a hypervascular neoplasia of the central nervous system with an extremely high rate of mortality. Owing to its hypervascularity, anti-angiogenic therapies (AAT) have been used as an adjuvant to the traditional surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. The benefits of AAT have been transient and the tumors were shown to relapse faster and demonstrated particularly high rates of AAT therapy resistance. Alternative neovascularization mechanisms were shown to be at work in these resilient tumors to counter the AAT therapy insult. Vascular Mimicry (VM) is the uncanny ability of tumor cells to acquire endothelial-like properties and lay down vascular patterned networks reminiscent of host endothelial blood vessels. The VM channels served as an irrigation system for the tumors to meet with the increasing metabolic and nutrient demands of the tumor in the event of the ensuing hypoxia resulting from AAT. In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that AAT accelerates VM in GBM. In this review, we will focus on the origins of VM, visualizing VM in AAT-treated tumors and the development of VM as a resistance mechanism to AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Angara
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Thaiz F Borin
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Li M, Chen Y, Guo Z, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Jiang C, Chen X. The pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF): an important potential therapeutic agent for infantile hemangioma. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:169-178. [PMID: 28197761 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, the expression and the role of proangiogenic factors in infantile hemangiomas have been well studied. However, the role of angiogenic inhibitors has been revealed rarely. The expression of PEDF, as the strongest and safe endogenous inhibitor, is still unrecognized until the current study. In order to investigate the expression and significance of the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the proliferating and regressing phases of infantile hemangiomas, the expression of PEDF, VEGF, Ki-67, and CD34 protein in hemangioma tissues was examined with immunohistochemical polymer HRP method in 42 cases during the proliferative phase, 40 cases during the regressing phase, and 11 cases of non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICHs). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of these factors was detected with quantitative realtime RT-PCR. We found the protein and mRNA expression of PEDF in regressing phase was significantly higher than those in proliferative phase and NICHs (P < 0.001), while the protein and mRNA expression of VEGF were much lower (P < 0.001). The microvessel density (MVD), Ki-67 changes, and the expression of PEDF and VEGF were found significantly correlated. These results indicated that the reduction of VEGF and increase in PEDF are causative to the evolution of infantile hemangioma. PEDF may play a key role in the spontaneous regression of infantile hemangioma and may become an important potential therapeutic agent for infantile hemangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Xiamen Eye Centre of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Yide Xie
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yakuan Zhou
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Chenghong Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Plastic Surgery Department of Affiliated Fujian Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.29, Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
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Amin KM, Barsoum FF, Awadallah FM, Mohamed NE. Identification of new potent phthalazine derivatives with VEGFR-2 and EGFR kinase inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pinto MP, Sotomayor P, Carrasco-Avino G, Corvalan AH, Owen GI. Escaping Antiangiogenic Therapy: Strategies Employed by Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091489. [PMID: 27608016 PMCID: PMC5037767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is widely recognized as one of the "hallmarks of cancer". Consequently, during the last decades the development and testing of commercial angiogenic inhibitors has been a central focus for both basic and clinical cancer research. While antiangiogenic drugs are now incorporated into standard clinical practice, as with all cancer therapies, tumors can eventually become resistant by employing a variety of strategies to receive nutrients and oxygen in the event of therapeutic assault. Herein, we concentrate and review in detail three of the principal mechanisms of antiangiogenic therapy escape: (1) upregulation of compensatory/alternative pathways for angiogenesis; (2) vasculogenic mimicry; and (3) vessel co-option. We suggest that an understanding of how a cancer cell adapts to antiangiogenic therapy may also parallel the mechanisms employed in the bourgeoning tumor and isolated metastatic cells delivering responsible for residual disease. Finally, we speculate on strategies to adapt antiangiogenic therapy for future clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
| | - Paula Sotomayor
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330032, Chile.
- Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile.
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Center UC Investigation in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile.
- Biomedical Research Consortium of Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology & Immunotherapy, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile.
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Raval SH, Singh RD, Joshi DV, Patel HB, Mody SK. Recent developments in receptor tyrosine kinases targeted anticancer therapy. Vet World 2016; 9:80-90. [PMID: 27051190 PMCID: PMC4819356 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.80-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel concepts and understanding of receptors lead to discoveries and optimization of many small molecules and antibodies as anti-cancerous drugs. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are such a promising class of receptors under the investigation in past three decades. RTKs are one of the essential mediators of cell signaling mechanism for various cellular processes. Transformations such as overexpression, dysregulation, or mutations of RTKs may result into malignancy, and thus are an important target for anticancer therapy. Numerous subfamilies of RTKs, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptors, insulin-like growth factor receptor, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor, have been being investigated in recent years as target for anticancer therapy. The present review focuses several small molecules drugs as well as monoclonal antibodies targeting aforesaid subfamilies either approved or under investigation to treat the various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H. Raval
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Ratn D. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip V. Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitesh B. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailesh K. Mody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
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Grapsa D, Syrigos K, Saif MW. Bevacizumab in combination with fluoropyrimidine-irinotecan- or fluoropyrimidine-oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for first-line and maintenance treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1267-81. [PMID: 26506906 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite a slight decrease in mortality rates, recent advances in screening methods, diagnosis and overall improved therapeutic options, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains among the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The major cause is the mortality related to metastatic status of CRC. Increasing clinical evidence derived from randomized trials strongly suggests that the efficacy of standard cytotoxic agents, including various combinations of 5-fluoouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV), capecitabine, irinotecan and oxaliplatin, may be significantly augmented with concomitant administration of molecular agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways, such as bevacizumab. Herein, we critically discuss the current data on the efficacy and safety profile of bevacizumab in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for first-line and maintenance treatment of metastatic CRC and briefly comment on existing controversies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Grapsa
- a Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" General Hospital , Athens University School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- a Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" General Hospital , Athens University School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Muhammad Wasif Saif
- a Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" General Hospital , Athens University School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
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Spectral domain optical coherence tomographic analysis of healthy retina in branch retinal vein occlusion and its response to antiangiogenic therapy. Retina 2015; 35:704-14. [PMID: 25313712 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a model that measures the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on relatively healthy retina. The purpose is to analyze the remote effect of a branch retinal vein occlusion in the healthy retina, to determine the response it may have to IVB, and to determine if IVB has an atrophic effect on the healthy retina. METHODS Retrospective, longitudinal comparative analysis of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion treated with IVB. Eyes were divided into experimental (branch retinal vein occlusion eye) and control (contralateral eye) groups. Each eye was analyzed for thickness and area. Thickness measurements were performed for total retinal thickness, inner retina thickness, and outer retina thickness. Area was measured for photoreceptors, choroid, and total retina. RESULTS Eighteen eyes of 9 patients. For thickness analysis, 1,050 scans were studied, and 126 measurements were performed on 42 scans for area analysis. No difference was observed for thickness, except for inner retina thickness. No difference was observed for area. No difference was observed when analyzing a cumulative exposure to IVB. CONCLUSION There is no evidence to suggest an atrophic effect caused by IVB when analyzing thickness or area in this experiment. This model could be used to analyze the long-term safety of IVB in larger studies.
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Flanigan PM, Aghi MK. Adaptation to antiangiogenic therapy in neurological tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3069-82. [PMID: 25943307 PMCID: PMC4506875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Because tumors require a vascular supply for their survival and growth, angiogenesis is considered an important therapeutic target in most human cancers including cancer of the central nervous system. Antiangiogenic therapy has focused on inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. VEGF pathway-targeted drugs have shown therapeutic efficacy in several CNS tumors and have been tried most frequently in glioblastoma. These therapies, however, have been less effective than anticipated as some patients do not respond to therapy and some receive only modest benefit. Underlying this suboptimal response are multiple mechanisms of drug resistance involving changes in both tumor cells and their microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the multiple proposed mechanisms by which neurological tumors evolve to become resistant to antiangiogenic therapies. A better understanding of these mechanisms, their context, and their interplay will likely facilitate improvements in pharmacological strategies for the targeted treatment of neurological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, California Center for Pituitary Disorders, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Vera S, Martínez R, Gormaz JG, Gajardo A, Galleguillos F, Rodrigo R. Novel relationships between oxidative stress and angiogenesis-related factors in sepsis: New biomarkers and therapies. Ann Med 2015; 47:289-300. [PMID: 25998489 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1029967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic uncontrolled inflammatory response in the presence of an infection. It remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. According to its severity, sepsis can progress to three different states: severe sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, related to organ dysfunction and/or tissue hypoperfusion. Different processes underlie its pathophysiology; among them are oxidative stress, endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction, and angiogenesis-related factors. However, no studies have integrated these elements in sepsis. The main difficulty in sepsis is its diagnosis. Currently, the potential of inflammatory biomarkers in septic patients remains weak. In this context, the research into new biomarkers is essential to aid with sepsis diagnosis and prognostication. Furthermore, even though the current management of severe forms of sepsis has been effective, morbimortality remains elevated. Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative approaches to therapy development. The aim of this review is to present an update of evidence supporting the role of oxidative stress and angiogenesis-related factors in the pathophysiology of the different forms of sepsis. It proposes a novel convergence between both elements in their role in the disease, and it will cover their utility as new diagnostic tools, predictors of outcome, and as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Vera
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Stubenrauch K, Wessels U, Essig U, Vogel R, Waltenberger H, Hansbauer A, Koehler A, Heinrich J. An immunodepletion procedure advances free angiopoietin-2 determination in human plasma samples during anti-cancer therapy with bispecific anti-Ang2/VEGF CrossMab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:459-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gubbi A, Kendrick JE, Finkler NJ. The role of bevacizumab in recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1105-13. [PMID: 25189201 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.956095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The majority of women with ovarian cancer will experience a recurrence of their disease despite aggressive primary cytoreduction and adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Notwithstanding the high rate of recurrence, targeted and biologic agents have helped to decrease the dependence on cytotoxic chemotherapy. Bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, has been shown to cause regression in tumor vasculature, inhibition of angiogenesis and prevention of progenitor cell recruitment. Phase III clinical trials of bevacizumab in patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer and in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer have shown an improvement in progression free survival without an appreciable difference in overall survival. The addition of bevacizumab to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens has demonstrated improved response rates, and improved progression free survival. These results have stimulated research in additional angiogenesis inhibitors and trials to further incorporate bevacizumab into the treatment schema for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Gubbi
- Florida Hospital Cancer Institute - Gynecologic Oncology, 2501 North Orange Ave, Orlando, Florida 32804, USA
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Rothschild SI. Clinical potential of nintedanib for the second-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: current evidence. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 5:51-57. [PMID: 28210142 PMCID: PMC5217508 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s49490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is changing. The description of molecular alterations leading to NSCLC carcinogenesis and progression (so-called oncogenic driver mutations) and the development of targeted agents interfering with the tumor-promoting intracellular signaling pathways have improved the outcome for many patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC. However, many patients with stage IV NSCLC do not have one of the targetable predictive biomarkers, and are therefore in need of classical chemotherapy. This especially applies to squamous cell cancer. A platinum-based doublet chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with stage IV NSCLC. As second-line therapies, docetaxel, pemetrexed, and the EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor erlotinib have demonstrated benefit in Phase III randomized trials. Recently, the addition of the angiokinase inhibitor nintedanib to docetaxel has proven efficacious, and is a new treatment option in the second-line setting. Preclinical and clinical data of nintedanib for the treatment of lung cancer patients are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha I Rothschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Macarulla T, Sauri T, Tabernero J. Evaluation of aflibercept in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1493-505. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.947956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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49
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Kano MR. Nanotechnology and tumor microcirculation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:2-11. [PMID: 23994441 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in the development of anti-tumor chemotherapeutic agents, refractoriness is still a major clinical difficulty because little is known about the non-autonomous mechanisms involved. Abnormal capillary structures in tumors, for example, are well documented, but a thorough characterization of microcirculation, including functional consequences with particular regard to drug delivery and intratumor accumulation, is still required for many kinds of tumor. In this review, we highlight how use of synthesized nanoparticles, themselves a product of emerging nanotechnology, are beginning to open up new perspectives in understanding the functional and therapeutic consequences of capillary structure within tumors. Furthermore, nanoparticles promise exciting new clinical applications. I also stress the urgent necessity of developing clinically relevant tumor models, both in vivo and in vitro.
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50
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Raman K, Arungundram S, Kuberan B. Chemogenesis of an antiangiogenic glycosaminoglycan. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:644-6. [PMID: 24944736 DOI: 10.1021/ml400498d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this letter we report a facile chemical conversion of heparin, a potent anticoagulant with minimal antiangiogenic activity, into an effective antiangiogenic glycosaminoglycan through optimized chemical approaches. This work highlights the potential for industrial scale production of a therapeutic anticancer glycosaminoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Raman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States ; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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