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He S, Lim GE. The Application of High-Throughput Approaches in Identifying Novel Therapeutic Targets and Agents to Treat Diabetes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200151. [PMID: 36398493 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, unprecedented progress in technologies has revolutionized traditional research methodologies. Among these, advances in high-throughput drug screening approaches have permitted the rapid identification of potential therapeutic agents from drug libraries that contain thousands or millions of molecules. Moreover, high-throughput-based therapeutic target discovery strategies can comprehensively interrogate relationships between biomolecules (e.g., gene, RNA, and protein) and diseases and significantly increase the authors' knowledge of disease mechanisms. Diabetes is a chronic disease primarily characterized by the incapacity of the body to maintain normoglycemia. The prevalence of diabetes in modern society has become a severe public health issue that threatens the well-being of millions of patients. Although a number of pharmacological treatments are available, there is no permanent cure for diabetes, and discovering novel therapeutic targets and agents continues to be an urgent need. The present review discusses the technical details of high-throughput screening approaches in drug discovery, followed by introducing the applications of such approaches to diabetes research. This review aims to provide an example of the applicability of high-throughput technologies in facilitating different aspects of disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi He
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
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2
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Mbachu OC, Howell C, Simmler C, Garcia GRM, Skowron KJ, Dong H, Ellis SG, Hitzman RT, Hajirahimkhan A, Chen SN, Nikolic D, Moore TW, Vollmer G, Pauli GF, Bolton JL, Dietz BM. SAR Study on Estrogen Receptor α/β Activity of (Iso)flavonoids: Importance of Prenylation, C-Ring (Un)Saturation, and Hydroxyl Substituents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10651-10663. [PMID: 32945668 PMCID: PMC8294944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many botanicals used for women's health contain estrogenic (iso)flavonoids. The literature suggests that estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) activity can counterbalance estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated proliferation, thus providing a better safety profile. A structure-activity relationship study of (iso)flavonoids was conducted to identify ERβ-preferential structures, overall estrogenic activity, and ER subtype estrogenic activity of botanicals containing these (iso)flavonoids. Results showed that flavonoids with prenylation on C8 position increased estrogenic activity. C8-prenylated flavonoids with C2-C3 unsaturation resulted in increased ERβ potency and selectivity [e.g., 8-prenylapigenin (8-PA), EC50 (ERβ): 0.0035 ± 0.00040 μM], whereas 4'-methoxy or C3 hydroxy groups reduced activity [e.g., icaritin, EC50 (ERβ): 1.7 ± 0.70 μM]. However, nonprenylated and C2-C3 unsaturated isoflavonoids showed increased ERβ estrogenic activity [e.g., genistein, EC50 (ERβ): 0.0022 ± 0.0004 μM]. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza inflata, [EC50 (ERα): 1.1 ± 0.20; (ERβ): 0.60 ± 0.20 μg/mL], containing 8-PA, and red clover [EC50 (ERα): 1.8 ± 0.20; (ERβ): 0.45 ± 0.10 μg/mL], with genistein, showed ERβ-preferential activity as opposed to hops [EC50 (ERα): 0.030 ± 0.010; (ERβ): 0.50 ± 0.050 μg/mL] and Epimedium sagittatum [EC50 (ERα): 3.2 ± 0.20; (ERβ): 2.5 ± 0.090 μg/mL], containing 8-prenylnaringenin and icaritin, respectively. Botanicals with ERβ-preferential flavonoids could plausibly contribute to ERβ-protective benefits in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna C. Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Caitlin Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Gonzalo R. Malca Garcia
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Kornelia J. Skowron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Sarah G. Ellis
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Ryan T. Hitzman
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 1801 W Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Günter Vollmer
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Dresden University of Technology, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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3
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Zsidó BZ, Hetényi C. Molecular Structure, Binding Affinity, and Biological Activity in the Epigenome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114134. [PMID: 32531926 PMCID: PMC7311975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of valid structure–activity relationships (SARs) is a key to the elucidation of pathomechanisms of epigenetic diseases and the development of efficient, new drugs. The present review is based on selected methodologies and applications supplying molecular structure, binding affinity and biological activity data for the development of new SARs. An emphasis is placed on emerging trends and permanent challenges of new discoveries of SARs in the context of proteins as epigenetic drug targets. The review gives a brief overview and classification of the molecular background of epigenetic changes, and surveys both experimental and theoretical approaches in the field. Besides the results of sophisticated, cutting edge techniques such as cryo-electron microscopy, protein crystallography, and isothermal titration calorimetry, examples of frequently used assays and fast screening techniques are also selected. The review features how different experimental methods and theoretical approaches complement each other and result in valid SARs of the epigenome.
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Abstract
The accurate and precise determination of binding interactions plays a central role in fields such as drug discovery where structure-activity relationships guide the selection and optimization of drug leads. Binding is often assessed by monitoring the response caused by varying one of the binding partners in a functional assay or by using methods where the concentrations of free and/or bound ligand can be directly determined. In addition, there are also many approaches where binding leads to a change in the properties of the binding partner(s) that can be directly quantified such as an alteration in mass or in a spectroscopic signal. The analysis of data resulting from these techniques invariably relies on computer software that enable rapid fitting of the data to nonlinear multiparameter equations. The objective of this Perspective is to serve as a reminder of the basic assumptions that are used in deriving these equations and thus that should be considered during assay design and subsequent data analysis. The result is a set of guidelines for authors considering submitting their work to journals such as ACS Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Tonge
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Departments of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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5
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Liu N, Zhou W, Guo Y, Wang J, Fu W, Sun H, Li D, Duan M, Hou T. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Revealed the Regulation of Ligands to the Interactions between Androgen Receptor and Its Coactivator. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1652-1661. [PMID: 29993249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays important roles in gene expression regulation, sexual phenotype maintenance, and prostate cancer (PCa) development. The communications between the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) and its coactivator are critical to the activation of AR. It is still unclear how the ligand binding would affect the AR-coactivator interactions. In this work, the effects of the ligand binding on the AR-coactivator communications were explored by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results showed that the ligand binding regulates the residue interactions in the function site AF-2. The ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which involves the coactivator, helix 3 (H3), helix 4 (H4), the loop between H3 and H4 (L3), and helix 12 (H12), and ligands, was characterized. In addition, the interactions of residues on the function site BF-3, especially on the boundary of AF-2 and BF-3, are also affected by the ligands. The MM/GBSA free energy calculations demonstrated that the binding affinity between the coactivator and apo-AR is roughly weaker than those between the coactivator and antagonistic ARs but stronger than those between the coactivator and agonistic ARs. The results indicated that the long-range electrostatic interactions and the conformational entropies are the main factors affecting the binding free energies. In addition, the F876L mutation on AR-LBD affects the ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which could be the reason for point mutation induced tolerance for the antagonistic drugs such as enzalutamide. Our study would help to develop novel drug candidates against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Weitao Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
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6
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Speltz TE, Mayne CG, Fanning SW, Siddiqui Z, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. A "cross-stitched" peptide with improved helicity and proteolytic stability. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3702-3706. [PMID: 29725689 PMCID: PMC5993042 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new computational approach to obtain quantitative energy profiles for helix folding was used in the design of orthogonal hydrocarbon and lactam bicyclic peptides. The proteolytically stable, "cross-stitched" peptide SRC2-BCP1 shows nanomolar affinity for estrogen receptor α and X-ray crystallography confirms a helical binding pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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7
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Cellular and Biophysical Pipeline for the Screening of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta/Delta Agonists: Avoiding False Positives. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:3681590. [PMID: 29849537 PMCID: PMC5924986 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3681590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARß/δ) is considered a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we developed one pipeline for the screening of PPARß/δ agonists, which reduces the cost, time, and false-positive hits. The first step is an optimized 3-day long cellular transactivation assay based on reporter-gene technology, which is supported by automated liquid-handlers. This primary screening is followed by a confirmatory transactivation assay and by two biophysical validation methods (thermal shift assay (TSA) and (ANS) fluorescence quenching), which allow the calculation of the affinity constant, giving more information about the selected hits. All of the assays were validated using well-known commercial agonists providing trustworthy data. Furthermore, to validate and test this pipeline, we screened a natural extract library (560 extracts), and we found one plant extract that might be interesting for PPARß/δ modulation. In conclusion, our results suggested that we developed a cheaper and more robust pipeline that goes beyond the single activation screening, as it also evaluates PPARß/δ tertiary structure stabilization and the ligand affinity constant, selecting only molecules that directly bind to the receptor. Moreover, this approach might improve the effectiveness of the screening for agonists that target PPARß/δ for drug development.
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8
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Speltz TE, Danes JM, Stender JD, Frasor J, Moore TW. A Cell-Permeable Stapled Peptide Inhibitor of the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:676-684. [PMID: 29309722 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We and others have proposed that coactivator binding inhibitors, which block the interaction of estrogen receptor and steroid receptor coactivators, may represent a potential class of new breast cancer therapeutics. The development of coactivator binding inhibitors has been limited, however, because many of the current molecules which are active in in vitro and biochemical assays are not active in cell-based assays. Our goal in this work was to prepare a coactivator binding inhibitor active in cellular models of breast cancer. To accomplish this, we used molecular dynamics simulations to convert a high-affinity stapled peptide with poor cell permeability into R4K1, a cell-penetrating stapled peptide. R4K1 displays high binding affinity for estrogen receptor α, inhibits the formation of estrogen receptor/coactivator complexes, and distributes throughout the cell with a high percentage of nuclear localization. R4K1 represses native gene transcription mediated by estrogen receptor α and inhibits proliferation of estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cells. Using RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that almost all of the effects of R4K1 on global gene transcription are estrogen-receptor-associated. This chemical probe provides a significant proof-of-concept for preparing cell-permeable stapled peptide inhibitors of the estrogen receptor/coactivator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Danes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1835 W Polk St, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joshua D. Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1835 W Polk St, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 1801 W Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 1801 W Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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9
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Using TR-FRET to Investigate Protein-Protein Interactions: A Case Study of PXR-Coregulator Interaction. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:31-63. [PMID: 29412999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) protein-protein interaction assays, especially in the format of receptor coregulator (coactivator and corepressor) recruitment/repression assays, have been widely used in nuclear receptor research to characterize the modes of action, efficacies, and binding affinities of ligands (including their properties as agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists). However, there has been only limited progress in using this assay format for pregnane X receptor (PXR). In this chapter, we discuss TR-FRET protein-protein interaction assays and focus on a novel PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay that we have developed based on a PXR coactivator cocrystal study. This new PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay can characterize the binding affinities of PXR ligands and also differentiate antagonists from agonists. This assay is very robust, with the signal remaining stable over a long incubation time (up to 300min has been tested). It can tolerate high concentrations of DMSO (up to 5%) and has a high signal-to-noise ratio (six under typical assay conditions). This newly developed PXR TR-FRET coactivator interaction assay has potential application in high-throughput screening to identify and characterize novel PXR agonists and antagonists.
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10
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Granchi C, Lapillo M, Spena CR, Rizzolio F, Tuccinardi T, Martin TA, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Minutolo F. Cyclic Ketoximes as Estrogen Receptor β Selective Agonists. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1752-61. [PMID: 27135651 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of estrogen receptor β (ERβ)-selective agonists represents a therapeutic strategy against several kinds of cancers, but the high homology between the two receptor subtypes, ERα and ERβ, makes the achievement of this goal very challenging. In the past, we developed salicylaldoxime- and salicylketoxime-based molecules that proved to bind well to ERβ. In this paper, further structural evolution of the salicylketoximes is presented: two of the newly synthesized five-membered cyclic ketoximes bind with nanomolar affinities to ERβ, and they show selectivity for this subtype over ERα. Their agonist character was confirmed by cell-free coactivator recruitment assays, in which we demonstrated the ability of these compounds to form an active complex with ERβ capable of recruiting coactivator proteins; this indicated their efficacy as agonists. Finally, their potency and selectivity for ERβ binding were rationalized by molecular-modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Margherita Lapillo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, CRO National Cancer Institute and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa A Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kathryn E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:738-56. [PMID: 26864455 PMCID: PMC7162211 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016. [PMID: 26864455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Speltz TE, Fanning SW, Mayne CG, Fowler C, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. Stapled Peptides with γ‐Methylated Hydrocarbon Chains for the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood St. Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Sean W. Fanning
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Christopher G. Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Colin Fowler
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood St. Chicago IL 60612 USA
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14
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Speltz TE, Fanning SW, Mayne CG, Fowler C, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. Stapled Peptides with γ-Methylated Hydrocarbon Chains for the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4252-5. [PMID: 26928945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
"Stapled" peptides are typically designed to replace two non-interacting residues with a constraining, olefinic staple. To mimic interacting leucine and isoleucine residues, we have created new amino acids that incorporate a methyl group in the γ-position of the stapling amino acid S5. We have incorporated them into a sequence derived from steroid receptor coactivator 2, which interacts with estrogen receptor α. The best peptide (IC50 =89 nm) replaces isoleucine 689 with an S-γ-methyl stapled amino acid, and has significantly higher affinity than unsubstituted peptides (390 and 760 nm). Through X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics studies, we show that the conformation taken up by the S-γ-methyl peptide minimizes the syn-pentane interactions between the α- and γ-methyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sean W Fanning
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher G Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Colin Fowler
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Xiong R, Patel HK, Gutgesell LM, Zhao J, Delgado-Rivera L, Pham TND, Zhao H, Carlson K, Martin T, Katzenellenbogen JA, Moore TW, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ. Selective Human Estrogen Receptor Partial Agonists (ShERPAs) for Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2015; 59:219-237. [PMID: 26681208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 70% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), represents the standard of care for many patients; however, 30-50% develop resistance, underlining the need for alternative therapeutics. Paradoxically, agonists at ERα such as estradiol (E2) have demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with heavily treated breast cancer, although side effects in gynecological tissues are unacceptable. A drug that selectively mimics the actions of E2 in breast cancer therapy but minimizes estrogenic effects in other tissues is a novel, therapeutic alternative. We hypothesized that a selective human estrogen receptor partial agonist (ShERPA) at ERα would provide such an agent. Novel benzothiophene derivatives with nanomolar potency in breast cancer cell cultures were designed. Several showed partial agonist activity, with potency of 0.8-76 nM, mimicking E2 in inhibiting growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines. Three ShERPAs were tested and validated in xenograft models of endocrine-independent and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, and in contrast to E2, ShERPAs did not cause significant uterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Hitisha K Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Lauren M Gutgesell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Loruhama Delgado-Rivera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Thao N D Pham
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Huiping Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kathryn Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Teresa Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Debra A Tonetti
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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16
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Moore TW, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Estrogen receptor alpha/co-activator interaction assay: TR-FRET. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1278:545-53. [PMID: 25859975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2425-7_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer, TR-FRET, is a time-gated fluorescence intensity measurement which defines the relative proximity of two biomolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, or DNA) based on the extent of non-radiative energy transfer between two fluorophores with overlapping emission/excitation spectra. In these assays, an excited lanthanide ion acts as a "donor" that transfers energy to an "acceptor" fluorophore through dipole-dipole interactions. A FRET signal is reported as the ratio of acceptor to donor emission following donor excitation. When a donor-conjugated protein interacts with an acceptor-conjugated protein, the donor and acceptor fluorophores are brought in close proximity allowing energy transfer from the donor to the acceptor resulting in a FRET signal. Because the lanthanide donors have a long emission half-life, the energy transfer measurement can be time-gated, which dramatically reduces assay interference (due to background autofluorescence and direct acceptor excitation) and thereby increases data quality. Here, we describe a TR-FRET assay that monitors the interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER) α ligand binding domain (labeled with a terbium chelate via a streptavidin-biotin interaction) with a sequence of coactivator protein SRC3 (labeled directly with fluorescein) and the disruption of this interaction with a peptide and a small molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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17
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Shi Z, Park HR, Du Y, Li Z, Cheng K, Sun SY, Li Z, Fu H, Khuri FR. Cables1 complex couples survival signaling to the cell death machinery. Cancer Res 2014; 75:147-158. [PMID: 25361894 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cables1 is a candidate tumor suppressor that negatively regulates cell growth by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Cables1 expression is lost frequently in human cancer but little is known about its regulation. Here, we report that Cables1 levels are controlled by a phosphorylation and 14-3-3-dependent mechanism. Mutagenic analyses identified two residues, T44 and T150, that are specifically critical for 14-3-3 binding and that serve as substrates for phosphorylation by the cell survival kinase Akt, which by binding directly to Cables1 recruits 14-3-3 to the complex. In cells, Cables1 overexpression induced apoptosis and inhibited cell growth in part by stabilizing p21 and decreasing Cdk2 kinase activity. Ectopic expression of activated Akt (AKT1) prevented Cables1-induced apoptosis. Clinically, levels of phosphorylated Cables1 and phosphorylated Akt correlated with each other in human lung cancer specimens, consistent with pathophysiologic significance. Together, our results illuminated a dynamic regulatory system through which activated Akt and 14-3-3 work directly together to neutralize a potent tumor suppressor function of Cables1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hae Ryon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Zenggang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.,Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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18
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Caboni L, Gálvez-Llompart M, Gálvez J, Blanco F, Rubio-Martinez J, Fayne D, Lloyd DG. Molecular topology applied to the discovery of 1-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-2H-pyrrole-5-one as a non-ligand-binding-pocket antiandrogen. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2953-66. [PMID: 25233256 DOI: 10.1021/ci500324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of 1-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-2H-pyrrole-5-one as a novel non-ligand binding pocket (non-LBP) antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) through the application of molecular topology techniques. This compound, validated through time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization biological assays, provides the basis for lead optimization and structure-activity relationship analysis of a new series of non-LBP AR antagonists. Induced-fit docking and molecular dynamics studies have been performed to establish a consistent hypothesis for the interaction of the new active molecule on the AR surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caboni
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Mohammed H, Carroll JS. Approaches for assessing and discovering protein interactions in cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1295-302. [PMID: 24072816 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant insight into the function of proteins can be delineated by discovering and characterizing interacting proteins. There are numerous methods for the discovery of unknown associated protein networks, with purification of the bait (the protein of interest) followed by mass spectrometry as a common theme. In recent years, advances have permitted the purification of endogenous proteins and methods for scaling down starting material. As such, approaches for rapid, unbiased identification of protein interactomes are becoming a standard tool in the researchers toolbox, rather than a technique that is only available to specialists. This review will highlight some of the recent technical advances in proteomic-based discovery approaches, the pros and cons of various methods and some of the key findings in cancer-related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom.
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20
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Jiang Y, Gong P, Madak-Erdogan Z, Martin T, Jeyakumar M, Carlson K, Khan I, Smillie TJ, Chittiboyina AG, Rotte SCK, Helferich WG, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Mechanisms enforcing the estrogen receptor β selectivity of botanical estrogens. FASEB J 2013; 27:4406-18. [PMID: 23882126 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because little is known about the actions of botanical estrogens (BEs), widely consumed by menopausal women, we investigated the mechanistic and cellular activities of some major BEs. We examined the interactions of genistein, daidzein, equol, and liquiritigenin with estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, with key coregulators (SRC3 and RIP140) and chromatin binding sites, and the regulation of gene expression and proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells containing ERα and/or ERβ. Unlike the endogenous estrogen, estradiol (E2), BEs preferentially bind to ERβ, but their ERβ-potency selectivity in gene stimulation (340- to 830-fold vs. E2) is enhanced at several levels (coregulator recruitment, chromatin binding); nevertheless, at high (0.1 or 1 μM) concentrations, BEs also fully activate ERα. Because ERα drives breast cancer cell proliferation and ERβ dampens this, the relative levels of these two ERs in target cells and the BE dose greatly affect gene expression and proliferative response and will be crucial determinants of the potential benefits vs. risks of BEs. Our findings reveal key and novel mechanistic differences in the estrogenic activities of BEs vs. E2, with BEs displaying patterns of activity distinctly different from those seen with E2 and provide valuable information to inform future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois and College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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21
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Fuchs S, Nguyen HD, Phan TTP, Burton MF, Nieto L, de Vries-van Leeuwen IJ, Schmidt A, Goodarzifard M, Agten SM, Rose R, Ottmann C, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L. Proline primed helix length as a modulator of the nuclear receptor-coactivator interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4364-71. [PMID: 23437920 DOI: 10.1021/ja311748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor binding to coactivator proteins is an obligate first step in the regulation of gene transcription. Nuclear receptors preferentially bind to an LXXLL peptide motif which is highly conserved throughout the 300 or so natural coactivator proteins. This knowledge has shaped current understanding of this fundamental protein-protein interaction, and continues to inspire the search for new drug therapies. However, sequence specificity beyond the LXXLL motif and the molecular functioning of flanking residues still requires urgent addressing. Here, ribosome display has been used to reassess the estrogen receptor for new and enlarged peptide recognition motifs, leading to the discovery of a potent and highly evolved PXLXXLLXXP binding consensus. Molecular modeling and X-ray crystallography studies have provided the molecular insights on the role of the flanking prolines in priming the length of the α-helix and enabling optimal interactions of the α-helix dipole and its surrounding amino acids with the surface charge clamp and the receptor activation function 2. These findings represent new structural parameters for modulating the nuclear receptor-coactivator interaction based on linear sequences of proteinogenic amino acids and for the design of chemically modified inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Fuchs
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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zhang Y, Yang X, Liu L, Huang X, Huang Z, Pu J, Long G, Zhang L, Liu D, Xu B, Liao J, Liao F. Comparison of Förster-resonance-energy-transfer acceptors for tryptophan and tyrosine residues in native proteins as donors. J Fluoresc 2012; 23:147-57. [PMID: 23001429 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homogenous bioaffinity analysis with tryptophan/tyrosine residues in native proteins as FÖrster-resonance-energy-transfer (FRET) donors is feasible when suitable fluorophors can act as FRET acceptors in ligands (FRET probes) and FRET efficiency in complexes of proteins and FRET probes is high enough. In complexes of proteins and FRET probes, suitable acceptors should have excitation peaks around 335 nm and high rotation freedom, are preferred to have sufficient quantum yields and excitation valleys around 280 nm. In protein binding sites mimicked with mixtures of neutral phosphate buffer and organic solvents, quantum yields of candidate acceptors are altered inconsistently but their excitation peaks show tiny changes. Fluorophores as acceptors in such FRET probes are buried inside glutathione-S-transferase and have low rotation freedom, but are localized on streptavidin surface and display high rotation freedom; FRET efficiency in complexes of streptavidin and its FRET probes is much stronger than that in complexes of glutathione-S-transferase and its FRET probes. Specially, the quantum yield is about 0.70 for free 1-naphthylamine probe in neutral phosphate buffer, about 0.50 for 1-naphthylamine probe bound by streptavidin, and about 0.15 for that bound by glutathione-S-transferase. The quantum yield is about 0.06 for free dansylamide probe, about 0.11 for dansylamide probe bound by streptavidin and about 0.27 for that bound by glutathione-S-transferase. Therefore, 1-naphthylamine and dansylamide are effective acceptors when they localize on surfaces of complexes of proteins and FRET probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi zhang
- Unit for analytical probes and protein biotechnology, Key laboratory of medical laboratory diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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23
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Huovinen T, Rytkönen K, Lamminmäki U, Pellinen T. A simple heterogeneous one-step assay for screening estrogenic compounds. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:47-53. [PMID: 22986538 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) modulators are a serious health issue but estrogenic compounds, especially antagonists of ER function, are widely screened for in search of novel therapeutics against hormonal diseases such as the breast cancer. Here we report a novel and a simple bioassay for estrogenic and anti-estrogenic compounds based on ligand-dependent recruitment of ER co-activator steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1) to purified Renilla luciferase-tagged ERα. In this assay, in vivo-biotinylated (E. coli) SRC-1, purified Renilla luciferase-ERα, and the analyte sample are mixed and incubated for 2 h in a streptavidin-coated microtiter wells, and after one washing step, luminescence is measured with a simple instrument. The assay does not require chemical labeling of the components and shows good sensitivity (25 pM E(2)) and wide dynamic range of more than four orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Huovinen
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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24
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Blanco F, Egan B, Caboni L, Elguero J, O’Brien J, McCabe T, Fayne D, Meegan MJ, Lloyd DG. Study of E/Z Isomerization in a Series of Novel Non-ligand Binding Pocket Androgen Receptor Antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2387-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300299n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Elguero
- Instituto
de Química Médica,
CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Li Z, Yan M, Li Z, Vuki M, Wu D, Liu F, Zhong W, Zhang L, Xu D. A multiplexed screening method for agonists and antagonists of the estrogen receptor protein. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Caboni L, Kinsella GK, Blanco F, Fayne D, Jagoe WN, Carr M, Williams DC, Meegan MJ, Lloyd DG. "True" antiandrogens-selective non-ligand-binding pocket disruptors of androgen receptor-coactivator interactions: novel tools for prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1635-44. [PMID: 22280402 PMCID: PMC3295204 DOI: 10.1021/jm201438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prostate cancer (PCa) therapy typically involves administration
of “classical” antiandrogens, competitive inhibitors
of androgen receptor (AR) ligands, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone
(tes), for the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) in the ligand-binding domain
(LBD) of AR. Prolonged LBP-targeting leads to resistance, and alternative
therapies are urgently required. We report the identification and
characterization of a novel series of diarylhydrazides as selective
disruptors of AR interaction with coactivators through application
of structure and ligand-based virtual screening. Compounds demonstrate
full (“true”) antagonism in AR with low micromolar potency,
selectivity over estrogen receptors α and β and glucocorticoid
receptor, and partial antagonism of the progesterone receptor. MDG506
(5) demonstrates low cellular toxicity in PCa models
and dose responsive reduction of classical antiandrogen-induced prostate
specific antigen expression. These data provide compelling evidence
for such non-LBP intervention as an alternative approach or in combination
with classical PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caboni
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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27
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Carroll VM, Jeyakumar M, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA. Diarylpropionitrile (DPN) enantiomers: synthesis and evaluation of estrogen receptor β-selective ligands. J Med Chem 2011; 55:528-37. [PMID: 22122563 DOI: 10.1021/jm201436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, mediate the actions of estrogens in diverse reproductive and nonreproductive target tissues. ER subtype-selective ligands, which bind to and activate these subtypes differentially, have proved to be useful in elucidating which actions of estrogens proceed through ERα vs ERβ. Some of these ligands show potential as novel therapeutic agents. Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), an ERβ selective ligand that we developed, is a chiral molecule, but it has been studied almost exclusively as the racemic mixture (rac-DPN, 1). Herein we report the development of an efficient enantioselective synthesis of the two isomers, R-DPN (3) and S-DPN (2), and we have compared the in vitro ligand binding affinities, coactivator binding affinities, recruitment potencies, and cellular transcriptional potencies of these isomers. Both enantiomers show a very high affinity and potency preference for ERβ over ERα, typically in the range of 80-300-fold. Although the enantioselectivity is only modest (3-4-fold), the R-enantiomer is the higher affinity and more potent isomer. While ERβ can be effectively and selectively stimulated by rac-DPN or by either R-DPN or S-DPN, R-DPN might be the preferred member of this isomeric series for biological studies of ERβ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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28
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Li L, Du Y, Chen W, Fu H, Harrison DG. A novel high-throughput screening assay for discovery of molecules that increase cellular tetrahydrobiopterin. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2011; 16:836-44. [PMID: 21693765 PMCID: PMC4677475 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111411088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is an essential cofactor for the nitric oxide (NO) synthases and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Insufficient BH(4) has been implicated in various cardiovascular and neurological disorders. GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo biosynthesis of BH(4). The authors have recently shown that the interaction of GTPCH-1 with GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) inhibits endothelial GTPCH-1 enzyme activity, BH(4) levels, and NO production. They propose that agents that disrupt the GTPCH-1/GFRP interaction can increase cellular GTPCH-1 activity, BH(4) levels, and NO production. They developed and optimized a novel time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay to monitor the interaction of GTPCH-1 and GFRP. This assay is highly sensitive and stable and has a signal-to-background ratio (S/B) greater than 12 and a Z' factor greater than 0.8. This assay was used in an ultra-high-throughput screening (uHTS) format to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. Using independent protein-protein interaction and cellular activity assays, the authors identified compounds that disrupt GTPCH-1/GFRP binding and increase endothelial cell biopterin levels. Thus, this TR-FRET assay could be applied in future uHTS of additional libraries to search for molecules that increase GTPCH-1 activity and BH(4) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Huttunen R, Shweta, Martikkala E, Lahdenranta M, Virta P, Hänninen P, Härmä H. Single-label time-resolved luminescence assay for estrogen receptor–ligand binding. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Johnson RL, Hwang JY, Arnold LA, Huang R, Wichterman J, Augustinaite I, Austin CP, Inglese J, Guy RK, Huang W. A quantitative high-throughput screen identifies novel inhibitors of the interaction of thyroid receptor beta with a peptide of steroid receptor coactivator 2. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2011; 16:618-27. [PMID: 21482722 PMCID: PMC3162318 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111402199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily that regulate development, growth, and metabolism. Upon ligand binding, TR releases bound corepressors and recruits coactivators to modulate target gene expression. Steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC2) is an important coregulator that interacts with TRβ to activate gene transcription. To identify novel inhibitors of the TRβ and SRC2 interaction, the authors performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) of a TRβ-SRC2 fluorescence polarization assay against more than 290 000 small molecules. The qHTS assayed compounds at 6 concentrations up to 92 µM to generate titration-response curves and determine the potency and efficacy of all compounds. The qHTS data set enabled the characterization of actives for structure-activity relationships as well as for potential artifacts such as fluorescence interference. Selected qHTS actives were tested in the screening assay using fluoroprobes labeled with Texas Red or fluorescein. The retest identified 19 series and 4 singletons as active in both assays with 40% or greater efficacy, free of compound interference, and not toxic to mammalian cells. Selected compounds were tested as independent samples, and a methylsulfonylnitrobenzoate series inhibited the TRβ-SRC2 interaction with 5 µM IC(50). This series represents a new class of thyroid hormone receptor-coactivator modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Johnson
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Jeyakumar M, Carlson KE, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Exploration of dimensions of estrogen potency: parsing ligand binding and coactivator binding affinities. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12971-82. [PMID: 21321128 PMCID: PMC3075970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.205112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, are ligand-regulated transcription factors that control gene expression programs in target tissues. The molecular events underlying estrogen action involve minimally two steps, hormone binding to the ER ligand-binding domain followed by coactivator recruitment to the ER·ligand complex; this ligand·receptor·coactivator triple complex then alters gene expression. Conceptually, the potency of an estrogen in activating a cellular response should reflect the affinities that characterize both steps involved in the assembly of the active ligand·receptor·coactivator complex. Thus, to better understand the molecular basis of estrogen potency, we developed a completely in vitro system (using radiometric and time-resolved FRET assays) to quantify independently three parameters: (a) the affinity of ligand binding to ER, (b) the affinity of coactivator binding to the ER·ligand complex, and (c) the potency of ligand recruitment of coactivator. We used this system to characterize the binding and potency of 12 estrogens with both ERα and ERβ. Some ligands showed good correlations between ligand binding affinity, coactivator binding affinity, and coactivator recruitment potency with both ERs, whereas others showed correlations with only one ER subtype or displayed discordant coactivator recruitment potencies. When ligands with low receptor binding affinity but high coactivator recruitment potencies to ERβ were evaluated in cell-based assays, elevation of cellular coactivator levels significantly and selectively improved their potency. Collectively, our results indicate that some low affinity estrogens may elicit greater cellular responses in those target cells that express higher levels of specific coactivators capable of binding to their ER complexes with high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jeyakumar
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kathryn E. Carlson
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jillian R. Gunther
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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32
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Sun A, Moore TW, Gunther JR, Kim MS, Rhoden E, Du Y, Fu H, Snyder JP, Katzenellenbogen JA. Discovering small-molecule estrogen receptor α/coactivator binding inhibitors: high-throughput screening, ligand development, and models for enhanced potency. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:654-66. [PMID: 21365764 PMCID: PMC3177402 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules, namely coactivator binding inhibitors (CBIs), that block estrogen signaling by directly inhibiting the interaction of the estrogen receptor (ER) with coactivator proteins act in a fundamentally different way to traditional antagonists, which displace the endogenous ligand estradiol. To complement our prior efforts at CBI discovery by de novo design, we used high-throughput screening (HTS) to identify CBIs of novel structure and subsequently investigated two HTS hits by analogue synthesis, finding many compounds with low micromolar potencies in cell-based reporter gene assays. We examined structure-activity trends in both series, using induced-fit computational docking to propose binding poses for these molecules in the coactivator binding groove. Analysis of the structure of the ER-steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) complex suggests that all four hydrophobic residues within the SRC nuclear receptor box sequence are important binding elements. Thus, insufficient water displacement upon binding of the smaller CBIs in the expansive complexation site may be limiting the potency of the compounds in these series, which suggests that higher potency CBIs might be found by screening compound libraries enriched with larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Jillian R. Gunther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Eric Rhoden
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA)
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (USA)
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Shapiro DJ, Mao C, Cherian MT. Small molecule inhibitors as probes for estrogen and androgen receptor action. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:4043-8. [PMID: 21149443 PMCID: PMC3039394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.203026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because activated estrogen (ER) and androgen (AR) receptors stimulate cell proliferation in breast and prostate cancer, inhibiting their actions represents a major therapeutic goal. Most efforts to modulate ER and AR activity have focused on inhibiting the synthesis of estrogens or androgens or on the identification of small molecules that act by competing with agonist hormones for binding in the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor. An alternative approach is to implement screens for small molecule inhibitors that target other sites in the pathway of steroid receptor action. Many of these second-site inhibitors directly target ER or AR; others have still unknown sites of action. Small molecule inhibitors that target second sites represent new leads with clinical potential; they serve as novel modulators of receptor action; and they can reveal new and as yet unidentified interactions and pathways that modulate ER and AR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Moore TW, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Probing the topological tolerance of multimeric protein interactions: evaluation of an estrogen/synthetic ligand for FK506 binding protein conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1880-9. [PMID: 20919698 DOI: 10.1021/bc100266v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent small molecules composed of a targeting element and an element that recruits endogenous proteins have been shown to block protein-protein interactions in some systems. We have attempted to apply such an approach to disrupt the interaction of the estrogen receptor α with either its associated coactivators or its dimerization partner (i.e., another estrogen receptor). We show here that a conjugate capable of simultaneously binding both the estrogen receptor and a recruited protein (FK506 Binding Protein 12 kDa) is, however, incapable of disrupting the multimeric estrogen receptor dimer/coactivator complex both in vitro and in cell-based reporter gene assays. We postulate why it may not be possible to disrupt this particular protein-protein complex-as well as other systems having high topological tolerance-with such bivalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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35
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Heeres JT, Hergenrother PJ. High-throughput screening for modulators of protein–protein interactions: use of photonic crystal biosensors and complementary technologies. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4398-410. [DOI: 10.1039/b923660k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Xie Y, Yang X, Pu J, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xie G, Zheng J, Yuan H, Liao F. Homogeneous competitive assay of ligand affinities based on quenching fluorescence of tyrosine/tryptophan residues in a protein via Főrster-resonance-energy-transfer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:869-76. [PMID: 20822950 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new homogeneous competitive assay of ligand affinities was proposed based on quenching the fluorescence of tryptophan/tyrosine residues in a protein via Főrster-resonance-energy-transfer using a fluorescent reference ligand as the acceptor. Under excitation around 280 nm, the fluorescence of a protein or a bound acceptor was monitored upon competitive binding against a nonfluorescent candidate ligand. Chemometrics for deriving the binding ratio of the acceptor with either fluorescence signal was discussed; the dissociation constant (K(d)) of a nonfluorescent candidate ligand was calculated from its concentration to displace 50% binding of the acceptor. N-biotinyl-N'-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine (BNEDA) and N-biotinyl-N'-dansyl-ethylenediamine (BDEDA) were used as the reference ligands and acceptors to streptavidin to test this new homogeneous competitive assay. Upon binding of an acceptor to streptavidin, there were the quench of streptavidin fluorescence at 340 nm and the characteristic fluorescence at 430 nm for BNEDA or at 525 nm for BDEDA. K(d) of BNEDA and BDEDA was obtained via competitive binding against biotin. By quantifying BNEDA fluorescence, K(d) of each tested nonfluorescent biotin derivative was consistent with that by quantifying streptavidin fluorescence using BNEDA or BDEDA as the acceptor. The overall coefficients of variation were about 10%. Therefore, this homogeneous competitive assay was effective and promising to high-throughput-screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Xie
- Unit for Biotransformation and Protein Biotechnology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemical & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Hilal T, Puetter V, Otto C, Parczyk K, Bader B. A dual estrogen receptor TR-FRET assay for simultaneous measurement of steroid site binding and coactivator recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:268-78. [PMID: 20150592 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109359196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human estrogen receptors (hER) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily and represent important drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry. Initially, ligand binding assays were used to identify novel ligands using receptors purified from native tissues. With the advent of molecular cloning techniques, cell-based transactivation assays have been the gold standard for many years of drug discovery. With the elucidation of the structural mechanisms underlying the activation of NHRs, cell-free assays with purified receptors have become important tools to directly assess different binding sites (e.g., the hormone binding site or the cofactor binding site). The available cell-free assays have so far facilitated the study of one binding site at a time. With the introduction of Terbium (Tb(3+))-based time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET), it has become possible to measure 2 different interactions within 1 test tube in parallel. The authors have applied this technology to develop a dual readout system for the simultaneous monitoring of steroid hormone site binding and cofactor peptide recruitment. They took advantage of a commercially available fluorescent tracer as an indicator for classical steroid site binding and designed a novel peptide derived from the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1a (PGC1a) as an indicator for functional agonistic behavior of a test compound. The established assay is able to differentiate between agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and compounds binding to the cofactor recruitment site. The IC(50) values obtained for a number of reference compounds in the multiplexed assay are in concordance with published data. The simple 1-step mix-and-measure protocol gives excellent quality and robustness and can be miniaturized to 5-microL volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hilal
- Lead Generation and Optimization, Screening, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany
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Williams AB, Weiser PT, Hanson RN, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Synthesis of biphenyl proteomimetics as estrogen receptor-alpha coactivator binding inhibitors. Org Lett 2009; 11:5370-3. [PMID: 19902964 PMCID: PMC3263526 DOI: 10.1021/ol901999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of biphenyl proteomimetic compounds were designed as estrogen receptor-alpha (ER(alpha)) coactivator binding inhibitors. Synthesis was accomplished through a convergent approach, employing Suzuki coupling chemistry to ligate the individual modular units. Initial biological results support the ability of these compounds to compete for the ER(alpha) coactivator binding groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Patrick T. Weiser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert N. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jillian R. Gunther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Moore TW, Mayne CG, Katzenellenbogen JA. Minireview: Not picking pockets: nuclear receptor alternate-site modulators (NRAMs). Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:683-95. [PMID: 19933380 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their central importance in gene regulation and mediating the actions of many hormones, the nuclear receptors (NRs) have long been recognized as very important biological and pharmaceutical targets. Of all the surfaces available on a given NR, the singular site for regulation of receptor activity has almost invariably been the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor, the site where agonists, antagonists, and selective NR modulators interact. With our increasing understanding of the multiple molecular components involved in NR action, researchers have recently begun to look to additional interaction sites on NRs for regulating their activities by novel mechanisms. The alternate NR-associated interaction sites that have been targeted include the coactivator-binding groove and allosteric sites in the ligand-binding domain, the zinc fingers of the DNA-binding domain, and the NR response element in DNA. The studies thus far have been performed with the estrogen receptors, the androgen receptor (AR), the thyroid hormone receptors, and the pregnane X receptor. Phenotypic and conformation-based screens have also identified small molecule modulators that are believed to function through the NRs but have, as yet, unknown sites and mechanisms of action. The rewards from investigation of these NR alternate-site modulators should be the discovery of new therapeutic approaches and novel agents for regulating the activities of these important NR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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