1
|
Falkenstern L, Georgi V, Bunse S, Badock V, Husemann M, Roehn U, Stellfeld T, Fitzgerald M, Ferrara S, Stöckigt D, Stresemann C, Hartung IV, Fernández-Montalván A. A miniaturized mode-of-action profiling platform enables high throughput characterization of the molecular and cellular dynamics of EZH2 inhibition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1739. [PMID: 38242973 PMCID: PMC10799085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The market approval of Tazemetostat (TAZVERIK) for the treatment of follicular lymphoma and epithelioid sarcoma has established "enhancer of zeste homolog 2" (EZH2) as therapeutic target in oncology. Despite their structural similarities and common mode of inhibition, Tazemetostat and other EZH2 inhibitors display differentiated pharmacological profiles based on their target residence time. Here we established high throughput screening methods based on time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer, scintillation proximity and high content analysis microscopy to quantify the biochemical and cellular binding of a chemically diverse collection of EZH2 inhibitors. These assays allowed to further characterize the interplay between EZH2 allosteric modulation by methylated histone tails (H3K27me3) and inhibitor binding, and to evaluate the impact of EZH2's clinically relevant mutant Y641N on drug target residence times. While all compounds in this study exhibited slower off-rates, those with clinical candidate status display significantly slower target residence times in wild type EZH2 and disease-related mutants. These inhibitors interact in a more entropy-driven fashion and show the most persistent effects in cellular washout and antiproliferative efficacy experiments. Our work provides mechanistic insights for the largest cohort of EZH2 inhibitors reported to date, demonstrating that-among several other binding parameters-target residence time is the best predictor of cellular efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Falkenstern
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Rentschler Biopharma SE, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Victoria Georgi
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bunse
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Badock
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Roehn
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Stellfeld
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Fitzgerald
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nested Therapeutics, 1030 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 410, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Steven Ferrara
- Broad Institute, Merkin Building, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Detlef Stöckigt
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo V Hartung
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Amaury Fernández-Montalván
- Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riß, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Entezari M, Taheriazam A, Paskeh MDA, Sabouni E, Zandieh MA, Aboutalebi M, Kakavand A, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Saebfar H, Salimimoghadam S, Mirzaei S, Hashemi M, Samarghandian S. The pharmacological and biological importance of EZH2 signaling in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114313. [PMID: 36738498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 18% of cancer-related deaths worldwide are attributed to lung tumor and global burden of this type of cancer is ascending. Different factors are responsible for development of lung cancer such as smoking, environmental factors and genetic mutations. EZH2 is a vital protein with catalytic activity and belongs to PCR2 family. EZH2 has been implicated in regulating gene expression by binding to promoter of targets. The importance of EZH2 in lung cancer is discussed in current manuscript. Activation of EZH2 significantly elevates the proliferation rate of lung cancer. Furthermore, metastasis and associated molecular mechanisms including EMT undergo activation by EZH2 in enhancing the lung cancer progression. The response of lung cancer to therapy can be significantly diminished due to EZH2 upregulation. Since EZH2 increases tumor progression, anti-cancer agents suppressing its expression reduce malignancy. In spite of significant effort in understanding modulatory function of EZH2 on other pathways, it appears that EZH2 can be also regulated and controlled by other factors that are described in current review. Therefore, translating current findings to clinic can improve treatment and management of lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Sabouni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aboutalebi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Kakavand
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamin Rezaei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sadat Hejazi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saebfar
- European University Association, League of European Research Universities, university of milan, Italy
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sutopo NC, Kim JH, Cho JY. Role of histone methylation in skin cancers: Histone methylation-modifying enzymes as a new class of targets for skin cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188865. [PMID: 36841366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation, one of the most prominent epigenetic modifications, plays a vital role in gene transcription, and aberrant histone methylation levels cause tumorigenesis. Histone methylation is a reversible enzyme-dependent reaction, and histone methyltransferases and demethylases are involved in this reaction. This review addresses the biological and clinical relevance of these histone methylation-modifying enzymes for skin cancer. In particular, the roles of histone lysine methyltransferases, histone arginine methyltransferase, lysine-specific demethylases, and JmjC demethylases in skin cancer are discussed in detail. In addition, we summarize the efficacy of several epigenetic inhibitors targeting histone methylation-modifying enzymes in cutaneous cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. In conclusion, we propose histone methylation-modifying enzymes as novel targets for next-generation pharmaceuticals in the treatment of skin cancers and further provide a rationale for the development of epigenetic drugs (epidrugs) that target specific histone methylases/demethylases in cutaneous tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia J, Li J, Tian L, Ren X, Liu C, Liang C. Targeting Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies and Solid Tumors: Candidate Structure–Activity Relationships Insights and Evolution Prospects. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7016-7043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raychaudhuri R, Ujjani C. Targeted Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma: Focus on Clinical Utility of Tazemetostat. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:193-199. [PMID: 35250278 PMCID: PMC8893153 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s267011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of follicular lymphoma (FL) in the relapsed and refractory setting is challenging and an area of ongoing investigation. Epigenetic dysregulation has recently been shown to be a hallmark of FL. Mutations in histone-modifying genes are likely early, driver events in FL pathogenesis, and so are attractive targets to drug. Gain-of-function mutations in the histone methyltransferase EZH2 are common in FL and maintained through disease evolution. With mounting data supporting a critical role for EZH2 as an oncogenic driver for FL, the small molecule inhibitor, tazemetostat, was developed. Tazemetostat has shown promising activity in preclinical models and early phase trials. Importantly, responses were seen in patients with high-risk features. Based on these data, tazemetostat was approved in the US in 2020 for EZH2mut patients with FL who had received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy, or for EZH2wt patients without alternative treatment options. Here, we will review the biology of FL as it pertains to tazemetostat, the available clinical trial data, and future directions for this new therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Raychaudhuri
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chaitra Ujjani
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Correspondence: Chaitra Ujjani, Tel +1 206-606-1955, Email
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cantone N, Cummings RT, Trojer P. Screening for Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Histone Methyltransferases. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2529:477-490. [PMID: 35733027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2481-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potent and highly selective small-molecule inhibitors are needed to unravel the biological complexities of histone methyltransferases and to reveal their therapeutic potential. A prerequisite to developing these inhibitors is the identification of validated chemical matter for initiating a medicinal chemistry campaign. For the most part, finding these initial starting points occurs through screening of large, unbiased compound libraries. The size and nature of these libraries, coupled with the complexities of the bisubstrate utilizing histone methyltransferases, necessitates that the primary screen and subsequent hit triage be carefully considered.In this chapter, using EZH2 as a representative example, we describe a screening and hit triage campaign that identified validated chemical matter allowing initiation of medicinal chemistry studies. Moreover, we discuss a cell-based assay to support lead identification and optimization. The approach described here entailing a mixture of biochemical, biophysical and cell-based assays should be applicable to identifying validated starting points for other histone methyltransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Cantone
- Constellation, A MorphoSys Company, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quinlan RBA, Brennan PE. Chemogenomics for drug discovery: clinical molecules from open access chemical probes. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:759-795. [PMID: 34458810 PMCID: PMC8341094 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years chemical probes have proved valuable tools for the validation of disease-modifying targets, facilitating investigation of target function, safety, and translation. Whilst probes and drugs often differ in their properties, there is a belief that chemical probes are useful for translational studies and can accelerate the drug discovery process by providing a starting point for small molecule drugs. This review seeks to describe clinical candidates that have been inspired by, or derived from, chemical probes, and the process behind their development. By focusing primarily on examples of probes developed by the Structural Genomics Consortium, we examine a variety of epigenetic modulators along with other classes of probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B A Quinlan
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McDevitt PJ, Schneck JL, Diaz E, Hou W, Huddleston MJ, Matico RE, McCormick PM, Kirkpatrick RB. A Scalable Platform for Producing Recombinant Nucleosomes with Codified Histone Methyltransferase Substrate Preferences. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105455. [PMID: 31306746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome Candidate 1 (WHSC1; also known as NSD2) is a SET domain-containing histone lysine methyltransferase. A chromosomal translocation occurs in 15-20% of multiple myeloma patients and is associated with increased production of WHSC1 and poor clinical prognosis. To define the substrate requirements of NSD2, we established a platform for the large-scale production of recombinant polynucleosomes, based on authentic human histone proteins, expressed in E. coli, and complexed with linearized DNA. A brief survey of methyltransferases whose substrate requirements are recorded in the literature yielded expected results, lending credence to the fitness of our approach. This platform was readily 'codified' with respect to both position and extent of methylation at histone 3 lysines 18 and 36 and led to the conclusion that the most readily discernible activity of NSD2 in contact with a nucleosome substrate is dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 36. We further explored reaction mechanism, and conclude a processive, rather than distributive mechanism best describes the interaction of NSD2 with intact nucleosome substrates. The methods developed feature scale and flexibility and are suited to thorough pharmaceutical-scale drug discovery campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McDevitt
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA.
| | - Jessica L Schneck
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Elsie Diaz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wangfang Hou
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Michael J Huddleston
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Rosalie E Matico
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia M McCormick
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu L, Despotovic N, Kovacs MS, Pin CL, Luyt LG. 18F-Labeled PET Probe Targeting Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2) for Cancer Imaging. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:334-340. [PMID: 30891136 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) plays a catalytic role in histone methylation (H3K27me3), one of the epigenetic modifications that is dysregulated in cancer. The development of a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent targeting EZH2 has the potential to provide a method of stratifying patients for epigenetic therapies. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of fluoroethyl analogs based upon the structure of EZH2 inhibitors UNC1999 and EPZ6438. Among the candidate compounds, 20b exhibited a high binding affinity to EZH2 (IC50 = 6 nM) with selectivity versus EZH1 (IC50 = 200 nM) by SAM competition assay, and furthermore, EZH2 inhibition was demonstrated in the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 (IC50 = 9.8 nM). [18F]20b was synthesized successfully and showed 5-fold higher uptake in PANC-1 cells than in MCF-7 cells. MicroPET imaging in a PANC-1 cell xenograft mouse model indicates that [18F]20b has specific binding to EZH2, which was identified by ex vivo Western blot analysis of the tumor tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihai Yu
- London Regional Cancer Program, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Leonard G. Luyt
- London Regional Cancer Program, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Y, Liu X, Li Y, Quan C, Zheng L, Huang K. Lung Cancer Therapy Targeting Histone Methylation: Opportunities and Challenges. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:211-223. [PMID: 30002791 PMCID: PMC6039709 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies. In spite of the progress made in past decades, further studies to improve current therapy for lung cancer are required. Dynamically controlled by methyltransferases and demethylases, methylation of lysine and arginine residues on histone proteins regulates chromatin organization and thereby gene transcription. Aberrant alterations of histone methylation have been demonstrated to be associated with the progress of multiple cancers including lung cancer. Inhibitors of methyltransferases and demethylases have exhibited anti-tumor activities in lung cancer, and multiple lead candidates are under clinical trials. Here, we summarize how histone methylation functions in lung cancer, highlighting most recent progresses in small molecular inhibitors for lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- DUSP3, dual-specificity phosphatase 3
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Elk1, ETS-domain containing protein
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- Histone demethylase
- Histone demethylation
- Histone methylation
- Histone methyltransferase
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Inhibitors
- KDMs, lysine demethylases
- KLF2, Kruppel-like factor 2
- KMTs, lysine methyltransferases
- LSDs, lysine specific demethylases
- Lung cancer
- MEP50, methylosome protein 50
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PAD4, peptidylarginine deiminase 4
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDX, patient-derived xenografts
- PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2
- PRMTs, protein arginine methyltrasferases
- PTMs, posttranslational modifications
- SAH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine
- SCLC, small cell lung cancer
- TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yangkai Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuntao Quan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan MR, Hsu MC, Chen LT, Hung WC. Orchestration of H3K27 methylation: mechanisms and therapeutic implication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:209-223. [PMID: 28717873 PMCID: PMC5756243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins constitute the core component of the nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin. Chemical modifications of histone proteins affect their interaction with genomic DNA, the accessibility of recognized proteins, and the recruitment of enzymatic complexes to activate or diminish specific transcriptional programs to modulate cellular response to extracellular stimuli or insults. Methylation of histone proteins was demonstrated 50 years ago; however, the biological significance of each methylated residue and the integration between these histone markers are still under intensive investigation. Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27) is frequently found in the heterochromatin and conceives a repressive marker that is linked with gene silencing. The identification of enzymes that add or erase the methyl group of H3K27 provides novel insights as to how this histone marker is dynamically controlled under different circumstances. Here we summarize the methyltransferases and demethylases involved in the methylation of H3K27 and show the new evidence by which the H3K27 methylation can be established via an alternative mechanism. Finally, the progress of drug development targeting H3K27 methylation-modifying enzymes and their potential application in cancer therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qamra A, Xing M, Padmanabhan N, Kwok JJT, Zhang S, Xu C, Leong YS, Lee Lim AP, Tang Q, Ooi WF, Suling Lin J, Nandi T, Yao X, Ong X, Lee M, Tay ST, Keng ATL, Gondo Santoso E, Ng CCY, Ng A, Jusakul A, Smoot D, Ashktorab H, Rha SY, Yeoh KG, Peng Yong W, Chow PK, Chan WH, Ong HS, Soo KC, Kim KM, Wong WK, Rozen SG, Teh BT, Kappei D, Lee J, Connolly J, Tan P. Epigenomic Promoter Alterations Amplify Gene Isoform and Immunogenic Diversity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:630-651. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Novel 3-methylindoline inhibitors of EZH2: Design, synthesis and SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:217-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Wu C, Jin X, Yang J, Yang Y, He Y, Ding L, Pan Y, Chen S, Jiang J, Huang H. Inhibition of EZH2 by chemo- and radiotherapy agents and small molecule inhibitors induces cell death in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3440-52. [PMID: 26657505 PMCID: PMC4823118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is the mainstay of treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, a significant portion of patients experience disease relapse and tumors ultimately evolve into castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), for which there is no cure in the clinic. The Polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is frequently overexpressed in CRPC. It is unclear whether EZH2 can be a therapeutic target in CRPC. Here, we demonstrated that chemo- and radiotherapy agents such as camptothecin (CPT) and γ irradiation decrease EZH2 expression in various PCa cell lines. We provided evidence that functional p53 and RB proteins are required for CPT- and irradiation-induced downregulation of EZH2 in CRPC cells. We demonstrated that EZH2-specific small molecule inhibitors mitigate CRPC cell growth. We further showed that the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 inhibits both Polycomb-dependent and -independent functions of EZH2 in PCa cells. Importantly, we found that inhibition of EZH2 by genetic and pharmacological means sensitizes CRPC cells to CPT-induced apoptotic death and growth inhibition in culture and in mice. Our data suggest that concomitant administration of small molecule inhibitors of EZH2 may significantly increase the anti-tumor efficacy of conventional chemo- and radiotherapies in CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yinhui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yundong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liya Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yunqian Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Graça I, Pereira-Silva E, Henrique R, Packham G, Crabb SJ, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic modulators as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:98. [PMID: 27651838 PMCID: PMC5025578 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies among men worldwide. Epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns and/or histone modifications, are key drivers of prostate carcinogenesis. These epigenetic defects might be due to deregulated function and/or expression of the epigenetic machinery, affecting the expression of several important genes. Remarkably, epigenetic modifications are reversible and numerous compounds that target the epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins were reported to be effective in cancer growth control. In fact, some of these drugs are already being tested in clinical trials. This review discusses the most important epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer, highlighting the role of epigenetic modulating compounds in pre-clinical and clinical trials as potential therapeutic agents for prostate cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Pereira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Simon J Crabb
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Strelow JM, Xiao M, Cavitt RN, Fite NC, Margolis BJ, Park KJ. The Use of Nucleosome Substrates Improves Binding of SAM Analogs to SETD8. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:786-94. [PMID: 27369108 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116656596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SETD8 is the methyltransferase responsible for monomethylation of lysine at position 20 of the N-terminus of histone H4 (H4K20). This activity has been implicated in both DNA damage and cell cycle progression. Existing biochemical assays have utilized truncated enzymes containing the SET domain of SETD8 and peptide substrates. In this report, we present the development of a mechanistically balanced biochemical assay using full-length SETD8 and a recombinant nucleosome substrate. This improves the binding of SAM, SAH, and sinefungin by up to 10,000-fold. A small collection of inhibitors structurally related to SAM were screened and 40 compounds were identified that only inhibit SETD8 when a nucleosome substrate is used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Strelow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel N Cavitt
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan C Fite
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon J Margolis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyu-Jin Park
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han Li C, Chen Y. Targeting EZH2 for cancer therapy: progress and perspective. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2016; 16:559-70. [PMID: 25854924 PMCID: PMC4997953 DOI: 10.2174/1389203716666150409100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is the core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), possessing the enzymatic activity in generating di/tri-methylated lysine 27 in histone H3. EZH2 has important roles during early development, and its dysregulation is heavily linked to oncogenesis in various tissue types. Accumulating evidences suggest a remarkable therapeutic potential by targeting EZH2 in cancer cells. The first part reviews current strategies to target EZH2 in cancers, and evaluates the available compounds and agents used to disrupt EZH2 functions. Then we provide insight to the future direction of the research on targeting EZH2 in different cancer types. We comprehensively discuss the current understandings of the 1) structure and biological activity of EZH2, 2) its role during the assembling of PRC2 and recruitment of other protein components, 3) the molecular events directing EZH2 to target genomic regions, and 4) post-translational modification at EZH2 protein. The discussion provides the basis to inspire the development of novel strategies to abolish EZH2-related effects in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangchao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao C, Margolis BJ, Strelow JM, Vidler LR, Mader MM. Beyond PAINs: Chemotype Sensitivity of Protein Methyltransferases in Screens. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:156-61. [PMID: 26985291 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening of the relatively new target class, the lysine and arginine methyltransferases (MTases), presents unique challenges in the identification and confirmation of active chemical matter. Examination of high throughput screening data generated using Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) format for a number of protein MTase targets reveals sensitivity to both the known pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) and also other scaffolds not currently precedented as assay interferers. We find that, in general, true actives show significant selectivity within the MTase family. With the exception of slight modifications of SAM-like compounds, scaffolds that are observed frequently in multiple MTase assays should be viewed with caution and should be carefully validated before following up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cen Gao
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brandon J. Margolis
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John M. Strelow
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lewis R. Vidler
- Research
and Development, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Mary M. Mader
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen S. Alternative Strategies for Expressing Multicomponent Protein Complexes in Insect Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1350:317-26. [PMID: 26820865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cells infected with baculoviruses is commonplace. This system provides an easy way to generate a significant amount of properly folded, functional protein with proper posttranslational modifications and can be used to effectively produce multi-protein complexes. This chapter describes an alternative method of expressing high order protein complexes in insect cell culture. Specific examples involving the expression of 5- and 8-protein complexes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chen
- Biological Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu F, Gu L, Cao Y, Fan X, Zhang F, Sang M. Aberrant overexpression of EZH2 and H3K27me3 serves as poor prognostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Biomarkers 2015; 21:80-90. [PMID: 26631178 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the trimethylation of histone 3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is required for enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2)-mediated repression of various genes essential for tumorigenesis and tumor development. Here, we reported the expression of EZH2 and H3K27me3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) specimens was higher than the pericarcinoma esophageal specimens. Their expression was positively associated with the poor prognosis of ESCC patients. EZH2 expression, histological grade and distant lymph node metastasis were all independent factors for poor prognosis of ESCC. In addition, enforced expression of EZH2 in esophageal cancer-derived cells could increase the overall H3K27me3 level. Our results suggested the expression of EZH2 and H3K27me3 could serve as biomarkers in the prediction of ESCC patients' survival and ESCC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Cao
- a Tumor Research Institute
| | | | - Fengjuan Zhang
- c Ultrasonography Department, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Hebei , China
| | - Meixiang Sang
- a Tumor Research Institute .,b Research Center , and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma H, Howitz KT, Horiuchi KY, Wang Y. Histone Methyltransferase Activity Assays. EPIGENETICS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628484-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) methylate either the lysine or arginine residues on histones and other proteins and play a crucial role in epigenetic regulation. Over 70 HMTs are encoded by the human genome, and many have been implicated in the aetiology of cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and other conditions. There are currently about a dozen HMT activity assays available, and many of these assay formats are applicable to other epigenetic factors, such as histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and histone and DNA demethylases. Many factors need to be considered in selecting an HMT assay for drug discovery studies, including cost, adaptability to high-throughput screening, and rates of false positives and false negatives. This chapter describes the mechanisms of the major assay platforms available for HMT screening and profiling and presents the advantages and limitations associated with each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiching Ma
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Konrad T. Howitz
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Kurumi Y. Horiuchi
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| | - Yuren Wang
- Reaction Biology Corporation One Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern PA 19355 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Successful strategies in the discovery of small-molecule epigenetic modulators with anticancer potential. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2243-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class, epigenetic enzymes have been identified as clear targets for cancer therapeutics based on their broad hyperactivity in solid and hematological malignancies. The search for effective inhibitors of histone writers and of histone erasers has been a focus of drug discovery efforts both in academic and pharmaceutical laboratories and has led to the identification of some promising leads. This review focuses on the discovery strategies and preclinical evaluation studies of a subset of the more advanced compounds that target histone writers or histone erasers. The specificity and anticancer potential of these small molecules is discussed within the context of their development pipeline.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bradley WD, Arora S, Busby J, Balasubramanian S, Gehling VS, Nasveschuk CG, Vaswani RG, Yuan CC, Hatton C, Zhao F, Williamson KE, Iyer P, Méndez J, Campbell R, Cantone N, Garapaty-Rao S, Audia JE, Cook AS, Dakin LA, Albrecht BK, Harmange JC, Daniels DL, Cummings RT, Bryant BM, Normant E, Trojer P. EZH2 inhibitor efficacy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma does not require suppression of H3K27 monomethylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1463-75. [PMID: 25457180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase (MT) Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is considered an oncogenic driver in a subset of germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma due to the presence of recurrent, monoallelic mutations in the EZH2 catalytic domain. These genomic data suggest that targeting the EZH2 MT activity is a valid therapeutic strategy for the treatment of lymphoma patients with EZH2 mutations. Here we report the identification of highly potent and selective EZH2 small molecule inhibitors, their validation by a cellular thermal shift assay, application across a large cell panel representing various non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) subtypes, and their efficacy in EZH2mutant-containing GCB-DLBCL xenograft models. Surprisingly, our EZH2 inhibitors selectively affect the turnover of trimethylated, but not monomethylated histone H3 lysine 27 at pharmacologically relevant doses. Importantly, we find that these inhibitors are broadly efficacious also in NHL models with wild-type EZH2.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gehling VS, Vaswani RG, Nasveschuk CG, Duplessis M, Iyer P, Balasubramanian S, Zhao F, Good AC, Campbell R, Lee C, Dakin LA, Cook AS, Gagnon A, Harmange JC, Audia JE, Cummings RT, Normant E, Trojer P, Albrecht BK. Discovery, design, and synthesis of indole-based EZH2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3644-9. [PMID: 26189078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and optimization of a series of small molecule EZH2 inhibitors is described. Starting from dimethylpyridone HTS hit (2), a series of indole-based EZH2 inhibitors were identified. Biochemical potency and microsomal stability were optimized during these studies and afforded compound 22. This compound demonstrates nanomolar levels of biochemical potency (IC50=0.002 μM), cellular potency (EC50=0.080 μM), and afforded tumor regression when dosed (200 mpk SC BID) in an EZH2 dependent tumor xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Gehling
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Rishi G Vaswani
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Martin Duplessis
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Iyer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Feng Zhao
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew C Good
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Campbell
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christina Lee
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Les A Dakin
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew S Cook
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - James E Audia
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard T Cummings
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emmanuel Normant
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian K Albrecht
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Over the last several years, dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms including DNA and histone methylation has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Alterations of epigenetic regulators themselves, including the histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2, have been reported in numerous cancer types. With the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of EZH2, we can now begin to evaluate EZH2 as a therapeutic target in cancer. This article will provide an overview of the dysregulation of EZH2 in cancer, possible mechanisms for inhibition of EZH2 activity, and the preclinical activity of currently available EZH2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baell JB. Screening-based translation of public research encounters painful problems. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:229-34. [PMID: 25941544 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether identified through high throughput screening or in silico screening, and whether target-based or phenotypic, sets of hits will contain chemical con artists. Such pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) and other subversive compounds continue to pollute the scientific literature. There are several angles of attack to aid identification of such nonprogressable molecules. One of these rules above all, and this is a demonstration of genuine structure-activity relationships. Recognition of this, which will require a greater effort in medicinal chemistry, will be of general benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kumar M, Zielinski T, Lowery RG. Biochemical Assay Development for Histone Methyltransferases Using a Transcreener-Based Assay for S-Adenosylhomocysteine. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:200-9. [PMID: 25710335 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation has been implicated in diverse diseases including cancer, diabetes, and inflammation, and high-throughput screening for histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors is an area of intense drug discovery effort. HMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to lysine or arginine on histone tails forming the methylated products and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). HMTs are challenging to incorporate into biochemical assays for a number of reasons. They have slow turnovers and low Km values for SAM, which leads to low levels of product formation, and thus requires very sensitive detection methods and/or high levels of enzyme. They also have diverse acceptor substrate requirements, ranging from peptides to intact nucleosomes. Additionally, some HMTs function as complexes of three or more proteins. Developing assays for individual HMTs, including sourcing and acquiring high quality enzymes and acceptor substrates, therefore can be laborious and expensive. We recently developed the Transcreener(®) EPIGEN Methyltransferase assay, a sensitive SAH detection method with a fluorescence polarization readout, to enable universal HMT detection independent of acceptor substrate. To facilitate screening and profiling of HMTs, we describe the development of turnkey assay systems for thirteen HMTs including identification of optimal acceptor substrates and their concentrations, optimization of detection reagents, determination of initial velocity enzyme concentrations, and measurement of inhibitor potencies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
![]()
Growing
evidence suggests that histone methyltransferases (HMTs,
also known as protein methyltransferases (PMTs)) play an important
role in diverse biological processes and human diseases by regulating
gene expression and the chromatin state. Therefore, HMTs have been
increasingly recognized by the biomedical community as a class of
potential therapeutic targets. High quality chemical probes of HMTs,
as tools for deciphering their physiological functions and roles in
human diseases and testing therapeutic hypotheses, are critical for
advancing this promising field. In this review, we focus on the discovery,
characterization, and biological applications of chemical probes for
HMTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology
and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McGrath J, Trojer P. Targeting histone lysine methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:1-22. [PMID: 25578037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the vast landscape of histone modifications lysine methylation has gained increasing attention because of its profound regulatory potential. The methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins modulates chromatin structure and thereby contributes to the regulation of DNA-based nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and repair. Protein families with opposing catalytic activities, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs), dynamically control levels of histone lysine methylation and individual enzymes within these families have become candidate oncology targets in recent years. A number of high quality small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes have been identified. Several of these compounds elicit selective cancer cell killing in vitro and robust efficacy in vivo, suggesting that targeting 'histone lysine methylation pathways' may be a relevant, emerging cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, we discuss individual histone lysine methylation pathway targets, the properties of currently available small molecule inhibitors and their application in the context of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John McGrath
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Erdmann A, Halby L, Fahy J, Arimondo PB. Targeting DNA Methylation with Small Molecules: What’s Next? J Med Chem 2014; 58:2569-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500843d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Erdmann
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Ludovic Halby
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Jacques Fahy
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. PMTs are divided into two categories: protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There has been a steadily growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and therefore discovery of PMT inhibitors has also been pursued increasingly over the past decade. Here, we present a perspective on selective, small-molecule inhibitors of PMTs with an emphasis on their discovery, characterization, and applicability as chemical tools for deciphering the target PMTs' physiological functions and involvement in human diseases. We highlight the current state of PMT inhibitors and discuss future directions and opportunities for PMT inhibitor discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, ‡Department of Oncological Sciences, §Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luense S, Denner P, Fernández-Montalván A, Hartung I, Husemann M, Stresemann C, Prechtl S. Quantification of histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) by high-throughput microscopy enables cellular large-scale screening for small-molecule EZH2 inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:190-201. [PMID: 25409661 PMCID: PMC4361481 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114559668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
EZH2 inhibition can decrease global histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and thereby reactivates silenced tumor suppressor genes. Inhibition of EZH2 is regarded as an option for therapeutic cancer intervention. To identify novel small-molecule (SMOL) inhibitors of EZH2 in drug discovery, trustworthy cellular assays amenable for phenotypic high-throughput screening (HTS) are crucial. We describe a reliable approach that quantifies changes in global levels of histone modification marks using high-content analysis (HCA). The approach was validated in different cell lines by using small interfering RNA and SMOL inhibitors. By automation and miniaturization from a 384-well to 1536-well plate, we demonstrated its utility in conducting phenotypic HTS campaigns and assessing structure-activity relationships (SAR). This assay enables screening of SMOL EZH2 inhibitors and can advance the mechanistic understanding of H3K27me3 suppression, which is crucial with regard to epigenetic therapy. We observed that a decrease in global H3K27me3, induced by EZH2 inhibition, comprises two distinct mechanisms: (1) inhibition of de novo DNA methylation and (II) inhibition of dynamic, replication-independent H3K27me3 turnover. This report describes an HCA assay for primary HTS to identify, profile, and optimize cellular active SMOL inhibitors targeting histone methyltransferases, which could benefit epigenetic drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Luense
- Lead Discovery Berlin-Screening, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Denner
- Lead Discovery Berlin-Screening, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Hartung
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Medicinal Chemistry I, Microbiological Chemistry, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Husemann
- Lead Discovery Berlin-Screening, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Department of Oncology, Chromatin Modulation and Oncogenomics, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Lead Discovery Berlin-Screening, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bohers E, Mareschal S, Bertrand P, Viailly PJ, Dubois S, Maingonnat C, Ruminy P, Tilly H, Jardin F. Activating somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: lessons from next generation sequencing and key elements in the precision medicine era. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1213-22. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.941836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Brown Z, Müller MM, Jain S, Allis CD, Lewis PW, Muir TW. Strategy for "detoxification" of a cancer-derived histone mutant based on mapping its interaction with the methyltransferase PRC2. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13498-501. [PMID: 25180930 PMCID: PMC4183613 DOI: 10.1021/ja5060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase PRC2 plays a central role in genomic stability and cellular development. Consequently, its misregulation has been implicated in several cancers. Recent work has shown that a histone H3 mutant, where the PRC2 substrate residue Lys27 is replaced by methionine, is also associated with cancer phenotypes and functions as an inhibitor of PRC2. Here we investigate the mechanism of this PRC2 inhibition through kinetic studies and photo-cross-linking. Efficient inhibition is dependent on (1) hydrophobic lysine isosteres blocking the active site, (2) proximal residues, and (3) the H3 tail forming extensive contacts with the EZH2 subunit of PRC2. We further show that naturally occurring post-translational modifications of the same H3 tail, both proximal and distal to K27M, can greatly diminish the inhibition of PRC2. These results suggest that this potent gain of function mutation may be "detoxified" by modulating alternate chromatin modification pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
Z. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Manuel M. Müller
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Siddhant
U. Jain
- Epigenetics
Theme, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - C. David Allis
- Laboratory
of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New
York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Peter W. Lewis
- Epigenetics
Theme, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nasveschuk CG, Gagnon A, Garapaty-Rao S, Balasubramanian S, Campbell R, Lee C, Zhao F, Bergeron L, Cummings R, Trojer P, Audia JE, Albrecht BK, Harmange JCP. Discovery and Optimization of Tetramethylpiperidinyl Benzamides as Inhibitors of EZH2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:378-83. [PMID: 24900844 DOI: 10.1021/ml400494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and development of a novel series of small molecule Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2) inhibitors is described. A concise and modular synthesis enabled the rapid development of structure-activity relationships, which led to the identification of 44 as a potent, SAM-competitive inhibitor of EZH2 that dose-dependently decreased global H3K27me3 in KARPAS-422 lymphoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Nasveschuk
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shivani Garapaty-Rao
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Srividya Balasubramanian
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert Campbell
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christina Lee
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Louise Bergeron
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Richard Cummings
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James E. Audia
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian K. Albrecht
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215
1st Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smadbeck J, Peterson MB, Zee BM, Garapaty S, Mago A, Lee C, Giannis A, Trojer P, Garcia BA, Floudas CA. De novo peptide design and experimental validation of histone methyltransferase inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90095. [PMID: 24587223 PMCID: PMC3938834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are small proteins critical to the efficient packaging of DNA in the nucleus. DNA–protein complexes, known as nucleosomes, are formed when the DNA winds itself around the surface of the histones. The methylation of histone residues by enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) maintains gene repression over successive cell generations. Overexpression of EZH2 can silence important tumor suppressor genes leading to increased invasiveness of many types of cancers. This makes the inhibition of EZH2 an important target in the development of cancer therapeutics. We employed a three-stage computational de novo peptide design method to design inhibitory peptides of EZH2. The method consists of a sequence selection stage and two validation stages for fold specificity and approximate binding affinity. The sequence selection stage consists of an integer linear optimization model that was solved to produce a rank-ordered list of amino acid sequences with increased stability in the bound peptide-EZH2 structure. These sequences were validated through the calculation of the fold specificity and approximate binding affinity of the designed peptides. Here we report the discovery of novel EZH2 inhibitory peptides using the de novo peptide design method. The computationally discovered peptides were experimentally validated in vitro using dose titrations and mechanism of action enzymatic assays. The peptide with the highest in vitro response, SQ037, was validated in nucleo using quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This peptide had an IC50 of 13.5 M, demonstrated greater potency as an inhibitor when compared to the native and K27A mutant control peptides, and demonstrated competitive inhibition versus the peptide substrate. Additionally, this peptide demonstrated high specificity to the EZH2 target in comparison to other histone methyltransferases. The validated peptides are the first computationally designed peptides that directly inhibit EZH2. These inhibitors should prove useful for further chromatin biology investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Smadbeck
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Meghan B. Peterson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Barry M. Zee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shivani Garapaty
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aashna Mago
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christina Lee
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christodoulos A. Floudas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Campbell RM, Tummino PJ. Cancer epigenetics drug discovery and development: the challenge of hitting the mark. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:64-9. [PMID: 24382391 DOI: 10.1172/jci71605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been rapidly expanding evidence of epigenetic dysregulation in cancer, in which histone and DNA modification play a critical role in tumor growth and survival. These findings have gained the attention of the drug discovery and development community, and offer the potential for a second generation of cancer epigenetic agents for patients following the approved "first generation" of DNA methylation (e.g., Dacogen, Vidaza) and broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors (e.g., Vorinostat, Romidepsin). This Review provides an analysis of prospects for discovery and development of novel cancer agents that target epigenetic proteins. We will examine key examples of epigenetic dysregulation in tumors as well as challenges to epigenetic drug discovery with emerging biology and novel classes of drug targets. We will also highlight recent successes in cancer epigenetics drug discovery and consider important factors for clinical success in this burgeoning area.
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu Y, Platchek M, Kement B, Bee WT, Truong M, Zeng X, Hung S, Lin H, Morrow D, Kallal LA, Xie Q, Agarwal P, Pope AJ, Wu Z. A novel approach applying a chemical biology strategy in phenotypic screening reveals pathway-selective regulators of histone 3 K27 tri-methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:251-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70413k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
39
|
Garapaty-Rao S, Nasveschuk C, Gagnon A, Chan EY, Sandy P, Busby J, Balasubramanian S, Campbell R, Zhao F, Bergeron L, Audia JE, Albrecht BK, Harmange JC, Cummings R, Trojer P. Identification of EZH2 and EZH1 small molecule inhibitors with selective impact on diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1329-39. [PMID: 24183969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a candidate oncogene due to its prevalent overexpression in malignant diseases, including late stage prostate and breast cancers. The dependency of cancer cells on EZH2 activity is also predicated by recurrent missense mutations residing in the catalytic domain of EZH2 that have been identified in subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and melanoma. Herein, we report the identification of a highly selective small molecule inhibitor series of EZH2 and EZH1. These compounds inhibit wild-type and mutant versions of EZH2 with nanomolar potency, suppress global histone H3-lysine 27 methylation, affect gene expression, and cause selective proliferation defects. These compounds represent a structurally distinct EZH2 inhibitor chemotype for the exploration of the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2-mediated H3K27 methylation in various biological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Garapaty-Rao
- Department of Biology, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Recent progress in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the HMT EZH2 for the treatment of cancer. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1661-70. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 is the catalytic component of the multi-protein PRC2 complex and methylates lysine 27 on histone H3. EZH2 overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis and correlates with poor prognosis in several tumor types. Inhibition of aberrant EZH2 activity might attenuate tumorigenesis resulting from misregulated gene transcription derived from aberrant EZH2 activity. In the last year, the first reports of small molecules demonstrating potent and selective inhibition of EZH2 have been published by multiple groups. Herein, we review recent progress reported in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of EZH2.
Collapse
|
41
|
Qian J, Lu L, Wu J, Ma H. Development of multiple cell-based assays for the detection of histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:449-56. [PMID: 23992119 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of histone proteins in eukaryotes plays an important role in gene transcription and chromatin structure. Dysregulation of the enzymes involved in histone modification has been linked to many cancer forms, making this target class a potential new area for therapeutics. A reliable assay to monitor small-molecule inhibition of various epigenetic enzymes should play a critical role in drug discovery to fight cancer. However, it has been challenging to develop cell-based assays for high-throughput screening (HTS) and compound profiling. Recently, two homogeneous cell-based assay kits using the AlphaLISA(®) and LanthaScreen(®) technologies to detect trimethyl histone H3 Lysine 27 have become commercially available, and a heterogeneous cell assay with modified dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA(®)) format has been reported. To compare their pros and cons, we evaluated, optimized, and validated these three assay formats in three different cell lines and compared their activities with traditional Western blot detection of histone methylation inhibition by using commercial and in-house small-molecule inhibitors. Our data indicate that, although all four formats produced acceptable results, the homogeneous AlphaLISA assay was best suited for HTS and compound profiling due to its wider window and ease of automation. The DELFIA and Western blot assays were useful as validation tools to confirm the cell activities and eliminate potential false-positive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Reaction Biology Corp., Malvern, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Van Lint C, Bouchat S, Marcello A. HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update. Retrovirology 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 23803414 PMCID: PMC3699421 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy, despite being potent and life-prolonging, is not curative and does not eradicate HIV-1 infection since interruption of treatment inevitably results in a rapid rebound of viremia. Reactivation of latently infected cells harboring transcriptionally silent but replication-competent proviruses is a potential source of persistent residual viremia in cART-treated patients. Although multiple reservoirs may exist, the persistence of resting CD4+ T cells carrying a latent infection represents a major barrier to eradication. In this review, we will discuss the latest reports on the molecular mechanisms that may regulate HIV-1 latency at the transcriptional level, including transcriptional interference, the role of cellular factors, chromatin organization and epigenetic modifications, the viral Tat trans-activator and its cellular cofactors. Since latency mechanisms may also operate at the post-transcriptional level, we will consider inhibition of nuclear RNA export and inhibition of translation by microRNAs as potential barriers to HIV-1 gene expression. Finally, we will review the therapeutic approaches and clinical studies aimed at achieving either a sterilizing cure or a functional cure of HIV-1 infection, with a special emphasis on the most recent pharmacological strategies to reactivate the latent viruses and decrease the pool of viral reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
EZH2, an epigenetic driver of prostate cancer. Protein Cell 2013; 4:331-41. [PMID: 23636686 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-2093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase EZH2 has been in the limelight of the field of cancer epigenetics for a decade now since it was first discovered to exhibit an elevated expression in metastatic prostate cancer. It persists to attract much scientific attention due to its important role in the process of cancer development and its potential of being an effective therapeutic target. Thus here we review the dysregulation of EZH2 in prostate cancer, its function, upstream regulators, downstream effectors, and current status of EZH2-targeting approaches. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview of EZH2 in the context of prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
44
|
Simard JR, Plant M, Emkey R, Yu V. Development and implementation of a high-throughput AlphaLISA assay for identifying inhibitors of EZH2 methyltransferase. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:152-62. [PMID: 23409774 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation state of lysine residues within histone H3 is a major determinant of active and inactive regions of the genome. Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone lysine methyltransferase that is part of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Elevated EZH2 expression levels have been linked to hypertrimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27), repression of tumor repressor genes, and the onset of several types of cancers. We used the AlphaLISA technology to develop a high-throughput assay for identifying small molecule inhibitors of EZH2. AlphaLISA Acceptor Beads coated with antibodies directed against methylated H3K27 provided a sensitive method of detecting EZH2 activity through measurement of K27 methylation of a biotinylated H3-based peptide substrate. Optimized assay conditions resulted in a robust assay (Z'>0.7) which was successfully implemented in a high-throughput screening campaign. Small molecule inhibitors identified by this method may serve as powerful tools to further elucidate the potential importance of EZH2 in the development and treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
45
|
Verma SK, Tian X, LaFrance LV, Duquenne C, Suarez DP, Newlander KA, Romeril SP, Burgess JL, Grant SW, Brackley JA, Graves AP, Scherzer DA, Shu A, Thompson C, Ott HM, Aller GSV, Machutta CA, Diaz E, Jiang Y, Johnson NW, Knight SD, Kruger RG, McCabe MT, Dhanak D, Tummino PJ, Creasy CL, Miller WH. Identification of Potent, Selective, Cell-Active Inhibitors of the Histone Lysine Methyltransferase EZH2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:1091-6. [PMID: 24900432 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3-lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase EZH2 plays a critical role in regulating gene expression, and its aberrant activity is linked to the onset and progression of cancer. As part of a drug discovery program targeting EZH2, we have identified highly potent, selective, SAM-competitive, and cell-active EZH2 inhibitors, including GSK926 (3) and GSK343 (6). These compounds are small molecule chemical tools that would be useful to further explore the biology of EZH2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad K. Verma
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Xinrong Tian
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Louis V. LaFrance
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Céline Duquenne
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dominic P. Suarez
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Newlander
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Stuart P. Romeril
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Joelle L. Burgess
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Seth W. Grant
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James A. Brackley
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Alan P. Graves
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Daryl A. Scherzer
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Art Shu
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Christine Thompson
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Heidi M. Ott
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Glenn S. Van Aller
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Carl A. Machutta
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Elsie Diaz
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Neil W. Johnson
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Steven D. Knight
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ryan G. Kruger
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael T. McCabe
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Dashyant Dhanak
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Peter J. Tummino
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Caretha L. Creasy
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - William H. Miller
- Cancer
Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, ‡Protein Dynamics
Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology Research & Development, and §Platform Technology
and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McCabe MT, Ott HM, Ganji G, Korenchuk S, Thompson C, Van Aller GS, Liu Y, Graves AP, Della Pietra A, Diaz E, LaFrance LV, Mellinger M, Duquenne C, Tian X, Kruger RG, McHugh CF, Brandt M, Miller WH, Dhanak D, Verma SK, Tummino PJ, Creasy CL. EZH2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for lymphoma with EZH2-activating mutations. Nature 2012; 492:108-12. [PMID: 23051747 DOI: 10.1038/nature11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1358] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, post-translational modification of histones is critical for regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is involved in repressing gene expression through methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27). EZH2 overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis and correlates with poor prognosis in several tumour types. Additionally, somatic heterozygous mutations of Y641 and A677 residues within the catalytic SET domain of EZH2 occur in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma. The Y641 residue is the most frequently mutated residue, with up to 22% of germinal centre B-cell DLBCL and follicular lymphoma harbouring mutations at this site. These lymphomas have increased H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) owing to altered substrate preferences of the mutant enzymes. However, it is unknown whether specific, direct inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity will be effective in treating EZH2 mutant lymphomas. Here we demonstrate that GSK126, a potent, highly selective, S-adenosyl-methionine-competitive, small-molecule inhibitor of EZH2 methyltransferase activity, decreases global H3K27me3 levels and reactivates silenced PRC2 target genes. GSK126 effectively inhibits the proliferation of EZH2 mutant DLBCL cell lines and markedly inhibits the growth of EZH2 mutant DLBCL xenografts in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 activity may provide a promising treatment for EZH2 mutant lymphoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Silencing/drug effects
- Histone Methyltransferases
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Histones/chemistry
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Lymphoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Follicular/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Methylation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/genetics
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/metabolism
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Pyridones/therapeutic use
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Blancafort P, Jin J, Frye S. Writing and rewriting the epigenetic code of cancer cells: from engineered proteins to small molecules. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:563-76. [PMID: 23150486 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenomic era has revealed a well-connected network of molecular processes that shape the chromatin landscape. These processes comprise abnormal methylomes, transcriptosomes, genome-wide histone post-transcriptional modifications patterns, histone variants, and noncoding RNAs. The mapping of these processes in large scale by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and other methodologies in both cancer and normal cells reveals novel therapeutic opportunities for anticancer intervention. The goal of this minireview is to summarize pharmacological strategies to modify the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells. These approaches include the use of novel small molecule inhibitors of epigenetic processes specifically deregulated in cancer cells and the design of engineered proteins able to stably reprogram the epigenetic code in cancer cells in a way that is similar to normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blancafort
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, M309, the University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|