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Anderson JE. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle "cellular ecology" integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:273-300. [PMID: 34928395 PMCID: PMC8685813 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia-reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle-tendon-bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research-from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology-reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Yue L, Talukder MAH, Gurjar A, Lee JI, Noble M, Dirksen RT, Chakkalakal J, Elfar JC. 4-Aminopyridine attenuates muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:192-201. [PMID: 31093982 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently demonstrated the beneficial effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a potassium channel blocker, in enhancing remyelination and recovery of nerve conduction velocity and motor function after sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. Although muscle atrophy occurs very rapidly after nerve injury, the effect of 4-AP on muscle atrophy and intrinsic muscle contractile function is largely unknown. METHODS Mice were assigned to sciatic nerve crush injury and no-injury groups and were followed for 3, 7, and 14 days with/without 4-AP or saline treatment. Morphological, functional, and transcriptional properties of skeletal muscle were assessed. RESULTS In addition to improving in vivo function, 4-AP significantly reduced muscle atrophy with increased muscle fiber diameter and contractile force. Reduced muscle atrophy was associated with attenuated expression of atrophy-related genes and increased expression of proliferating stem cells. DISCUSSION These findings provide new insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of 4-AP against nerve injury-induced muscle atrophy and dysfunction. Muscle Nerve 60: 192-201, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yue
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
| | - Anagha Gurjar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, South Korea
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, The University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joe Chakkalakal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedics and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
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Bachiller S, Roca-Ceballos MA, García-Domínguez I, Pérez-Villegas EM, Martos-Carmona D, Pérez-Castro MÁ, Real LM, Rosa JL, Tabares L, Venero JL, Armengol JÁ, Carrión ÁM, Ruiz R. HERC1 Ubiquitin Ligase Is Required for Normal Axonal Myelination in the Peripheral Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8856-8868. [PMID: 29603094 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A missense mutation in HERC1 provokes loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, tremor, and unstable gait in tambaleante (tbl) mice. Recently, we have shown that before cerebellar degeneration takes place, the tbl mouse suffers from a reduction in the number of vesicles available for release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The aim of the present work was to study to which extent the alteration in HERC1 may affect other cells in the nervous system and how this may influence the motor dysfunction observed in these mice. The functional analysis showed a consistent delay in the propagation of the action potential in mutant mice in comparison with control littermates. Morphological analyses of glial cells in motor axons revealed signs of compact myelin damage as tomacula and local hypermyelination foci. Moreover, we observed an alteration in non-myelinated terminal Schwann cells at the level of the NMJ. Additionally, we found a significant increment of phosphorylated Akt-2 in the sciatic nerve. Based on these findings, we propose a molecular model that could explain how mutated HERC1 in tbl mice affects the myelination process in the peripheral nervous system. Finally, since the myelin abnormalities found in tbl mice are histological hallmarks of neuropathic periphery diseases, tbl mutant mice could be considered as a new mouse model for this type of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva María Pérez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - David Martos-Carmona
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Tabares
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Venero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Ángel Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Manuel Carrión
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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Bucchia M, Merwin SJ, Re DB, Kariya S. Limitations and Challenges in Modeling Diseases Involving Spinal Motor Neuron Degeneration in Vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:61. [PMID: 29559895 PMCID: PMC5845677 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic conditions involving degeneration of spinal motor neurons (MNs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sarcopenia, and spinal cord injury, mostly occur in individuals whose spinal MNs are fully mature. There is currently no effective treatment to prevent death or promote axonal regeneration of the spinal MNs affected in these patients. To increase our understanding and find a cure for such conditions, easily controllable and monitorable cell culture models allow for a better dissection of certain molecular and cellular events that cannot be teased apart in whole organism models. To date, various types of spinal MN cultures have been described. Yet these models are all based on the use of immature neurons or neurons uncharacterized for their degree of maturity after being isolated and cultured. Additionally, studying only MNs cannot give a comprehensive and complete view of the neurodegenerative processes usually involving other cell types. To date, there is no confirmed in vitro model faithfully emulating disease or injury of the mature spinal MNs. In this review, we summarize the different limitations of currently available culture models, and discuss the challenges that have to be overcome for developing more reliable and translational platforms for the in vitro study of spinal MN degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bucchia
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samantha J Merwin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shingo Kariya
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Jebelli J, Su W, Hopkins S, Pocock J, Garden GA. Glia: guardians, gluttons, or guides for the maintenance of neuronal connectivity? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:1-10. [PMID: 25752338 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An emerging aspect of neuronal-glial interactions is the connection glial cells have to synapses. Mounting research now suggests a far more intimate relationship than previously recognized. Moreover, the current evidence implicating synapse loss in neurodegenerative disease etiology is overwhelming, but the role of glia in the process of synaptic degeneration has only recently been considered in earnest. Each main class of glial cell, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, performs crucial and multifaceted roles in the maintenance of synaptic function and excitability. As such, aging and/or neuronal stress from disease-related misfolded proteins may involve disruption of multiple non-cell-autonomous synaptic support systems that are mediated by neighboring glia. In addition, glial cell activation induced by injury, ischemia, or neurodegeneration is thought to greatly alter the behavior of glial cells toward neuronal synapses, suggesting that neuroinflammation potentially contributes to synapse loss primarily mediated by altered glial functions. This review discusses recent evidence highlighting novel roles for glial cells at neuronal synapses and in the maintenance of neuronal connectivity, focusing primarily on their implications for neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jebelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Hopkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Ben Ammar A, Soltanzadeh P, Bauché S, Richard P, Goillot E, Herbst R, Gaudon K, Huzé C, Schaeffer L, Yamanashi Y, Higuchi O, Taly A, Koenig J, Leroy JP, Hentati F, Najmabadi H, Kahrizi K, Ilkhani M, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Hantaï D. A mutation causes MuSK reduced sensitivity to agrin and congenital myasthenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53826. [PMID: 23326516 PMCID: PMC3541344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting neuromuscular transmission. The agrin/muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) pathway is critical for proper development and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We report here an Iranian patient in whom CMS was diagnosed since he presented with congenital and fluctuating bilateral symmetric ptosis, upward gaze palsy and slowly progressive muscle weakness leading to loss of ambulation. Genetic analysis of the patient revealed a homozygous missense mutation c.2503A>G in the coding sequence of MUSK leading to the p.Met835Val substitution. The mutation was inherited from the two parents who were heterozygous according to the notion of consanguinity. Immunocytochemical and electron microscopy studies of biopsied deltoid muscle showed dramatic changes in pre- and post-synaptic elements of the NMJs. These changes induced a process of denervation/reinnervation in native NMJs and the formation, by an adaptive mechanism, of newly formed and ectopic NMJs. Aberrant axonal outgrowth, decreased nerve terminal ramification and nodal axonal sprouting were also noted. In vivo electroporation of the mutated MuSK in a mouse model showed disorganized NMJs and aberrant axonal growth reproducing a phenotype similar to that observed in the patient's biopsy specimen. In vitro experiments showed that the mutation alters agrin-dependent acetylcholine receptor aggregation, causes a constitutive activation of MuSK and a decrease in its agrin- and Dok-7-dependent phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Agrin/metabolism
- Animals
- Child
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/genetics
- Muscle Weakness/metabolism
- Muscle Weakness/physiopathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Mutation, Missense
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/genetics
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/metabolism
- Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/physiopathology
- Neuromuscular Junction/genetics
- Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Junction/physiopathology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synaptic Transmission/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ben Ammar
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Neuropathologie, Institut National de Neurologie, Université Tunis El Manar, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Payam Soltanzadeh
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bauché
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Richard
- APHP, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Goillot
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen Gaudon
- APHP, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Huzé
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, IFR128, UMR5161, ENS Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Higuchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jeanine Koenig
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Leroy
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fayçal Hentati
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Neuropathologie, Institut National de Neurologie, Université Tunis El Manar, La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Manouchehr Ilkhani
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Michel Fardeau
- Unité de Morphologie Neuromusculaire, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- APHP, Centre de Référence en Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hantaï
- Inserm, UMRS 975, UPMC, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- APHP, Centre de Référence en Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Caillol G, Vacher H, Musarella M, Bellouze S, Dargent B, Autillo-Touati A. Motor endplate disease affects neuromuscular junction maturation. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2400-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Association of IL-1B genetic polymorphisms with an increased risk of opioid and alcohol dependence. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 19:869-76. [PMID: 19801958 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328331e68f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between genetic variability of IL-1B, which encodes for the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and the risk of developing opioid dependence. To confirm a previous study, we also examined the association between the IL-1B genetic polymorphism and alcohol dependence. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from 60 opioid-dependent, 99 alcohol-dependent patients and 60 healthy nondependent controls. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to determine the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -511, -31 and 3954 of IL-1B. RESULTS IL-1B -511C and -31T alleles were more frequent in both the opioid-dependent and alcohol-dependent patients compared with the control group: odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) P values corrected for false discovery rate=1.91 (1.14-3.20), P=0.043 and 1.89 (1.19-2.99), P=0.014, respectively, for IL-1B -511C>T; and OR=1.74 (1.02-2.97), P=0.066 and 1.80 (1.13-2.88), P=0.017, respectively, for IL-1B -31T>C. In contrast, no association was observed between opioid dependence and the IL-1B 3954C>T single nucleotide polymorphism [OR=1.60 (0.84-3.02), P=0.15]. CONCLUSION This study confirms the previous finding that IL-1B polymorphism is associated with altered risk of alcohol dependence. IL-1B single nucleotide polymorphisms at position -511 and -31, which increase IL-1beta production, occur at a higher frequency in opioid-dependent populations and may be associated, albeit weakly, with an increased risk of opioid dependence.
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Abstract
Glia are an indispensable structural and functional component of the synapse. They modulate synaptic transmission and also play important roles in synapse formation and maintenance. The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a classic model synapse. Due to its large size, simplicity and accessibility, the NMJ has contributed greatly to our understanding of synapse development and organization. In the past decade, the NMJ has also emerged as an effective model for studying glia-synapse interactions, in part due to the development of various labeling techniques that permit NMJs and associated Schwann cells (the glia at NMJs) to be visualized in vitro and in vivo. These approaches have demonstrated that Schwann cells are actively involved in synapse remodeling both during early development and in post-injury reinnervation. In vivo imaging has also recently been combined with serial section transmission electron microscopic (ssTEM) reconstruction to directly examine the ultrastructural organization of remodeling NMJs. In this review, we focus on the anatomical studies of Schwann cell dynamics and their roles in formation, maturation and remodeling of vertebrate NMJs using the highest temporal and spatial resolution methods currently available.
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The synaptic remodeling between regenerated perforant pathway and granule cells in slice culture. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:309-16. [PMID: 19757022 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the synaptic remodeling in the course of axonal regeneration, the synaptic remodeling of the perforant path in hippocampus was investigated in the present study with entorhino-hippocampal coculture, DiI DiOlistic assay and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the regeneration of the perforant pathway occurred in entorhino-hippocampal slice coculture, and putative synaptic contacts formed between the regenerated fibers and dendritic spines of granule cells. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the formation of new synaptic contacts. In conclusion, the synaptic formation implicated in the neuroregeneration could integrate into the network in CNS.
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Fuentes-Medel Y, Logan MA, Ashley J, Ataman B, Budnik V, Freeman MR. Glia and muscle sculpt neuromuscular arbors by engulfing destabilized synaptic boutons and shed presynaptic debris. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000184. [PMID: 19707574 PMCID: PMC2724735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As synapses grow at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, they shed membrane material in an activity-dependent manner. Glia and postsynaptic muscle cells are required to engulf this debris to ensure new synaptic growth. Synapse remodeling is an extremely dynamic process, often regulated by neural activity. Here we show during activity-dependent synaptic growth at the Drosophila NMJ many immature synaptic boutons fail to form stable postsynaptic contacts, are selectively shed from the parent arbor, and degenerate or disappear from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Surprisingly, we also observe the widespread appearance of presynaptically derived “debris” during normal synaptic growth. The shedding of both immature boutons and presynaptic debris is enhanced by high-frequency stimulation of motorneurons, indicating that their formation is modulated by neural activity. Interestingly, we find that glia dynamically invade the NMJ and, working together with muscle cells, phagocytose shed presynaptic material. Suppressing engulfment activity in glia or muscle by disrupting the Draper/Ced-6 pathway results in a dramatic accumulation of presynaptic debris, and synaptic growth in turn is severely compromised. Thus actively growing NMJ arbors appear to constitutively generate an excessive number of immature boutons, eliminate those that are not stabilized through a shedding process, and normal synaptic expansion requires the continuous clearance of this material by both glia and muscle cells. The synapse is the fundamental unit of communication between neurons and their target cells. As the nervous system matures, synapses often need to be added, removed, or otherwise remodeled to accommodate the changing needs of the circuit. Such changes are often regulated by the activity of the circuit and are thought to entail the extension or retraction of cellular processes to form or break synaptic connections. We have explored the precise nature of new synapse formation during development of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We find that growing synapses are actually quite wasteful and shed significant amounts of presynaptic membranes and a subset of immature (nonfunctional) synapses. The shedding of this presynaptic material is enhanced by stimulating the activity of the neuron, suggesting that its formation is dependent upon NMJ activity. Surprisingly, we find presynaptic membranes are efficiently removed from the NMJ by two surrounding cell types: glia cells (a neuronal ‘support cell’), which invade the NMJ, and the postsynaptic muscle cell itself. Blocking the ability of these cells to ingest shed presynaptic membranes dramatically reduces new synapse growth, suggesting that the shed presynaptic material is inhibitory to new synapse addition. Therefore, our data demonstrate that actively growing synapses constantly shed membrane material, that glia and muscles work to rapidly clear this from the NMJ, and that the combined efforts of glia and muscles are critical for the proper addition of new synapses to neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuly Fuentes-Medel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Logan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bulent Ataman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vivian Budnik
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VB); (MRF)
| | - Marc R. Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VB); (MRF)
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Gorlewicz A, Wlodarczyk J, Wilczek E, Gawlak M, Cabaj A, Majczynski H, Nestorowicz K, Herbik MA, Grieb P, Slawinska U, Kaczmarek L, Wilczynski GM. CD44 is expressed in non-myelinating Schwann cells of the adult rat, and may play a role in neurodegeneration-induced glial plasticity at the neuromuscular junction. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:245-58. [PMID: 19385056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface glycoprotein which regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in a variety of tissues. In particular, the protein was found to be expressed in glial cells of developing, but not adult, peripheral nerves, where it takes part in signaling mediated by ErbB class of receptors for neuregulins. Here, we demonstrate, using high resolution morphological methods, tissue fractionation and RT-PCR, that CD44 is strongly expressed in terminal Schwann cell (TSC) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of the adult rat skeletal muscle. As CD44 is also expressed by Schwann cells of the non-myelinated Remak bundles of the proximal peripheral nerves, it appears to be a marker of non-myelinating Schwann cell subpopulation. The analysis of transgenic rats bearing a mutated superoxide-dismutase gene (SOD1(G93A)) causing familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) revealed that TSC activation and morphological plasticity at the NMJ, caused by ongoing denervation-reinnervation is associated with a strong increase in CD44 expression therein. Notably, CD44 immunoreactivity is present in fine axon-escheating processes of the glial cells that guide reinnervation. In addition, we found that both in normal and SOD1(G93A) muscle, CD44 expressed in TSC partially colocalizes with immunoreactivities of neuregulin receptors ErbB2 and ErbB3. The colocalization appears to reflect a physical interaction, as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis between CD44 and ErbB3. Importantly, TSC activation upon ALS-like neurodegeneration results in significant increase in molecular proximity of CD44 and ErbB3, which may have an impact on glial plasticity at the NMJ.
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Molgó J, Colasante C, Benoit E, Poulain B. [A reminder of the structure and function of the skeletal neuromuscular junction]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009; 136 Suppl 4:S55-60. [PMID: 19576486 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(09)74528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal neuromuscular junction has been considered as a model of chemical synapses due to its relatively simple organization. It is made up of three cellular partners including the motoneuron nerve terminals, the peri-synaptic Schwann cells and a specialized region of skeletal muscle fibers. It has been extensively studied revealing its ultrastructural complexity involving many molecular actors. The neuromuscular junction is a highly specialized structure, optimized for the rapid transmission of information from the presynaptic nerve terminal to the post-synaptic muscle fiber. This rapid transmission requires a very close apposition of plasmic membranes of pre- and post-synaptic partners, and a strict structural and molecular arrangement on both sides of the narrow synaptic cleft separating nerve terminal and muscle membranes. In this short review, we summarize the knowledge regarding pre- and post-synaptic ultrastructural specializations and give an overview of some functional aspects of neuromuscular transmission, including the quantal acetylcholine release process, which will help to better understand the pharmacological actions of botulinum toxins in esthetic and corrective dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Molgó
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard - FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire - UPR9040, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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14
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Feng Z, Ko CP. The Role of Glial Cells in the Formation and Maintenance of the Neuromuscular Junction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1132:19-28. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1405.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Cao G, Ko CP. Schwann cell-derived factors modulate synaptic activities at developing neuromuscular synapses. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6712-22. [PMID: 17581958 PMCID: PMC6672697 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1329-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are active participants in the function, formation, and maintenance of the chemical synapse. To investigate the molecular basis of neuron-glia interactions at the peripheral synapse, we examined whether and how Schwann cell-derived factors modulate synaptic function at developing neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Schwann cell-conditioned medium (SC-CM) from Xenopus Schwann cell cultures was collected and applied to Xenopus nerve-muscle cocultures. We found that SC-CM increased the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents (SSCs) within 3-15 min by an average of approximately 150-fold at developing neuromuscular synapses. The increase in SSC frequency by SC-CM is a presynaptic effect independent of neuronal excitability and requires the influx of Ca2+. In contrast to its potentiating effect on spontaneous transmitter release, SC-CM suppressed the evoked transmitter release. The SC-CM effect required the presence of motoneuron soma but not protein synthesis. Using molecular weight cutoff filters and dialysis membranes, we found that the molecular weight of functional factor(s) in SC-CM was within 500 and 5000 Da. The SC-CM effect was not attributable to currently known factors that modulate synaptic efficacy, including neurotrophins, glutamate, and ATP. SC-CM also enhanced spontaneous synaptic release at developing NMJs in Xenopus tadpoles in situ. Our results suggest that Schwann cells release small molecules that enhance spontaneous synaptic activities acutely and potently at developing neuromuscular synapses, and the glial cell-enhanced spontaneous neurotransmission may contribute to synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Cao
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520
| | - Chien-Ping Ko
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520
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Mann F, Chauvet S, Rougon G. Semaphorins in development and adult brain: Implication for neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:57-79. [PMID: 17537564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a group, Semaphorins are expressed in most tissues and this distribution varies considerably with age. Semaphorins are dynamically expressed during embryonic development and their expression is often associated with growing axons. This expression decreases with maturity and several observations support the idea that in adult brain the expression of secreted Semaphorins is sensitive to electrical activity and experience. The functional role of Semaphorins in guiding axonal projections is well established and more recent evidence points to additional roles in the development, function and reorganization of synaptic complexes. Semaphorins exert the majority of their effects by binding to cognate receptor proteins through their extracellular domains. A common theme is that Semaphorin-triggered signalling induces the rearrangement of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Mutations in Semaphorin genes are linked to several human diseases associated with neurological changes, but their actual influence in the pathogenesis of these diseases remains to be demonstrated. In addition, Semaphorins and their receptors are likely to mediate cross-talk between neurons and other cell types, including in pathological situations where their influence can be damaging or favourable depending on the context. We discuss how the manipulation of Semaphorin function might be crucial for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mann
- CNRS UMR 6216, Université de la Méditerranée, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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17
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Fonte C, Trousson A, Grenier J, Schumacher M, Massaad C. Opposite effects of CBP and p300 in glucocorticoid signaling in astrocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:220-7. [PMID: 17475479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, glucocorticoid hormones play a major role during development, and they continue to affect functional and structural plasticity throughout life. Glucocorticoid actions are mediated by their cognate nuclear receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The transcriptional activity of the GR is enhanced by the recruitment of one of the transcriptional coactivators of the p160 family (SRCs), which are a docking platform for secondary coactivators like CBP, or its close homologue p300. Here, we investigated the implication of CBP and p300 coactivators in glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, namely in primary cultures of astrocytes and in Schwann cells. We show that both coregulators behave differently in either cell type. CBP enhances GR transcriptional activation in astrocytes, and has no effect in Schwann cells, whereas p300 exerts an inhibitory effect in both glial cells. Studies with p300 deletion mutants show that the repressive capacity of p300 is related to its acetyltransferase activity. This work shows striking differences between CBP and p300 actions in astrocytes. Moreover, in astrocytes the opposite effects of CBP and p300 could lead to a balance in the transactivation potency of the GR, in order to fine tune the action of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Fonte
- INSERM UMR788, University Paris-Sud (Paris XI), 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
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18
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Todd KJ, Auld DS, Robitaille R. Neurotrophins modulate neuron-glia interactions at a vertebrate synapse. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1287-96. [PMID: 17355253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are important modulators of synaptic function at both developing and mature synapses in the CNS and PNS. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), neurotrophins, as well as perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) are critical for the long-term maintenance and stability of the synapse. Considering this correlation and the acute interactions that occur at the synapse between PSCs and the nerve terminal, we wondered if neurotrophins could also be involved in neuron-glia signalling. To test if neurotrophins were able to signal to PSCs we used brief applications of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotophic factor (BDNF) or nerve growth factor (NGF; 100 ng/mL). Soleus muscles of mice were incubated with the Ca(2+) indicator Fluo-4AM and Ca(2+) responses in PSCs were elicited through nerve stimulation (50 Hz, 30 s). Our results indicate that acute application of both NT-3 and BDNF, but not NGF, increased PSC Ca(2+) responses. Investigation of the mechanisms involved in these increases revealed distinct pathways for BDNF and NT-3. BDNF increased PSC responsiveness through potentiation of ATP responses while NT-3 modulated muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling. Using local applications of the neurotrophins, we found that both neurotrophins were able to elicit Ca(2+) responses in PSCs where BDNF used a phospholipase C-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (PLC-IP(3)) mechanism, while NT-3 required extracellular Ca(2+). Our results demonstrate a neurotrophin-dependent modulation of neuron-glia signalling through differential mechanisms employed by NT-3 and BDNF. Hence, neurotrophins precisely and differentially regulate PSC functions through modulation of either purinergic or cholinergic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Todd
- Département de physiologie and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Steinmetz CC, Buard I, Claudepierre T, Nägler K, Pfrieger FW. Regional variations in the glial influence on synapse development in the mouse CNS. J Physiol 2006; 577:249-61. [PMID: 16959855 PMCID: PMC2000689 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that synapse function depends on interactions with glial cells, namely astrocytes. Studies on specific neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) indicated that glial signals also control synapse development, but it remained unclear whether this is a general principle that applies to other neuronal cell types. To address this question, we developed new methods to immunoisolate neurons from different brain regions of postnatal mice and to culture them in a chemically defined medium. Electrophysiological recordings and immunocytochemical staining revealed vigorous synaptogenesis in hippocampal and cerebellar neurons, but not in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the absence of glial cells. Co-culture with glia promoted synapse formation in RGCs as indicated by a strong increase in the incidence and frequency of action potential-independent miniature synaptic currents, but showed no such effects in hippocampal or cerebellar neurons. On the other hand, glial signals promoted the efficacy of excitatory synapses in all regions as indicated by an increase in the size of spontaneous synaptic events in cerebellar cultures and of miniature synaptic currents in hippocampal neurons and RGCs. Inhibitory synaptic currents remained largely unaffected by glia. Our results indicate that in the mammalian CNS, the way that glial signals promote the development of excitatory synapses depends on the type of neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Steinmetz
- Department Neurotransmission and Neuroendocrine Secretion, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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Fox MA, Umemori H. Seeking long-term relationship: axon and target communicate to organize synaptic differentiation. J Neurochem 2006; 97:1215-31. [PMID: 16638017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Synapses form after growing axons recognize their appropriate targets. The subsequent assembly of aligned pre and postsynaptic specializations is critical for synaptic function. This highly precise apposition of presynaptic elements (i.e. active zones) to postsynaptic specializations (i.e. neurotransmitter receptor clusters) strongly suggests that communication between the axon and target is required for synaptic differentiation. What trans-synaptic factors drive such differentiation at vertebrate synapses? First insights into the answers to this question came from studies at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where axon-derived agrin and muscle-derived laminin beta2 induce post and presynaptic differentiation, respectively. Recent work has suggested that axon- and target-derived factors similarly drive synaptic differentiation at central synapses. Specifically, WNT-7a, neuroligin, synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM) and fibroblast growth factor-22 (FGF-22) have all been identified as target-derived presynaptic organizers, whereas axon-derived neuronal activity regulated pentraxin (Narp), ephrinB and neurexin reciprocally co-ordinate postsynaptic differentiation. In addition to these axon- and target-derived inducers of synaptic differentiation, factors released from glial cells have also been implicated in regulating synapse assembly. Together, these recent findings have profoundly advanced our understanding of how precise appositions are established during vertebrate nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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