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Wang Z, Li D, Chen M, Yu X, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang L, Shu Y. A comprehensive study on the regulation of Compound Zaoren Granules on cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and metabolic disorder in CUMS-PCPA induced insomnia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118401. [PMID: 38815875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Compound Zaoren Granules (CZG), an optimized herbal formulation based on the traditional Chinese medicine prescription Suanzaoren decoction, are designed specifically for insomnia treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy in treating insomnia are not yet fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY The research investigated the mechanisms of CZG's improvement in insomnia by regulating cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and metabolic profiles. METHODS The main components of CZG were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Subsequently, these validated components were applied to network pharmacological analysis to predict signaling pathways associated with insomnia. We evaluated the effect of CZG on BV-2 cells in vitro. We also evaluated the behavioral indexes of CUMS combined with PCPA induced insomnia in rats. HE staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological damage of hippocampus. ELISA was used to detect the levels of various neurotransmitters, orexins, HPA axis, and inflammatory factors in insomnia rats. Then we detected the expression of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway through ELISA, WB, and IHC. Finally, the metabolomics was further analyzed by using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to investigate the changes in the hippocampus of insomnia rats and the possible metabolic pathways were also speculated. RESULTS The results of CZG in vitro experiments showed that CZG has protective and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS induced BV-2 cells. A total of 161 chemical components were identified in CZG. After conducting network pharmacology analysis through these confirmed components, we select the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway for further investigate. The behavioral research results on insomnia rats showed that CZG significantly prolonged sleep time, mitigated brain tissue pathological damage, and exhibited liver protective properties. CZG treats insomnia by regulating the content of various neurotransmitters, reducing levels of orexin, HPA axis, and inflammatory factors. It can also treat insomnia by upregulating the expression of the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway. Hippocampus metabolomics analysis identified 69 differential metabolites associated with insomnia. The metabolic pathways related to these differential metabolites have also been predicted. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CZG can significantly prolong sleep time. CZG is used to treat insomnia by regulating various neurotransmitters, HPA axis, inflammatory factors, cAMP/CREB signaling pathways, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Danting Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaocong Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, 210029, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, 210029, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yachun Shu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Seaside Rehabilitation Hospital, Lianyungang, 222042, China.
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Sánchez JD, Gómez-Carpintero J, González JF, Menéndez JC. Twenty-first century antiepileptic drugs. An overview of their targets and synthetic approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116476. [PMID: 38759456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of the traditional drugs against epilepsy has been hindered by their toxicity and low selectivity. These limitations have stimulated the design and development of new generations of antiepileptic drugs. This review explores the molecular targets and synthesis of the antiepileptic drugs that have entered the market in the 21st century, with a focus on manufacturer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domingo Sánchez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gómez-Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Bourqqia-Ramzi M, Mansilla-Guardiola J, Muñoz-Rodriguez D, Quarta E, Lombardo-Hernandez J, Murciano-Cespedosa A, Conejero-Meca FJ, Mateos González Á, Geuna S, Garcia-Esteban MT, Herrera-Rincon C. From the Microbiome to the Electrome: Implications for the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6233. [PMID: 38892419 PMCID: PMC11172653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in metabolism, as well as the immune and nervous systems. Microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) can contribute to subsequent physical and mental pathologies. As such, interest has been growing in the microbiota-gut-brain brain axis and the bioelectrical communication that could exist between bacterial and nervous cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioelectrical profile (electrome) of two bacterial species characteristic of the gut microbiome: a Proteobacteria Gram-negative bacillus Escherichia coli (E. coli), and a Firmicutes Gram-positive coccus Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). We analyzed both bacterial strains to (i) validate the fluorescent probe bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol, DiBAC4(3), as a reliable reporter of the changes in membrane potential (Vmem) for both bacteria; (ii) assess the evolution of the bioelectric profile throughout the growth of both strains; (iii) investigate the effects of two neural-type stimuli on Vmem changes: the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (Glu) and the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA); (iv) examine the impact of the bioelectrical changes induced by neurotransmitters on bacterial growth, viability, and cultivability using absorbance, live/dead fluorescent probes, and viable counts, respectively. Our findings reveal distinct bioelectrical profiles characteristic of each bacterial species and growth phase. Importantly, neural-type stimuli induce Vmem changes without affecting bacterial growth, viability, or cultivability, suggesting a specific bioelectrical response in bacterial cells to neurotransmitter cues. These results contribute to understanding the bacterial response to external stimuli, with potential implications for modulating bacterial bioelectricity as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwane Bourqqia-Ramzi
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Jesús Mansilla-Guardiola
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Muñoz-Rodriguez
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Elisa Quarta
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Juan Lombardo-Hernandez
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Antonio Murciano-Cespedosa
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Neural Plasticity Research Group Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Conejero-Meca
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Álvaro Mateos González
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - María Teresa Garcia-Esteban
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Herrera-Rincon
- Modeling, Data Analysis &Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Biomathematics Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (J.M.-G.)
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Lee H, Kim H, Jin CM, Choi HS, Suh HJ, Chang YB. Improvement of sleep duration and quality through GABA A receptor by whey protein hydrolysate containing DIQK as the active main compound. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00876-2. [PMID: 38825137 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This study characterized the sleep activity, sleep mechanism, and active peptides of whey protein hydrolysates selected through behavioral analysis of fruit-flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Sleep-inducing whey protein (WP) hydrolysate was selected through fruit fly behavior analysis, and sleep activity was measured using a pentobarbital model and electroencephalographic analysis. The mechanism of action was confirmed using a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist, and the active peptide was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Whey protein hydrolysate, prepared using Alcalase and Prozyme (WP-AP), increased sleep time in a dose-dependent manner. WP-AP significantly increased not only sleep time but also slow-wave sleep and showed an insomnia-alleviating effect in a caffeine-induced insomnia mouse model. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of GABA sub-type A (GABAA) receptors increased in the brains of mice orally administered with WP-AP. Through peptide analysis, the mixture of DIQK, VPPF peptide, and GABA contained in WP-AP was estimated to exhibit sleep activity, and due to its high content, DIQK was speculated to be the main sleep -inducing ingredient. These results indicate that WP-AP has the potential to be used as a new ingredient to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongyeong Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Min Jin
- Analysis and Research Department, NeuroVIS, Incorporated, Hwaseong 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeok Boo Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Tzounakou AM, Stathori G, Paltoglou G, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E. Childhood Obesity, Hypothalamic Inflammation, and the Onset of Puberty: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1720. [PMID: 38892653 PMCID: PMC11175006 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, resulting in the development of precocious or early puberty. Mechanisms involving phoenixin action and hypothalamic microglial cells are implicated. Furthermore, obesity induces structural and cellular brain alterations, disrupting metabolic regulation. Imaging studies reveal neuroinflammatory changes in obese individuals, impacting pubertal timing. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables the assessment of the brain's neurochemical composition by measuring key metabolites, highlighting potential pathways involved in neurological changes associated with obesity. In this article, we present evidence indicating a potential association among obesity, hypothalamic inflammation, and precocious puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia-Maria Tzounakou
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Galateia Stathori
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
| | - George Paltoglou
- Diabetes Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘P. & A. Kyriakou’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - George Mastorakos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Nikolaos F. Vlahos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (G.M.); (N.F.V.)
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.-M.T.); (G.S.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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6
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Ehrhardt SE, Wards Y, Rideaux R, Marjańska M, Jin J, Cloos MA, Deelchand DK, Zöllner HJ, Saleh MG, Hui SCN, Ali T, Shaw TB, Barth M, Mattingley JB, Filmer HL, Dux PE. Neurochemical Predictors of Generalized Learning Induced by Brain Stimulation and Training. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1676232024. [PMID: 38531634 PMCID: PMC11112648 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1676-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods of cognitive enhancement for humans are most impactful when they generalize across tasks. However, the extent to which such "transfer" is possible via interventions is widely debated. In addition, the contribution of excitatory and inhibitory processes to such transfer is unknown. Here, in a large-scale neuroimaging individual differences study with humans (both sexes), we paired multitasking training and noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS) over multiple days and assessed performance across a range of paradigms. In addition, we varied tDCS dosage (1.0 and 2.0 mA), electrode montage (left or right prefrontal regions), and training task (multitasking vs a control task) and assessed GABA and glutamate concentrations via ultrahigh field 7T magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Generalized benefits were observed in spatial attention, indexed by visual search performance, when multitasking training was combined with 1.0 mA stimulation targeting either the left or right prefrontal cortex (PFC). This transfer effect persisted for ∼30 d post intervention. Critically, the transferred benefits associated with right prefrontal tDCS were predicted by pretraining concentrations of glutamate in the PFC. Thus, the effects of this combined stimulation and training protocol appear to be linked predominantly to excitatory brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Ehrhardt
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yohan Wards
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Reuben Rideaux
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jin Jin
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Siemens Healthcare Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Martijn A Cloos
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Steve C N Hui
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Tonima Ali
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Thomas B Shaw
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Markus Barth
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Hannah L Filmer
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Ma J, Subramaniam P, Yancey JR, Farrington AA, McGlade EC, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Elevated circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sCD25) level is associated with prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in individuals with chronic pain: A proton MRS study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:1-9. [PMID: 38772429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal excitability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in cognitive and affective pain processing. Such excitability may be amplified by activated circulating immune cells, including T lymphocytes, that interact with the central nervous system. Here, we conducted a study of individuals with chronic pain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate the clinical evidence for the interaction between peripheral immune activation and prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. In thirty individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain, we assessed markers of peripheral immune activation, including soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (sCD25) levels, as well as brain metabolites, including Glx (glutamate + glutamine) to GABA+ (γ-aminobutyric acid + macromolecules/homocarnosine) ratio in the ACC. We found that the circulating level of sCD25 was associated with prefrontal Glx/GABA+. Greater prefrontal Glx/GABA+ was associated with higher pain catastrophizing, evaluative pain ratings, and anxiodepressive symptoms. Further, the interaction effect of sCD25 and prefrontal Glx/GABA+ on pain catastrophizing was significant, indicating the joint association of these two markers with pain catastrophizing. Our results provide the first evidence suggesting that peripheral T cellular activation, as reflected by elevated circulating sCD25 levels, may be linked to prefrontal excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in individuals with chronic pain. The interaction between these two systems may play a role as a potential mechanism underlying pain catastrophizing. Further prospective and treatment studies are needed to elucidate the specific role of the immune and brain interaction in pain catastrophizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Punitha Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James R Yancey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amy A Farrington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin C McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah A Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Diagnostic Neuroimaging Laboratory, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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8
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Feng J, Wang Y, Xiang S, Luo Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Zhou M, Zhao C. Applying GC-MS based serum metabolomic profiling to characterize two traditional Chinese medicine subtypes of diabetic foot gangrene. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1384307. [PMID: 38725871 PMCID: PMC11079259 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1384307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history and particular advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot gangrene (DFG). Patients with DFG are mainly divided into two subtypes, tendon lesion with edema (GT) and ischemic lesion without edema (GI), which are suitable for different medical strategies. Metabolomics has special significance in unravelling the complexities of multifactorial and multisystemic disorders. This study acquired the serum metabolomic profiles of two traditional Chinese medicine subtypes of DFG to explore potential molecular evidence for subtype characterization, which may contribute to the personalized treatment of DFG. A total of 70 participants were recruited, including 20 with DM and 50 with DFG (20 with GI and 30 with GT). Conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used as untargeted metabolomics approaches to explore the serum metabolomic profiles. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and MetaboAnalyst were used to identify the related metabolic pathways. Compared with DM patients, the levels of 14 metabolites were altered in the DFG group, which were also belonged to the differential metabolites of GI (13) and GT (7) subtypes, respectively. Among these, urea, α-D-mannose, cadaverine, glutamine, L-asparagine, D-gluconic acid, and indole could be regarded as specific potential metabolic markers for GI, as well as L-leucine for GT. In the GI subtype, D-gluconic acid and L-asparagine are positively correlated with activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB). In the GT subtype, L-leucine is positively correlated with the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). Arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis are the most important metabolic pathways associated with GI. The main metabolic pathways related to GT include pyrimidine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as well as valine, serine, and isoleucine with metabolites. The results of this study indicate that patients with different DFG subtypes have distinct metabolic profiles, which reflect the pathological characteristics of each subtype respectively. These findings will help us explore therapeutic targets for DFG and develop precise treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Feng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengmin Xiang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongcheng Xu
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yemin Cao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Zhou X, Yang Y, Zhu F, Chen X, Zhu Y, Gui T, Li Y, Xue Q. Neurometabolic and Brain Functional Alterations Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: A Combined 1H-MRS and fMRI Study. Neuroscience 2024; 544:12-27. [PMID: 38423165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Whether patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) exhibit cognitive impairment is controversial. Also the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to investigate alterations in cognitive function, neurometabolite levels, and brain function in patients with MG and to explore the associations between abnormal regional brain functional activity, neurometabolite concentrations in the MPFC and left thalamus, and cognitive activity in patients with MG. Neuropsychological tests, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were performed on 41 patients with MG and 45 race-, sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). The results suggest that MG is accompanied by cognitive decline, as indicated by global cognitive function, visual-spatial function, language, memory, abnormalities in regional brain functional activity, and neurometabolite alterations (including GABA, NAA, and Cho) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and left thalamus. Cognitive impairment in patients with MG may be related to abnormal regional brain functional activity and changes in neurometabolites, and regional brain functional activity may be modulated by specific neurometabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yunfei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Tiantian Gui
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
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10
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Dedon LR, Yuan H, Chi J, Gu H, Arias AJ, Covault JM, Zhou Y. Baseline gut microbiome and metabolites are correlated with alcohol consumption in a zonisamide clinical trial of heavy drinking alcoholic civilians. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.02.24305199. [PMID: 38633809 PMCID: PMC11023652 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.02.24305199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Development and severity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been linked to variations in gut microbiota and their associated metabolites in both animal and human studies. However, the involvement of the gut microbiome in alcohol consumption of individuals with AUD undergoing treatment remains unclear. To address this, stool samples (n=48) were collected at screening (baseline) and trial completion from a single site of a multi-site double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Zonisamide in individuals with AUD. Alcohol consumption, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and phosphatidylethanol (PEth)levels were measured both at baseline and endpoint of 16-week trial period. Fecal microbiome was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolome via untargeted LC-MS. Both sex (p = 0.003) and psychotropic medication usage (p = 0.025) are associated with baseline microbiome composition. The relative abundance of 12 genera at baseline was correlated with percent drinking reduction, baseline and endpoint alcohol consumption, and changes in GGT and PeTH over the course of treatment (p.adj < 0.05). Overall microbiome community structure at baseline differed between high and low responders (67-100% and 0-33% drinking reduction, respectively; p = 0.03). A positive relationship between baseline fecal GABA levels and percent drinking reduction (R=0.43, p < 0.05) was identified by microbiome function prediction and confirmed by ELISA and metabolomics. Predicted microbiome function and metabolomics analysis have found that tryptophan metabolic pathways are over-represented in low responders. These findings highlight importance of baseline microbiome and metabolites in alcohol consumption in AUD patients undergoing zonisamide treatment.
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11
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Braga JD, Thongngam M, Kumrungsee T. Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut-brain axis. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:16. [PMID: 38565567 PMCID: PMC10987602 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Imbalances of this neurotransmitter are associated with neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Since GABA has long been believed to not cross the blood-brain barrier, the effects of circulating GABA on the brain are neglected. However, emerging evidence has demonstrated that changes in both circulating and brain levels of GABA are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and that changes in GABA levels and microbiota composition play a role in modulating mental health. This recent research has raised the possibility that GABA may be a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. This review article will cover up-to-date information about GABA-producing microorganisms isolated from human gut and food sources, explanation why those microorganisms produce GABA, food factors inducing gut-GABA production, evidence suggesting GABA as a mediator linking between gut microbiota and mental health, including anxiety, depression, stress, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and novel information regarding homocarnosine-a predominant brain peptide that is a putative downstream mediator of GABA in regulating brain functions. This review will help us to understand how the gut microbiota and GABA-homocarnosine metabolism play a significant role in brain functions. Nonetheless, it could support further research on the use of GABA production-inducing microorganisms and food factors as agents to treat neurological and psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Natural Resources, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Masubon Thongngam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
- Smart Agriculture, Graduate School of Innovation and Practice for Smart Society, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
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12
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Jahan M, Amir A, Das A, Kihlström J, Nag S. Automated radiosynthesis of mGluR5 PET tracer [ 18F]FPEB from aryl-chloro precursor and validation for clinical application. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:155-164. [PMID: 38369901 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The radioligand [18F]FPEB, used for PET imaging of the brain's metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), undergoes a thorough validation process to ensure its safety, efficacy, and quality for clinical use. The process starts by optimizing the synthesis of [18F]FPEB to achieve high radiochemical yield and purity. This study focuses on optimizing the radiolabeling process using an aryl-chloro precursor and validating the GMP production for clinical applications. Fully automated radiolabeling was achieved via one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction. [18F]FPEB was produced and isolated in high radioactivity and radiochemical purity. Throughout the validation process, thorough quality control measures are implemented. Radiopharmaceutical batch release criteria are established, including testing for physical appearance, filter integrity, pH, radiochemical purity, molar activity, radiochemical identity, chemical impurity, structural identity, stability, residual solvent, sterility, and endotoxin levels. In conclusion, the validation of [18F]FPEB involved a comprehensive process of synthesis optimization, quality control, which ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of [18F]FPEB, enabling its reliable use in clinical PET. Here, we successfully radiolabeled and validated [18F]FPEB using aryl-chloro precursor according to GMP production for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabuba Jahan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arsalan Amir
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arindam Das
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kihlström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Varinthra P, Anwar SNMN, Shih SC, Liu IY. The role of the GABAergic system on insomnia. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:103-109. [PMID: 38645778 PMCID: PMC11025592 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_243_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential activity for the survival of mammals. Good sleep quality helps promote the performance of daily functions. In contrast, insufficient sleep reduces the efficiency of daily activities, causes various chronic diseases like Alzheimer's disease, and increases the risk of having accidents. The GABAergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system. It transits the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter via GABAA and GABAB receptors to counterbalance excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, orexin, and dopamine, which release and increase arousal activities during sleep. Several studies emphasized that dysfunction of the GABAergic system is related to insomnia, the most prevalent sleep-related disorder. The GABAergic system comprises the GABA neurotransmitter, GABA receptors, GABA synthesis, and degradation. Many studies have demonstrated that GABA levels correlate with sleep quality, suggesting that modulating the GABAergic system may be a promising therapeutic approach for insomnia. In this article, we highlight the significance of sleep, the classification and pathology of insomnia, and the impact of the GABAergic system changes on sleep. In addition, we also review the medications that target the GABAergic systems for insomnia, including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non-BZDs, barbiturates, GABA supplements, and Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shameemun Naseer Mohamed Nizarul Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shu-Ching Shih
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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14
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Wang Y, Cai X, Ma Y, Yang Y, Pan CW, Zhu X, Ke C. Metabolomics on depression: A comparison of clinical and animal research. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:559-568. [PMID: 38211744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a major cause of suicide and mortality worldwide. This study aims to conduct a systematic review to identify metabolic biomarkers and pathways for major depressive disorder (MDD), a prevalent subtype of clinical depression. METHODS We searched for metabolomics studies on depression published between January 2000 and January 2023 in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. The reported metabolic biomarkers were systematically evaluated and compared. Pathway analysis was implemented using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. RESULTS We included 26 clinical studies on MDD and 78 metabolomics studies on depressive-like animal models. A total of 55 and 77 high-frequency metabolites were reported consistently in two-thirds of clinical and murine studies, respectively. In the comparison between murine and clinical studies, we identified 9 consistently changed metabolites (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, fumarate, valine, deoxycholic acid, pyruvate, kynurenic acid) in the blood, 1 consistently altered metabolite (indoxyl sulfate) in the urine and 14 disturbed metabolic pathways in both types of studies. These metabolic dysregulations and pathways are mainly implicated in enhanced inflammation, impaired neuroprotection, reduced energy metabolism, increased oxidative stress damage and disturbed apoptosis, laying solid molecular foundations for MDD. LIMITATIONS Due to unavailability of original data like effect-size results in many metabolomics studies, a meta-analysis cannot be conducted, and confounding factors cannot be fully ruled out. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review delineated metabolic biomarkers and pathways related to depression in the murine and clinical samples, providing opportunities for early diagnosis of MDD and the development of novel diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Cai
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China.
| | - Chaofu Ke
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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15
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Huang M, Liu Y, Duan R, Yin J, Cao S. Effects of continuous and pulse lead exposure on the swimming behavior of tadpoles revealed by brain-gut axis analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133267. [PMID: 38150764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is present in aquatic environments with a continuous or pulse form due to the regular or irregular discharge of wastewater. These two modes of exposure result in different toxicological effects on aquatic animals. To compare the effects of Pb exposure mode on the swimming behavior of amphibian larvae, this study proposed a combination method to examine the brain-gut axis (gut bacteria, histopathology, metabolomics, and ethology) in order to evaluate the ecotoxic differences in Pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpoles (Gs 21-28) when exposed to continuous (CE100) versus pulse exposure (PE100) of environmental concentrations of Pb (100 μg/L). The results showed that: 1) CE100 significantly decreased the movement distance and swimming activity of the tadpoles compared to PE100 and the control, while there were no significant differences between the control group and PE100. 2) At the phyla level, compared to PE100, CE100 treatment significantly decreased the abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes and increased the abundance of Fusobacteria in the gut. At the genus level, compared to PE100, CE100 significantly increased the abundance of U114 and decreased the abundance of Anaerorhabdus, Exiguobacterium and Microbacterium. 3) Compared to PE100, CE100 changed the metabolites of the brain-gut axis pathway, such as quinolinic acid, L-valine, L-dopa, L-histidine, urocanic acid, L-threonine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine (Ach), L-tyrosine (Tyr), L-tryptophan (Trp), and levodopa (DOPA). 4) CE100 and PE100 played a repressive role in the histidine metabolism and tyrosine metabolism pathways and played a promoting role in the purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. This study provides a method for evaluating the toxic effects of heavy metal exposure via two different exposure modes (pulse versus continuous) which tadpoles may encounter in the natural environment from a combined study examining the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resource Development, Utilisation and Quality and Safety Control of Hunan Characteristics in Hunan Universities, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Renyan Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resource Development, Utilisation and Quality and Safety Control of Hunan Characteristics in Hunan Universities, Loudi 417000, China.
| | - Jiawei Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Songle Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
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16
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Sánchez-Cano F, Hernández-Kelly LC, Ortega A. Silica Nanoparticles Decrease Glutamate Uptake in Blood-Brain Barrier Components. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:20. [PMID: 38436780 PMCID: PMC10912144 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid in the vertebrate brain, playing an important role in most brain functions. It exerts its activity through plasma membrane receptors and transporters, expressed both in neurons and glia cells. Overstimulation of neuronal glutamate receptors is linked to cell death in a process known as excitotoxicity, that is prevented by the efficient removal of the neurotransmitter through glutamate transporters enriched in the glia plasma membrane and in the components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) have been widely used in biomedical applications and directed to enter the circulatory system; however, little is known about the potential adverse effects of SiO2-NPs exposure on the BBB transport systems that support the critical isolation function between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral circulation. In this contribution, we investigated the plausible SiO2-NPs-mediated disruption of the glutamate transport system expressed by BBB cell components. First, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of SiO2-NPs on human brain endothelial (HBEC) and Uppsala 87 Malignant glioma (U-87MG) cell lines. Transport kinetics were evaluated, and the exposure effect of SiO2-NPs on glutamate transport activity was determined in both cell lines. Exposure of the cells to different SiO2-NP concentrations (0.4, 4.8, 10, and 20 µg/ml) and time periods (3 and 6 h) did not affect cell viability. We found that the radio-labeled D-aspartate ([3H]-D-Asp) uptake is mostly sodium-dependent, and downregulated by its own substrate (glutamate). Furthermore, SiO2-NPs exposure on endothelial and astrocytes decreases [3H]-D-Asp uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, a decrease in the transporter catalytic efficiency, probably linked to a diminution in the affinity of the transporter, was detected upon SiO2-NPs. These results favor the notion that exposure to SiO2-NPs could disrupt BBB function and by these means shed some light into our understanding of the deleterious effects of air pollution on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Sánchez-Cano
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México.
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17
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Velu L, Pellerin L, Julian A, Paccalin M, Giraud C, Fayolle P, Guillevin R, Guillevin C. Early rise of glutamate-glutamine levels in mild cognitive impairment: Evidence for emerging excitotoxicity. J Neuroradiol 2024; 51:168-175. [PMID: 37777087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) non invasive technique to assess the modifications of glutamate-glutamine (Glx) and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) brain levels in patients reporting a cognitive complain METHODS: Posterior cingular cortex 1H-MRS spectra of 46 patients (19 male, 27 female) aged 57 to 87 years (mean : 73.32 ± 7.33 years) with a cognitive complaint were examined with a MEGA PRESS sequence at 3T, and compounds Glutamateglutamine (Glx), GABA, Creatine (Cr) and NAA were measured. From this data the metabolite ratios Glx/Cr, GABA/Cr and NAA/Cr were calculated. In addition, all patient performed the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) and 2 groups were realized with the clinical threshold of 24. RESULTS 16 patients with MMSE 〈 24 and 30 patients with MMSE 〉 24. Significant increase of Glx/Cr in PCC of patients with MMSE 〈 24 compared to patients with MMSE 〉 24. Moreover, GABA/Cr ratio exhibited a trend for a decrease in PCC between the two groups, while they showed a significant decrease NAA/Cr ratio. CONCLUSION Our results concerning Glx are in agreement with a physiopathological hypothesis involving a biphasic variation of glutamate levels associated with excitotoxicity, correlated with the clinical evolution of the disease. These observations suggest that MRS assessment of glutamate levels could be helpful for both diagnosis and classification of cognitive impairment in stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Velu
- University Hospital center of Poitiers, Department of Imaging, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- University of Poitiers and University Hospital center of Poitiers, France
| | - Adrien Julian
- University Hospital Center of Poitiers, Department of neurology, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- University Hospital Center of Poitiers, Department of neurology, France
| | - Clément Giraud
- University Hospital center of Poitiers, Department of Imaging, France
| | - Pierre Fayolle
- University Hospital center of Poitiers, Department of Imaging, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- University Hospital center of Poitiers, Department of Imaging, France
| | - Carole Guillevin
- University Hospital center of Poitiers, Department of Imaging, France.
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18
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Gopal N, Leitz J, Wang C, Esquivies L, Pfuetzner RA, Brunger AT. A new method for isolation and purification of fusion-competent inhibitory synaptic vesicles. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100121. [PMID: 38572021 PMCID: PMC10990708 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles specific to inhibitory GABA-releasing neurons are critical for regulating neuronal excitability. To study the specific molecular composition, architecture, and function of inhibitory synaptic vesicles, we have developed a new method to isolate and purify GABA synaptic vesicles from mouse brains. GABA synaptic vesicles were immunoisolated from mouse brain tissue using an engineered fragment antigen-binding region (Fab) against the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) and purified. Western blot analysis confirmed that the GABA synaptic vesicles were specifically enriched for vGAT and largely depleted of contaminants from other synaptic vesicle types, such as vesicular glutamate transporter (vGLUT1), and other cellular organelles. This degree of purity was achieved despite the relatively low abundance of vGAT vesicles compared to the total synaptic vesicle pool in mammalian brains. Cryo-electron microscopy images of these isolated GABA synaptic vesicles revealed intact morphology with circular shape and protruding proteinaceous densities. The GABA synaptic vesicles are functional, as assessed by a hybrid (ex vivo/in vitro) vesicle fusion assay, and they undergo synchronized fusion with synthetic plasma membrane mimic vesicles in response to Ca2+-triggering, but, as a negative control, not to Mg2+-triggering. Our immunoisolation method could also be applied to other types of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Gopal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jeremy Leitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Chuchu Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Luis Esquivies
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Richard A. Pfuetzner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Axel T. Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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19
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Yamaguchi J, Andrade MA, Truong TT, Toney GM. Glutamate Spillover Dynamically Strengthens Gabaergic Synaptic Inhibition of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1851222023. [PMID: 38154957 PMCID: PMC10869154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1851-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is strongly inhibited by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the surrounding peri-nuclear zone (PNZ). Because glutamate mediates fast excitatory transmission and is substrate for GABA synthesis, we tested its capacity to dynamically strengthen GABA inhibition. In PVN slices from male mice, bath glutamate applied during ionotropic glutamate receptor blockade increased PNZ-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) without affecting GABA-A receptor agonist currents or single-channel conductance, implicating a presynaptic mechanism(s). Consistent with this interpretation, bath glutamate failed to strengthen IPSCs during pharmacological saturation of GABA-A receptors. Presynaptic analyses revealed that glutamate did not affect paired-pulse ratio, peak eIPSC variability, GABA vesicle recycling speed, or readily releasable pool (RRP) size. Notably, glutamate-GABA strengthening (GGS) was unaffected by metabotropic glutamate receptor blockade and graded external Ca2+ when normalized to baseline amplitude. GGS was prevented by pan- but not glial-specific inhibition of glutamate uptake and by inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), indicating reliance on glutamate uptake by neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) and enzymatic conversion of glutamate to GABA. EAAT3 immunoreactivity was strongly localized to presumptive PVN GABA terminals. High bath K+ also induced GGS, which was prevented by glutamate vesicle depletion, indicating that synaptic glutamate release strengthens PVN GABA inhibition. GGS suppressed PVN cell firing, indicating its functional significance. In sum, PVN GGS buffers neuronal excitation by apparent "over-filling" of vesicles with GABA synthesized from synaptically released glutamate. We posit that GGS protects against sustained PVN excitation and excitotoxicity while potentially aiding stress adaptation and habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Mary Ann Andrade
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Tamara T Truong
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
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Nashaat NH, Elrouby I, Zeidan HM, Kilany A, Abdelraouf ER, Hashish AF, Abdelhady HS, ElKeblawy MM, Shadi MS. Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Exploring Gluten Sensitivity and Changes in Glutamate and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Plasma Levels. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 151:104-110. [PMID: 38154236 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) were reported to have genetic variations related to gluten sensitivity and some neuroanatomic changes, which could be associated with alterations in neurotransmitters levels such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The aim was to measure the levels of antigliadin immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody, glutamate, and GABA in the plasma of children with CAS compared with children with delayed language development (DLD) and neurotypical (NT) children. METHODS The participants (N = 120) were in three groups: Group I for CAS (N = 30), Group II for DLD (N = 60), and Group III for NT (N = 30). The abilities of children in Groups I and II were evaluated. The plasma levels of antigliadin IgA, glutamate, and GABA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The intelligence quotient and expressive language age in Group I were low compared with Group II (P = 0.001; 0.004). The levels of antigliadin IgA and glutamate in Group I were higher compared with the other two groups, whereas the level of GABA was lower (P < 0.0001). An imbalance between glutamate and GABA was found in Group I. In Group II, no measures differed from NTs except lower GABA levels (P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS The elevated levels of antigliadin IgA antibody and glutamate demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, differentiating children with CAS from children with DLD and NT children. The low levels of GABA contributed to the imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters' levels detected in children with CAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Hassan Nashaat
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Learning Disability and Neurorehabilitation Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Iman Elrouby
- Phoniatrics Department, Hearing and Speech Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala M Zeidan
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Kilany
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Ragaa Abdelraouf
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Learning Disability and Neurorehabilitation Research Field, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel F Hashish
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Sherif Abdelhady
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M ElKeblawy
- Children with Special Needs Research Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam S Shadi
- Unit of Phoniatrics, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Díaz-Zaragoza M, Hernández-Ávila R, Landa A, Ostoa-Saloma P. Variation of the 2D Pattern of Brain Proteins in Mice Infected with Taenia crassiceps ORF Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1460. [PMID: 38338740 PMCID: PMC10855729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Some parasites are known to influence brain proteins or induce changes in the functioning of the nervous system. In this study, our objective is to demonstrate how the two-dimensional gel technique is valuable for detecting differences in protein expression and providing detailed information on changes in the brain proteome during a parasitic infection. Subsequently, we seek to understand how the parasitic infection affects the protein composition in the brain and how this may be related to changes in brain function. By analyzing de novo-expressed proteins at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-infection compared to the brains of the control mice, we observed that proteins expressed at 2 weeks are primarily associated with neuroprotection or the initial response of the mouse brain to the infection. At 8 weeks, parasitic infection can induce oxidative stress in the brain, potentially activating signaling pathways related to the response to cellular damage. Proteins expressed at 8 weeks exhibit a pattern indicating that, as the host fails to balance the Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine network of the organism, the brain begins to undergo an apoptotic process and consequently experiences brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, Guadalajara 46600, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Ávila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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22
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Jiang Z, Sun S, Liu J, Sun X. Recent Advances of Halloysite Nanotubes in Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306169. [PMID: 37670217 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have emerged as a highly regarded choice in biomedical research due to their exceptional attributes, including superior loading capacity, customizable surface characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. HNTs feature tubular structures comprising alumina and silica layers, endowing them with a large surface area and versatile surface chemistries that facilitate selective modifications. Moreover, their substantial pore volume and wide range of pore sizes enable efficient entrapment of diverse functional molecules. This comprehensive review highlights the broad biomedical application spectrum of HNTs, shedding light on their potential as innovative and effective therapeutic agents across various diseases. It emphasizes the necessity of optimizing drug delivery techniques, developing targeted delivery systems, rigorously evaluating biocompatibility and safety through preclinical and clinical investigations, exploring combination therapies, and advancing scientific understanding. With further advancements, HNTs hold the promise to revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry, opening new avenues for the development of transformative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shengjun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xuping Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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Pataky MW, Kumar AP, Gaul DA, Moore SG, Dasari S, Robinson MM, Klaus KA, Kumar AA, Fernandez FM, Nair KS. Divergent Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Signatures of Different Exercise Training Modes Independently Predict Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Diabetes 2024; 73:23-37. [PMID: 37862464 PMCID: PMC10784655 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the link between enhancement of SI (by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and muscle metabolites after 12 weeks of aerobic (high-intensity interval training [HIIT]), resistance training (RT), or combined training (CT) exercise in 52 lean healthy individuals. Muscle RNA sequencing revealed a significant association between SI after both HIIT and RT and the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathway. Concurrently with increased expression and activity of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase enzyme, many muscle amino metabolites, including BCAAs, glutamate, phenylalanine, aspartate, asparagine, methionine, and γ-aminobutyric acid, increased with HIIT, supporting the substantial impact of HIIT on amino acid metabolism. Short-chain C3 and C5 acylcarnitines were reduced in muscle with all three training modes, but unlike RT, both HIIT and CT increased tricarboxylic acid metabolites and cardiolipins, supporting greater mitochondrial activity with aerobic training. Conversely, RT and CT increased more plasma membrane phospholipids than HIIT, suggesting a resistance exercise effect on cellular membrane protection against environmental damage. Sex and age contributed modestly to the exercise-induced changes in metabolites and their association with cardiometabolic parameters. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses suggest various clusters of genes and metabolites are involved in distinct effects of HIIT, RT, and CT. These distinct metabolic signatures of different exercise modes independently link each type of exercise training to improved SI and cardiometabolic risk. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS We aimed to understand the link between skeletal muscle metabolites and cardiometabolic health after exercise training. Although aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training each enhance muscle insulin sensitivity as well as other cardiometabolic parameters, they disparately alter amino and citric acid metabolites as well as the lipidome, linking these metabolomic changes independently to the improvement of cardiometabolic risks with each exercise training mode. These findings reveal an important layer of the unique exercise mode-dependent changes in muscle metabolism, which may eventually lead to more informed exercise prescription for improving SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - David A. Gaul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samuel G. Moore
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew M. Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - A. Aneesh Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Facundo M. Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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Hayer SS, Conrin M, French JA, Benson AK, Alvarez S, Cooper K, Fischer A, Alsafwani ZW, Gasper W, Suhr Van Haute MJ, Hassenstab HR, Azadmanesh S, Briardy M, Gerbers S, Jabenis A, Thompson JL, Clayton JB. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis elicits gut-brain axis relevant multi-omic signatures and behavioral and neuroendocrine changes in a nonhuman primate model. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2305476. [PMID: 38284649 PMCID: PMC10826635 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2305476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis can play an etiological role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most of this evidence comes from rodent models. The objective of this study was to evaluate if antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can elicit changes in gut metabolites and behavior indicative of gut-brain axis disruption in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) - a nonhuman primate model often used to study sociability and stress. We were able to successfully induce dysbiosis in marmosets using a custom antibiotic cocktail (vancomycin, enrofloxacin and neomycin) administered orally for 28 days. This gut dysbiosis altered gut metabolite profiles, behavior, and stress reactivity. Increase in gut Fusobacterium spp. post-antibiotic administration was a novel dysbiotic response and has not been observed in any rodent or human studies to date. There were significant changes in concentrations of several gut metabolites which are either neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA and serotonin) or have been found to be moderators of gut-brain axis communication in rodent models (e.g., short-chain fatty acids and bile acids). There was an increase in affiliative behavior and sociability in antibiotic-administered marmosets, which might be a coping mechanism in response to gut dysbiosis-induced stress. Increase in urinary cortisol levels after multiple stressors provides more definitive proof that this model of dysbiosis may cause disrupted communication between gut and brain in common marmosets. This study is a first attempt to establish common marmosets as a novel model to study the impact of severe gut dysbiosis on gut-brain axis cross-talk and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivdeep S. Hayer
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mackenzie Conrin
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. French
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrew K. Benson
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kathryn Cooper
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anne Fischer
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Zahraa Wajih Alsafwani
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - William Gasper
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mallory J. Suhr Van Haute
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Haley R. Hassenstab
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shayda Azadmanesh
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Missy Briardy
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Skyler Gerbers
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aliyah Jabenis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Callitrichid Research Center, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Primate Microbiome Project, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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25
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Interplay of G-proteins and Serotonin in the Neuroimmunoinflammatory Model of Chronic Stress and Depression: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:180-214. [PMID: 38151838 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128285578231218102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This narrative review addresses the clinical challenges in stress-related disorders such as depression, focusing on the interplay between neuron-specific and pro-inflammatory mechanisms at the cellular, cerebral, and systemic levels. OBJECTIVE We aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking chronic psychological stress with low-grade neuroinflammation in key brain regions, particularly focusing on the roles of G proteins and serotonin (5-HT) receptors. METHODS This comprehensive review of the literature employs systematic, narrative, and scoping review methodologies, combined with systemic approaches to general pathology. It synthesizes current research on shared signaling pathways involved in stress responses and neuroinflammation, including calcium-dependent mechanisms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and key transcription factors like NF-κB and p53. The review also focuses on the role of G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors (GPCRs) in immune and pro-inflammatory responses, with a detailed analysis of how 13 of 14 types of human 5-HT receptors contribute to depression and neuroinflammation. RESULTS The review reveals a complex interaction between neurotransmitter signals and immunoinflammatory responses in stress-related pathologies. It highlights the role of GPCRs and canonical inflammatory mediators in influencing both pathological and physiological processes in nervous tissue. CONCLUSION The proposed Neuroimmunoinflammatory Stress Model (NIIS Model) suggests that proinflammatory signaling pathways, mediated by metabotropic and ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, are crucial for maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Chronic mental stress can disrupt this balance, leading to increased pro-inflammatory states in the brain and contributing to neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, including depression. This model integrates traditional theories on depression pathogenesis, offering a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Laboratory of Inflammation Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunopathophysiology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
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26
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Pavlova I, Ruda-Kucerova J. Brain metabolic derangements examined using 1H MRS and their (in)consistency among different rodent models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110808. [PMID: 37301420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is underlined by neurochemical changes in the brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is a useful tool for their examination as it provides information about the levels of metabolites. This review summarises the current knowledge of 1H MRS findings from rodent models of MDD, assesses the results from both a biological and a technical perspective, and identifies the main sources of bias. From a technical point of view, bias-introducing factors are the diversity of the measured volumes and their positioning in the brain, the data processing, and the metabolite concentration expression. The biological variables are strain, sex, and species, as well as the model itself, and in vivo vs. ex vivo exploration. This review identified some consistency in the 1H MRS findings in the models of MDD: lower levels of glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, and higher levels of myo-inositol and taurine in most of the brain regions of MDD models. This may suggest changes in regional metabolism, neuronal dysregulation, inflammation, and a compensatory effect reaction in the MDD rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pavlova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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27
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Miyahara K, Tatehana M, Kikkawa T, Osumi N. Investigating the impact of paternal aging on murine sperm miRNA profiles and their potential link to autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20608. [PMID: 38062235 PMCID: PMC10703820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paternal aging has consistently been linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in offspring. Recent evidence has highlighted the involvement of epigenetic factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate age-related alterations in microRNA (miRNA) profiles of mouse sperm and analyze target genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs). Microarray analyses were conducted on sperm samples from mice at different ages: 3 months (3 M), over 12 M, and beyond 20 M. We identified 26 miRNAs with differential expression between the 3 and 20 M mice, 34 miRNAs between the 12 and 20 M mice, and 2 miRNAs between the 3 and 12 M mice. The target genes regulated by these miRNAs were significantly associated with apoptosis/ferroptosis pathways and the nervous system. We revealed alterations in sperm miRNA profiles due to aging and suggest that the target genes regulated by these DEmiRNAs are associated with apoptosis and the nervous system, implying a potential link between paternal aging and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. The observed age-related changes in sperm miRNA profiles have the potential to impact sperm quality and subsequently affect offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusa Miyahara
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Misako Tatehana
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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28
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Komlao P, Kraiwattanapirom N, Promyo K, Hein ZM, Chetsawang B. Melatonin enhances the restoration of neurological impairments and cognitive deficits during drug withdrawal in methamphetamine-induced toxicity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:305-312. [PMID: 37979660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant with a very high addiction rate. Prolonged use of METH has been observed as one of the root causes of neurotoxicity. Melatonin (Mel) has been found to have a significant role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the restorative effect of Mel on behavioral flexibility in METH-induced cognitive deficits. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to be intraperitoneally injected with saline (control) or Meth at 5 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Then, METH injection was withdrawn and rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with saline or Mel at 10 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. The stereotypic behavioral test and attentional set-shifting task (ASST) were used to evaluate neurological functions and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Rats developed abnormal features of stereotyped behaviors and deficits in cognitive flexibility after 7 days of METH administration. However, post-treatment with Mel for 14 days after METH withdrawal dramatically ameliorated the neurological and cognitive deficits in METH-treated rats. Blood biomarkers indicated METH-induced systemic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, METH-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the prefrontal cortex was diminished by melatonin supplementation. These findings might reveal the therapeutic potential of Mel in METH toxicity-induced neurological and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongphat Komlao
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Natcharee Kraiwattanapirom
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kitipong Promyo
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Zaw Myo Hein
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine and Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand.
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Yang Y, Chen Z, Yan G, Kong L, Yang L, Sun H, Han Y, Zhang J, Wang X. Mass spectrum oriented metabolomics for evaluating the efficacy and discovering the metabolic mechanism of Naoling Pian for insomnia. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115756. [PMID: 37776625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is an accompanying symptom of many diseases and is closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Naoling Pian (NLP) is a patented Chinese medicine mainly used to treat insomnia. To evaluate the sedative and hypnotic effects of NLP and its modulatory effects on biological metabolites and metabolic pathways, rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia were given different doses of NLP by oral gavage for seven days. Diazepam (DZP) served as a positive control. Behavior was measured using the open field test, and neurotransmitter levels in the brain tissue related to sleep were measured using ELISA. The metabolic profiles and biomarkers of PCPA-induced insomnia in rats before and after NLP administration were analyzed using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with multivariate data analysis. The results showed that the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain tissue were significantly recovered in the NLP treatment groups, demonstrating similar or even superior therapeutic effects compared to the DZP group. The behavior of the PCPA-model rats partially recovered to normal levels after seven days of treatment. Metabolomics identified 30 metabolites in the urine as potential biomarkers of insomnia, and NLP significantly altered 25 of these, involving 21 metabolic pathways. NLP has a remarkable effect on insomnia, the therapeutic effects of which may be largely due to the rectification of metabolic disturbances. This is the first study of the sedative and hypnotic effects of NLP from a metabolomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ling Kong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China.
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Wusuli River Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China.
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Hotha A, Ganesh CB. GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the Central Nervous System of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102339. [PMID: 37689218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. In this study, we examined the distribution pattern of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) cells and fibres in the CNS of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops using immunofluorescence method. GABA immunoreactivity was seen in the glomerular, mitral, and granular layers of the olfactory bulbs, as well as in most parts of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The preoptic area consisted of a small cluster of GABA-ir cells, whereas extensively labelled GABA-ir neurons were observed in the hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular organ, tuberal hypothalamus, nucleus recessus lateralis, nucleus recessus posterioris, and inferior lobes. In the thalamus, GABA-positive neurons were only found in the ventral thalamic and central posterior thalamic nuclei, whereas the dorsal part of the nucleus pretectalis periventricularis consisted of a few GABA-ir cells. GABA-immunoreactivity was extensively seen in the alar and basal subdivisions of the midbrain, whereas in the rhombencephalon, GABA-ir cells and fibres were found in the cerebellum, motor nucleus of glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, nucleus commissuralis of Cajal, and reticular formation. In the spinal cord, GABA-ir cells and fibres were observed in the dorsal horn, ventral horn, and around the central canal. Overall, the extensive distribution of GABA-ir cells and fibres throughout the CNS suggests several roles for GABA, including the neuroendocrine, viscerosensory, and somatosensory functions, for the first time in a viviparous teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyutham Hotha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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Liu Z, Vinh LB, Tuan NQ, Lee H, Kim E, Kim YC, Sohn JH, Yim JH, Lee HJ, Lee DS, Oh H. Macrosphelides from Antarctic fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351) and their neuroprotective effects on BV2 and HT22 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110718. [PMID: 37777167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for reducing inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases have attracted increasing attention. Herein, we discovered and evaluated the neuroprotective potential of fungal metabolites isolated from the Antarctic fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351). The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract of the fungal strain isolate revealed a novel naturally occurring epi-macrosphelide J (1), a novel secondary metabolite macrosphelide N (2), and three known compounds, namely macrosphelide A (3), macrosphelide B (4), and macrosphelide J (5). Their structures were established unambiguously using spectroscopic methods, such as one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D-NMR) spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), and gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical shift calculations, with the support of the advanced statistical method DP4+. Among the isolated metabolites, the absolute configuration of epi-macrosphelide J (1) was further confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The neuroprotective effects of the isolated metabolites were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 and glutamate-stimulated HT22 cells. Only macrosphelide B (4) displayed substantial protective effects in both BV2 and HT22 cells. Molecular mechanisms underlying this activity were investigated using western blotting and molecular docking studies. Macrosphelide B (4) inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) in LPS-induced BV2 cells and induced the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in both BV2 and HT22 cells. The neuroprotective effect of macrosphelide B (4) is related to the interaction between Keap1 and p65. These results suggest that macrosphelide B (4), present in the fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. (strain SF-7351), may serve as a candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea.
| | - Le Ba Vinh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea; Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea.
| | - Nguyen Quoc Tuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea; Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea.
| | - Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea.
| | - Eunae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea.
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea.
| | - Jae Hak Sohn
- College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, 46958, South Korea.
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
| | - Ha-Jin Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Bio-Environmental Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea.
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea; Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea.
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Zheng X, Zhu Y, Zhao Z, Chu Y, Yang W. The role of amino acid metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284133. [PMID: 37936710 PMCID: PMC10626463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic symptom of the occurrence and development of many diseases, which is mainly characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and granulocytes, and the increased release of proinflammatory factors. Subsequently, macrophage differentiates and T cells and other regulated factors exhibit anti-inflammatory function, releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory factors to maintain homeostasis. Although reports define various degrees of metabolic disorders in both the inflamed and non-inflamed parts of inflammatory diseases, little is known about the changes in amino acid metabolism in such conditions. This review aims to summarize amino acid changes and mechanisms involved in the progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory diseases. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived exosomes (MSC-EXO) have been found to show promising effects in the treatment of IBD and other inflammatory diseases,their potential in the modulation of amino acid metabolism in the treatment of inflammation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Chung BT, Kim Y, Gordon JW, Chen HY, Autry AW, Lee PM, Hu JY, Tan CT, Suszczynski C, Chang SM, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Bok RA, Larson PEZ, Xu D, Li Y, Vigneron DB. Hyperpolarized [2- 13C]pyruvate MR molecular imaging with whole brain coverage. Neuroimage 2023; 280:120350. [PMID: 37634883 PMCID: PMC10530049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was applied for the first time to image and quantify the uptake and metabolism of [2-13C]pyruvate in the human brain to provide new metabolic information on cerebral energy metabolism. HP [2-13C]pyruvate was injected intravenously and imaged in 5 healthy human volunteer exams with whole brain coverage in a 1-minute acquisition using a specialized spectral-spatial multi-slice echoplanar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence to acquire 13C-labeled volumetric and dynamic images of [2-13C]pyruvate and downstream metabolites [5-13C]glutamate and [2-13C]lactate. Metabolic ratios and apparent conversion rates of pyruvate-to-lactate (kPL) and pyruvate-to-glutamate (kPG) were quantified to investigate simultaneously glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Chung
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam W Autry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philip M Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Jasmine Y Hu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Chou T Tan
- ISOTEC Stable Isotope Division, MilliporeSigma, Merck KGaA, Miamisburg, OH 45342, USA
| | - Chris Suszczynski
- ISOTEC Stable Isotope Division, MilliporeSigma, Merck KGaA, Miamisburg, OH 45342, USA
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Javier E Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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34
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Piao J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhao J, Lv Q, Ruan M, Yu Q, Li B. Antidepressant-like Effects of Representative Types of Food and Their Possible Mechanisms. Molecules 2023; 28:6992. [PMID: 37836833 PMCID: PMC10574116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood, lack of motivation, negative cognitive outlook, and sleep problems. Suicide may occur in severe cases, although suicidal thoughts are not seen in all cases. Globally, an estimated 350 million individuals grapple with depression, as reported by the World Health Organization. At present, drug and psychological treatments are the main treatments, but they produce insufficient responses in many patients and fail to work at all in many others. Consequently, treating depression has long been an important topic in society. Given the escalating prevalence of depression, a comprehensive strategy for managing its symptoms and impacts has garnered significant attention. In this context, nutritional psychiatry emerges as a promising avenue. Extensive research has underscored the potential benefits of a well-rounded diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and meat in alleviating depressive symptoms. However, the intricate mechanisms linking dietary interventions to brain function alterations remain largely unexplored. This review delves into the intricate relationship between dietary patterns and depression, while exploring the plausible mechanisms underlying the impact of dietary interventions on depression management. As we endeavor to unveil the pathways through which nutrition influences mental well-being, a holistic perspective that encompasses multidisciplinary strategies gains prominence, potentially reshaping how we approach and address depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Piao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Changchun Zhuoyi Biological Co., Ltd., Changchun 130616, China;
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qianyu Lv
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Mengyu Ruan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; (J.P.); (T.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.R.); (Q.Y.)
- Engineering Laboratory for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs, Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission, Changchun 130041, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Target of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Anti-Depressive Effect, Changchun 130041, China
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Miyanishi H, Suga S, Sumi K, Takakuwa M, Izuo N, Asano T, Muramatsu SI, Nitta A. The Role of GABA in the Dorsal Striatum-Raphe Nucleus Circuit Regulating Stress Vulnerability in Male Mice with High Levels of Shati/Nat8l. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0162-23.2023. [PMID: 37813564 PMCID: PMC10598637 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a frequent and serious illness, and stress is considered the main risk factor for its onset. First-line antidepressants increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) levels in the brain. We previously reported that an N-acetyltransferase, Shati/Nat8l, is upregulated in the dorsal striatum (dSTR) of stress-susceptible mice exposed to repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) and that dSTR Shati/Nat8l overexpression in mice (dSTR-Shati OE) induces stress vulnerability and local reduction in 5-HT content. Male mice were used in this study, and we found that dSTR 5-HT content decreased in stress-susceptible but not in resilient mice. Moreover, vulnerability to stress in dSTR-Shati OE mice was suppressed by the activation of serotonergic neurons projecting from the dorsal raphe nucleus (dRN) to the dSTR, followed by upregulation of 5-HT content in the dSTR using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD). We evaluated the role of GABA in modulating the serotonergic system in the dRN. Stress-susceptible after RSDS and dSTR-Shati OE mice exhibited an increase in dRN GABA content. Furthermore, dRN GABA content was correlated with stress sensitivity. We found that the blockade of GABA signaling in the dRN suppressed stress susceptibility in dSTR-Shati OE mice. In conclusion, we propose that dSTR 5-HT and dRN GABA, controlled by striatal Shati/Nat8l via the dSTR-dRN neuronal circuitry, critically regulate stress sensitivity. Our study provides insights into the neural processes that underlie stress and suggests that dSTR Shati/Nat8l could be a novel therapeutic target for drugs against depression, allowing direct control of the dRN serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Miyanishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiori Suga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Miho Takakuwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Asano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurological Gene Therapy, Center for Open Innovation, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
- Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Can AT, Mitchell JS, Dutton M, Bennett M, Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J. Insights into the neurobiology of suicidality: explicating the role of glutamatergic systems through the lens of ketamine. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 77:513-529. [PMID: 37329495 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Suicidality is a prevalent mental health condition, and managing suicidal patients is one of the most challenging tasks for health care professionals due to the lack of rapid-acting, effective psychopharmacological treatment options. According to the literature, suicide has neurobiological underpinnings that are not fully understood, and current treatments for suicidal tendencies have considerable limitations. To treat suicidality and prevent suicide, new treatments are required; to achieve this, the neurobiological processes underlying suicidal behavior must be thoroughly investigated. Although multiple neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonergic systems, have been studied in the past, less has been reported in relation to disruptions in glutamatergic neurotransmission, neuronal plasticity, and neurogenesis that result from stress-related abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. Informed by the literature, which reports robust antisuicidal and antidepressive properties of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine, this review aims to provide an examination of the neurobiology of suicidality (and relevant mood disorders) with implications of pertinent animal, clinical, and postmortem studies. We discuss dysfunctions in the glutamatergic system, which may play a role in the neuropathology of suicidality and the role of ketamine in restoring synaptic connectivity at the molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Tevfik Can
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jules Shamus Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan Dutton
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maxwell Bennett
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Ryberg M, Boraxbekk CJ, Kjaer M, Demnitz N. Effects of acute physical activity on brain metabolites as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS) in humans: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20534. [PMID: 37818016 PMCID: PMC10560775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) promotes brain health in a variety of domains including cognition, mood, and neuroplasticity. At the neurochemical level, the mechanisms underlying these effects in the brain are not fully understood. With proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS), it is possible to non-invasively quantify metabolite concentrations, enabling studies to obtain measures of exercise-induced neurochemical changes. This systematic review aimed to examine the existing literature on acute effects of PA on brain metabolites as measured by 1H-MRS. Four databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO) were searched, identifying 2965 studies, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. Across studies, Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) and lactate tended to increase after exercise, while no significant changes in choline were reported. For glutamine/glutamate (Glx), studies were inconclusive. Conclusions were limited by the lack of consensus on 1H-MRS data processing and exercise protocols. To reduce inter-study differences, future studies are recommended to (1): apply a standardized exercise index (2), consider the onset time of MRS scans, and (3) follow standardized MRS quantification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ryberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Naiara Demnitz
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
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Frank SM, Becker M, Malloni WM, Sasaki Y, Greenlee MW, Watanabe T. Protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in different age groups of human participants. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102493. [PMID: 37572324 PMCID: PMC10448431 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a protocol to conduct functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) in human participants before, during, and after training on a visual task. We describe steps for participant setup, volume-of-interest placement, fMRS measurement, and post-scan tests. We discuss the design, analysis, and interpretation of fMRS experiments. This protocol can be adapted to investigate the dynamics of chief excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA, respectively) while participants perform or learn perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Frank et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Frank
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Becker
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm M Malloni
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark W Greenlee
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Experimental Psychology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Martami F, Holton KF. Targeting Glutamate Neurotoxicity through Dietary Manipulation: Potential Treatment for Migraine. Nutrients 2023; 15:3952. [PMID: 37764736 PMCID: PMC10537717 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is implicated in both the initiation of migraine as well as central sensitization, which increases the frequency of migraine attacks. Excessive levels of glutamate can lead to excitotoxicity in the nervous system which can disrupt normal neurotransmission and contribute to neuronal injury or death. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity also leads to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier permeability, and cerebral vasodilation, all of which are associated with migraine pathophysiology. Experimental evidence has shown the protective effects of several nutrients against excitotoxicity. The current review focuses on the mechanisms behind glutamate's involvement in migraines as well as a discussion on how specific nutrients are able to work towards restoring glutamate homeostasis. Understanding glutamate's role in migraine is of vital importance for understanding why migraine is commonly comorbid with widespread pain conditions and for informing future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Martami
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Kathleen F. Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Hammond TC, Green SJ, Jacobs Y, Chlipala GE, Xing X, Heil S, Chen A, Aware C, Flemister A, Stromberg A, Balchandani P, Lin AL. Gut microbiome association with brain imaging markers, APOE genotype, calcium and vegetable intakes, and obesity in healthy aging adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1227203. [PMID: 37736325 PMCID: PMC10510313 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1227203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Advanced age is a significant factor in changes to brain physiology and cognitive functions. Recent research has highlighted the critical role of the gut microbiome in modulating brain functions during aging, which can be influenced by various factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variance, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, and dietary intake. However, the associations between the gut microbiome and these factors, as well as brain structural, vascular, and metabolic imaging markers, have not been well explored. Methods We recruited 30 community dwelling older adults between age 55-85 in Kentucky. We collected the medical history from the electronic health record as well as the Dietary Screener Questionnaire. We performed APOE genotyping with an oral swab, gut microbiome analysis using metagenomics sequencing, and brain structural, vascular, and metabolic imaging using MRI. Results Individuals with APOE e2 and APOE e4 genotypes had distinct microbiota composition, and higher level of pro-inflammatory microbiota were associated higher BMI and diabetes. In contrast, calcium- and vegetable-rich diets were associated with microbiota that produced short chain fatty acids leading to an anti-inflammatory state. We also found that important gut microbial butyrate producers were correlated with the volume of the thalamus and corpus callosum, which are regions of the brain responsible for relaying and processing information. Additionally, putative proinflammatory species were negatively correlated with GABA production, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Furthermore, we observed that the relative abundance of bacteria from the family Eggerthellaceae, equol producers, was correlated with white matter integrity in tracts connecting the brain regions related to language, memory, and learning. Discussion These findings highlight the importance of gut microbiome association with brain health in aging population and could have important implications aimed at optimizing healthy brain aging through precision prebiotic, probiotic or dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Hammond
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yael Jacobs
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - George E. Chlipala
- Research Informatics Core, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xin Xing
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sally Heil
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Anna Chen
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Chetan Aware
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Abeoseh Flemister
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Arnold Stromberg
- Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Priti Balchandani
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Ma L, Liu Q, Liu X, Chang H, Jin S, Ma W, Xu F, Liu H. Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Upregulates Intraocular Pressure Via Glutamatergic Neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:43. [PMID: 37773501 PMCID: PMC10547014 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The neuroregulatory center of intraocular pressure (IOP) is located in the hypothalamus. An efferent neural pathway exists between the hypothalamic nuclei and the autonomic nerve endings in the anterior chamber of the eye. This study was designed to investigate whether the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) regulates IOP as the other nuclei do. Methods Optogenetic manipulation of PVH neurons was used in this study. Light stimulation was applied via an optical fiber embedded over the PVH to activate projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of C57BL/6J mice. The same methods were used to inhibit projection neurons after AAV2/9-CaMKIIα-eNpHR3.0-mCherry was injected into the bilateral PVH of C57BL/6J mice. AAV2/9-EF1α-DIO-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the right PVH of Vglut2-Cre mice to elucidate the effect of glutamatergic neuron-specific activation. IOP was measured before and after light manipulation. Associated nuclei activation was clarified by c-Fos immunohistochemical staining. Only mice with accurate viral expression and fiber embedding were included in the statistical analysis. Results Activation of projection neurons in the right PVH induced significant bilateral IOP elevation (n = 11, P < 0.001); the ipsilateral IOP increased more noticeably (n = 11, P < 0.05); Bilateral inhibition of PVH projection neurons did not significantly influence IOP (n = 5, P > 0.05). Specific activation of glutamatergic neurons among PVH projection neurons also induced IOP elevation in both eyes (n = 5, P < 0.001). The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, locus coeruleus and basolateral amygdaloid nucleus responded to light stimulation of PVH in AAV-ChR2 mice. Conclusions The PVH may play a role in IOP upregulation via glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Muñoz-Rodríguez D, Bourqqia-Ramzi M, García-Esteban MT, Murciano-Cespedosa A, Vian A, Lombardo-Hernández J, García-Pérez P, Conejero F, Mateos González Á, Geuna S, Herrera-Rincon C. Bioelectrical State of Bacteria Is Linked to Growth Dynamics and Response to Neurotransmitters: Perspectives for the Investigation of the Microbiota-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13394. [PMID: 37686197 PMCID: PMC10488255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-cellular communication is mediated by a sum of biochemical, biophysical, and bioelectrical signals. This might occur not only between cells belonging to the same tissue and/or animal species but also between cells that are, from an evolutionary point of view, far away. The possibility that bioelectrical communication takes place between bacteria and nerve cells has opened exciting perspectives in the study of the gut microbiota-brain axis. The aim of this paper is (i) to establish a reliable method for the assessment of the bioelectrical state of two bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri); (ii) to monitor the bacterial bioelectrical profile throughout its growth dynamics; and (iii) to evaluate the effects of two neurotransmitters (glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid-GABA) on the bioelectrical signature of bacteria. Our results show that membrane potential (Vmem) and the proliferative capacity of the population are functionally linked in B. subtilis in each phase of the cell cycle. Remarkably, we demonstrate that bacteria respond to neural signals by changing Vmem properties. Finally, we show that Vmem changes in response to neural stimuli are present also in a microbiota-related strain L. reuteri. Our proof-of-principle data reveal a new methodological approach for the better understanding of the relation between bacteria and the brain, with a special focus on gut microbiota. Likewise, this approach will open exciting perspectives in the study of the inter-cellular mechanisms which regulate the bi-directional communication between bacteria and neurons and, ultimately, for designing gut microbiota-brain axis-targeted treatments for neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marwane Bourqqia-Ramzi
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa García-Esteban
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Murciano-Cespedosa
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Neural Plasticity Research Group Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vian
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (A.V.)
| | - Juan Lombardo-Hernández
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Pablo García-Pérez
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Conejero
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Mateos González
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai New York University, Shanghai 200122, China;
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Celia Herrera-Rincon
- Biomathematics Unit, Data Analysis & Computational Tools for Biology Research Group, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, and Modeling, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Xu L, Ge Q, Lu H, Zhuang Y, Geng X, Chen X, Liu X, Sun H, Guo Z, Sun J, Qi F, Niu X, Wang A, Sun W, He J. Cerebrospinal fluid metabolite alterations in patients with different etiologies, diagnoses, and prognoses of disorders of consciousness. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3070. [PMID: 37421239 PMCID: PMC10454269 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical management of disorders of consciousness (DoC) is a growing issue imposing a major burden on families and societies. Recovery rates vary widely among patients with DoC, and recovery predictions strongly influence decisions on medical care. However, the specific mechanisms underlying different etiologies, consciousness levels, and prognoses are still unclear. METHODS We analyzed the comprehensive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolomic analyses were used to identify the metabolic differences between patients with different etiologies, diagnoses, and prognoses. RESULTS We found that the CSF levels of multiple acylcarnitines were lower in patients with traumatic DoC, suggesting mitochondrial function preservation in the CNS, which might contribute to the better consciousness outcomes of these patients. Metabolites related to glutamate and GABA metabolism were altered and showed a good ability to distinguish the patients in the minimally conscious state and the vegetative state. Moreover, we identified 8 phospholipids as potential biomarkers to predict the recovery of consciousness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed light on the differences in physiological activities underlying DoC with different etiologies and identified some potential biomarkers used for DoC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChina National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC‐ND)BeijingChina
| | - Qianqian Ge
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hezhen Lu
- Department of clinical laboratoryChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yutong Zhuang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoli Geng
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haidan Sun
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiameng Sun
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Feng Qi
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xia Niu
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Aiwei Wang
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jianghong He
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChina National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC‐ND)BeijingChina
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Zhu A, Huang J, Kong F, Tan J, Lei J, Yuan Y, Yan C. Molecular basis for substrate recognition and transport of human GABA transporter GAT1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023:10.1038/s41594-023-00983-z. [PMID: 37400655 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is recycled through specific GABA transporters (GATs). GAT1, which is mainly expressed in the presynaptic terminals of axons, is a potential drug target of neurological disorders due to its essential role in GABA transport. Here we report four cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human GAT1, at resolutions of 2.2-3.2 Å. GAT1 in substrate-free form or in complex with the antiepileptic drug tiagabine exhibits an inward-open conformation. In the presence of GABA or nipecotic acid, inward-occluded structures are captured. The GABA-bound structure reveals an interaction network bridged by hydrogen bonds and ion coordination for GABA recognition. The substrate-free structure unwinds the last helical turn of transmembrane helix TM1a to release sodium ions and substrate. Complemented by structure-guided biochemical analyses, our studies reveal detailed mechanism of GABA recognition and transport, and elucidate mode of action of the inhibitors, nipecotic acid and tiagabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Smucny J, Maddock RJ. Spectroscopic meta-analyses reveal novel metabolite profiles across methamphetamine and cocaine substance use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109900. [PMID: 37148676 PMCID: PMC11187716 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to study metabolite alterations in stimulant (methamphetamine and cocaine) substance use disorders (SUDs) for over 25 years, data-driven consensus regarding the nature and magnitude of these alterations is lacking. METHOD In this meta-analysis, we examined associations between SUD and regional metabolites (N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline, myo-inositol, creatine, glutamate, and glutamate+glutamine (glx)) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), frontal white matter (FWM), occipital cortex, and basal ganglia as measured by 1 H-MRS. We also examined moderating effects of MRS acquisition parameters (echo time (TE), field strength), data quality (coefficient of variation (COV)), and demographic/clinical variables. RESULTS A MEDLINE search revealed 28 articles that met meta-analytic criteria. Significant effects included lower mPFC NAA, higher mPFC myo-inositol, and lower mPFC creatine in SUD relative to people without SUD. mPFC NAA effects were moderated by TE, with larger effects at longer TEs. For choline, although no group effects were observed, effect sizes in the mPFC were related to MRS technical indicators (field strength, COV). No effects of age, sex, primary drug of use (methamphetamine vs. cocaine), duration of use, or duration of abstinence were observed. Evidence for moderating effects of TE and COV may have implications for future MRS studies in SUDs. CONCLUSIONS The observed metabolite profile in methamphetamine and cocaine SUD (lower NAA and creatine with higher myo-inositol) parallels that observed in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, suggesting these drugs are associated with neurometabolic differences similar to those characterizing these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
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Zhao T, Wei N, Li T, Chen K, Cui W, Wang Z, Wang F, Lin Y, Zhu J. Transplantation of glutamatergic neuronal precursor cells in the paraventricular thalamus and claustrum facilitates awakening with recovery of consciousness. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1785-1804. [PMID: 36880283 PMCID: PMC10324366 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells offer a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the optimal transplantation sites and cells are not clear. Although the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and claustrum (CLA) are associated with consciousness and are candidate transplantation targets, few studies have been designed to investigate this possibility. METHODS Controlled cortical injury (CCI) was performed to establish a mouse model of DOC. CCI-DOC paradigm was established to investigate the role of excitatory neurons of PVT and CLA in disorders of consciousness. The role of excitatory neuron transplantation in promoting arousal and recovery of consciousness was determined by optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrophysiology, Western blot, RT-PCR, double immunofluorescence labeling, and neurobehavioral experiments. RESULTS After CCI-DOC, neuronal apoptosis was found to be concentrated in the PVT and CLA. Prolonged awaking latency and cognitive decline were also seen after destruction of the PVT and CLA, suggesting that the PVT and CLA may be key nuclei in DOC. Awaking latency and cognitive performance could be altered by inhibiting or activating excitatory neurons, implying that excitatory neurons may play an important role in DOC. Furthermore, we found that the PVT and CLA function differently, with the PVT mainly involved in arousal maintenance while the CLA plays a role mainly in the generation of conscious content. Finally, we found that by transplanting excitatory neuron precursor cells in the PVT and CLA, respectively, we could facilitate awakening with recovery of consciousness, which was mainly manifested by shortened awaking latency, reduced duration of loss of consciousness (LOC), enhanced cognitive ability, enhanced memory, and improved limb sensation. CONCLUSION In this study, we found that the deterioration in the level and content of consciousness after TBI was associated with a large reduction in glutamatergic neurons within the PVT and CLA. Transplantation of glutamatergic neuronal precursor cells could play a beneficial role in promoting arousal and recovery of consciousness. Thus, these findings have the potential to provide a favorable basis for promoting awakening and recovery in patients with DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Neurosurgery Research InstituteFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Naili Wei
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Tianwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kezhu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Zhifu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of NeurologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuanxiang Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Neurosurgery Research InstituteFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Regeneration, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Cutler AJ, Mattingly GW, Maletic V. Understanding the mechanism of action and clinical effects of neuroactive steroids and GABAergic compounds in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:228. [PMID: 37365161 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to result from impaired connectivity between key brain networks. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, working primarily via GABAA receptors, with an important role in virtually all physiologic functions in the brain. Some neuroactive steroids (NASs) are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors and potentiate phasic and tonic inhibitory responses via activation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectively. This review first discusses preclinical and clinical data that support the association of depression with diverse defects in the GABAergic system of neurotransmission. Decreased levels of GABA and NASs have been observed in adults with depression compared with healthy controls, while treatment with antidepressants normalized the altered levels of GABA and NASs. Second, as there has been intense interest in treatment approaches for depression that target dysregulated GABAergic neurotransmission, we discuss NASs approved or currently in clinical development for the treatment of depression. Brexanolone, an intravenous NAS and a GABAA receptor PAM, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD) in patients 15 years and older. Other NASs include zuranolone, an investigational oral GABAA receptor PAM, and PH10, which acts on nasal chemosensory receptors; clinical data to date have shown improvement in depressive symptoms with these investigational NASs in adults with MDD or PPD. Finally, the review discusses how NAS GABAA receptor PAMs may potentially address the unmet need for novel and effective treatments with rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with MDD.
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Yu X, Gao Z, Gao M, Qiao M. Bibliometric Analysis on GABA-A Receptors Research Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2101-2114. [PMID: 37361426 PMCID: PMC10289248 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s409380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GABA-A receptors are the primary mediators of brain inhibitory neurotransmission. In the past years, many studies focused on this channel to decipher the pathogenesis of related diseases but lacked bibliometric analysis research. This study aims to explore the research status and identify the research trends of GABA-A receptor channels. Methods Publications related to GABA-A receptor channels were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection from 2012 to 2022. After screening, the VOSviewer 1.6.18 and Citespace 5.8 R3 were used for bibliometric analysis from journals, countries, institutions, authors, co-cited references and keywords. Results We included 12,124 publications in the field of GABA-A receptor channels for analysis. The data shows that although there was a slight decrease in annual publications from 2012 to 2021, it remained at a relatively high level. Most publications were in the domain of neuroscience. Additionally, the United States was the most prolific country, followed by China. Univ Toronto was the most productive institution, and James M Cook led essential findings in this field. Furthermore, brain activation, GABAAR subunits expression, modulation mechanism in pain and anxiety behaviors and GABA and dopamine were paid attention to by researchers. And top research frontiers were molecular docking, autoimmune encephalitic series, obesity, sex difference, diagnosis and management, EEG and KCC2. Conclusion Taken together, academic attention on GABA-A receptor channels was never neglected since 2012. Our analysis identified key information, such as core countries, institutions and authors in this field. Molecular docking, autoimmune encephalitic series, obesity, sex difference, diagnosis and management, EEG and KCC2 will be the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhou Gao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqi Qiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Bang D, Lim S, Lee S, Kim S. Biomedical knowledge graph learning for drug repurposing by extending guilt-by-association to multiple layers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3570. [PMID: 37322032 PMCID: PMC10272215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational drug repurposing aims to identify new indications for existing drugs by utilizing high-throughput data, often in the form of biomedical knowledge graphs. However, learning on biomedical knowledge graphs can be challenging due to the dominance of genes and a small number of drug and disease entities, resulting in less effective representations. To overcome this challenge, we propose a "semantic multi-layer guilt-by-association" approach that leverages the principle of guilt-by-association - "similar genes share similar functions", at the drug-gene-disease level. Using this approach, our model DREAMwalk: Drug Repurposing through Exploring Associations using Multi-layer random walk uses our semantic information-guided random walk to generate drug and disease-populated node sequences, allowing for effective mapping of both drugs and diseases in a unified embedding space. Compared to state-of-the-art link prediction models, our approach improves drug-disease association prediction accuracy by up to 16.8%. Moreover, exploration of the embedding space reveals a well-aligned harmony between biological and semantic contexts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through repurposing case studies for breast carcinoma and Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the potential of multi-layer guilt-by-association perspective for drug repurposing on biomedical knowledge graphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Bang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- AIGENDRUG Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Lim
- School of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseon Lee
- Institute of Computer Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- AIGENDRUG Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Anchesi I, Schepici G, Chiricosta L, Gugliandolo A, Salamone S, Caprioglio D, Pollastro F, Mazzon E. Δ 8-THC Induces Up-Regulation of Glutamatergic Pathway Genes in Differentiated SH-SY5Y: A Transcriptomic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119486. [PMID: 37298437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, natural or synthetic, have antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and anti-psychotic properties. Cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) are the most studied cannabinoids, but recently, attention has turned towards minor cannabinoids. Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), an isomer of Δ9-THC, is a compound for which, to date, there is no evidence of its role in the modulation of synaptic pathways. The aim of our work was to evaluate the effects of Δ8-THC on differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Using next generation sequencing (NGS), we investigated whether Δ8-THC could modify the transcriptomic profile of genes involved in synapse functions. Our results showed that Δ8-THC upregulates the expression of genes involved in the glutamatergic pathway and inhibits gene expression at cholinergic synapses. Conversely, Δ8-THC did not modify the transcriptomic profile of genes involved in the GABAergic and dopaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Anchesi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schepici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem S.r.l.s., Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem S.r.l.s., Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem S.r.l.s., Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
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