1
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Heydarpour M, Parksook WW, Hopkins PN, Pojoga LH, Williams GH, Williams JS. A candidate locus in the renalase gene and susceptibility to blood pressure responses to the dietary salt. J Hypertens 2023; 41:723-732. [PMID: 36789764 PMCID: PMC10079562 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary salt confers a risk of elevating blood pressure (BP) and the development of hypertension. BP to salt intake may be determined in part by individual genetic predisposition. Identifying these genetic underpinnings will enhance our understanding of the biological mechanisms of BP regulation. This study aims to assess the genetic association with salt sensitivity of BP (SSBP) within two well-phenotyped multinational cohorts. METHODS A total of 720 white participants from the HyperPATH consortium program were selected and genotyped using a multiethnic genotyping array. Individuals consumed two study diets containing high (>200 mEq/day) and low (<10 mEq/day) sodium content, after which SSBP, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed in a controlled inpatient research setting. RESULTS A top signal (rs10887801; beta = 4.57, P = 5.03E - 07) at the renalase gene ( RNLS ) region was significantly associated with SSBP. We also identified seven single nucleotide variants with linkage disequilibrium to the top signal at this region that comprised a significant haplotype (TCTTAGTT, P = 0.00081). Homozygous carriers of the T-risk allele of the key single nucleotide variant had higher SSBP ( P ≤ 0.00001) and lower PRA ( P = 0.0076) compared with the nonrisk allele. CONCLUSION We identified significant associations between genetic variants of the RNLS gene and BP responses to dietary salt intervention and PRA that suggest susceptibility to volume-driven hypertension. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation, support the role of RNLS in the pathogenesis of SSBP, and identify individuals who may be at risk from excess dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Heydarpour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wasita W. Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul N. Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Unit, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Luminita H. Pojoga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Ameer OZ. Hypertension in chronic kidney disease: What lies behind the scene. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949260. [PMID: 36304157 PMCID: PMC9592701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a frequent condition encountered during kidney disease development and a leading cause in its progression. Hallmark factors contributing to hypertension constitute a complexity of events that progress chronic kidney disease (CKD) into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Multiple crosstalk mechanisms are involved in sustaining the inevitable high blood pressure (BP) state in CKD, and these play an important role in the pathogenesis of increased cardiovascular (CV) events associated with CKD. The present review discusses relevant contributory mechanisms underpinning the promotion of hypertension and their consequent eventuation to renal damage and CV disease. In particular, salt and volume expansion, sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity, upregulated renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), oxidative stress, vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and a range of mediators and signaling molecules which are thought to play a role in this concert of events are emphasized. As the control of high BP via therapeutic interventions can represent the key strategy to not only reduce BP but also the CV burden in kidney disease, evidence for major strategic pathways that can alleviate the progression of hypertensive kidney disease are highlighted. This review provides a particular focus on the impact of RAAS antagonists, renal nerve denervation, baroreflex stimulation, and other modalities affecting BP in the context of CKD, to provide interesting perspectives on the management of hypertensive nephropathy and associated CV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z. Ameer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Omar Z. Ameer,
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3
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Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4032704. [PMID: 36132227 PMCID: PMC9484957 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology was reported to be an inappropriate and uncontrolled immune response, evidenced by activated macrophages, and a robust surge of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the release of reactive oxygen species, that synergistically result in acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibroproliferative lung response, and possibly even death. For these reasons, all identified risk factors and pathophysiological processes of COVID-19, which are feasible for the prevention and treatment, should be addressed in a timely manner. Accordingly, the evolving anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy for severe COVID-19 and hindering post-COVID-19 fibrosis development should be comprehensively investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that renalase, a novel amino-oxidase, derived from the kidneys, exhibits remarkable organ protection, robustly addressing the most powerful pathways of cell trauma: inflammation and oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis. As demonstrated, systemic renalase administration also significantly alleviates experimentally induced organ fibrosis and prevents adverse remodeling. The recognition that renalase exerts cytoprotection via sirtuins activation, by raising their NAD+ levels, provides a “proof of principle” for renalase being a biologically impressive molecule that favors cell protection and survival and maybe involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This premise supports the rationale that renalase's timely supplementation may prove valuable for pathologic conditions, such as cytokine storm and related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the aim for this review is to acknowledge the scientific rationale for renalase employment in the experimental model of COVID-19, targeting the acute phase mechanisms and halting fibrosis progression, based on its proposed molecular pathways. Novel therapies for COVID-19 seek to exploit renalase's multiple and distinctive cytoprotective mechanisms; therefore, this review should be acknowledged as the thorough groundwork for subsequent research of renalase's employment in the experimental models of COVID-19.
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4
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Renalase: a novel regulator of cardiometabolic and renal diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1582-1598. [PMID: 35941358 PMCID: PMC9358379 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a ~38 kDa flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain-containing protein that can function as a cytokine and an anomerase. It is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiometabolic diseases. Expressed mainly in the kidneys, renalase has been reported to have a hypotensive effect and may control blood pressure through regulation of sympathetic tone. Furthermore, genetic variations in the renalase gene, such as a functional missense polymorphism (Glu37Asp), have implications in the cardiovascular and renal systems and can potentially increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Research on the physiological functions and biochemical actions of renalase over the years has indicated a role for renalase as one of the key proteins involved in various disease states, such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and cancer. Recent studies have identified three transcription factors (viz., Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89) as key positive regulators in modulating the expression of the human renalase gene. Moreover, renalase is under the post-transcriptional regulation of two microRNAs (viz., miR-29b, and miR-146a), which downregulate renalase expression. While renalase supplementation may be useful for treating hypertension, inhibition of renalase signaling may be beneficial to patients with cancerous tumors. However, more incisive investigations are required to unravel the potential therapeutic applications of renalase. Based on the literature pertaining to the function and physiology of renalase, this review attempts to consolidate and comprehend the role of renalase in regulating cardiometabolic and renal disorders. ![]()
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5
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Stojanovic D, Mitic V, Stojanovic M, Milenkovic J, Ignjatovic A, Milojkovic M. The Scientific Rationale for the Introduction of Renalase in the Concept of Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:845878. [PMID: 35711341 PMCID: PMC9193824 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.845878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis represents a redundant accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting from a cascade of pathophysiological events involved in an ineffective healing response, that eventually leads to heart failure. The pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis involves various cellular effectors (neutrophils, macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts), up-regulation of profibrotic mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors), and processes where epithelial and endothelial cells undergo mesenchymal transition. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. The most effective anti-fibrotic strategy will have to incorporate the specific targeting of the diverse cells, pathways, and their cross-talk in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibroproliferation. Additionally, renalase, a novel protein secreted by the kidneys, is identified. Evidence demonstrates its cytoprotective properties, establishing it as a survival element in various organ injuries (heart, kidney, liver, intestines), and as a significant anti-fibrotic factor, owing to its, in vitro and in vivo demonstrated pleiotropy to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrotic responses. Effective anti-fibrotic therapy may seek to exploit renalase’s compound effects such as: lessening of the inflammatory cell infiltrate (neutrophils and macrophages), and macrophage polarization (M1 to M2), a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines/reactive species/growth factor release (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, ROS, TGF-β1), an increase in anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl2), and prevention of caspase activation, inflammasome silencing, sirtuins (1 and 3) activation, and mitochondrial protection, suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a decrease in the pro-fibrotic markers expression (’α-SMA, collagen I, and III, TIMP-1, and fibronectin), and interference with MAPKs signaling network, most likely as a coordinator of pro-fibrotic signals. This review provides the scientific rationale for renalase’s scrutiny regarding cardiac fibrosis, and there is great anticipation that these newly identified pathways are set to progress one step further. Although substantial progress has been made, indicating renalase’s therapeutic promise, more profound experimental work is required to resolve the accurate underlying mechanisms of renalase, concerning cardiac fibrosis, before any potential translation to clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Stojanovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Valentina Mitic
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niska Banja, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Stojanovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Center of Informatics and Biostatistics in Healthcare, Institute for Public Health, Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milenkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Center of Informatics and Biostatistics in Healthcare, Institute for Public Health, Niš, Serbia
| | - Maja Milojkovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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6
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Koch V, Weber C, Riffel JH, Buchner K, Buss SJ, Hein S, Mereles D, Hagenmueller M, Erbel C, März W, Booz C, Albrecht MH, Vogl TJ, Frey N, Hardt SE, Ochs M. Impact of Homoarginine on Myocardial Function and Remodeling in a Rat Model of Chronic Renal Failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2022; 27:10742484211054620. [PMID: 34994208 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211054620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low plasma concentrations of the amino acid homoarginine (HA) have been shown to correlate with adverse cardiovascular outcome, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. The present study sought to investigate the effect of HA treatment on cardiac remodeling in rats undergoing artificially induced renal insufficiency by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx). METHODS A total of 33 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham and 5/6 Nx groups, receiving either placebo treatment or 400 mg·kg-1·day-1 HA over a 4-week period. RESULTS 5/6 Nx per se resulted in adverse myocardial remodeling with aggravated cardiac function and associated cardiac overload as the most obvious alteration (-23% ejection fraction, P < 0.0001), as well as increased myocardial fibrosis (+80%, P = 0.0005) compared to placebo treated sham animals. HA treatment of 5/6 Nx rats has led to an improvement of ejection fraction (+24%, P = 0.0003) and fractional shortening (+21%, P = 0.0126), as well as a decrease of collagen deposition (-32%, P = 0.0041), left ventricular weight (-14%, P = 0.0468), and myocyte cross-sectional area (-12%, P < 0.0001). These changes were accompanied by a downregulation of atrial natriuretic factor (-65% P < 0.0001) and collagen type V alpha 1 chain (-44%, P = 0.0006). Sham animals revealed no significant changes in cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, or any of the aforementioned molecular changes after drug treatment. CONCLUSION Dietary HA supplementation appears to have the potential of preventing cardiac remodeling and improving heart function in the setting of chronic kidney disease. Our findings shed new light on HA as a possible new therapeutic agent for patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Koch
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Weber
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes H Riffel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Section for Developmental Genetics, 27178University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Buss
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selina Hein
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derliz Mereles
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Hagenmueller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christian Booz
- 9173Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Vogl
- 9173Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan E Hardt
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Ochs
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Wiśniewska M, Serwin N, Dziedziejko V, Marchelek-Myśliwiec M, Dołęgowska B, Domański L, Ciechanowski K, Safranow K, Gołębiowski T, Pawlik A. The Effect of Bilateral Nephrectomy on Renalase and Catecholamines in Hemodialysis Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126282. [PMID: 34200667 PMCID: PMC8296035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims: Renalase is an enzyme with monoamine oxidase activity that metabolizes catecholamines; therefore, it has a significant influence on arterial blood pressure regulation and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Renalase is mainly produced in the kidneys. Nephrectomy and hemodialysis (HD) may alter the production and metabolism of renalase. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bilateral nephrectomy on renalase levels in the serum and erythrocytes of hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study included 27 hemodialysis patients post-bilateral nephrectomy, 46 hemodialysis patients without nephrectomy but with chronic kidney disease and anuria and 30 healthy subjects with normal kidney function. Renalase levels in the serum and erythrocytes were measured using an ELISA kit. Results: Serum concentrations of renalase were significantly higher in post-bilateral nephrectomy patients when compared with those of control subjects (101.1 ± 65.5 vs. 19.6 ± 5.0; p < 0.01). Additionally, renalase concentrations, calculated per gram of hemoglobin, were significantly higher in patients after bilateral nephrectomy in comparison with those of healthy subjects (994.9 ± 345.5 vs. 697.6 ± 273.4, p = 0.015). There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline or adrenaline. In contrast, the concentration of dopamine was significantly lower in post-nephrectomy patients when compared with those of healthy subjects (116.8 ± 147.7 vs. 440.9 ± 343.2, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Increased serum levels of renalase in post-bilateral nephrectomy hemodialysis patients are likely related to production in extra-renal organs as a result of changes in the cardiovascular system and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wiśniewska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Leszek Domański
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Tomasz Gołębiowski
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Jang HR, Cho HJ, Zhou Y, Shao NY, Lee K, Le HHT, Jeon J, Lee JE, Huh W, Ong SG, Lee WH, Kim YG. Modeling Uremic Vasculopathy With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells as a Drug Screening System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618796. [PMID: 33511129 PMCID: PMC7835337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic vasculopathy plays a crucial role in facilitating the progression of cardiovascular complications in advanced CKD. However, the improvement of conventional research methods could provide further insights into CKD. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to develop a novel model of uremic vasculopathy as a potential drug screening system. Methods and Results: The effects of uremic serum and different combinations of uremic toxins on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) of a normal control and a CKD patient were investigated using several functional assays. We found that a mixture of uremic toxins composed of high urea, creatinine, uric acid, and indoxyl sulfate exerted deleterious effects on normal control iPSC-ECs that were comparable to uremic serum by increasing reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, as well as suppression of tube formation. Additional characterization revealed a potential involvement of dysregulated TGF-β signaling as treatment with either losartan or TGF-β inhibitors led to the attenuation of adverse effects induced by uremic toxins. Importantly, impaired wound healing potential seen in CKD patient-specific iPSC-ECs was rescued by treatment with losartan and TGF-β inhibitors. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that simplified uremic toxin mixtures can simulate the uremic micromilieu reproducibly and CKD patient-specific iPSC-ECs can potentially recapitulate susceptibility to uremic vasculopathy. This novel model of uremic vasculopathy may provide a new research tool as a drug screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryoun Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cho
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Kyungho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoai Huong Thi Le
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Junseok Jeon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wooseong Huh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yoon-Goo Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute(SCRMI), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Li Y, Wu W, Liu W, Zhou M. Roles and mechanisms of renalase in cardiovascular disease: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110712. [PMID: 32916539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent worldwide and remains a leading cause of death. Although substantial progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD, the prognosis remains unsatisfactory. Renalase is a newly discovered cytokine that is synthesized by the kidney and then secreted into blood. Numerous studies have suggested the efficacy of renalase in treating CVD by metabolizing catecholamines in the circulatory system. As a new biomarker of heart disease, renalase is normally recognized as a signalling molecule that activates cytoprotective intracellular signals to lower blood pressure, protect ischaemic heart muscle and promote atherosclerotic plaque stability in CVD, which subsequently improves cardiac function. Due to its important regulatory role in the circulatory system, renalase has gradually become a potential target in the treatment of CVD. This review summarizes the structure, mechanism and function of renalase in CVD, thereby providing preclinical evidence for alternative approaches and new prospects in the development of renalase-related drugs against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China.
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10
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Stojanovic D, Mitic V, Stojanovic M, Petrovic D, Ignjatovic A, Stefanovic N, Cvetkovic T, Kocic G, Bojanic V, Deljanin Ilic M. The partnership between renalase and ejection fraction as a risk factor for increased cardiac remodeling biomarkers in chronic heart failure patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:909-919. [PMID: 32297799 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1756233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Heart failure (HF) represents a huge socio-economic burden. It has been demonstrated, experimentally, that renalase, a newly discovered protein, prevents cardiac hypertrophy and adverse remodeling, which is seen in HF. We postulated the following aims: to investigate associations of renalase with biomarkers of cardiac remodeling: galectin-3, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity, (sST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and syndecan-1, myocardial stretch (BNP) and cardio-renal axis (cystatin C) in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) to determine whether renalase, in combination with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), represents a risk factor for plasma elevation in biomarkers.Methods: We classified HF patients (n = 76) according to LVEF (preserved/reduced), applied a median plasma renalase (113 ng/mL) as a cut-off value (low/high) and created four subgroups of HF patients: HFpEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/high renalase (n = 32) and HFpEF/high renalase (n = 6). A control group (n = 35) consisted of healthy volunteers.Results: Plasma concentrations of evaluated biomarkers were determined using an ELISA technique and were highest in HF patients with reduced EF (p < .001, respectively), and renalase's positive correlations were obtained relating to all biomarkers: galectin-3 (r = 0.913; p < .001), sST2 (r = 0.965; p < .001), GDF-15 (r = 0.887; p < .001), syndecan-1 (r = 0.922; p < .001), BNP (r = 0.527; p < .001) and cystatin C (r = 0.844; p < .001) and strong and negative correlation with LVEF (r = -0.456, p < .001). Increased renalase, regardless of the EF (preserved/reduced), was shown to be an independent risk factor for an increase in all evaluated cardiac remodeling biomarkers, p < .001, respectively. However, increased renalase and reduced EF was the only independent risk factor for BNP and cystatin C elevation, p < .001, respectively. Results after multivariable adjustments (age/gender) were identical.Conclusion: When elevated plasma renalase and HF are present, regardless of EF being reduced or preserved, that represents a significant risk factor for increase in cardiac remodeling biomarker plasma concentrations. However, only elevated renalase and reduced EF demonstrated significance as a risk factor for BNP and cystatin C plasma elevation. Renalase may be considered a promising molecule for the improved predictive abilities of conventional biomarkers and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Valentina Mitic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Stojanovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dejan Petrovic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stefanovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Cvetkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Vladmila Bojanic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Marina Deljanin Ilic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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11
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Serwin NM, Wiśniewska M, Cecerska-Heryć E, Safranow K, Skwirczyńska E, Dołęgowska B. Serum-to-urine renalase ratio and renalase fractional excretion in healthy adults and chronic kidney disease patients. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:77. [PMID: 32131757 PMCID: PMC7057639 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renalase is a flavoprotein that plays a protective role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular diseases. The secretion and way of action of this protein are still discussed. The aim of our study was to estimate the balance between serum and urine renalase in healthy individuals and CKD patients, using two parameters: fractional excretion (FE) and serum-to-urine renalase ratio (StURR). Methods Our study involved 28 healthy volunteers and 62 patients with CKD in stages I to IV. The concentration of renalase in serum and urine was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (EIAab, Wuhan, China). We analyzed associations between renalase levels in urine and serum, and other parameters: sex, age, GFR, presence of hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria, and determined the serum-to-urine renalase ratio and fractional excretion of renalase. Results Renalase and serum-to-urine ratio were significantly higher in CKD patients in comparison with the control group. Fractional excretion was lower in CKD patients but this difference did not reach the statistical significance (p = 0.092). Multivariate analysis performed in the CKD group showed, that from mentioned parameters, serum renalase was the only significant independent factor strongly positively associated with urinary renalase concentration. Conclusions The serum-to-urine ratio is significantly and about 6.5-fold higher in CKD patients, and the fractional excretion of renalase is 3-fold, but not significantly lower in CKD patients. Renalase levels in both serum and urine are not related to the glomerular filtration rate and not associated with blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Serwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Magda Wiśniewska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Skwirczyńska
- Department of History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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12
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You NN, Jiang WH, Lin MY, Li XG, Wu YY, Li JY, Zhou XY, Ding ZW, Wang JW, Zhao XX, Chen HL, Tang HT. The role of urinary renalase on early-stage renal damage in Chinese adults with primary hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:576-582. [PMID: 32102561 PMCID: PMC7158598 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220909311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It would be of great clinical value to find an indicator that can accurately evaluate the early-stage renal injury in primary hypertension. Previous findings have shown renalase not only plays an important role in hypertension but also closely correlates with kidney function. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether urinary renalase could be used as a predictive index of early-stage renal damage in patients with primary hypertension. Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) was used to divide subjects with primary hypertension into two groups: a no renal damage (NRD) group (UACR <30 mg/g) and an early-stage renal damage (RD) group (UACR >30 mg/g). Subjects with normal examination results were randomly included in a healthy control (HC) group. Urinary renalase was determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary renalase continued to reduce among the HC (n = 81), NRD (n = 84) and RD group (n = 80), while systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased. Urinary renalase was negatively correlated with SBP in all the groups. Among the subjects with stage 1 primary hypertension, urinary renalase in the RD group was lower than the NRD group, while the UACR was higher, and urinary renalase was negatively correlated with the UACR. A multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that there was a linear regression relationship between the increase of the UACR and urinary renalase, heart rate (HR), SBP and serum creatinine. In addition, the standardized partial regression coefficient of urinary renalase was the highest. The performance of urinary renalase as a marker for the diagnosis of early-stage renal damage in patients with primary hypertension was 0.968 with a cut off value of 2.01 µg/ml. Taken together, urinary renalase was further decreased in patients with early-stage renal damage and primary hypertension, and consequently, it could be used as a predictive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na You
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wei-Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yu-Yan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jia-Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ze-Wen Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jun-Wen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xie-Xiong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hui-Ting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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13
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Association of Plasma Renalase and Left Ventricle Mass Index in Heart Failure Patients Stratified to the Category of the Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7265160. [PMID: 31737132 PMCID: PMC6815612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7265160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure represents a growing health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality globally. According to the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure, many biomarkers have been proposed for the timely diagnosis and prognostication of patients with heart failure, but other than natriuretic peptides, none of them has gained enough clinical significance. Renalase, a new protein derived from kidneys was demonstrated to metabolize catecholamines and to have a cardioprotective role. The aim of the study was to determine whether renalase and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration could be used to differentiate heart failure patients stratified to the category of the ejection fraction and whether plasma renalase could be used as a biomarker for left ventricle hypertrophy in all subgroups of heart failure patients. We included patients diagnosed with heart failure and stratified them to the three subgroups according to the ejection fraction. Regarding echocardiographic parameters, HFmrEF had an intermediate profile in between HFrEF and HFpEF, with statistical significance in most evaluated parameters. BNP concentration was significantly different in all three subgroups (p < 0.001), and renalase was statistically higher in HFrEF (p = 0.007) compared to the HFmrEF and HFpEF, where its results were similar, without statistical significance. Renalase plasma concentration was demonstrated to be highly and positively associated with left ventricle mass index in HFrEF (p = 0.029), as well as increased plasma concentration of BNP (p = 0.006). In the HFmrEF group of patients, body mass index was positively associated with LVMI (p = 0.05), while in the patients with HFpEF, diabetes mellitus was demonstrated to have a positive association with LVMI (p = 0.043). These findings suggest that renalase concentration may be measured in order to differentiate patients with reduced ejection fraction. Plasma renalase concentrations positively correlated with left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with reduced ejection fraction, being strongly associated with increased left ventricular mass index.
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14
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Baek SH, Cha RH, Kang SW, Park CW, Cha DR, Kim SG, Yoon SA, Kim S, Han SY, Park JH, Chang JH, Lim CS, Kim YS, Na KY. Circulating renalase predicts all-cause mortality and renal outcomes in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:858-866. [PMID: 29172403 PMCID: PMC6610203 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to show markedly increased rates of end-stage renal disease, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), and mortality. Therefore, new biomarkers are required for the early detection of such clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. We aimed to determine whether the level of circulating renalase was associated with CKD progression, MACCEs, and all-cause mortality, using data from a prospective randomized controlled study, Kremezin STudy Against Renal disease progression in Korea (K-STAR; NCT00860431). METHODS A retrospective analysis of the K-STAR data was performed including 383 patients with CKD (mean age, 56.4 years; male/female, 252/131). We measured circulating renalase levels and examined the effects of these levels on clinical outcomes. RESULTS The mean level of serum renalase was 75.8 ± 34.8 μg/mL. In the multivariable analysis, lower hemoglobin levels, higher serum creatinine levels, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a higher renalase levels. Over the course of a mean follow-up period of 56 months, 25 deaths and 61 MACCEs occurred. Among 322 patients in whom these outcomes were assessed, 137 adverse renal outcomes occurred after a mean follow-up period of 27.8 months. Each 10- μg/mL increase in serum renalase was associated with significantly greater hazards of all-cause mortality and adverse renal outcomes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.112, p = 0.049; HR = 1.052, p = 0.045). However, serum renalase level was not associated with the rate of MACCEs in patients with CKD. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that circulating renalase might be a predictor of mortality and adverse renal outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ha Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ran-hui Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Ki Young Na, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7014 Fax: +82-31-787-4051 E-mail:
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15
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Chuppa S, Liang M, Liu P, Liu Y, Casati MC, Cowley AW, Patullo L, Kriegel AJ. MicroRNA-21 regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, a molecular mechanism of cardiac pathology in Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4. Kidney Int 2017; 93:375-389. [PMID: 28760335 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), although the pathological mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we longitudinally characterized left ventricle pathology in a 5/6 nephrectomy rat model of CKD and identify novel molecular mediators. Next-generation sequencing of left ventricle mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) was performed at physiologically distinct points in disease progression, identifying alterations in genes in numerous immune, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways, as well as several miRNAs. MiRNA miR-21-5p was increased in our dataset and has been reported to regulate many identified pathways. Suppression of miR-21-5p protected rats with 5/6 nephrectomy from developing left ventricle hypertrophy and improved left ventricle function. Next-generation mRNA sequencing revealed that miR-21-5p suppression altered gene expression in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) regulated pathways in the left ventricle. PPARα, a miR-21-5p target, is the primary PPAR isoform in the heart, importantly involved in regulating fatty acid metabolism. Therapeutic delivery of low-dose PPARα agonist (clofibrate) to rats with 5/6 nephrectomy improved cardiac function and prevented left ventricle dilation. Thus, comprehensive characterization of left ventricle molecular changes highlights the involvement of numerous signaling pathways not previously explored in CKD models and identified PPARα as a potential therapeutic target for CKD-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Chuppa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marc C Casati
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leah Patullo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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16
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Moran GR, Hoag MR. The enzyme: Renalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:66-76. [PMID: 28558965 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two years catalytic substrates for renalase have been identified, some 10 years after its initial discovery. 2- and 6-dihydronicotinamide (2- and 6-DHNAD) isomers of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)) are rapidly oxidized by renalase to form β-NAD(P)+. The two electrons liberated are then passed to molecular oxygen by the renalase FAD cofactor forming hydrogen peroxide. This activity would appear to serve an intracellular detoxification/metabolite repair function that alleviates inhibition of primary metabolism dehydrogenases by 2- and 6-DHNAD molecules. This activity is supported by the complete structural assignment of the substrates, comprehensive kinetic analyses, defined species specific substrate specificity profiles and X-ray crystal structures that reveal ligand complexation consistent with this activity. This apparently intracellular function for the renalase enzyme is not allied with the majority of the renalase research that holds renalase to be a secreted mammalian protein that functions in blood to elicit a broad array of profound physiological changes. In this review a description of renalase as an enzyme is presented and an argument is offered that its enzymatic function can now reasonably be assumed to be uncoupled from whole organism physiological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States.
| | - Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States
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17
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Ibrahim IA, Sayed HA, Mohammed AA. Plasma renalase as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.200966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Wang Y, Safirstein R, Velazquez H, Guo XJ, Hollander L, Chang J, Chen TM, Mu JJ, Desir GV. Extracellular renalase protects cells and organs by outside-in signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1260-1265. [PMID: 28238213 PMCID: PMC5487909 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase was discovered as a protein synthesized by the kidney and secreted in blood where it circulates at a concentration of approximately 3-5 μg/ml. Initial reports suggested that it functioned as an NAD(P)H oxidase and could oxidize catecholamines. Administration of renalase lowers blood pressure and heart rate and also protects cells and organs against ischaemic and toxic injury. Although renalase's protective effect was initially ascribed to its oxidase properties, a paradigm shift in our understanding of the cellular actions of renalase is underway. We now understand that, independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a cytokine that provides protection to cells, tissues and organs by interacting with its receptor to activate protein kinase B, JAK/STAT, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, recent studies suggest that dysregulated renalase signalling may promote survival of several tumour cells due to its capacity to augment expression of growth-related genes. In this review, we focus on the cytoprotective actions of renalase and its capacity to sustain cancer cell growth and also the translational opportunities these findings represent for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for organ injury and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiao-Jia Guo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay Hollander
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Chang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tian-Min Chen
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Gok Oguz E, Akoglu H, Ulusal Okyay G, Karaveli Gursoy G, Yildirim T, Merhametsiz O, Cimen T, Canbakan B, Yeter E, Ayli MD. Increased serum renalase in peritoneal dialysis patients: Is it related to cardiovascular disease risk? Nefrologia 2017; 37:189-194. [PMID: 28160962 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renalase, with possible monoamine oxidase activity, is implicated in degradation of catecholamines; which suggests novel mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been found to correlate with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in dialysis patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of serum renalase levels with EAT thickness and other CVD risk factors in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS The study included 40 PD patients and 40 healthy controls. All subjects underwent blood pressure and anthropometric measurements. Serum renalase was assessed by using a commercially available assay. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure EAT thickness and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in all subjects. RESULTS The median serum renalase level was significantly higher in the PD patients than in the control group [176.5 (100-278.3) vs 122 (53.3-170.0)ng/ml] (p=0.001). Renalase was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (r=0.705, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with RRF (r=-0.511, p=0.021). No correlation was observed between renalase and EAT thickness or LVMI. There was a strong correlation between EAT thickness and LVMI in both the PD patients and the controls (r=0.848, p<0.001 and r=0.640, p<0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that renalase is associated with CRP and residual renal function but not with EAT thickness as CVD risk factors in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Gok Oguz
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hadim Akoglu
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulay Ulusal Okyay
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Guner Karaveli Gursoy
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Merhametsiz
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tolga Cimen
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basol Canbakan
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Yeter
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Deniz Ayli
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey
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Oguz EG, Gursoy GK, Yayar O, Yildirim T, Cimen T, Bulut C, Eser B, Canbakan B, Yeter E, Ayli MD. Increased serum renalase in hemodialysis patients: is it related to left ventricular hypertrophy? Ren Fail 2016; 38:1180-6. [PMID: 27416751 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1208516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the most common cardiac abnormalities in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Hypertension, diabetes, increased body mass index, gender, age, anemia, and hyperparathyroidism have been described as risk factors for LVH in patients on dialysis. However, there may be other risk factors which have not been described yet. Recent studies show that renalase is associated with cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to reveal the relation between renalase, LVH in patients under hemodialysis (HD) treatment. METHODS The study included 50 HD patients and 35 healthy controls. Serum renalase levels and left ventricle mass index (LVMI) were measured in all participants and the relation between these variables was examined. FINDINGS LVMI was positively correlated with dialysis vintage and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.387, p = 0.005 and r = 0.597, p < 0.001, respectively) and was negatively correlated with residual diuresis and hemoglobin levels (r = -0.324, p = 0.022 and r = -0.499, p < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant association of renalase with LVMI in the HD patients (r = 0.263, p = 0.065). Serum renalase levels were significantly higher in HD patients (212 ± 127 ng/mL) compared to controls (116 ± 67 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). Renalase was positively correlated with serum creatinine and dialysis vintage (r = 0.677, p < 0.001 and r = 0.625, p < 0.001, respectively). DISCUSSION In our study, LVMI was correlated with dialysis vintage, residual diuresis, CRP, and hemoglobin. LVMI tends to correlate with renalase and this correlation may be significant in studies with more patient numbers. The main parameters affecting renalase levels are dialysis vintage and serum creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Gok Oguz
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Guner Karaveli Gursoy
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yayar
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Tolga Cimen
- b Department of Cardiology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Cengiz Bulut
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Barıs Eser
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Basol Canbakan
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ekrem Yeter
- b Department of Cardiology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - M Deniz Ayli
- a Department of Nephrology , Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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Yin J, Lu Z, Wang F, Jiang Z, Lu L, Miao N, Wang N. Renalase attenuates hypertension, renal injury and cardiac remodelling in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1106-17. [PMID: 26923216 PMCID: PMC4882988 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular complication and this interaction can lead to accelerated dysfunction in both organs. Renalase, a kidney-derived cytokine, not only protects against various renal diseases but also exerts cardio-protective effects. Here, we investigated the role of renalase in the progression of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) after subtotal nephrectomy. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly subjected to sham operation or subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy (STNx). Two weeks after surgery, sham rats were intravenously injected with Hanks' balanced salt solution (sham), and STNx rats were randomly intravenously injected with adenovirus-β-gal (STNx+Ad-β-gal) or adenovirus-renalase (STNx+Ad-renalase) respectively. After 4 weeks of therapy, Ad-renalase administration significantly restored plasma, kidney and heart renalase expression levels in STNx rats. We noticed that STNx rats receiving Ad-renalase exhibited reduced proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis after renal ablation compared with STNx rats receiving Ad-β-gal; these changes were associated with significant decreased expression of genes for fibrosis markers, proinflammatory cytokines and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase components. At the same time, systemic delivery of renalase attenuated hypertension, cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and cardiac interstitial fibrosis; prevented cardiac remodelling through inhibition of pro-fibrotic genes expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. In summary, these results indicate that renalase protects against renal injury and cardiac remodelling after subtotal nephrectomy via inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. Renalase shows potential as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CRS in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Yin
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naijun Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Yılmaz ZV, Akkaş E, Yıldırım T, Yılmaz R, Erdem Y. A novel marker in pregnant with preeclampsia: renalase. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:808-813. [PMID: 27147460 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in high blood pressure and decrease in GFR and proteinuria, however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Renalase is a recently discovered protein implicated in regulation of blood pressure in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma concentrations of serum renalase were measured in healthy controls, healthy pregnant and pregnant with preeclampsia matched for age, gestational age, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Serum renalase levels were compared in pregnant with and without preeclampsia and non-pregnant controls. Factors associated with serum renalase levels in pregnancies were also evaluated. RESULTS In healthy pregnant serum renalase levels were significantly higher than in controls. However, pregnant with preeclampsia had lower renalase levels than healthy controls. Serum renalase levels were inversely associated with blood pressure levels and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the development of preeclampsia in pregnant is accompanied by altered serum renalase levels. High blood pressure and kidney damage that characterize this disorder are mediated at least in part by low renalase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Vural Yılmaz
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Elif Akkaş
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Tolga Yıldırım
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Rahmi Yılmaz
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains one of the crucial issues related to the development of invasive cardiology. The massive use of contrast media exposes patients to a great risk of contrast-induced nephropathy and chronic kidney disease development, and increases morbidity and mortality rates. The serum creatinine concentration does not allow for a timely and accurate CI-AKI diagnosis; hence numerous other biomarkers of renal injury have been proposed. Renalase, a novel catecholamine-metabolizing amine oxidase, is synthesized mainly in proximal tubular cells and secreted into urine and blood. It is primarily engaged in the degradation of circulating catecholamines. Notwithstanding its key role in blood pressure regulation, renalase remains a potential CI-AKI biomarker, which was shown to be markedly downregulated in the aftermath of renal injury. In this sense, renalase appears to be the first CI-AKI marker revealing an actual loss of renal function and indicating disease severity. SUMMARY The purpose of this review is to summarize the contemporary knowledge about the application of novel biomarkers of CI-AKI and to highlight the potential role of renalase as a functional marker of contrast-induced renal injury. KEY MESSAGES Renalase may constitute a missing biochemical link in the mutual interplay between kidney and cardiac pathology known as the cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej T Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Hoag MR, Roman J, Beaupre BA, Silvaggi NR, Moran GR. Bacterial Renalase: Structure and Kinetics of an Enzyme with 2- and 6-Dihydro-β-NAD(P) Oxidase Activity from Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3791-802. [PMID: 26016690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a lack of convincing in vitro evidence and a number of sound refutations, it is widely accepted that renalase is an enzyme unique to animals that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of catecholamines in blood in order to lower vascular tone. Very recently, we identified isomers of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase (Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2015) Biochemistry, 54, 795-806). These molecules carry the hydride equivalent on the 2 or 6 position of the nicotinamide base and presumably arise in nonspecific redox reactions of nicotinamide dinucleotides. Renalase serves to rapidly oxidize these isomers to form β-NAD(P)⁺ and then pass the electrons to dioxygen, forming H₂O₂. We have also shown that these substrate molecules are highly inhibitory to dehydrogenase enzymes and thus have proposed an intracellular metabolic role for this enzyme. Here, we identify a renalase from an organism without a circulatory system. This bacterial form of renalase has the same substrate specificity profile as that of human renalase but, in terms of binding constant (K(d)), shows a marked preference for substrates derived from β-NAD⁺. 2-dihydroNAD(P) substrates reduce the enzyme with rate constants (k(red)) that greatly exceed those for 6-dihydroNAD(P) substrates. Taken together, k(red)/K(d) values indicate a minimum 20-fold preference for 2DHNAD. We also offer the first structures of a renalase in complex with catalytically relevant ligands β-NAD⁺ and β-NADH (the latter being an analogue of the substrate(s)). These structures show potential electrostatic repulsion interactions with the product and a unique binding orientation for the substrate nicotinamide base that is consistent with the identified activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Joseph Roman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Nicholas R Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
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Renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of catecholamines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 579:62-6. [PMID: 26049000 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the function of human renalase is to oxidize catecholamines in blood. However, this belief is based on experiments that did not account for slow, facile catecholamine autoxidation reactions. Recent evidence has shown that renalase has substrates with which it reacts rapidly. The reaction catalyzed defines renalase as an oxidase, one that harvests two electrons from either 2-dihydroNAD(P) or 6-dihydroNAD(P) to form β-NAD(P)(+) and hydrogen peroxide. The apparent metabolic purpose of such a reaction is to avoid inhibition of primary dehydrogenase enzymes by these β-NAD(P)H isomers. This article demonstrates that renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of neurotransmitter catecholamines. Using high-performance liquid chromatography we show that there is no evidence of consumption of epinephrine by renalase. Using time-dependent spectrophotometry we show that the renalase FAD cofactor spectrum is unresponsive to added catecholamines, that adrenochromes are not observed to accumulate in the presence of renalase and that the kinetics of single turnover reactions with 6-dihydroNAD are unaltered by the addition of catecholamines. Lastly we show using an oxygen electrode assay that plasma renalase activity is below the level of detection and only when exogenous renalase and 6-dihydroNAD are added can dioxygen be observed to be consumed.
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The catalytic function of renalase: A decade of phantoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:177-86. [PMID: 25900362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the initial identification of human renalase the first genuinely catalytic substrates have been identified. Throughout the prior decade a consensus belief that renalase is produced predominantly by the kidney and catalytically oxidizes catecholamines in order to lower blood pressure and slow the heart has prevailed. This belief was, however, based on fundamentally flawed scientific observations that did not include control reactions to account for the well-known autoxidation of catecholamines in oxygenated solutions. Nonetheless, the initial claims have served as the kernel for a rapidly expanding body of research largely predicated on the belief that catecholamines are substrates for this enzyme. The proliferation of scientific studies pertaining to renalase as a hormone has proceeded unabated despite well-reasoned expressions of dissent that have indicated the deficiencies of the initial observations and other inconsistencies. Our group has very recently identified isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase. These substrates arise from non-specific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) that forms β-4-dihydroNAD(P) (β-NAD(P)H), β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P); the latter two being substrates for renalase. Renalase oxidizes these substrates with rate constants that are up to 10(4)-fold faster than any claimed for catecholamines. The electrons harvested are delivered to dioxygen via the enzyme's FAD cofactor forming both H2O2 and β-NAD(P)(+) as products. It would appear that the metabolic purpose of this chemistry is to alleviate the inhibitory effect of β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P) on primary metabolism dehydrogenase enzymes. The identification of this genuinely catalytic activity for renalase calls for re-evaluation of much of the research of this enzyme, in which definitive links between renalase catecholamine consumption and physiological responses were reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological enzymology and protein functions.
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27
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Medvedev AE. Does dopamine mediate salt-dependent urinary renalase secretion in man? Cardiology 2015; 131:53-4. [PMID: 25871713 DOI: 10.1159/000376607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang YU, Zhou N, Wang H, Wang S, He J. Effect of Shenkang granules on the progression of chronic renal failure in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2034-2042. [PMID: 26136932 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shenkang granules (SKGs) are a Chinese herbal medicinal formula, consisting of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.), Salvia miltiorrhiza, milkvetch root [Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge] and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of SKG on chronic renal failure (CRF) in 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rats. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=10 per group) as follows: (i) 5/6 Nx (model group; 2.25 ml/kg/day normal saline); (ii) SKGL (low dose; 5/6 Nx treated with 2 g crude drug/kg/day SKG); (iii) SKGM (moderate dose; 5/6 Nx treated with 4 g crude drug/kg/day SKG); (iv) SKGH (high dose; 5/6 Nx treated with 8 g crude drug/kg/day SKG); (v) benazepril treatment group (5/6 Nx treated with 5 mg/kg/day benazepril); (vi) Shenkang injection (SKI) group (5/6 Nx with 13.3 ml/kg/day SKI); and (vii) sham-operated group (2.25 ml/kg/day normal saline). After 30 days, the levels of microalbumin, total protein, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and serum lipid were found to be significantly decreased in the SKGL and SKGM rats, showing histological improvement compared with the untreated 5/6 Nx rats, as determined by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's trichrome staining. In addition, SKG was found to significantly improve the levels of glutathione peroxidase and reduce the damage caused by free radicals to the kidney tissues. Furthermore, SKG prevented the accumulation of extracellular matrix by decreasing the expression of collagen I and III and inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in the renal tissue, as determined by western blot analysis. SKG was also shown to decrease the concentrations of serum transforming growth factor-β1, as determined by ELISA, and kidney angiotensin II, as determined using a radioimmunoassay kit. In conclusion, SKG was demonstrated to ameliorate renal injury in a 5/6 Nx rat model of CRF. Thus, SKG may exert a good therapeutic effect on CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Dobrzycki S. Renalase, kidney and cardiovascular disease: are they related or just coincidentally associated? Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:41-9. [PMID: 25461379 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension are the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease became also more prevalent reaching almost the level of epidemy. Researchers are looking eagerly for the new risk and/or pathogenetic factors, as well as therapeutic option in these disease. It has been suggested that human kidney releases a protein named renalase into the bloodstream. It is supposed to be an enzyme which breaks down catecholamines in the blood circulation and regulate blood pressure. However, there were several doubts whether renalase exerts monoaminooxidase activity, or if it is monoaminooxidase at all. Recently, a hypothesis that it is also a cytokine was postulated. Studies on renalase polymorphisms in hypertension, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are inconsistent. Similarly, there are several discrepancies in the animal on the possible role of renalase in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Some studies report a protective role of renalase in acute kidney injury, whereas others showed that renalase levels were mainly dependent on kidney function, indicating rather a role of kidney in excretion of this substance. Moreover, validated assays are needed to evaluate renalase levels and activity. On one hand a deeper and more accurate link between renalase and cardiovascular diseases require further profound research, on the other hand whether or not renalase protein could be a new therapeutic target in these pathologies should also be considered. Whether renalase, discovered in 2005, might be a Holy Grail of hypertension, linking kidney and cardiovascular diseases, remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Invasive Cardiology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent Insights on Circulating Catecholamines in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Liu FQ, Wang D, Mu JJ, Ren KY, Guo TS, Chu C, Wang L, Geng LK, Yuan ZY. Effect of salt intake and potassium supplementation on serum renalase levels in Chinese adults: a randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e44. [PMID: 25058146 PMCID: PMC4602427 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase, a recently discovered enzyme released by the kidneys, breaks down blood-borne catecholamines and may thus regulate blood pressure (BP). Animal studies have suggested that high levels of dietary salt might reduce blood and kidney renalase levels. We conducted a randomized trial to assess the effects of altered salt and potassium intake on serum renalase levels and the relationship between serum renalase levels and BP in humans.Forty-two subjects (28-65 years of age) were selected from a rural community of northern China. All subjects were sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days (3.0 g/day of NaCl), a high-salt diet for additional 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl), and a high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for final 7 days (18.0 g/day of NaCl + 4.5 g/day of KCl).Serum renalase levels were significantly higher than baseline levels during the low-salt diet intervention period. Renalase levels decreased with the change from the low-salt to high-salt diet, whereas dietary potassium prevented the decrease in serum renalase induced by the high-salt diet. There was a significant inverse correlation between the serum renalase level and 24-h urinary sodium excretion. No significant correlation was found between the renalase level and BP among the different dietary interventions.The present study indicates that variations in dietary salt intake and potassium supplementation affect the serum renalase concentration in Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Cardiovascular Department (YW, F-QL, DW, J-JM, K-YR, T-SG, CC, LW, L-KG, Z-YY), First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University; and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (YW, F-QL, DW, J-JM, K-YR, T-SG, CC, LW, Z-YY), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Wang F, Huang B, Li J, Liu L, Wang N. Renalase might be associated with hypertension and insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes. Ren Fail 2014; 36:552-6. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.876352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Serum renalase is related to catecholamine levels and renal function. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:92-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang Y, Chu C, Ren J, Mu JJ, Wang D, Liu FQ, Ren KY, Guo TS, Yuan ZY. Genetic Variants in Renalase and Blood Pressure Responses to Dietary Salt and Potassium Interventions: A Family-Based Association Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 39:497-506. [DOI: 10.1159/000368460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Renalase, a recently discovered flavoprotein, which is strongly expressed in the kidney and heart, effectively metabolizes catecholamines. It was discovered during the search to identify proteins secreted by the kidney that could help explain the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent advances have led to more detailed knowledge of its biology, structure, enzymatic activity, mechanisms of action, associations with human disease states and potential therapeutic value. In this study, we review these advances with a focus on hypertension and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Desir
- Medical Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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Lee HT, Kim JY, Kim M, Wang P, Tang L, Baroni S, D'Agati VD, Desir GV. Renalase protects against ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:445-55. [PMID: 23393318 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma catecholamines accompany ischemic AKI, possibly contributing the inflammatory response. Renalase, an amine oxidase secreted by the proximal tubule, degrades circulating catecholamines and reduces myocardial necrosis, suggesting that it may protect against renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, mice subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion injury had significantly lower levels of renalase in the plasma and kidney compared with sham-operated mice. Consistent with this, plasma NE levels increased significantly after renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Furthermore, renal tubular inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis were more severe and plasma catecholamine levels were higher in renalase-deficient mice subjected to renal ischemia reperfusion compared with wild-type mice. Administration of recombinant human renalase reduced plasma catecholamine levels and ameliorated ischemic AKI in wild-type mice. Taken together, these data suggest that renalase protects against ischemic AKI by reducing renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, and that plasma renalase might be a biomarker for AKI. Recombinant renalase therapy may have potential for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, P&S Box 46 (PH-5), 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA.
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Han P, Sun H, Xu Y, Zeng Y, Yi W, Wu J, Shao M, Li S, Yi T. Lisinopril Protects Against the Adriamycin Nephropathy and Reverses the Renalase Reduction: Potential Role of Renalase in Adriamycin Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 37:295-304. [DOI: 10.1159/000350157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Desir GV, Wang L, Peixoto AJ. Human renalase: a review of its biology, function, and implications for hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:417-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Rysz J, Mysliwiec M, Tesar V, Levin-Iaina N, Banach M. Renalase, hypertension, and kidney - the discussion continues. Angiology 2012; 64:181-7. [PMID: 22969162 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712459212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and cardiovascular complications are very common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Overactivation of sympathetic nervous system is also widely recognized in CKD. Renalase may play an important role in the control of blood pressure (BP) by its regulatory function of catecholamine metabolism. Renalase could be synthesized not only by the kidney but also by cardiomyocytes, liver, and adipose tissue. It probably exerts a hypotensive action, at least in animal models. Whether it metabolizes catecholamines remains to be proved. Another issue that remains to be resolved is the relationship between renalase and renal natriuresis and phosphaturia. In this review, the updated experimental and clinical data on renalase are presented and possible interactions with the endothelium are discussed. Renalase is "a new postulated therapeutic target." Proof of concept studies are needed to define the pathophysiological link between the kidney, sympathetic tone, BP, and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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