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McCarville E, Martin MA, Pratap P, Pinsker E, Seweryn SM, Peters KE. Understanding critical factors associated with integration of community health workers into health and hospital systems. J Interprof Care 2024; 38:507-516. [PMID: 36946323 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2023.2183183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Community health worker (CHW) models have been shown to improve health behaviors and health outcomes and reduce cost, particularly among low-income underserved populations. Consequently, health systems are increasingly employing CHWs to provide health services in clinical environments. A growing body of the literature suggests that effective integration of CHWs within the healthcare system is important to achieve the desired outcomes, but the question of how to achieve effective integration is less clear. This study seeks to explore the integration of CHWs within a large state university health system to identify factors critical to the effective integration of CHWs into the clinical care environment. We conducted a qualitative descriptive multiple embedded case study of the University of Illinois at Chicago's Hospital and Health Science System (UI Health). The embedded subunits of analysis were teams within the UI Health System that currently employ CHWs to assist with the provision of clinical care or services to patients. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and document review. In total, six sub-units were enrolled, and 17 interviews were conducted with CHWs (n = 9), and administrators or healthcare providers (n = 8). Fourteen factors related to effective CHW integration were identified and organized in four categories: individual, team, organization, and community. Findings suggest that in addition to commonly recognized elements of effective CHW models including training, supervision, and the presence of a champion, programs must consider the organizational context in which the program is positioned as well as the ways in which both CHWs and the organization engage with communities served. This research can serve as a roadmap for health systems that seek to integrate CHWs within healthcare services and can be used to promote best practice in CHW integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McCarville
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Molly A Martin
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Preethi Pratap
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eve Pinsker
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Seweryn
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen E Peters
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Andersen JA, Scoggins D, Michaud T, Wan N, Wen M, Su D. Racial Disparities in Diabetes Management Outcomes: Evidence from a Remote Patient Monitoring Program for Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Telemed J E Health 2020; 27:55-61. [PMID: 32302521 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2019.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite growing documentation of the efficacy of telemedicine in diabetes management, racial disparities in telemedicine-facilitated diabetes management remain underexplored. This study examined disparities in diabetes management outcomes between black and white patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a remote monitoring program. Methods: The analysis sample included 914 white T2D patients and 365 black T2D patients in Nebraska who completed a 3-month remote patient monitoring and coaching after hospital discharge from 2014 to 2017. Ordinary least squares regression was estimated to examine racial differences in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and logistic regression was used to determine the odds of HbA1c > 9% at the end of the program, controlling for demographics, baseline health conditions, and patient activation and engagement with the program. Results: The proportion of white patients with HbA1c > 9% was reduced from 16% at the baseline to 7% at program completion, and the corresponding reduction among black patients was from 30% to 18%. After adjusting for the effects of baseline HbA1c and other covariates, the average HbA1c among black patients at the end of the program was 0.23 points higher than that among white patients (p < 0.01), and the adjusted odds of black patients having HbA1c > 9% was 1.68 times that of white patients (95% confidence interval [1.07-2.63]). Discussion: The remote patient monitoring and coaching program reduced the absolute gap between black and white T2D patients. However, substantial racial disparities in HbA1c still remained at the end of the program and warranted further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Andersen
- Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Dylan Scoggins
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tzeyu Michaud
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Health Promotion, Social & Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Neng Wan
- Department of Geography and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ming Wen
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dejun Su
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Health Promotion, Social & Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Doshi R, Aseltine RH, Sabina AB, Graham GN. Interventions to Improve Management of Chronic Conditions Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2017; 4:1033-1041. [PMID: 29067651 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Digital and mhealth interventions can be effective in improving health outcomes among minority patients with diabetes, congestive heart failure, and chronic respiratory diseases. A number of electronic and digital approaches to individual and population-level interventions involving telephones, internet and web-based resources, and mobile platforms have been deployed to improve chronic disease outcomes. This paper summarizes the evidence supporting the efficacy of various behavioral and digital interventions targeting intermediate outcomes and hospitalizations with particular emphasis on studies examining the effects of these interventions on racial and ethnic minority population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Doshi
- Department of Community Medicine and Healthcare, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Robert H Aseltine
- Division of Behavioral Science and Community Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington avenue MC 6030, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Malcarney MB, Pittman P, Quigley L, Horton K, Seiler N. The Changing Roles of Community Health Workers. Health Serv Res 2017; 52 Suppl 1:360-382. [PMID: 28127766 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine what different types of employers value in hiring community health workers (CHWs) and determine what new competencies CHWs might need to meet workforce demands in the context of an evolving payment landscape and substantial literature suggesting that CHWs are uniquely qualified to address health disparities. STUDY DESIGN We used a multimethod approach, including a literature review, development of a database of 76 programs, interviews with 24 key informants, and a qualitative comparison of major CHW competency lists. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We find a shift in CHW employment settings from community-based organizations to hospitals/health systems. Providers that hire CHWs directly, as opposed to partnering with community organizations, report that they value education and training more highly than traditional characteristics, such as peer status. We find substantial similarities across competency lists, but a gap in competencies that relate to CHWs' ability to integrate into health systems while maintaining their unique identity. CONCLUSIONS As CHW integration into health care organizations advances, and as states move forward with CHW certification efforts, it is important to develop new competencies that relate to CHW-health system integration. Chief among them is the ability to explain and defend the CHW's unique occupational identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Beth Malcarney
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Patricia Pittman
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Leo Quigley
- Trachtenburg School of Public Policy and Administration, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Katherine Horton
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Naomi Seiler
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Alvarado MM, Kum HC, Gonzalez Coronado K, Foster MJ, Ortega P, Lawley MA. Barriers to Remote Health Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Proposed Classification Scheme. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e28. [PMID: 28193598 PMCID: PMC5329647 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes self-management involves adherence to healthy daily habits typically involving blood glucose monitoring, medication, exercise, and diet. To support self-management, some providers have begun testing remote interventions for monitoring and assisting patients between clinic visits. Although some studies have shown success, there are barriers to widespread adoption. Objective The objective of our study was to identify and classify barriers to adoption of remote health for management of type 2 diabetes. Methods The following 6 electronic databases were searched for articles published from 2010 to 2015: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Northern Light Life Sciences Conference Abstracts, and Scopus (Elsevier). The search identified studies involving remote technologies for type 2 diabetes self-management. Reviewers worked in teams of 2 to review and extract data from identified papers. Information collected included study characteristics, outcomes, dropout rates, technologies used, and barriers identified. Results A total of 53 publications on 41 studies met the specified criteria. Lack of data accuracy due to input bias (32%, 13/41), limitations on scalability (24%, 10/41), and technology illiteracy (24%, 10/41) were the most commonly cited barriers. Technology illiteracy was most prominent in low-income populations, whereas limitations on scalability were more prominent in mid-income populations. Barriers identified were applied to a conceptual model of successful remote health, which includes patient engagement, patient technology accessibility, quality of care, system technology cost, and provider productivity. In total, 40.5% (60/148) of identified barrier instances impeded patient engagement, which is manifest in the large dropout rates cited (up to 57%). Conclusions The barriers identified represent major challenges in the design of remote health interventions for diabetes. Breakthrough technologies and systems are needed to alleviate the barriers identified so far, particularly those associated with patient engagement. Monitoring devices that provide objective and reliable data streams on medication, exercise, diet, and glucose monitoring will be essential for widespread effectiveness. Additional work is needed to understand root causes of high dropout rates, and new interventions are needed to identify and assist those at the greatest risk of dropout. Finally, future studies must quantify costs and benefits to determine financial sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Alvarado
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hye-Chung Kum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karla Gonzalez Coronado
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Margaret J Foster
- Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Pearl Ortega
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mark A Lawley
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Alharbi NS, Alsubki N, Jones S, Khunti K, Munro N, de Lusignan S. Impact of Information Technology-Based Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e310. [PMID: 27888169 PMCID: PMC5148808 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information technology-based interventions are increasingly being used to manage health care. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether these interventions improve outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, assessing the impact of information technology on changes in the levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and mapping the interventions with chronic care model (CCM) elements. METHODS Electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE were searched to identify relevant studies that were published up until July 2016, a method that was supplemented by identifying articles from the references of the articles already selected using the electronic search tools. The study search and selection were performed by independent reviewers. Of the 1082 articles retrieved, 32 trials (focusing on a total of 40,454 patients) were included. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled results. RESULTS Information technology-based interventions were associated with a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c levels (mean difference -0.33%, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.26, P<.001). Studies focusing on electronic self-management systems demonstrated the largest reduction in HbA1c (0.50%), followed by those with electronic medical records (0.17%), an electronic decision support system (0.15%), and a diabetes registry (0.05%). In addition, the more CCM-incorporated the information technology-based interventions were, the more improvements there were in HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS Information technology strategies combined with the other elements of chronic care models are associated with improved glycemic control in people with diabetes. No clinically relevant impact was observed on low-density lipoprotein levels and blood pressure, but there was evidence that the cost of care was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Sahal Alharbi
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Jones
- University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil Munro
- University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Lynch CP, Williams JS, J. Ruggiero K, G. Knapp R, Egede LE. Tablet-Aided BehavioraL intervention EffecT on Self-management skills (TABLETS) for Diabetes. Trials 2016; 17:157. [PMID: 27005766 PMCID: PMC4804482 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that behavioral lifestyle interventions are effective in improving diabetes management and that comprehensive risk factor management improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The role of technology has been gaining strong support as evidence builds of its potential to improve diabetes management; however, evaluation of its impact in minority populations is limited. This study intends to provide early evidence of a theory-driven intervention, Tablet-Aided BehavioraL intervention EffecT on Self-management skills (TABLETS), using real-time videoconferencing for education and skills training. We examine the potential for TABLETS to improve health risk behaviors and reduce CVD risk outcomes among a low-income African American (AA) population with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS The study is a two-arm, pilot controlled trial that randomizes 30 participants to the TABLETS intervention and 30 participants to a usual care group. Blinded outcome assessments will be completed at baseline, 2.5 months (immediate post-intervention), and 6.5 months (follow-up). The TABLETS intervention consists of culturally tailored telephone-delivered diabetes education and skills training delivered via videoconferencing on tablet devices, with two booster sessions delivered via tablet-based videoconferencing at 3 months and 5 months to stimulate ongoing use of the tablet device with access to intervention materials via videoconferencing slides and a manual of supplementary materials. The primary outcomes are physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and self-monitoring behavior, whereas the secondary outcomes are HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), BP, CVD risk, and quality of life. DISCUSSION This study provides a unique opportunity to assess the feasibility and efficacy of a theory-driven, tablet-aided behavioral intervention that utilizes real-time videoconferencing technology for education and skills training on self-management behaviors and quality of life among a high-risk, low-income AA population with an uncontrolled dyad or triad of CVD risk factors (diabetes with or without hypertension or hyperlipidemia). The intervention leverages the use of novel technology for education and skill-building to foster improved diabetes self-management. The findings of this study will inform the process of disseminating the intervention to a broader and larger sample of people and can potentially be refined to align with clinical workflows that target a subsample of patients with poor diabetes self-management. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered in April 2014 with the United States National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02128854), available online at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02128854 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl P. Lynch
- />Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, MSC 593, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- />Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401 USA
| | - Joni S. Williams
- />Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, MSC 593, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Kenneth J. Ruggiero
- />Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401 USA
- />College of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 19 Hagood Avenue, Suite 1002, MSC 160, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| | - Rebecca G. Knapp
- />Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401 USA
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, MSC 835, Charleston, SC 29425-0835 USA
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- />Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, MSC 593, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
- />Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401 USA
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Abstract
Community health center providers and staff access to resources for their Latino and non-Latino patients with diabetes is unknown. We analyzed survey data from 577 community health center providers and staff who manage diabetes from 85 sites across 10 Midwestern states. Respondents were labeled as high proportion (HP) providers if >25 % of their site's diabetes population was Latino. HP providers were more likely than non-HP providers to have access to physician's assistants (71 vs. 58 %) and certified diabetes educators (61 vs. 51 %), but less access to endocrinologists (25 vs. 35 %) (p < 0.05). HP providers had greater access to Spanish-speaking providers (48 vs. 26 %), on-site interpreters (83 vs. 59 %), culturally tailored diabetes education programs (64 vs. 26 %), and community outreach programs (77 vs. 52 %) (p < 0.05). Providers at HP sites reported greater access to a range of personnel and culturally tailored programs. However, increased access to these services is needed across all sites.
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Abstract
Designing and implementing effective lifestyle modification strategies remains one of the great challenges in diabetes care. Historically, programs have focused on individual behavior change with little or no attempt to integrate change within the broader social framework or community context. However, these contextual factors have been shown to be associated with poor diabetes outcomes, particularly in low-income minority populations. Recent evidence suggests that one way to address these disparities is to match patient needs to existing community resources. Not only does this position patients to more quickly adapt behavior in a practical way, but this also refers patients back to their local communities where a support mechanism is in place to sustain healthy behavior. Technology offers a new and promising platform for connecting patients to meaningful resources (also referred to as "assets"). This paper summarizes several noteworthy innovations that use technology as a practical bridge between healthcare and community-based resources that promote diabetes self-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Tung
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Chicago Center of Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Monica E. Peek
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Chicago Center of Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Islam N, Nadkarni SK, Zahn D, Skillman M, Kwon SC, Trinh-Shevrin C. Integrating community health workers within Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act implementation. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2015; 21:42-50. [PMID: 25414955 PMCID: PMC4416641 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's (PPACA) emphasis on community-based initiatives affords a unique opportunity to disseminate and scale up evidence-based community health worker (CHW) models that integrate CHWs within health care delivery teams and programs. Community health workers have unique access and local knowledge that can inform program development and evaluation, improve service delivery and care coordination, and expand health care access. As a member of the PPACA-defined health care workforce, CHWs have the potential to positively impact numerous programs and reduce costs. OBJECTIVE This article discusses different strategies for integrating CHW models within PPACA implementation through facilitated enrollment strategies, patient-centered medical homes, coordination and expansion of health information technology (HIT) efforts, and also discusses payment options for such integration. RESULTS Title V of the PPACA outlines a plan to improve access to and delivery of health care services for all individuals, particularly low-income, underserved, uninsured, minority, health disparity, and rural populations. Community health workers' role as trusted community leaders can facilitate accurate data collection, program enrollment, and provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate, patient- and family-centered care. Because CHWs already support disease management and care coordination services, they will be critical to delivering and expanding patient-centered medical homes and Health Home services, especially for communities that suffer disproportionately from multiple chronic diseases. Community health workers' unique expertise in conducting outreach make them well positioned to help enroll people in Medicaid or insurance offered by Health Benefit Exchanges. New payment models provide opportunities to fund and sustain CHWs. CONCLUSION Community health workers can support the effective implementation of PPACA if the capacity and potential of CHWs to serve as cultural brokers and bridges among medically underserved communities and health care delivery systems is fully tapped. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and current payment structures provide an unprecedented and important vehicle for integrating and sustaining CHWs as part of these new delivery and enrollment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Islam
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Islam, Kwon, and Trinh-Shevrin); NYU Prevention Research Center, New York, New York (Drs Islam, Kwon, and Trinh-Shevrin and Ms Nadkarni); NYU Center for the Study of Asian American Health, New York, New York (Drs Islam, Kwon, and Trinh-Shevrin and Ms Nadkarni); Health Management Associates, New York, New York (Ms Zahn); and NYU Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service, New York, New York (Ms Skillman)
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11
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Abstract
While studies have consistently shown that in the USA, non-Hispanic Blacks (Blacks) have higher diabetes prevalence, complication and death rates than non-Hispanic Whites (Whites), there are no studies that compare disparities in diabetes mortality across the largest US cities. This study presents and compares Black/White age-adjusted diabetes mortality rate ratios (RRs), calculated using national death files and census data, for the 50 most populous US cities. Relationships between city-level diabetes mortality RRs and 12 ecological variables were explored using bivariate correlation analyses. Multivariate analyses were conducted using negative binomial regression to examine how much of the disparity could be explained by these variables. Blacks had statistically significantly higher mortality rates compared to Whites in 39 of the 41 cities included in analyses, with statistically significant rate ratios ranging from 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.33-1.86) in Baltimore to 3.78 (95 % CI: 2.84-5.02) in Washington, DC. Analyses showed that economic inequality was strongly correlated with the diabetes mortality disparity, driven by differences in White poverty levels. This was followed by segregation. Multivariate analyses showed that adjusting for Black/White poverty alone explained 58.5 % of the disparity. Adjusting for Black/White poverty and segregation explained 72.6 % of the disparity. This study emphasizes the role that inequalities in social and economic determinants, rather than for example poverty on its own, play in Black/White diabetes mortality disparities. It also highlights how the magnitude of the disparity and the factors that influence it can vary greatly across cities, underscoring the importance of using local data to identify context specific barriers and develop effective interventions to eliminate health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer Rosenstock
- Sinai Urban Health Institute, Sinai Health System, Chicago, IL, USA,
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12
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Benkert R, Dennehy P, White J, Hamilton A, Tanner C, Pohl J. Diabetes and hypertension quality measurement in four safety-net sites: lessons learned after implementation of the same commercial electronic health record. Appl Clin Inform 2014; 5:757-72. [PMID: 25298815 PMCID: PMC4187092 DOI: 10.4338/aci-2014-03-ra-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this new era after the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, the literature on lessons learned with electronic health record (EHR) implementation needs to be revisited. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to describe what implementation of a commercially available EHR with built-in quality query algorithms showed us about our care for diabetes and hypertension populations in four safety net clinics, specifically feasibility of data retrieval, measurements over time, quality of data, and how our teams used this data. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2008 to October 2012 in four safety-net clinics located in the Midwest and Western United States. A data warehouse that stores data from across the U.S was utilized for data extraction from patients with diabetes or hypertension diagnoses and at least two office visits per year. Standard quality measures were collected over a period of two to four years. All sites were engaged in a partnership model with the IT staff and a shared learning process to enhance the use of the quality metrics. RESULTS While use of the algorithms was feasible across sites, challenges occurred when attempting to use the query results for research purposes. There was wide variation of both process and outcome results by individual centers. Composite calculations balanced out the differences seen in the individual measures. Despite using consistent quality definitions, the differences across centers had an impact on numerators and denominators. All sites agreed to a partnership model of EHR implementation, and each center utilized the available resources of the partnership for Center-specific quality initiatives. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing a shared EHR, a Regional Extension Center-like partnership model, and similar quality query algorithms allowed safety-net clinics to benchmark and improve the quality of care across differing patient populations and health care delivery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Benkert
- Wayne State University, Nursing, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - P. Dennehy
- GLIDE, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - J. White
- Michigan Public Health Institute, Center for Data Management and Translational Research, Okemos, Michigan, United States
| | - A. Hamilton
- Alliance of Chicago Community Health Services, Clinical Informatics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - C. Tanner
- Michigan Public Health Institute, Center for Data Management and Translational Research, Okemos, Michigan, United States
| | - J.M. Pohl
- The University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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13
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Wu Y, Samant D, Squibbs K, Chaet A, Morshedi B, Barnes LE. Design of Interactive Cancer Education Technology for Latina Farmworkers. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ... IEEE SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING DESIGN SYMPOSIUM. IEEE SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING DESIGN SYMPOSIUM 2014; 2014. [PMID: 29978858 DOI: 10.1109/sieds.2014.6829908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Latinas in the United States experience higher levels of cervical cancer (CC) incidence and mortality rates than the general population, and many lack access to healthcare or face communication, literacy, and knowledge barriers preventing proper CC screening. Interactive technological interventions, like embodied conversational agents (ECA)/virtual agents, are currently used in other populations, settings, and for other health topics, however, no known initiative has used culturally- and literacy-appropriate technological interventions to deliver Spanish-language CC education. This study aims to create a culturally tailored Spanish-language Virtual Patient Educator (VPE) application to augment a patient navigator (PN) intervention for increasing CC screening rates among Hispanic women in a rural agricultural community. The VPE is a computer character that can simulate face-to-face conversation with an actual person and will embody the characteristics of a PN. Through iterative interviews with the target population, key cultural design factors were identified to inform the design and implementation of a prototype VPE. This paper discusses design and usability issues associated with development of the VPE for low-literacy users in addition to a framework methodology for development of similar tools and a cultural matrix of design factors. A VPE might help close the knowledge gap between Hispanic women and the general population regarding cervical cancer screening. Incorporation of culturally tailored features in technology aids in increasing overall understanding and trust of health information presented. An iterative approach that engages the patient population in design of technology is important to identify population-specific patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
| | - Devan Samant
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
| | - Kristen Squibbs
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
| | - Alexis Chaet
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
| | - Bijan Morshedi
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
| | - Laura E Barnes
- University of Virginia, ysw3kz dms7tm, kls5dw, avc4ew, bm8wr
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14
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Abstract
Population management is increasingly invoked as an approach to improve the quality and value of diabetes care. Recent emphasis is driven by increased focus on both costs and measures of care as the US moves from fee for service to payment models in which providers are responsible for costs incurred, and outcomes achieved, for their entire patient population. The capacity of electronic health records (EHRs) to create patient registries, apply analytic tools, and facilitate provider- and patient-level interventions has allowed rapid evolution in the scope of population management initiatives. However, findings on the efficacy of these efforts for diabetes are mixed, and work remains to achieve the full potential of an-EHR based population approach. Here we seek to clarify definitions and key domains, provide an overview of evidence for EHR-based diabetes population management, and recommend future directions for applying the considerable power of EHRs to diabetes care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Eggleston
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, 133 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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15
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Abstract
Health disparities in diabetes and its complications and comorbidities exist globally. A recent Endocrine Society Scientific Statement described the Health Disparities in several endocrine disorders, including type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarize that statement and provide novel updates on race/ethnic differences in children and adults with type 1 diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes, and in Latino subpopulations. We also review race/ethnic differences in the epidemiology of diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes complications and mortality in the United States and globally. Finally, we discuss biological, behavioral, social, environmental, and health system contributors to diabetes disparities to identify areas for future preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias K. Spanakis
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Corresponding author: Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Sherita Hill Golden, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333 Baltimore, MD 21287 Tel: (410) 502-0993, Fax (410) 955-8172,
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16
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Montague E, Winchester W, Valdez R, Vaughn-Cooke M, Perchonok J. Considering Culture in the Design and Evaluation of Health IT for Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1541931213571242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the context of health care, culture can influence the way a patient understands health information, what they consider a health problem, how they express symptoms, who should provide them treatment, and what type of treatment they should be provided. This panel will discuss why human factors professionals should consider the patient’s culture when designing and evaluating health information technology and approaches to developing culturally informed technologies. The discussion will begin by highlighting work from a general cultural group: racial and ethnic minorities. It will then become more specific by looking at cultural groups within a certain disease: Black female college students and HIV/AIDS, Hispanic and African American diabetes patients, and lesbians during pregnancy and childbirth. The panelists will focus on lessons learned from previous research within each of these cultural groups that can be applied to the overall design of culturally-informed health IT.
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17
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Leichter SB, Bowman K, Adkins RA, Jelsovsky Z. Impact of remote management of diabetes via computer: the 360 study--a proof-of-concept randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15:434-8. [PMID: 23537419 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2012.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided limited guidance regarding the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of interventions using "telemedicine" models in the management of diabetes mellitus. We conducted a study to determine if routine clinical assessments of diabetes patients could be effectively conducted via computer and telephone interaction with patients and still provide clinical results similar to traditional office care. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We enrolled 100 subjects with diabetes in this 12-month, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority study. Subjects were randomized (1:1 ratio) to a control group (CG) or study group (SG). Baseline characteristics were similar. CG subjects participated in quarterly office visits; SG subjects participated in two office visits (months 6 and 12) and two telemedicine interactions (months 3 and 9). Changes in clinical measurements (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], blood pressure, lipids, body mass index [BMI], and body weight) and clinician time requirements were assessed. RESULTS Seventy subjects completed the study (CG, n=37; SG, n=33). No significant between-group differences in HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids, or BMI were seen at 12 months. SG subjects showed significantly greater reductions in mean (SD) body weight compared with CG subjects: -5.2 (1.6) pounds versus -0.7 (1.5) pounds, respectively (P=0.04). Clinician time requirements for SG subjects were reduced by >40%. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that use of a telemedicine-based treatment protocol in diabetes patients is feasible and efficient and yields similar clinical outcomes compared with traditional, clinic-based protocols. Telemedicine applications of computer software can potentially expand access to care for patients and may reduce costs for patients, providers, and payers.
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18
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Ahmad FS, Tsang T. Diabetes prevention, health information technology, and meaningful use: challenges and opportunities. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44:S357-63. [PMID: 23498299 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. health system has historically been poorly equipped to confront the growing impact of diabetes on the nation's health. The Affordable Care Act legislates a number of new strategies--such as innovative payment and delivery models and increased public health funding--intended to improve diabetes prevention and care quality. Health information technology (IT) is often cited as a critical part of these strategies. Through the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, the federal government has been supporting the rapid adoption of health IT, and more specifically of electronic health records (EHRs) through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) EHR Incentive Program. Health IT has the potential to contribute to diabetes prevention and improved quality of care, but the evidence supporting its benefits is mixed. This article provides a brief overview of the CMS EHR Incentive Program and meaningful-use criteria. Then it examines health IT strategies for diabetes prevention in the context of current evidence and identifies areas of needed research and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz S Ahmad
- Center for Healthcare Improvement and Patient Safety, Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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19
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Umar-Kamara M, Tufts KA. Impact of a quality improvement intervention on provider adherence to recommended standards of care for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2013; 25:527-534. [PMID: 24170484 DOI: 10.1111/1745-7599.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report provider adherence to standards of care for adults with type 2 diabetes before and after a quality improvement (QI) intervention. DATA SOURCES Pre- and post intervention data were abstracted from 50 medical records of patients with type 2 diabetes in a small primary care practice. CONCLUSION There was a significant increase in the rates of foot and urine microalbumin screenings, documentation for dilated eye exams were not statistically significant. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of using simple practice aids to reinforce adherence to the standards of care in diabetes. The failure to see a corresponding improvement in glycemic and blood pressure control is consistent with prior research and the need for more research in this area remain critical. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Ethnic minorities are more likely to have worse control of their diabetes and more likely to receive all their care in the primary care setting, QI interventions targeting primary care providers have the potential to reduce disparities in diabetes care. Future research to determine whether cultural tailoring of diabetes QI interventions will produce additional benefits above those of generic diabetes QI interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Umar-Kamara
- (Assistant Professor), South University, Richmond, Virginia, (Assistant Professor), Minuteclinic, Richmond, Virginia, (Associate Professor), School of Nursing College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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20
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Abstract
Racial and ethnic minorities in the US have a higher prevalence, as well as suffer from more complications, lower quality care, and poorer outcomes for diabetes than their counterparts. Given the US health care system is in the midst of drastic transformation, with the passage of health care reform, and efforts in payment reform, and value-based purchasing, there is now support to provide more intensive, team-based care for those conditions that are complex, costly, and highly prevalent. Addressing and improving diabetes disparities, given they are prevalent and costly, will be an important area of focus in the years to come. The latest research demonstrates that community-based efforts, multifactorial approaches, and the deployment of health information technology can be successful in addressing diabetes disparities, and require support, attention, resources, and continued evaluation. Ultimately, these efforts should improve the quality of care for all persons with diabetes, especially those who are most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Betancourt
- The Disparities Solutions Center, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 901, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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21
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Golden SH, Brown A, Cauley JA, Chin MH, Gary-Webb TL, Kim C, Sosa JA, Sumner AE, Anton B. Health disparities in endocrine disorders: biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors--an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1579-639. [PMID: 22730516 PMCID: PMC3431576 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to provide a scholarly review of the published literature on biological, clinical, and nonclinical contributors to race/ethnic and sex disparities in endocrine disorders and to identify current gaps in knowledge as a focus for future research needs. PARTICIPANTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT: The Endocrine Society's Scientific Statement Task Force (SSTF) selected the leader of the statement development group (S.H.G.). She selected an eight-member writing group with expertise in endocrinology and health disparities, which was approved by the Society. All discussions regarding the scientific statement content occurred via teleconference or written correspondence. No funding was provided to any expert or peer reviewer, and all participants volunteered their time to prepare this Scientific Statement. EVIDENCE The primary sources of data on global disease prevalence are from the World Health Organization. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed identified U.S. population-based studies. Search strategies combining Medical Subject Headings terms and keyword terms and phrases defined two concepts: 1) racial, ethnic, and sex differences including specific populations; and 2) the specific endocrine disorder or condition. The search identified systematic reviews, meta-analyses, large cohort and population-based studies, and original studies focusing on the prevalence and determinants of disparities in endocrine disorders. consensus process: The writing group focused on population differences in the highly prevalent endocrine diseases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related conditions (prediabetes and diabetic complications), gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome with a focus on obesity and dyslipidemia, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency. Authors reviewed and synthesized evidence in their areas of expertise. The final statement incorporated responses to several levels of review: 1) comments of the SSTF and the Advocacy and Public Outreach Core Committee; and 2) suggestions offered by the Council and members of The Endocrine Society. CONCLUSIONS Several themes emerged in the statement, including a need for basic science, population-based, translational and health services studies to explore underlying mechanisms contributing to endocrine health disparities. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks have worse outcomes and higher mortality from certain disorders despite having a lower (e.g. macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus and osteoporotic fractures) or similar (e.g. thyroid cancer) incidence of these disorders. Obesity is an important contributor to diabetes risk in minority populations and to sex disparities in thyroid cancer, suggesting that population interventions targeting weight loss may favorably impact a number of endocrine disorders. There are important implications regarding the definition of obesity in different race/ethnic groups, including potential underestimation of disease risk in Asian-Americans and overestimation in non-Hispanic black women. Ethnic-specific cut-points for central obesity should be determined so that clinicians can adequately assess metabolic risk. There is little evidence that genetic differences contribute significantly to race/ethnic disparities in the endocrine disorders examined. Multilevel interventions have reduced disparities in diabetes care, and these successes can be modeled to design similar interventions for other endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherita Hill Golden
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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22
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Peters A. Managing diabetes in the middle-aged patient when loss of glycemic control occurs. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2012; 38:13S-21S; quiz 22S. [PMID: 22713264 DOI: 10.1177/0145721712450620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to review the treatment of a patient with type 2 diabetes who is commonly seen in practice-specifically, a middle-aged obese patient with micro- and macrovascular complications whose A1C rises after therapeutic intervention. Discussion of glucose management, as well as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity comorbidities, is included. CONCLUSION The key to successful treatment is individualization of targets and therapeutic choices. GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, including aiding with A1C reduction and weight loss. Using a combination of old and new treatments for the management of diabetes can help to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Peters
- USC Westside Center for Diabetes, 150 N Robertson Blvd, Suite 210, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA.
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23
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Montague E, Perchonok J. Health and wellness technology use by historically underserved health consumers: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14:e78. [PMID: 22652979 PMCID: PMC3799608 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of health technology is a national priority in the United States and widely discussed in the literature. However, literature about the use of this technology by historically underserved populations is limited. Information on culturally informed health and wellness technology and the use of these technologies to reduce health disparities facing historically underserved populations in the United States is sparse in the literature. OBJECTIVE To examine ways in which technology is being used by historically underserved populations to decrease health disparities through facilitating or improving health care access and health and wellness outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review in four library databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Engineering Village) to investigate the use of technology by historically underserved populations. Search strings consisted of three topics (eg, technology, historically underserved populations, and health). RESULTS A total of 424 search phrases applied in the four databases returned 16,108 papers. After review, 125 papers met the selection criteria. Within the selected papers, 30 types of technology, 19 historically underserved groups, and 23 health issues were discussed. Further, almost half of the papers (62 papers) examined the use of technology to create effective and culturally informed interventions or educational tools. Finally, 12 evaluation techniques were used to assess the technology. CONCLUSIONS While the reviewed studies show how technology can be used to positively affect the health of historically underserved populations, the technology must be tailored toward the intended population, as personally relevant and contextually situated health technology is more likely than broader technology to create behavior changes. Social media, cell phones, and videotapes are types of technology that should be used more often in the future. Further, culturally informed health information technology should be used more for chronic diseases and disease management, as it is an innovative way to provide holistic care and reminders to otherwise underserved populations. Additionally, design processes should be stated regularly so that best practices can be created. Finally, the evaluation process should be standardized to create a benchmark for culturally informed health information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enid Montague
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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24
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Lustria MLA, Smith SA, Hinnant CC. Exploring digital divides: An examination of eHealth technology use in health information seeking, communication and personal health information management in the USA. Health Informatics J 2011; 17:224-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1460458211414843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent government initiatives to deploy health information technology in the USA, coupled with a growing body of scholarly evidence linking online heath information and positive health-related behaviors, indicate a widespread belief that access to health information and health information technologies can help reduce healthcare inequalities. However, it is less clear whether the benefits of greater access to online health information and health information technologies is equitably distributed across population groups, particularly to those who are underserved. To examine this issue, this article employs the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) to investigate relationships between a variety of socio-economic variables and the use of the web-based technologies for health information seeking, personal health information management and patient-provider communication within the context of the USA. This study reveals interesting patterns in technology adoption, some of which are in line with previous studies, while others are less clear. Whether these patterns indicate early evidence of a narrowing divide in eHealth technology use across population groups as a result of the narrowing divide in Internet access and computer ownership warrants further exploration. In particular, the findings emphasize the need to explore differences in the use of eHealth tools by medically underserved and disadvantaged groups. In so doing, it will be important to explore other psychosocial variables, such as health literacy, that may be better predictors of health consumers’ eHealth technology adoption.
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25
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Ali MK, Shah S, Tandon N. Review of electronic decision-support tools for diabetes care: a viable option for low- and middle-income countries? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 5:553-70. [PMID: 21722571 PMCID: PMC3192622 DOI: 10.1177/193229681100500310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes care is complex, requiring motivated patients, providers, and systems that enable guideline-based preventative care processes, intensive risk-factor control, and positive lifestyle choices. However, care delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is hindered by a compendium of systemic and personal factors. While electronic medical records (EMR) and computerized clinical decision-support systems (CDSS) have held great promise as interventions that will overcome system-level challenges to improving evidence-based health care delivery, evaluation of these quality improvement interventions for diabetes care in LMICs is lacking. OBJECTIVE AND DATA SOURCES: We reviewed the published medical literature (systematic search of MEDLINE database supplemented by manual searches) to assess the quantifiable and qualitative impacts of combined EMR-CDSS tools on physician performance and patient outcomes and their applicability in LMICs. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Inclusion criteria prespecified the population (type 1 or 2 diabetes patients), intervention (clinical EMR-CDSS tools with enhanced functionalities), and outcomes (any process, self-care, or patient-level data) of interest. Case, review, or methods reports and studies focused on nondiabetes, nonclinical, or in-patient uses of EMR-CDSS were excluded. Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from studies by separate single reviewers, respectively, and relevant data were synthesized. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria, originating exclusively from high-income country settings. Among predominantly experimental study designs, process improvements were consistently observed along with small, variable improvements in risk-factor control, compared with baseline and/or control groups (where applicable). Intervention benefits varied by baseline patient characteristics, features of the EMR-CDSS interventions, motivation and access to technology among patients and providers, and whether EMR-CDSS tools were combined with other quality improvement strategies (e.g., workflow changes, case managers, algorithms, incentives). Patients shared experiences of feeling empowered and benefiting from increased provider attention and feedback but also frustration with technical difficulties of EMR-CDSS tools. Providers reported more efficient and standardized processes plus continuity of care but also role tensions and "mechanization" of care. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review supports EMR-CDSS tools as innovative conduits for structuring and standardizing care processes but also highlights setting and selection limitations of the evidence reviewed. In the context of limited resources, individual economic hardships, and lack of structured systems or trained human capital, this review reinforces the need for well-designed investigations evaluating the role and feasibility of technological interventions (customized to each LMIC's locality) in clinical decision making for diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Ali
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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