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Zhang B, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Wang R, Chen L, Zheng X, Feng W. Study on the Neuroprotective Effects of Eight Iridoid Components Using Cell Metabolomics. Molecules 2024; 29:1497. [PMID: 38611777 PMCID: PMC11013420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Iridoid components have been reported to have significant neuroprotective effects. However, it is not yet clear whether the efficacy and mechanisms of iridoid components with similar structures are also similar. This study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of eight iridoid components (catalpol (CAT), genipin (GE), geniposide (GEN), geniposidic acid (GPA), aucubin (AU), ajugol (AJU), rehmannioside C (RC), and rehmannioside D (RD)) based on corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC), model group (M), positive drug group (FLX), and eight iridoid administration groups. Firstly, PC12 cells were induced with CORT to simulate neuronal injury. Then, the MTT method and flow cytometry were applied to evaluate the protective effects of eight iridoid components on PC12 cell damage. Thirdly, a cell metabolomics study based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was performed to explore changes in relevant biomarkers and metabolic pathways following the intervention of administration. The MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that the eight iridoid components can improve cell viability, inhibit cell apoptosis, reduce intracellular ROS levels, and elevate MMP levels. In the PCA score plots, the sample points of the treatment groups showed a trend towards approaching the NC group. Among them, AU, AJU, and RC had a weaker effect. There were 38 metabolites (19 metabolites each in positive and negative ion modes, respectively) identified as potential biomarkers during the experiment, among which 23 metabolites were common biomarkers of the eight iridoid groups. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the eight iridoid components regulated the metabolism mainly in relation to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. In conclusion, the eight iridoid components could reverse an imbalanced metabolic state by regulating amino acid neurotransmitters, interfering with amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism, and harmonizing the level of oxidized substances to exhibit neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Ning Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenkai Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Long Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (B.Z.); (N.Z.); (Z.Z.); (R.W.); (L.C.)
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Jia L, Xiao L, Fu Y, Shao Z, Jing Z, Yuan J, Xie Y, Guo J, Wang Y, Geng W. Neuroprotective effects of probiotics on anxiety- and depression-like disorders in stressed mice by modulating tryptophan metabolism and the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:2895-2905. [PMID: 38404190 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety- and depression-like behaviors are commonly observed clinical features of depression and many other mental disorders. Recent evidence has revealed the crucial role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Supplementation with psychobiotics may provide a novel approach for the adjunctive treatment of mental disorders by regulating the intestinal microecology. We isolated and identified a novel probiotic, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum D-9 (D-9), from traditional Chinese fermented foods in our previous work, which exhibited a high yield of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Herein, it was proved that the oral administration of D-9 could alleviate the depression- and anxiety-like behaviors of Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress (CUMS) mice, and show non-toxicity or side-effects in the mice. Physiological and biochemical analyses demonstrated that D-9 regulated tryptophan metabolism, the HPA-axis and inflammation in CUMS mice. Moreover, D-9 modulated the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to an increase in the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus murinus and Lactobacillus johnsonii, and a decrease in the levels of Kineothrix alysoides and Helicobacter bilis compared to those in CUMS mice. Our work demonstrates that D-9 alleviated anxiety- and depression-like disorders in CUMS mice by modulating tryptophan metabolism and the gut microbiota. These findings provide an innovative strategy for the intervention and treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Yao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoxuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Jiahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Yufeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Yanping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
| | - Weitao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.
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Tong Y, Dong L, Shu H, Yang Y, Bai Y, Wen J. Preclinical evidence evaluation of Xiaoyao san in treating chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression based on meta-analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154991. [PMID: 37562092 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of the current challenges in the treatment of depression, in order to improve the efficacy and avoid adverse reactions, people pay attention to the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Xiaoyao san is a classic prescription commonly used in the treatment of depression, with the role of harmonizing liver and spleen, and shows great potential in the treatment of depression. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and specific mechanism of Xiaoyao san in the treatment of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression through systematic evaluation and meta-analysis, so as to provide strong preclinical evidence for the clinical treatment of Xiaoyao san and provide a new strategy for the development of antidepressants. METHODS The preclinical literature published before March 2023 was searched in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, CNKI, VMIS, Wan-Fang, and CBM and other database systems. Stata15 was used for overall effect analysis and subgroup analysis, and summarized the potential mechanism of action. RESULTS A total of 25 studies were included, involving 569 animals. The average score of methodological quality was 7.48/10. Meta-analysis shows that Xiaoyao san can effectively improve food intake and body weight, restore sucrose consumption, reduce the immobility time in forced swimming, and increase the total exercise distance, grid crossing and upright times in the open field experiment. Its therapeutic effect is closely related to improving the abnormal activation of Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inhibiting the expression of glutamate. CONCLUSION To sum up, in CUMS animal model, Xiaoyao san can significantly improve the symptoms of depression, restore the lost pleasure behavior and curiosity about the new environment, relieve tension and anxiety, and improve the occurrence of depression in many ways, which may be a new treatment strategy for CUMS model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Tong
- School of Medicine and Food, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Lingling Dong
- School of Medicine and Food, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Hongzhen Shu
- School of Medicine and Food, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
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Shen Z, Yu M, Dong Z. Research Progress on the Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms of Sini Powder against Depression from the Perspective of the Central Nervous System. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040741. [PMID: 37109699 PMCID: PMC10141708 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent emotional disorder characterized by persistent low mood, diminished interest, and loss of pleasure. The pathological causes of depression are associated with neuronal atrophy, synaptic loss, and neurotransmitter activity decline in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from injuries, such as inflammatory responses. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, patients with depression often exhibit the liver qi stagnation syndrome type. Sini Powder (SNP) is a classic prescription for treating such depression-related syndrome types in China. This study systematically summarized clinical applications and experimental studies of SNP for treatments of depression. We scrutinized the active components of SNP with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and speculated about the corresponding pharmacodynamic pathways relevant to depression treatment through intervening in the CNS. Therefore, this article can enhance our understanding of SNP's pharmacological mechanisms and formula construction for depression treatment. Moreover, a re-demonstration of this classic TCM prescription in the modern-science language is of great significance for future drug development and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Shen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhenfei Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Wu Q, Liu S, Huang X, Liu J, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Tang X, Xu Q, Yan X, Tang B, Guo J. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization study of psychiatric disorders and Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1120615. [PMID: 36998320 PMCID: PMC10045982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAlthough the relationship between psychiatric disorders and Parkinson’s disease (PD) has attracted continuous research attention, the causal linkage between them has not reached a definite conclusion.MethodsTo identify the causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and PD, we used public summary-level data from the most recent and largest genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on psychiatric disorders and PD to conduct a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). We applied stringent control steps in instrumental variable selection using the Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) method to rule out pleiotropy. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used to identify the causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and PD. Multiple MR analysis methods, including MR-Egger, weighted-median, and leave-one-out analyses, were used for sensitivity analysis, followed by heterogeneity tests. Further validation and reverse MR analyses were conducted to strengthen the results of the forward MR analysis.ResultsThe lack of sufficient estimation results could suggest a causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and PD in the forward MR analysis. However, the subsequent reverse MR analysis detected a causal relationship between PD and bipolar disorder (IVW: odds ratios [OR] =1.053, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.02–1.09, p = 0.001). Further analysis demonstrated a causal relationship between genetically predicted PD and the risk of bipolar disorder subtype. No pleiotropy or heterogeneity was detected in the analyses.DiscussionOur study suggested that while psychiatric disorders and traits might play various roles in the risk of developing PD, PD might also be involved in the risk of developing psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiurong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqing Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuxiong Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Jifeng Guo,
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Piras C, Pibiri M, Conte S, Ferranti G, Leoni VP, Liggi S, Spada M, Muntoni S, Caboni P, Atzori L. Metabolomics analysis of plasma samples of patients with fibromyalgia and electromagnetic sensitivity using GC-MS technique. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21923. [PMID: 36535959 PMCID: PMC9763344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic and systemic condition that causes widespread chronic pain, asthenia, and muscle stiffness, as well as in some cases depression, anxiety, and disorders of the autonomic system. The exact causes that lead to the development of FM are still unknown today. In a percentage of individuals, the symptoms of FM are often triggered and/or exacerbated by proximity to electrical and electromagnetic devices. Plasma metabolomic profile of 54 patients with fibromyalgia and self-reported electromagnetic sensitivity (IEI-EMF) were compared to 23 healthy subjects using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Before the GC-MS analysis the plasma samples were extracted with a modified Folch method and then derivatized with methoxamine hydrochloride in pyridine solution and N-trimethylsilyltrifuoroacetamide. The combined analysis allowed to identify a metabolomic profile able of distinguishing IEI-EMF patients and healthy subjects. IEI-EMF patients were therefore characterized by the alteration of 19 metabolites involved in different metabolic pathways such as energy metabolism, muscle, and pathways related to oxidative stress defense and chronic pain. The results obtained in this study complete the metabolomic "picture" previously investigated on the same cohort of IEI-EMF patients with 1H-NMR spectroscopy, placing a further piece for better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with IEI-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Piras
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Monica Pibiri
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Stella Conte
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Education, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Ferranti
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Education, Psychology and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vera Piera Leoni
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Sonia Liggi
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Spada
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Sandro Muntoni
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- grid.7763.50000 0004 1755 3242Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Metabolomics Unit, University of Cagliari, Blocco A, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, CA Italy
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Biology and Therapeutic Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121785. [PMID: 36552294 PMCID: PMC9775501 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1981, Wylie Vale, Joachim Spiess, Catherine Rivier, and Jean Rivier reported on the characterization of a 41-amino-acid peptide from ovine hypothalamic extracts with high potency and intrinsic activity stimulating the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and β-endorphin by cultured anterior pituitary cells. With its sequence known, this neuropeptide was determined to be a hormone and consequently named corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), although the term corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is still used and preferred in some circumstances. Several decades have passed since this seminal contribution that opened a new research era, expanding the understanding of the coding of stress-related processes. The characterization of CRH receptors, the availability of CRH agonists and antagonists, and advanced immunocytochemical staining techniques have provided evidence that CRH plays a role in the regulation of several biological systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge of this 41-amino-acid peptide.
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Vanadium in Bipolar Disorders-Reviving an Old Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213901. [PMID: 36430373 PMCID: PMC9697979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and common chronic mental illness. The biological basis of the disease is poorly understood and its treatment is unsatisfactory. Our previous studies supported the notion that alterations in Na+, K+-ATPase activity were involved in the etiology of BD. As various chemical elements inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase, we determined the concentration of 26 elements in the serum of BD patients before and after treatment and in postmortem brain samples from BD patients, and compared them with matched controls. The only element that was reduced significantly in the serum following treatment was vanadium (V). Furthermore, the concentration of V was significantly lower in the pre-frontal cortex of BD patients compared with that of the controls. Intracerebroventricular administration of V in mice elicited anxiolytic and depressive activities, concomitantly inhibited brain Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. A hypothesis associating V with BD was set forth decades ago but eventually faded out. Our results are in accord with the hypothesis and advocate for a thorough examination of the possible involvement of chemical elements, V in particular, in BD.
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Saez E, Erkoreka L, Moreno-Calle T, Berjano B, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Basterreche N, Arrue A. Genetic variables of the glutamatergic system associated with treatment-resistant depression: A review of the literature. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:884-896. [PMID: 36051601 PMCID: PMC9331449 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i7.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common, recurrent mental disorder and one of the leading causes of disability and global burden of disease worldwide. Up to 15%-40% of cases do not respond to diverse pharmacological treatments and, thus, can be defined as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The development of biomarkers predictive of drug response could guide us towards personalized and earlier treatment. Growing evidence points to the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of TRD. Specifically, the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), which are targeted by ketamine and esketamine, are proposed as promising pathways. A literature search was performed to identify studies on the genetics of the glutamatergic system in depression, focused on variables related to NMDARs and AMPARs. Our review highlights GRIN2B, which encodes the NR2B subunit of NMDAR, as a candidate gene in the pathogenesis of TRD. In addition, several studies have associated genes encoding AMPAR subunits with symptomatic severity and suicidal ideation. These genes encoding glutamatergic receptors could, therefore, be candidate genes for understanding the etiopathogenesis of TRD, as well as for understanding the pharmacodynamic mechanisms and response to ketamine and esketamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Saez
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
| | - Leire Erkoreka
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Teresa Moreno-Calle
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Belen Berjano
- Department of Psychiatry, Barrualde-Galdakao Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Galdakao 48960, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01004, Spain
- Severe Mental Disorders Group, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain
| | - Nieves Basterreche
- Zamudio Hospital, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Zamudio 48170, Spain
- Integrative Research Group in Mental Health, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Aurora Arrue
- Mental Health Network Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
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Wang XL, Wang YT, Guo ZY, Zhang NN, Wang YY, Hu D, Wang ZZ, Zhang Y. Efficacy of paeoniflorin on models of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 290:115067. [PMID: 35143936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paeoniflorin, a bioactive compound extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, has been demonstrated to possess efficient antidepressant activity in previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY Our systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of paeoniflorin in relieving depressive-like behaviors in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for in vivo studies on the antidepressant effects of paeoniflorin in rodents using electronic databases from their inception to April 2021. The measurements of animal behavioral tests, including the sucrose consumption, forced swimming, tail suspension, and open field tests, were regarded as the outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen studies involving 416 animals met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Statistical analysis revealed remarkable differences between the paeoniflorin and control groups. Furthermore, the paeoniflorin group showed great efficiency in improving depressive-like symptoms of animals in the sucrose consumption, forced swimming, tail suspension, and open field tests. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrates that paeoniflorin can significantly improve depressive-like symptoms in animals and suggests that it can be a potential therapy for patients with depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Le Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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11
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Lin J, Ling F, Huang P, Chen M, Song M, Lu K, Wang W. The Development of GABAergic Network in Depression in Recent 17 Years: A Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:874137. [PMID: 35664493 PMCID: PMC9157549 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.874137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the status and research trends of the GABAergic system in depression from 2004 to 2020 to provide a reference for further research. The Web of Science database was used as the data source and 1,658 publishments were included. Using two visualization analysis software, CiteSpace and VOSviewer, we analyzed the publishing years, countries, institutions, authors, journals, categories, keywords, and research frontiers in depression. The publishments revealed an upward trend from 2004 to 2020; the most prolific country and institutions were the United States and INSERM, respectively. The journal of Neuroscience was the most published and cited journal. The most relevant category was neurosciences. The hot topics in this field were GABAergic research in Gaba(a) receptor; the research frontier was depressive model. These analysis results provide a new perspective for researchers to conduct studies on related topics in the future and guidance for scientists to identify potential collaborators and research cooperation institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Lin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa Ling
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Medical Examination and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Song
- Southern Medical University Library, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangrong Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanshan Wang
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Southern Medical Laboratory Animal Sci. and Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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12
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Moragrega I, Ríos JL. Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Depression: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:656-685. [PMID: 33434941 DOI: 10.1055/a-1338-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants and their extracts are natural remedies with enormous potential for treating various diseases, including depression and anxiety. In the case of depression, hundreds of plants have traditionally been used in folk medicine for generations. Different plant extracts and natural products have been analyzed as potential antidepressant agents with validated models to test for antidepressant-like effects in animals, although other complementary studies have also been employed. Most of these studies focus on the possible mediators implicated in these potential effects, with dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline being the principal neurotransmitters implicated, both through interference with receptors and with their metabolism by monoamino oxidases, as well as through neuro-endocrine and neuroprotective effects. There are approximately 650 reports of antidepressant-like medicinal plants in PubMed; 155 of them have been compiled in this review, with a relevant group yielding positive results. Saffron and turmeric are the most relevant species studied in both preclinical and clinical studies; St. John's wort or kava have also been tested extensively. To the best of our knowledge, no review to date has provided a comprehensive understanding of the biomolecular mechanisms of action of these herbs or of whether their potential effects could have real benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an update regarding medicinal plants from the year 2000 to the present to examine the therapeutic potential of these antidepressant-like plants in order to contribute to the development of new therapeutic methods to alleviate the tremendous burden that depression causes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moragrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de València
| | - José Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València
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13
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De Berardis D, Tomasetti C, Pompili M, Serafini G, Vellante F, Fornaro M, Valchera A, Perna G, Volpe U, Martinotti G, Fraticelli S, Di Giannantonio M, Kim YK, Orsolini L. An Update on Glutamatergic System in Suicidal Depression and on the Role of Esketamine. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:554-584. [PMID: 32003691 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200131100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A research on mood disorder pathophysiology has hypothesized abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission, by suggesting further investigation on glutamatergic N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor modulators in treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Esketamine (ESK), an NMDA receptor antagonist able to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission has been recently developed as an intranasal formulation for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and for rapid reduction of depressive symptomatology, including suicidal ideation in MDD patients at imminent risk for suicide. OBJECTIVE The present study aims at investigating recent clinical findings on research on the role of the glutamatergic system and ESK in treating suicidal depression in MDD and TRD. METHODS A systematic review was here carried out on PubMed/Medline, Scopus and the database on U.S. N.I.H. Clinical Trials (https://clinicaltrials.gov) and the European Medical Agency (EMA) (https://clinicaltrialsregister.eu) from inception until October 2019. RESULTS Intravenous infusion of ESK is reported to elicit rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant activity in refractory patients with MDD and TRD. In phase II studies, intranasal ESK demonstrated a rapid onset and a persistent efficacy in patients with TRD as well as in MDD patients at imminent risk for suicide. However, some data discrepancies have emerged in phase III studies. CONCLUSION The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted fast track and Breakthrough Therapy Designation to Janssen Pharmaceuticals®, Inc. for intranasal ESK in 2013 for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and in 2016 for the treatment of MDD with an imminent risk of suicide. However, further studies should be implemented to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of intranasal ESK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy.,Polyedra, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "SS. Annunziata", ASL 4 Giulianova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.,Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami University, Miami 786, United States
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Fraticelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.,Department of Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom.,Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Maiolati Spontini, Italy
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14
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Gao S, Zhang T, Jin L, Liang D, Fan G, Song Y, Lucassen PJ, Yu R, Swaab DF. CAPON Is a Critical Protein in Synaptic Molecular Networks in the Prefrontal Cortex of Mood Disorder Patients and Contributes to Depression-Like Behavior in a Mouse Model. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3752-3765. [PMID: 30307500 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation and activity of synaptic proteins may cause synaptic pathology in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mood disorder patients. Carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of NOS1 (CAPON) is a critical scaffold protein linked to synaptic proteins like nitric oxide synthase 1, synapsins. We hypothesized that CAPON is altered together with its interacting synaptic proteins in the PFC in mood disorder patients and may contribute to depression-like behaviors in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Here, we found that CAPON-immunoreactivity (ir) was significantly increased in the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder (MDD), which was accompanied by an upregulation of spinophilin-ir and a downregulation of synapsin-ir. The increases in CAPON and spinophilin and the decrease in synapsin in the DLPFC of MDD patients were also seen in the PFC of CUMS mice. CAPON-ir positively correlated with spinophilin-ir (but not with synapsin-ir) in mood disorder patients. CAPON colocalized with spinophilin in the DLPFC of MDD patients and interacted with spinophilin in human brain. Viral-mediated CAPON downregulation in the medial PFC notably reversed the depression-like behaviors in the CUMS mice. These data suggest that CAPON may contribute to aspects of depressive behavior, possibly as an interacting protein for spinophilin in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Gao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Fan
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yunnong Song
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dick F Swaab
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang J. Curcumin in antidepressant treatments: An overview of potential mechanisms, pre‐clinical/clinical trials and ongoing challenges. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:243-253. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Zhang
- International Medical Center Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Li Li
- International Medical Center Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy School of Life Sciences Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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16
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Yu L, Han X, Cen S, Duan H, Feng S, Xue Y, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W. Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk on insomnia involving regulation of gut microbiota. Microbiol Res 2020; 233:126409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Xu S, Liu Y, Pu J, Gui S, Zhong X, Tian L, Song X, Qi X, Wang H, Xie P. Chronic Stress in a Rat Model of Depression Disturbs the Glutamine-Glutamate-GABA Cycle in the Striatum, Hippocampus, and Cerebellum. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:557-570. [PMID: 32158215 PMCID: PMC7047974 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s245282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex psychiatric illness involving multiple brain regions. Increasing evidence indicates that the striatum is involved in depression, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we performed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS)-based metabolomic analysis in the striatum of depressed rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We then compared striatal data with our previous data from the hippocampus and cerebellum to systematically investigate the potential pathogenesis of depression. RESULTS We identified 22 differential metabolites in the striatum between the CUMS and control groups; these altered metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide metabolism. Pathway analysis revealed that the shared metabolic pathways of the striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum were mainly involved in the glutamine-glutamate metabolic system. Four genes in the striatum (GS, GLS2, GLT1, and SSADH), six genes in the hippocampus (GS, SNAT1, GAD1, SSADH, VGAT, and ABAT), and five genes in the cerebellum (GS, ABAT, SNAT1, VGAT, and GDH) were found to be significantly altered using RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis indicated that these differential genes were strongly correlated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic stress might induce depressive behaviors by disturbing the glutamine-glutamate-GABA cycle in the striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum, and that the glutamine-glutamate-GABA cycle among these three brain regions might generate cooperative action in response to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncai Pu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemian Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunzhong Qi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Ren X. Increased protein and mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), decreased CRF receptors and CRF binding protein in specific postmortem brain areas of teenage suicide subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:233-243. [PMID: 31005044 PMCID: PMC7061258 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function has been implicated in depression and suicidal behavior. This is based on the observation of an abnormal dexamethasone (DEX) and DEX-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test in patients with depression and suicidal behavior. Recently, some studies have also found abnormalities of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), CRF receptors (CRF-R) and CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) in depressed and suicidal patients. Some investigators have also observed increased levels of CRF in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and altered levels of MR, GR and CRF in the postmortem brain of depressed and suicidal subjects. We have earlier reported decreased protein and mRNA expression of GR and GILZ, a chaperone protein, in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide subjects. We have further studied CRF and its receptors in different areas of the postmortem brain of suicide subjects, i.e., the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIPPO), subiculum and amygdala (AMY) from teenage suicide subjects. The CRF and its receptors were determined in the PFC (Brodmann area 9), HIPPO, subiculum and different amygdaloid nuclei from 24 normal control subjects and 24 teenage suicide subjects. Protein expression of CRF, its receptors and CRF-BP was determined by immunolabeling using the Western blot technique and mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR (qPCR) technique. We found that the mRNA levels of CRF were significantly increased in the PFC, in the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeAMY) and in the subiculum. mRNA levels of CRF-R1 and CRF-BP were significantly decreased in the PFC. We did not find any changes in the HIPPO of any of the CRF components we studied. When we compared the protein expression of CRF components we found that CRF was significantly increased and CRF-R1, CRF-R2 and CRF-BP significantly decreased in the PFC. On the other hand, there were no changes in the protein expression of CRF components in the HIPPO. Our results in the postmortem brain suggest that, as found by clinical studies in the CSF, there are significant alterations of CRF and its receptors in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide subjects. These alterations of CRF and its components were region-specific, as changes were not generally observed in the HIPPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Corresponding Author: Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone (312) 413-4540, Fax: (312) 413-4547,
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19
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Thaweethee-Sukjai B, Suttajit S, Thanoi S, Dalton CF, Reynolds GP, Nudmamud-Thanoi S. Parvalbumin Promoter Methylation Altered in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1207-1214. [PMID: 31588185 PMCID: PMC6775273 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.36131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine the extent of DNA methylation of parvalbumin gene (PVALB) promoter in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with and without suicide attempt in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: The extracted DNA from dried blood spots of MDD patients (n = 92) including non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups (n = 45 and n = 47, respectively) and age-matched control subjects (n = 95) was used for DNA methylation analysis at four CpG sites in the promoter sequence of PVALB by pyrosequencing. Results: The PVALB methylation was significantly increased at CpG2 and decreased at CpG4 in the MDD group compared to the control group, while there was no difference between non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups. A significant inverse correlation of severity of MDD was indicated only for CpG4. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of abnormalities of PVALB promoter methylation in MDD and its correlation with MDD severity indicating a role for epigenetics in this psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamard Thaweethee-Sukjai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sirijit Suttajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Samur Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
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Liu LY, Zhang HJ, Luo LY, Pu JB, Liang WQ, Zhu CQ, Li YP, Wang PR, Zhang YY, Yang CY, Zhang ZJ. Blood and urinary metabolomic evidence validating traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic classification of major depressive disorder. Chin Med 2018; 13:53. [PMID: 30386416 PMCID: PMC6203264 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Further classification may characterize its heterogeneity. The purpose of this study was to examine whether metabolomic variables could differentiate traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnostic subtypes of MDD. Methods Fifty medication-free patients who were experiencing a recurrent depressive episode were classified into Liver Qi Stagnation (LQS, n = 30) and Heart and Spleen Deficiency (HSD, n = 20) subtypes according to TCM diagnosis. Healthy volunteers (n = 28) were included as controls. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to examine serum and urinary metabolomic profiles. Results Twenty-eight metabolites were identified for good separations between TCM subtypes and healthy controls in serum samples. Both TCM subtypes had similar profiles in proteinogenic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) and energy metabolism-related metabolites that were differentiated from healthy controls. The LQS subtype additionally differed from healthy controls in multiple amino acid metabolites that are involved in biosynthesis of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters, including phenylalanine, 3-hydroxybutric acid, o-tyrosine, glycine, l-tryptophan, and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid. Threonic acid, methionine, stearic acid, and isobutyric acid are differentially associated with the two subtypes. Conclusions While both TCM subtypes are associated with aberrant BCAA and energy metabolism, the LQS subtype may represent an MDD subpopulation characterized by abnormalities in the biosynthesis of monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters and closer associations with stress-related pathophysiology. The metabolites differentially associated with the two subtypes are promising biomarkers for predicting TCM subtype-specific antidepressant response [registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02346682) on January 27, 2015]. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13020-018-0211-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Liu
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong-Jian Zhang
- 2Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007 Zhejiang China
| | - Li-Yuan Luo
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Jin-Bao Pu
- 2Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei-Qing Liang
- 2Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310007 Zhejiang China
| | - Chun-Qin Zhu
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- 3Department of Internal Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Pei-Rong Wang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Chun-Yu Yang
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- 4School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Khadrawy YA, Salama NA. The chronic effect of pulsed 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation on amino acid neurotransmitters in three different areas of juvenile and young adult rat brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:860-872. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718798975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of mobile phones worldwide has raised increasing concerns about the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the brain due to the proximity of the mobile phone to the head and the appearance of several adverse neurological effects after mobile phone use. It has been hypothesized that the EMR-induced neurological effects may be mediated by amino acid neurotransmitters. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of EMR (frequency 1800 MHz, specific absorption rate 0.843 W/kg, power density 0.02 mW/cm2, modulated at 217 Hz) on the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, taurine, and the amide glutamine) in the hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus of juvenile and young adult rats. The juvenile and young adult animals were each divided into two groups: control rats and rats exposed to EMR 1 h daily for 1, 2, and 4 months. A subgroup of rats were exposed daily to EMR for 4 months and then left without exposure for 1 month to study the recovery from EMR exposure. Amino acid neurotransmitters were measured in the hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus using high-performance liquid chromatography. Exposure to EMR induced significant changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the studied brain areas of juvenile and young adult rats, being more prominent in juvenile animals. It could be concluded that the alterations in amino acid neurotransmitters induced by EMR exposure of juvenile and young adult rats may underlie many of the neurological effects reported after EMR exposure including cognitive and memory impairment and sleep disorders. Some of these effects may persist for some time after stopping exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal A Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nasr M Radwan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba S Aboul Ezz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Division, Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A Salama
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Wang S, Mao S, Xiang D, Fang C. Association between depression and the subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:186-192. [PMID: 29859854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies, including recent large cohort studies, have reported an association between depression and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, conclusions were inconsistent. Clarifying this relation might improve the understanding of risk factors for and the disease mechanisms in PD. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to examine whether depression is associated with an increased risk of PD. METHODS A literature search in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases was undertaken through March 2018, looking for observational studies evaluating the association between depression and the risk of PD. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS A random-effects meta-analysis of 5 cohort studies and 6 case-control studies demonstrated a significant positive association between depression and a subsequent risk of PD (RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.87-2.58), and it was consistent across subgroups. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results; visual examination of funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's tests showed no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that persons with depression exhibited an increased risk of a subsequent PD diagnosis. The pathophysiological and psychological mechanisms underlying this association are still unclear and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shanping Mao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Congcong Fang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Zhao J, Verwer RWH, Gao SF, Qi XR, Lucassen PJ, Kessels HW, Swaab DF. Prefrontal alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic gene expression in relation to depression and suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:261-274. [PMID: 29753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People that committed suicide were reported to have enhanced levels of gene transcripts for synaptic proteins in their prefrontal cortex (PFC). Given the close association of suicide with major depressive disorder (MDD), we here assessed whether these changes are related to suicide or rather to depression per se. We used quantitative PCR to determine mRNA levels of 32 genes encoding for proteins directly involved in glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic transmission in postmortem samples of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC). Seventy-two brain samples from 3 groups of subjects were derived from the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI): i) patients with MDD who committed suicide (MDD-S), ii) MDD patients who died of non-suicidal causes (MDD-NS) and iii) age-matched, non-psychiatric control subjects. In the ACC, a significantly enhanced expression of genes related to glutamatergic or GABAergic synaptic transmission was found only in MDD-S patients, whereas in MDD-NS patients, decreased levels for these transcripts were found. Moreover, in the DLPFC, expression of these genes was decreased in MDD-S, relative to MDD-NS patients, whereas both groups showed increased expression compared to control subjects. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MDD is associated with increases in GABA and glutamate related genes in the DLPFC (irrespective of suicide), while in the ACC, the increase in GABA and glutamate related genes may relate to suicide, rather than to MDD per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W H Verwer
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S-F Gao
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X-R Qi
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, SILS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H W Kessels
- Synaptic Plasticity & Behavior Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D F Swaab
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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The hypothalamus and neuropsychiatric disorders: psychiatry meets microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:243-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Lu YR, Zhang Y, Rao YB, Chen X, Lou HF, Zhang Y, Xie HY, Fang P, Hu LW. The changes in, and relationship between, plasma nitric oxide and corticotropin-releasing hormone in patients with major depressive disorder. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:10-15. [PMID: 28755509 PMCID: PMC6084347 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence of roles of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and nitric oxide (NO) synthase-NO system in depression, but the relationship between them is unknown. The aim of this study, therefore, was to elucidate whether there is any correlation between NO and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. In 16 outpatients with MDD and 18 healthy controls, the plasma amino acids citrulline (Cit) and arginine (Arg) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and CRH levels was measured by radioimmunoassay. The Cit/Arg ratio was calculated as an index of NO synthesis. Correlations between NO and CRH were examined with the Spearman test. Before treatment, no significant correlation was observed between the plasma NO level and CRH levels in MDD patients. The plasma NO levels were significantly higher in MDD patients. A significant correlation was found between NO levels and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores in MDD patients. The plasma CRH levels were significantly higher in MDD patients than in controls. After monotherapy for 2 months, the NO levels had dramatically declined but were also higher than those in the controls. This study is the first report of the absence of a significant correlation between plasma NO and CRH levels, although both levels are elevated in MDD patients. Furthermore, the strong links between the plasma NO levels and the HAMD scores, as well as the increased NO reduction after remission, suggest that NO plays a key role in depression and may be an indicator of therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rong Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Bo Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Fen Lou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Wei Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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Rakesh G, Pae CU, Masand PS. Beyond serotonin: newer antidepressants in the future. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:777-790. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1341310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkumar Rakesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash S. Masand
- Academic Medicine Education Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Global Medical Education, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Dar NJ, Satti NK, Dutt P, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Attenuation of Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Withanolide-A in Neuron-Like Cells: Role for PI3K/Akt/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2725-2739. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Vose LR, Stanton PK. Synaptic Plasticity, Metaplasticity and Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:71-86. [PMID: 26830964 PMCID: PMC5327460 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160202121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a persistent depressive affective state has for some time been thought to result from persistent alterations in neurotransmitter-mediated synaptic transmission. While the identity of those transmitters has changed over the years, the literature has lacked mechanistic connections between the neurophysiological mechanisms they regulate, and how these mechanisms alter neuronal function, and, hence, affective homeostasis. This review will examine recent work that suggests that both long-term activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength (“plasticity”), and shifting set points for the ease of induction of future long-term changes (“metaplasticity”), may be critical to establishing and reversing a depressive behavioral state. Activity-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity involves both strengthening and weakening of synaptic connections associated with a dizzying array of neurochemical alterations that include synaptic insertion and removal of a number of subtypes of AMPA, NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors, changes in presynaptic glutamate release, and structural changes in dendritic spines. Cellular mechanisms of metaplasticity are far less well understood. Here, we will review the growing evidence that long-term synaptic changes in glutamatergic transmission, in brain regions that regulate mood, are key determinants of affective homeostasis and therapeutic targets with immense potential for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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Bhattacharya S, Herrera-Molina R, Sabanov V, Ahmed T, Iscru E, Stöber F, Richter K, Fischer KD, Angenstein F, Goldschmidt J, Beesley PW, Balschun D, Smalla KH, Gundelfinger ED, Montag D. Genetically Induced Retrograde Amnesia of Associative Memories After Neuroplastin Ablation. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:124-135. [PMID: 27215477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroplastin cell recognition molecules have been implicated in synaptic plasticity. Polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the human neuroplastin gene (NPTN) are correlated with cortical thickness and intellectual abilities in adolescents and in individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS We characterized behavioral and functional changes in inducible conditional neuroplastin-deficient mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that neuroplastins are required for associative learning in conditioning paradigms, e.g., two-way active avoidance and fear conditioning. Retrograde amnesia of learned associative memories is elicited by inducible neuron-specific ablation of Nptn gene expression in adult mice, which shows that neuroplastins are indispensable for the availability of previously acquired associative memories. Using single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in awake mice, we identified brain structures activated during memory recall. Constitutive neuroplastin deficiency or Nptn gene ablation in adult mice causes substantial electrophysiologic deficits such as reduced long-term potentiation. In addition, neuroplastin-deficient mice reveal profound physiologic and behavioral deficits, some of which are related to depression and schizophrenia, which illustrate neuroplastin's essential functions. CONCLUSIONS Neuroplastins are essential for learning and memory. Retrograde amnesia after an associative learning task can be induced by ablation of the neuroplastin gene. The inducible neuroplastin-deficient mouse model provides a new and unique means to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying retrograde amnesia and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumee Bhattacharya
- Neurogenetics Special Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Special Laboratory Electron and Laserscanning Microscopy, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Victor Sabanov
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilia Iscru
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska Stöber
- Research Group Neuropharmacology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karin Richter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Angenstein
- Special Laboratory Noninvasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Neurosciences and Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philip W Beesley
- Special Laboratory for Molecular Biology Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Special Laboratory for Molecular Biology Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Neurosciences and Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Neurosciences and Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics Special Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Prefrontal changes in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and neuronal/glial glutamate transporters in depression with and without suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:8-15. [PMID: 27450072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are indications for changes in glutamate metabolism in relation to depression or suicide. The glutamate-glutamine cycle and neuronal/glial glutamate transporters mediate the uptake of the glutamate and glutamine. The expression of various components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle and the neuronal/glial glutamate transporters was determined by qPCR in postmortem prefrontal cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were selected from young MDD patients who had committed suicide (MDD-S; n = 17), from MDD patients who died of non-suicide related causes (MDD-NS; n = 7) and from matched control subjects (n = 12). We also compared elderly depressed patients who had not committed suicide (n = 14) with matched control subjects (n = 22). We found that neuronal located components (EAAT3, EAAT4, ASCT1, SNAT1, SNAT2) of the glutamate-glutamine cycle were increased in the ACC while the astroglia located components (EAAT1, EAAT2, GLUL) were decreased in the DLPFC of MDD-S patients. In contrast, most of the components in the cycle were increased in the DLPFC of MDD-NS patients. In conclusion, the glutamate-glutamine cycle - and thus glutamine transmission - is differentially affected in depressed suicide patients and depressed non-suicide patients in an area specific way.
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A sensitive and practical RP-HPLC-FLD for determination of the low neuroactive amino acid levels in body fluids and its application in depression. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Baumgartner HK, Trinder KM, Galimanis CE, Post A, Phang T, Ross RG, Winn VD. Characterization of choline transporters in the human placenta over gestation. Placenta 2015; 36:1362-9. [PMID: 26601765 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The developing fetus relies on the maternal blood supply to provide the choline it requires for making membrane lipids, synthesizing acetylcholine, and performing important methylation reactions. It is vital, therefore, that the placenta is efficient at transporting choline from the maternal to the fetal circulation. Although choline transporters have been found in term placenta samples, little is known about what cell types express specific choline transporters and how expression of the transporters may change over gestation. The objective of this study was to characterize choline transporter expression levels and localization in the human placenta throughout placental development. METHODS We analyzed CTL1 and -2 expression over gestation in human placental biopsies from 6 to 40 weeks gestation (n = 6-10 per gestational window) by immunoblot analysis. To determine the cellular expression pattern of the choline transporters throughout gestation, immunofluorescence analysis was then performed. RESULTS Both CTL1 and CTL2 were expressed in the chorionic villi from 6 weeks gestation to term. Labor did not alter expression levels of either transporter. CTL1 localized to the syncytial trophoblasts and the endothelium of the fetal vasculature within the chorionic villous structure. CTL2 localized mainly to the stroma early in gestation and by the second trimester co-localized with CTL1 at the fetal vasculature. DISCUSSION The differential expression pattern of CTL1 and CTL2 suggests that CTL1 is the key transporter involved in choline transport from maternal circulation and both transporters are likely involved in stromal and endothelial cell choline transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K Baumgartner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kinsey M Trinder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Carly E Galimanis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Annalisa Post
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Tzu Phang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Randal G Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Virginia D Winn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Authement M, Kodangattil J, Gouty S, Rusnak M, Symes A, Cox B, Nugent F. Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Rescues Maternal Deprivation-Induced GABAergic Metaplasticity through Restoration of AKAP Signaling. Neuron 2015; 86:1240-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Holm MM, Vardya I, Christensen T, Wiborg O, Jensen K. Presynaptic plasticity as a hallmark of rat stress susceptibility and antidepressant response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119993. [PMID: 25742132 PMCID: PMC4350919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main questions are important for understanding and treating affective disorders: why are certain individuals susceptible or resilient to stress, and what are the features of treatment response and resistance? To address these questions, we used a chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model of depression. When exposed to stress, a fraction of rats develops anhedonic-like behavior, a core symptom of major depression, while another subgroup of rats is resilient to CMS. Furthermore, the anhedonic-like state is reversed in about half the animals in response to chronic escitalopram treatment (responders), while the remaining animals are resistant (non-responder animals). Electrophysiology in hippocampal brain slices was used to identify a synaptic hallmark characterizing these groups of animals. Presynaptic properties were investigated at GABAergic synapses onto single dentate gyrus granule cells. Stress-susceptible rats displayed a reduced probability of GABA release judged by an altered paired-pulse ratio of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) (1.48 ± 0.25) compared with control (0.81 ± 0.05) and stress-resilient rats (0.78 ± 0.03). Spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) occurred less frequently in stress-susceptible rats compared with control and resilient rats. Finally, a subset of stress-susceptible rats responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment showed a normalization of the paired-pulse ratio (0.73 ± 0.06) whereas non-responder rats showed no normalization (1.2 ± 0.2). No changes in the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons were observed. Thus, we provide evidence for a distinct GABAergic synaptopathy which associates closely with stress-susceptibility and treatment-resistance in an animal model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Nieto-Gonzalez
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Mai Marie Holm
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Irina Vardya
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Christensen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Kimmo Jensen
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Seo HJ, Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU. Curcumin as a putative antidepressant. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:269-80. [PMID: 25644944 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1008457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to inadequate efficacy of antidepressants, various new chemical entities and agents of natural origin have been tested for therapeutic efficacy both alone and to augment existing antidepressants, producing varied clinical results. This article summarizes the basic properties of curcumin and its mechanisms of action, with specific emphasis on the etiopathogenesis of depression, preclinical and current clinical evidence, and future research directions, to better understand the possible role of curcumin in treating depression. Curcumin may have antidepressant activities with diverse mechanisms of action involving primarily neurotransmitters, transcription pathways, neurogenesis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammatory and immune pathways, as demonstrated in various animal and human studies. Current published randomized clinical trials suggest a small, non-significant benefit of curcumin for major depression. More adequately-powered and methodologically improved studies are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jun Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Harvey BH, Slabbert FN. New insights on the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:503-16. [PMID: 25111000 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antidepressants are at best 50–55% effective. Non-compliance and the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS) are causally related yet poorly appreciated. While ADS is associated with most antidepressants, agomelatine seems to be devoid of such risk. We review the neurobiology and clinical consequences of antidepressant non-compliance and the ADS. Agomelatine is presented as a counterpoint to learn more on how ADS risk is determined by pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. DESIGN The relevant literature is reviewed through a MEDLINE search via PubMed, focusing on agomelatine and clinical and preclinical research on ADS. RESULTS Altered serotonergic dysfunction appears central to ADS so that how an antidepressant targets serotonin will determine its relative risk for inducing ADS and thereby affect later treatment outcome. Low ADS risk with agomelatine versus other antidepressants can be ascribed to its unique pharmacokinetic characteristics as well as its distinctive actions on serotonin, including melatonergic, monoaminergic and glutamatergic-nitrergic systems. CONCLUSIONS This review raises awareness of the long-term negative aspects of non-compliance and inappropriate antidepressant discontinuation, and suggests possible approaches to “design-out” a risk for ADS. It reveals intuitive and rational ideas for antidepressant drug design, and provides new thoughts on antidepressant pharmacology, ADS risk and how these affect long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy, North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Francois N. Slabbert
- Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), School of Pharmacy; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
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Lu YR, Fu XY, Shi LG, Jiang Y, Wu JL, Weng XJ, Wang ZP, Wu XY, Lin Z, Liu WB, Li HC, Luo JH, Bao AM. Decreased plasma neuroactive amino acids and increased nitric oxide levels in melancholic major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:123. [PMID: 24767108 PMCID: PMC4036745 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acid neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we want to establish whether changes in their plasma levels may serve as biomarker for the melancholic subtype of this disorder. METHODS Plasma levels of glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and NO were determined in 27 medicine-naïve melancholic MDD patients and 30 matched controls. Seven of the MDD patients participated also in a follow-up study after 2 months' antidepressant treatment. The relationship between plasma and cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) levels of these compounds was analyzed in an additional group of 10 non-depressed subjects. RESULTS The plasma levels of Asp, Gly and GABA were significantly lower whereas the NO levels were significantly higher in melancholic MDD patients, also after 2 months of fluoxetine treatment. In the additional 10 non-depressed subjects, no significant correlation was observed between plasma and CSF levels of these compounds. CONCLUSION These data give the first indication that decreased plasma levels of Asp, Gly and GABA and increased NO levels may serve as a clinical trait-marker for melancholic MDD. The specificity and selectivity of this putative trait-marker has to be investigated in follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rong Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Fu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Gen Shi
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Juan-Li Wu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Weng
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Pin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P, R, China.
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Ramos ADT, Homem KSDC, Suchecki D, Tufik S, Troncone LRP. Drug-induced suppression of ACTH secretion does not promote anti-depressive or anxiolytic effects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:69-75. [PMID: 24569014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals respond to a real or perceived stress in an integrated physiological and psychological fashion. Psychiatric disorders like major depression and anxiety have been associated to stressful events. In a previous study we demonstrated that the stress-induced ACTH secretion can be robustly inhibited by the concurrent use of CRF1 (CP154,526 - Pfizer) and V1B (SSR149415 - Sanofi-Aventis) non-peptide antagonists. A proof of mechanism was offered by substituting CP154,526 by SSR125543 and obtaining the same results on three stress models: forced swimming, ether vapor inhalation and restraint. SSR125543 effectively blocked only restraint stress-induced ACTH secretion. We then challenged the hypothesis that the concurrent use of both antagonists would have a potent effect on behavioral models of anxiety and depression. Decreasing doses (30-0.1 mg/kg s.c.) of both drugs were tested in three behavioral models: Porsolt forced swimming test, elevated plus maze and social interaction. Results showed that these drugs had no effect on anxiety models (plus maze and social interaction) but significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test, suggesting anti-depressive action in a dose-range from 1 to 30 mg/kg, not different from the reported in the literature referring to one drug or the other. This negates the proposed hypothesis of summation/potentiation of effects as observed in stress-induced ACTH secretion. These results point toward the involvement of extra-hypothalamic sites for the anti-depressive effects. Recent Phase II clinical research on anti-depressive effects of these drugs has failed rising strong criticisms against the predictive value of behavioral tests currently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Toledo Ramos
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503900, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psycobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Botucatú 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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A study of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gene (GRIN2B) variants as predictors of treatment-resistant major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:685-93. [PMID: 24114429 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In clinical practice, ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), is used to alleviate depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), especially in those with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Accordingly, the human gene coding for the 2B subunit of the NMDAR (GRIN2B) is considered a promising candidate gene for MDD susceptibility. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study is to examine whether potentially functional polymorphisms of GRIN2B confer risk for MDD, and second to investigate whether GRIN2B acts as a genetic predictor for TRD in MDD patients. METHODS We enrolled 178 TRD and 612 non-TRD patients as well as 779 healthy controls. RESULTS Four potentially functional polymorphisms (rs1805502, rs890, rs1806201, and rs7301328) within GRIN2B were genotyped in all participants. The haplotype analysis found significant differences in the distribution of the G-T haplotype between the TRD and control groups (corrected P = 0.007), and the frequency of the G-T haplotype in TRD group was significantly higher than that in the controls (TRD/control ratio 0.31:0.21). Statistically significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies were detected between TRD and non-TRD groups for the rs1805502 polymorphism within GRIN2B. There was a significant allelic association between rs1805502 and TRD with an excess of the G allele in the TRD group, compared to non-TRD group (OR = 1.55, 95 % CI = 1.18-2.05, corrected P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These initial findings strengthen the hypothesis that GRIN2B not only confers susceptibility to TRD, but also plays a genetic predictor for TRD in MDD patients.
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40
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Goldstein JM, Handa RJ, Tobet SA. Disruption of fetal hormonal programming (prenatal stress) implicates shared risk for sex differences in depression and cardiovascular disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:140-58. [PMID: 24355523 PMCID: PMC3917309 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and women have a two times greater risk than men. Thus understanding the pathophysiology has widespread implications for attenuation and prevention of disease burden. We suggest that sex-dependent MDD-CVD comorbidity may result from alterations in fetal programming consequent to the prenatal maternal environments that produce excess glucocorticoids, which then drive sex-dependent developmental alterations of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis circuitry impacting mood, stress regulation, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the vasculature in adulthood. Evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that disruptions of pathways associated with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neuronal and vascular development and growth factors have critical roles in key developmental periods and adult responses to injury in heart and brain. Understanding the potential fetal origins of these sex differences will contribute to development of novel sex-dependent therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology, 1620 Tremont St. BC-3-34, Boston, MA 02120, USA; BWH, Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, 1620 Tremont St. BC-3-34, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - R J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - S A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Sokolowski M, Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman J, Wasserman D. Glutamatergic GRIN2B and polyaminergic ODC1 genes in suicide attempts: associations and gene-environment interactions with childhood/adolescent physical assault. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:985-92. [PMID: 22850629 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex etiology of suicidal behavior has frequently been investigated in relation to monoaminergic neurotransmission, but other neurosystems have shown alterations as well, involving excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) molecular components, together with the modulating polyamines. Sufficiently powered and family-based association studies of glutamatergic and GABAergic genes with suicidal behavior are nonexistent, but several studies have been reported for polyamines. We therefore conducted, for the first time ever, an extensive family-based study of 113 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 24 glutamatergic and GABA genes, in addition to interrelated polyaminergic genes, on the outcome of severe suicide attempts (SAs). The family-based analysis (n=660 trios) was supplemented with gene-environment interaction (G × E), case-control (n=519 controls) and subgroup analyses. The main observations were the previously unreported association and linkage of SNPs rs2268115 and rs220557 in GRIN2B, as well as of SNPs rs1049500 and rs2302614 in ODC1 (P<10(-2)). Furthermore, GRIN2B haplotypic associations were observed, in particular with a four-SNP AGGC haplotype (rs1805247-rs1806201-rs1805482-rs2268115; P<10(-5)), and a third SNP rs7559979 in ODC1 showed G × E with serious childhood/adolescent physical assault (P<10(-4)). SA subjects were characterized by transdiagnostic trait anger and past year alcohol-drug use disorders, but not by alcohol-drug use at SA, depression, anxiety or psychosis diagnoses. We also discuss a first ever confirmatory observation of SNP rs6526342 (polyaminergic SAT1) in SA, originally identified in completed suicides. The results suggest that specific genetic variants in a subset of glutamatergic (GRIN2B) and polyaminergic (ODC1) neurosystem genes may be of importance in certain suicidal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hashimoto K, Malchow B, Falkai P, Schmitt A. Glutamate modulators as potential therapeutic drugs in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:367-77. [PMID: 23455590 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are related to cognitive and negative symptoms, which often are resistant to current treatment approaches. The glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and affective disorders. A key component is the dysfunction of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Substances regulating activation/inhibition of the NMDA receptor have been investigated in schizophrenia and major depression and are promising in therapeutic approaches of negative symptoms, cognition, and mood. In schizophrenia, add-on treatments with glycine, D-serine, D-alanine, D-cycloserine, D-amino acid oxidase inhibitors, glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1) inhibitors (e.g., sarcosine, bitopertin) and agonists (e.g., LY2140023) or positive allosteric modulator (e.g., ADX71149) of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been studied. In major depression, the NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, AZD6765), GluN2B subtype antagonists (e.g., traxoprodil, MK-0657), and partial agonists (e.g., D-cycloserine, GLYX-13) at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor have been proven to be effective in animal studies and first clinical trials. In addition, clinical studies of mGluR2/3 antagonist BCI-838 (a prodrug of BCI-632 (MGS0039)), mGluR2/3-negative allosteric modulators (NMAs) (e.g., RO499819, RO4432717), and mGluR5 NAMs (e.g., AZD2066, RO4917523) are in progress. Future investigations should include effects on brain structure and activation to elucidate neural mechanisms underlying efficacy of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Gao SF, Klomp A, Wu JL, Swaab DF, Bao AM. Reduced GAD(65/67) immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in depression: a postmortem study. J Affect Disord 2013; 149:422-5. [PMID: 23312397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. It diminishes the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. The present study aimed at determining GABAergic input in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in depression and its correlation with the activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons. METHODS The density of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(65/67)-immunoreactivity (ir) was quantified in the postmortem hypothalamic PVN of 9 major depressive (MDD) and 5 bipolar depressive (BD) patients, together with 12 matched controls, whose CRH-expressing neuron numbers had been determined in a previous study. RESULTS There was a 43% significant reduction of the density of GAD(65/67)-ir in the PVN in MDD (P=0.028) and a 20% non-significant decrease in BD patients. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the density of GAD(65/67)-ir and the number of CRH-ir neurons in the PVN in the depression group (Rho=-0.527, P=0.032), but not in the control group. LIMITATIONS The samples were relatively small and the depression group had used antidepressants. CONCLUSION A diminished GABAergic input to the PVN may contribute to the activation of CRH-ir neurons in depression, most prominently in MDD, which provides a rationale for prescribing GABAergic agonists for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Feng Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Tobet SA, Handa RJ, Goldstein JM. Sex-dependent pathophysiology as predictors of comorbidity of major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:585-94. [PMID: 23503726 PMCID: PMC3654035 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong and growing literature showing that key aspects of brain development may be critical antecedents of adult physiology and behavior or may lead to physiological and psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Many are significantly influenced by sex-dependent factors. Neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus occupy a key position in regulating homeostatic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral functions. This brain area is a critical link for our understanding of the etiology of a number of disorders with components ranging from mood to feeding and energy balance and to autonomic nervous system regulation. Thus, based on common brain circuitry, the PVN may be a critical anatomical intersection for understanding comorbidities among depression, obesity, and cardiovascular risk. Historically, the majority of approaches to brain development examine neuronal, glial, and vascular factors independently, with notably less emphasis on vascular contributions. The realization that the PVN undergoes a unique vascular developmental process places added value on discerning the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive its late-onset angiogenesis and further implications for neuronal differentiation and function. This has ramifications in humans for understanding chronic, and sometimes fatal, comorbidities that share sex-dependent biological bases in development through functional and anatomical intersections with the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Garakani A, Martinez JM, Yehuda R, Gorman JM. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of glutamate and corticotropin releasing hormone in major depression before and after treatment. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:262-5. [PMID: 22840611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) are pro-stress neurotransmitters and may be altered in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of persons with major depressive disorder (MDD). The goal of this study was to compare the CSF levels of glutamate, glutamine and CRH between patients with depression and healthy controls. METHODS Eighteen patients with MDD and 25 healthy controls underwent a lumbar puncture (LP); CSF samples were withdrawn and assays were done for glutamine, glutamate, and CRH. Patients with MDD underwent 8 weeks of treatment with the antidepressant venlafaxine and then had a repeat LP post treatment. RESULTS Patients had higher baseline scores on depression and suicide rating scales and those scales improved significantly post-treatment. Higher suicidal ratings at baseline were correlated with higher glutamate levels (p=0.016). There were no significant differences between the control and patient group in any baseline CSF measures of glutamate (p=0.761), glutamine (p=0.226) or CRH (p=0.675). Despite no significant change in glutamate (p=0.358) and CRH (p=0.331) in the treatment group, there was a post-treatment decrease in glutamine (p=0.045) in patients. LIMITATIONS There was a small sample size, age discordance between patients and controls, lack of a follow-up LP in controls, absence of dexamethasone suppression testing, and fluctuating sample sizes among various measures. CONCLUSION Although no significant differences were noted between patients and controls at baseline there was an association of high CSF glutamate and suicidal ideation and lower glutamine post-treatment which may be correlated with attenuation of dysfunction in the glutamatergic system after antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Garakani
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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46
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Young SN. The effect of raising and lowering tryptophan levels on human mood and social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110375. [PMID: 23440461 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) studies indicate that low serotonin can lower mood and also increase aggression, although results vary somewhat between studies with similar participants. Lowering of mood after ATD is related to the susceptibility of the study participants to clinical depression, and some participants show no effect on mood. This indicates that low serotonin can contribute to lowered mood, but cannot-by itself-cause lowered mood, unless other unknown systems interact with serotonin to lower mood. Studies using tryptophan supplementation demonstrate that increased serotonin can decrease quarrelsomeness and increase agreeableness in everyday life. Social interactions that are more agreeable and less quarrelsome are associated with better mood. Thus, serotonin may have direct effects on mood, but may also be able to influence mood through changes in social behaviour. The increased agreeableness and decreased quarrelsomeness resulting from increases in serotonin will help foster congenial relations with others and should help to increase social support. As social support and social isolation have an important relationship with both physical and mental health, more research is needed on the implications of the ability of serotonin to modulate social behaviour for the regulation of mood, and for future physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Young
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Lopresti AL, Hood SD, Drummond PD. Multiple antidepressant potential modes of action of curcumin: a review of its anti-inflammatory, monoaminergic, antioxidant, immune-modulating and neuroprotective effects. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1512-24. [PMID: 23035031 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112458732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric and has attracted increasing attention for the treatment of a range of conditions. Research into its potential as a treatment for depression is still in its infancy, although several potential antidepressant mechanisms of action have been identified. Research completed to date on the multiple effects of curcumin is reviewed in this paper, with a specific emphasis on the biological systems that are compromised in depression. The antidepressant effects of curcumin in animal models of depression are summarised, and its influence on neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine is detailed. The effects of curcumin in moderating hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal disturbances, lowering inflammation and protecting against oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, neuroprogression and intestinal hyperpermeability, all of which are compromised in major depressive disorder, are also summarised. With increasing interest in natural treatments for depression, and efforts to enhance current treatment outcomes, curcumin is presented as a promising novel, adjunctive or stand-alone natural antidepressant.
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Gao SF, Qi XR, Zhao J, Balesar R, Bao AM, Swaab DF. Decreased NOS1 expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2956-64. [PMID: 22989585 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Decreased function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is crucially involved in the pathogenesis of depression. A key role of nitric oxide (NO) has also been proposed. We aimed to determine the NO content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, that is, NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 in the ACC in depression. In depressive patients, CSF-NOx levels (the levels of the NO metabolites nitrite and nitrate) were significantly decreased (P = 0.007), indicating a more general decrease of NO production in this disorder. This agreed with a trend toward lower NOS1-mRNA levels (P = 0.083) and a significant decrease of NOS1-immunoreactivity (ir) (P = 0.043) in ACC. In controls, there was a significant positive correlation between ACC-NOS1-ir cell densities and their CSF-NOx levels. Furthermore, both localization of NOS1 in pyramidal neurons that are known to be glutamatergic and co-localization between NOS1 and GABAergic neurons were observed in human ACC. The diminished ACC-NOS1 expression and decreased CSF-NOx levels may be involved in the alterations of ACC activity in depression, possibly by affecting glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Feng Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China and
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Grimm S, Luborzewski A, Schubert F, Merkl A, Kronenberg G, Colla M, Heuser I, Bajbouj M. Region-specific glutamate changes in patients with unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1059-65. [PMID: 22595871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate glutamate concentrations in patients with unipolar depression in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) as compared to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We hypothesized a dissociation of glutamate levels with unchanged levels in DLPFC and abnormally changed levels in MCC as well as differential effects of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Glutamate was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T in DLPFC and MCC in fourteen depressed patients and matched healthy volunteers. A follow-up measurement was performed after 4 weeks of antidepressant treatment. The main finding is a region-specific pattern of glutamate concentrations with increased MCC glutamate concentrations and no significant differences in DLPFC glutamate concentrations in unipolar depressive patients compared to healthy controls. Response and non-response to antidepressant pharmacotherapy were predicted by high glutamate at baseline in DLPFC and MCC, respectively. In addition, treatment responders showed a further increase in DLPFC glutamate levels after successful antidepressant treatment. Findings indicate altered region-specific glutamate concentrations in DLPFC and MCC that are predictive of response and non-response, respectively, to antidepressant pharmacotherapy. These findings might serve as a starting point for future studies in which the value of this metabolite pattern for treatment response prediction should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Grimm
- Affective Neuroscience and Emotion Modulation, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité, Germany.
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50
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Zhao J, Bao AM, Qi XR, Kamphuis W, Luchetti S, Lou JS, Swaab DF. Gene expression of GABA and glutamate pathway markers in the prefrontal cortex of non-suicidal elderly depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2012; 138:494-502. [PMID: 22357337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is presumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. METHODS We determined the gene expression of 32 markers of the pathways of the two main neurotransmitters of the PFC, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and l-glutamic acid (glutamate), by real-time quantitative PCR in human postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) in elderly non-suicidal patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). RESULTS We found the transcript levels of GABA(A) receptor beta 2 (GABRB2) and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) to be significantly decreased in the ACC in mood disorder. DLPFC mRNA expression of all the detected genes in the mood disorder group did not differ significantly from that of the non-psychiatric controls. LIMITATIONS Several inherent and potentially confounding factors of a postmortem study, such as medication and cause of death, did not seem to affect the conclusions. The group size was relatively small but well documented, both clinically and neuropathologically. CONCLUSIONS The observed alterations in the GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways indicate a diminished activity. These alterations were only present in the ACC and not in the DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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