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Simultaneous Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol by Modified Montmorillonites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010315. [PMID: 35011560 PMCID: PMC8746407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw Ca-based montmorillonite (MMT) was treated by H2SO4, calcination and organic compounds (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chitosan (CTS)), respectively. The modified montmorillonites were characterized by different methods and their adsorption performances for three mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON)) were evaluated at pH = 2.8 and 8.0, respectively. The results indicate that surfactants (CPC and HTAB) intercalation is the most efficient modification, which obviously improves the adsorption performance of montmorillonite for mycotoxins, with adsorption efficiency of above 90% for AFB1 and ZEA whether under acid or alkaline conditions, due to the increase in basal spacing and the improvement of hydrophobicity. Moreover, the adsorption efficiencies of AFB1 and ZEA over CPC-modified montmorillonite (CPC-AMMT-3) coexisting with vitamin B6 or lysine are still at a high level (all above 94%). All modified montmorillonites, however, have low adsorption efficiency for DON, with somewhat spherical molecular geometry.
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Martins C, Assunção R, Nunes C, Torres D, Alvito P. Are Data from Mycotoxins’ Urinary Biomarkers and Food Surveys Linked? A Review Underneath Risk Assessment. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. Nunes
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Schulz K, Pöhlmann C, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E, Elßner T. An Electrochemical Fiveplex Biochip Assay Based on Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies for Fast On-Site Detection of Bioterrorism Relevant Low Molecular Weight Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120696. [PMID: 31795179 PMCID: PMC6950599 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern threats of bioterrorism force the need for multiple detection of biothreat agents to determine the presence or absence of such agents in suspicious samples. Here, we present a rapid electrochemical fiveplex biochip screening assay for detection of the bioterrorism relevant low molecular weight toxins saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 relying on anti-idiotypic antibodies as epitope-mimicking reagents. The proposed method avoids the use of potentially harmful toxin-protein conjugates usually mandatory for competitive immunoassays. The biochip is processed and analyzed on the automated and portable detection platform pBDi within 13.4 min. The fiveplex biochip assay revealed toxin group specificity to multiple congeners. Limits of detection were 1.2 ng/mL, 1.5 ng/mL, 0.4 ng/mL, 0.5 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL for saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A or aflatoxin B1, respectively. The robustness of the fiveplex biochip for real samples was demonstrated by detecting saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, HT-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 in contaminated human blood serum without elaborate sample preparation. Recovery rates were between 52–115% covering a wide concentration range. Thus, the developed robust fiveplex biochip assay can be used on-site to quickly detect one or multiple low molecular weight toxins in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schulz
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (K.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
| | - Christopher Pöhlmann
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (K.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Elßner
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (K.S.); (C.P.); (T.E.)
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Tuanny Franco L, Mousavi Khaneghah A, In Lee SH, Fernandes Oliveira CA. Biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure using urinary biomarker approaches: a review. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1619086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tuanny Franco
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Hwa In Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The role of mycotoxins in the human exposome: Application of mycotoxin biomarkers in exposome-health studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:504-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stanciu O, Juan C, Miere D, Berrada H, Loghin F, Mañes J. First study on trichothecene and zearalenone exposure of the Romanian population through wheat-based products consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:336-342. [PMID: 30213551 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a dietary exposure assessment of mycotoxins was conducted for the Romanian population using the contamination data of a various categories of wheat-based products for direct human consumption. Wheat-based foods (n = 181) commercialized in Romania, including flour, bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and pasta, were evaluated by GC-QqQ-MS/MS for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X, nivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and zearalenone (ZEA). DON and 15AcDON were detected in 63 and 5% of all the analyzed samples, whereas 13-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, NIV and ZEA were not detected. Exposure of Romanian adult population was assessed, the EDIs for the sum of DON+3AcDON+15AcDON were 669 ng kg-1 bw day-1 at low-bound estimation, and 690 ng kg-1 bw day-1 at upper-bound estimation, being lower than the TDI set (1000 ng kg-1 bw day-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stanciu
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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A review of the mycotoxin adsorbing agents, with an emphasis on their multi-binding capacity, for animal feed decontamination. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:246-259. [PMID: 29476792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins still occurs very often, despite great efforts in preventing it. Animal feeds are contaminated, at low levels, with several mycotoxins, particularly with those produced by Aspergillus and Fusarium genera (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisina B1). In animal feed, to date, only Aflatoxin B1 is limited through EU regulation. Consequently, mycotoxins cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. In 2009, the European Union (386/2009/EC) approved the use of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, as feed additives, to prevent mycotoxicoses in farm animals. The present review gives an overview of the problem of multi-mycotoxin contamination of feed, and aims to classify mycotoxin adsorbing agents (minerals, organic, and synthetic) for feed decontamination, focusing on adsorbents with the ability to bind to multiple mycotoxins, which should have a more effective application in farms but they are still little studied in scientific literature.
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Brezina U, Rempe I, Kersten S, Valenta H, Humpf HU, Dänicke S. Diagnosis of intoxications of piglets fed with Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize by the analysis of mycotoxin residues in serum, liquor and urine with LC-MS/MS. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:425-47. [PMID: 25355041 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.973227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (de-DON) in serum, liquor and urine of female piglets fed diets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.08, 0.17 and 0.29 mg ZEN/kg and 0.03, 0.59, 1.27, 2.01 and 4.52 mg DON/kg during 29 days of treatment were analysed. After 1, 3, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days, four piglets per group were slaughtered. The simultaneous determination of all analytes was carried out using a sensitive and selective in-house-validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method after sample preparation with Oasis™ HLB columns. ZEN, α-ZEL, DON and de-DON were detected in serum, whereas in liquor only ZEN, DON and de-DON were found at lower concentrations. In urine, all analytes were detected in considerably higher concentrations as in serum and liquor, whereby α- and β-ZAL could only be detected sporadically. Apart from ZEN in liquor and α- and β-ZAL in urine, the mycotoxin concentrations increased with increasing concentrations of Fusarium toxins in the diet. The toxin intake per kg body weight 3-4 h prior to slaughtering correlated well with the DON and the sum of DON and de-DON concentrations in all three specimens as well as with the ZEN, α-ZEL and the sum of ZEN and metabolite concentrations in urine. Due to the high correlation between the dietary DON concentration and the DON (r = 0.855) and the sum of DON and de-DON (r = 0.870) concentration in serum, the exposure to DON can be evaluated. Moreover, serum levels of these toxins indicative of an exceeding of the guidance value in feed can be established using the corresponding regression equations. Strictly speaking, these relationships are only valid for the experimental conditions of the underlying experiment. For practical application of these relationships, the individual variation needs to be additionally considered. Effects of the duration of toxin exposure within the feeding groups were observed for ZEN, DON and de-DON in all specimens as well as for α-ZEL, β-ZEL and ZAN in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Brezina
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Braunschweig , Germany
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Fast and sensitive LC–MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:218-37. [PMID: 23907020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards produced by certain fungi that can grow on a variety of crops. Consequently, their prevalence in plant raw materials may be relatively high. The concentration of mycotoxins in finished products is usually lower than in raw materials. In this review, occurrence and toxicology of the main mycotoxins are summarised. Furthermore, methodological approaches for exposure assessment are described. Existing exposure assessments, both through contamination and consumption data and biomarkers of exposure, for the main mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marin
- Food Technology Dept., UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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van der Westhuizen L, Shephard G, Gelderblom W, Torres O, Riley R. Fumonisin biomarkers in maize eaters and implications for human disease. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maize is the predominant food source contaminated by fumonisins and this has particular health risks for communities consuming maize as a staple diet. The main biochemical effect of fumonisins is the inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis causing an increase in sphingoid bases and sphingoid base 1-phosphates and a depletion of the complex sphingolipids, thereby disrupting lipid metabolism and sphingolipid-mediated processes and signalling systems. Attempts to use the elevation of sphinganine as a human biomarker of fumonisin exposure have to date been unsuccessful. Consequently, recent research has focussed on developing a urinary exposure biomarker based on the measurement of the nonmetabolised toxin. In animals, fumonisins are poorly absorbed in the gut and are mostly excreted unmetabolised in faeces, with only a small percentage (0.25-2.0%) in urine. This appears to also be true in humans were fumonisin B1 (FB1) is detectable in urine soon after exposure, but in very small amounts relative to total intake. However, with modern sensitive and selective analytical methods such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, these low levels can be readily determined. The first study to show a positive correlation between consumption of maize and urinary FB1 was conducted in a Mexican population consuming tortillas as a staple food. Further validation of this relationship was achieved in a South African subsistence farming community with a positive correlation between urinary FB1 and fumonisin exposure, as assessed by food analysis and food intake data. The most recent developments are aimed at measuring multiple mycotoxin biomarkers in urine, including FB1. Current exposure studies in Guatemala are combining the urinary biomarker with measurement of sphinganine-1-phosphate in blood spots as a measure of biochemical effect. Thus, the urinary FB1 biomarker could contribute considerably in assessing the adverse health impact of fumonisin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - W.C.A. Gelderblom
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - O. Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud, Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, S.A., 2a. calle 25-19 zona 15 VHI, 01015 Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - R.T. Riley
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R.B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, Van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P. Burdaspal
- National Centre for Food, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jonker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625 USA
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Abstract
There is growing recognition and interest in the role of mycotoxins as health hazards in the workplace. Examples will illustrate what we know about certain mycotoxins in some occupational settings and what we need to know to make further progress in assessing their impact on human health. A range of mycotoxins has been detected in different workplaces, e.g. in agricultural and food processing facilities, greenhouses, and the waste management sector. Their occurrence, mainly in dust from different raw materials or processed products, is indicative of a potential health hazard. However, assessing risks for workplace-related mycotoxin exposures remains a challenging task for several reasons, including uncertainties with regard to the transfer from contaminated material into air (inhalable mycotoxin concentrations) and/or the toxin fraction absorbed upon dermal contact or after respiratory intake. Human biomonitoring studies can considerably reduce these uncertainties, and serve to assess workplace-related exposures (in addition to dietary mycotoxin intake). These studies require not only sensitive methods for analysis of mycotoxins and/or their metabolites in blood or urine (biomarkers of exposure) in a cohort of workers, but also data on the levels/range of these biomarkers in non-occupationally exposed persons to account for exposures resulting from oral intake of mycotoxin-contaminated food (dietary 'background'). Biomonitoring methods were first developed for aflatoxin B1, then for ochratoxin A, and more recently for deoxynivalenol and for fumonisin B. But, there are no such methods for many other important mycotoxins. So far, only a small number of biomonitoring studies have addressed the question whether occupational mycotoxin exposures (by inhalation) add significantly to those from dietary exposure to mycotoxins, as observed in the general population. Therefore, a risk assessment is hampered by major uncertainties regarding the true impact of occupational mycotoxin exposures. Human biomonitoring (with biomarkers of exposure and/or effect) is considered a valuable instrument, and should be developed further for mycotoxins of relevance in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Rapid mycotoxin analysis in human urine: a pilot study. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2299-304. [PMID: 21708211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method effective for quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins (AFs) B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) and fumonisins FB(1) and FB(2) in urine was developed. The urine was diluted with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and thoroughly mixed. For clean-up and extraction, the mixture was loaded on a MYCO 6in1 IAC. Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap) was used for the detection. Extra tools for confirmation of selected mycotoxins in positive samples, Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) experiments, were also developed. The use of immunoaffinity columns followed by the LC-MS/MS analysis showed acceptable average recoveries between 83% and 116% and reached acceptable precision values (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 14%). In a pilot study with 27 volunteers, OTA, DON and AFG(2) were detected. However, this study needs to be extended in order to understand the relation between the mycotoxins intake and mycotoxin levels in human urine.
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