1
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Donnellan FR, Rayaprolu V, Rijal P, O’Dowd V, Parvate A, Callaway H, Hariharan C, Parekh D, Hui S, Shaffer K, Avalos RD, Hastie K, Schimanski L, Müller-Kräuter H, Strecker T, Balaram A, Halfmann P, Saphire EO, Lightwood DJ, Townsend AR, Draper SJ. A broadly-neutralizing antibody against Ebolavirus glycoprotein that potentiates the breadth and neutralization potency of other antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600001. [PMID: 38979279 PMCID: PMC11230233 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Ebolavirus disease (EVD) is caused by multiple species of Ebolavirus. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the virus glycoprotein (GP) are the only class of therapeutic approved for treatment of EVD caused by Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Therefore, mAbs targeting multiple Ebolavirus species may represent the next generation of EVD therapeutics. Broadly reactive anti-GP mAbs were produced; among these, mAbs 11886 and 11883 were broadly neutralizing in vitro. A 3.0 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of EBOV GP bound to both mAbs shows that 11886 binds a novel epitope bridging the glycan cap (GC), 310 pocket and GP2 N-terminus, whereas 11883 binds the receptor binding region (RBR) and GC. In vitro, 11886 synergized with a range of mAbs with epitope specificities spanning the RBR/GC, including 11883. Notably, 11886 increased the breadth of neutralization by partner mAbs against different Ebolavirus species. These data provide a strategic route to design improved mAb-based next-generation EVD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Donnellan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current affiliation: Pacific Northwest Cryo-EM Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Amar Parvate
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current affiliation: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Heather Callaway
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current affiliation: Chemistry & Biochemistry Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dipti Parekh
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current Affiliation: Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly Shaffer
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine. University of California San Diego. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn Hastie
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Helena Müller-Kräuter
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ariane Balaram
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine. University of California San Diego. La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alain R. Townsend
- Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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2
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Hardman CS, Chen YL, Wegrecki M, Ng SW, Murren R, Mangat D, Silva JP, Munro R, Chan WY, O'Dowd V, Doyle C, Mori P, Popplewell A, Rossjohn J, Lightwood D, Ogg GS. CD1a promotes systemic manifestations of skin inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7535. [PMID: 36477177 PMCID: PMC9729296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin conditions are increasingly recognised as being associated with systemic inflammation. The mechanisms connecting the cutaneous and systemic disease are not well understood. CD1a is a virtually monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, highly expressed by skin and mucosal Langerhans cells, and presents lipid antigens to T-cells. Here we show an important role for CD1a in linking cutaneous and systemic inflammation in two experimental disease models. In human CD1a transgenic mice, the toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist imiquimod induces more pronounced splenomegaly, expansion of the peripheral blood and spleen T cell compartments, and enhanced neutrophil and eosinophil responses compared to the wild-type, accompanied by elevated skin and plasma cytokine levels, including IL-23, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-17A. Similar systemic escalation is shown in MC903-induced skin inflammation. The exacerbated inflammation could be counter-acted by CD1a-blocking antibodies, developed and screened in our laboratories. The beneficial effect is epitope dependent, and we further characterise the five best-performing antibodies for their capacity to modulate CD1a-expressing cells and ameliorate CD1a-dependent systemic inflammatory responses. In summary, we show that a therapeutically targetable CD1a-dependent pathway may play a role in the systemic spread of cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl Doyle
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | | | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Pedrioli A, Oxenius A. Single B cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1143-1158. [PMID: 34743921 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often selected from antigen-specific single B cells derived from different hosts, which are notably short-lived in ex vivo culture conditions and hence, arduous to interrogate. The development of several new techniques and protocols has facilitated the isolation and retrieval of antibody-coding sequences of antigen-specific B cells by also leveraging miniaturization of reaction volumes. Alternatively, mAbs can be generated independently of antigen-specific B cells, comprising display technologies and, more recently, artificial intelligence-driven algorithms. Consequently, a considerable variety of techniques are used, raising the demand for better consolidation. In this review, we present and discuss the major techniques available to interrogate antigen-specific single B cells to isolate antigen-specific mAbs, including their main advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Bhatta P, Whale KD, Sawtell AK, Thompson CL, Rapecki SE, Cook DA, Twomey BM, Mennecozzi M, Starkie LE, Barry EMC, Peters SJ, Kamal AM, Finney HM. Bispecific antibody target pair discovery by high-throughput phenotypic screening using in vitro combinatorial Fab libraries. MAbs 2021; 13:1859049. [PMID: 33487120 PMCID: PMC7849716 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1859049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies can uniquely influence cellular responses, but selecting target combinations for optimal functional activity remains challenging. Here we describe a high-throughput, combinatorial, phenotypic screening approach using a new bispecific antibody target discovery format, allowing screening of hundreds of target combinations. Simple in vitro mixing of Fab-fusion proteins from a diverse library enables the generation of thousands of screen-ready bispecific antibodies for high-throughput, biologically relevant assays. We identified an obligate bispecific co-targeting CD79a/b and CD22 as a potent inhibitor of human B cell activation from a short-term flow cytometry signaling assay. A long-term, high-content imaging assay identified anti-integrin bispecific inhibitors of human cell matrix accumulation targeting integrins β1 and β6 or αV and β1. In all cases, functional activity was conserved from the bispecific screening format to a therapeutically relevant format. We also introduce a broader type of mechanistic screen whereby functional modulation of different cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated simultaneously. We identified bispecific antibodies capable of activating different T cell subsets of potential interest for applications in oncology or infectious disease, as well as bispecifics abrogating T cell activity of potential interest to autoimmune or inflammatory disease. The bispecific target pair discovery technology described herein offers access to new target biology and unique bispecific therapeutic opportunities in diverse disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Bhatta
- New Modalities and Therapeutics Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire UK
| | - Kevin D Whale
- In Vitro Pharmacology Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire, UK
| | - Amy K Sawtell
- In Vitro Pharmacology Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Stephen E Rapecki
- New Modalities and Therapeutics Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire UK
| | - David A Cook
- In Vitro Pharmacology Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire, UK
| | - Breda M Twomey
- In Vitro Pharmacology Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Laura E Starkie
- New Modalities and Therapeutics Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire UK
| | - Emily M C Barry
- New Modalities and Therapeutics Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire UK
| | - Shirley J Peters
- New Modalities and Therapeutics Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire UK
| | - Ahmad M Kamal
- Immunology Partnering Group, UCB Pharma , Slough, Berkshire UK
| | - Helene M Finney
- In Vitro Pharmacology Group, UCB Pharma, Slough , Berkshire, UK
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5
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Rijal P, Elias SC, Machado SR, Xiao J, Schimanski L, O'Dowd V, Baker T, Barry E, Mendelsohn SC, Cherry CJ, Jin J, Labbé GM, Donnellan FR, Rampling T, Dowall S, Rayner E, Findlay-Wilson S, Carroll M, Guo J, Xu XN, Huang KYA, Takada A, Burgess G, McMillan D, Popplewell A, Lightwood DJ, Draper SJ, Townsend AR. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Ebola Virus Infection Derived from Vaccinated Humans. Cell Rep 2020; 27:172-186.e7. [PMID: 30943399 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe therapeutic monoclonal antibodies isolated from human volunteers vaccinated with recombinant adenovirus expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) and boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Among 82 antibodies isolated from peripheral blood B cells, almost half neutralized GP pseudotyped influenza virus. The antibody response was diverse in gene usage and epitope recognition. Although close to germline in sequence, neutralizing antibodies with binding affinities in the nano- to pico-molar range, similar to "affinity matured" antibodies from convalescent donors, were found. They recognized the mucin-like domain, glycan cap, receptor binding region, and the base of the glycoprotein. A cross-reactive cocktail of four antibodies, targeting the latter three non-overlapping epitopes, given on day 3 of EBOV infection, completely protected guinea pigs. This study highlights the value of experimental vaccine trials as a rich source of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Sean C Elias
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Samara Rosendo Machado
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julie Xiao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Catherine J Cherry
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geneviève M Labbé
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | | | - Jia Guo
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Ning Xu
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alain R Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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6
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Ramberger M, Berretta A, Tan JMM, Sun B, Michael S, Yeo T, Theorell J, Bashford-Rogers R, Paneva S, O’Dowd V, Dedi N, Topia S, Griffin R, Ramirez-Franco J, El Far O, Baulac S, Leite MI, Sen A, Jeans A, McMillan D, Marshall D, Anthony D, Lightwood D, Waters P, Irani SR. Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms. Brain 2020; 143:1731-1745. [PMID: 32437528 PMCID: PMC7296845 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) are found in patients with limbic encephalitis and focal seizures. Here, we generate patient-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against LGI1. We explore their sequences and binding characteristics, plus their pathogenic potential using transfected HEK293T cells, rodent neuronal preparations, and behavioural and electrophysiological assessments in vivo after mAb injections into the rodent hippocampus. In live cell-based assays, LGI1 epitope recognition was examined with patient sera (n = 31), CSFs (n = 11), longitudinal serum samples (n = 15), and using mAbs (n = 14) generated from peripheral B cells of two patients. All sera and 9/11 CSFs bound both the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and the epitempin repeat (EPTP) domains of LGI1, with stable ratios of LRR:EPTP antibody levels over time. By contrast, the mAbs derived from both patients recognized either the LRR or EPTP domain. mAbs against both domain specificities showed varied binding strengths, and marked genetic heterogeneity, with high mutation frequencies. LRR-specific mAbs recognized LGI1 docked to its interaction partners, ADAM22 and ADAM23, bound to rodent brain sections, and induced internalization of the LGI1-ADAM22/23 complex in both HEK293T cells and live hippocampal neurons. By contrast, few EPTP-specific mAbs bound to rodent brain sections or ADAM22/23-docked LGI1, but all inhibited the docking of LGI1 to ADAM22/23. After intrahippocampal injection, and by contrast to the LRR-directed mAbs, the EPTP-directed mAbs showed far less avid binding to brain tissue and were consistently detected in the serum. Post-injection, both domain-specific mAbs abrogated long-term potentiation induction, and LRR-directed antibodies with higher binding strengths induced memory impairment. Taken together, two largely dichotomous populations of LGI1 mAbs with distinct domain binding characteristics exist in the affinity matured peripheral autoantigen-specific memory pools of individuals, both of which have pathogenic potential. In human autoantibody-mediated diseases, the detailed characterization of patient mAbs provides a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms within polyclonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ramberger
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Berretta
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeanne M M Tan
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bo Sun
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia Michael
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianrong Yeo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Theorell
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sofija Paneva
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Neesha Dedi
- UCB Pharma, 208-216 Bath Road, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Oussama El Far
- Unité de Neurobiologie des Canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, INSERM UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Baulac
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria I Leite
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjune Sen
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Jeans
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Anthony
- Experimental Neuropathology Group, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Patrick Waters
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Nicolini F, Bocchini M, Angeli D, Bronte G, Delmonte A, Crinò L, Mazza M. Fully Human Antibodies for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E915. [PMID: 32276524 PMCID: PMC7226231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the most promising therapeutic approach against malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Despite technological progress, the number of targetable antigens or specific antibodies is limited, thus hindering the full potential of recent therapeutic interventions. All possibilities of finding new targeting molecules must be exploited. The specificity of targeting is guaranteed by the use of monoclonal antibodies, while fully human antibodies are preferred, as they are functional and generate no neutralizing antibodies. The aim of this review is to appraise the latest advances in screening methods dedicated to the identification and harnessing of fully human antibodies. The scope of identifying useful molecules proceeds along two avenues, i.e., through the antigen-first or binding-first approaches. The first relies on screening human antibody libraries or plasma from immunized transgenic mice or humans to isolate binders to specific antigens. The latter takes advantage of specific binding to tumor cells of antibodies present in phage display libraries or in responders' plasma samples without prior knowledge of the antigens. Additionally, next-generation sequencing analysis of B-cell receptor repertoire pre- and post-therapy in memory B-cells from responders allows for the identification of clones expanded and matured upon treatment. Human antibodies identified can be subsequently reformatted to generate a plethora of therapeutics like antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, and advanced cell-therapeutics such as chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Nicolini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (F.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Martine Bocchini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (F.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Davide Angeli
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Angelo Delmonte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucio Crinò
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Mazza
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (F.N.); (M.B.)
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8
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Ding R, Hung KC, Mitra A, Ung LW, Lightwood D, Tu R, Starkie D, Cai L, Mazutis L, Chong S, Weitz DA, Heyman JA. Rapid isolation of antigen-specific B-cells using droplet microfluidics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27006-27013. [PMID: 35515810 PMCID: PMC9055518 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools for scientific research and are the basis of numerous therapeutics. However, traditional approaches to generate monoclonal antibodies against a desired target, such as hybridoma-based techniques and display library methods, are laborious and suffer from fusion inefficiency and display bias, respectively. Here we present a platform, featuring droplet microfluidics and a bead-based binding assay, to rapidly identify and verify antigen-binding antibody sequences from primary cells. We used a defined mixture of hybridoma cells to characterize the system, sorting droplets at up to 100 Hz and isolating desired hybridoma cells, comprising 0.1% of the input, with a false positive rate of less than 1%. We then applied the system to once-frozen primary B-cells to isolate rare cells secreting target-binding antibody. We performed RT-PCR on individual sorted cells to recover the correctly paired heavy- and light-chain antibody sequences, and we used rapid cell-free protein synthesis to generate single-chain variable fragment-format (scFv) antibodies from fourteen of the sorted cells. Twelve of these showed antigen-specific binding by ELISA. Our platform facilitates screening animal B-cell repertoires within days at low cost, increasing both rate and range of discovering antigen-specific antibodies from living organisms. Further, these techniques can be adapted to isolate cells based on virtually any secreted product. We use a droplet-microfluidics-based platform to rapidly identify and isolate individual primary cells that secrete desired antibodies. We then retrieve the antibody-encoding sequences and create recombinant antibodies that bind the target protein.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Ding
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Kuo-Chan Hung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Anindita Mitra
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Lloyd W. Ung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | | | - Ran Tu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology
| | | | - Liheng Cai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Linas Mazutis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Vilnius University
| | | | - David A. Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - John A. Heyman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- SphereBio
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9
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Alt M, Falk J, Eis-Hübinger AM, Kropff B, Sinzger C, Krawczyk A. Detection of antibody-secreting cells specific for the cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus surface antigens. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:13-22. [PMID: 30056033 PMCID: PMC7094464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can lead to life-threatening diseases, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, HSV infections at birth (herpes neonatorum) can result in a disseminated disease associated with a fatal multiorgan failure. Congenital HCMV infections can result in miscarriage, serious birth defects or developmental disabilities. Antibody-based interventions with hyperimmunoglobulins showed encouraging results in clinical studies, but clearly need to be improved. The isolation of highly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies is a promising strategy to establish potent therapy options against HSV and HCMV infections. Monoclonal antibodies are commonly isolated from hybridomas or EBV-immortalized B-cell clones. The screening procedure to identify virus-specific cells from a cell mixture is a challenging step, since most of the highly neutralizing antibodies target complex conformational epitopes on the virus surface. Conventional assays such as ELISA are based on purified viral proteins and inappropriate to display complex epitopes. To overcome this obstacle, we have established two full-virus based methods that allow screening for cells and antibodies targeting complex conformational epitopes on viral surface antigens. The methods are suitable to detect surface antigen-specific cells from a cell mixture and may facilitate the isolation of highly neutralizing antibodies against HSV and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Alt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jessica Falk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kropff
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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10
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Chen WC, Murawsky CM. Strategies for Generating Diverse Antibody Repertoires Using Transgenic Animals Expressing Human Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:460. [PMID: 29563917 PMCID: PMC5845867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic molecules derived from antibodies have become a dominant class of drugs used to treat human disease. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are discovered using transgenic animal systems that have been engineered to express human antibodies. While the engineering details differ, these platforms share the ability to raise an immune response that is comprised of antibodies with fully human idiotypes. Although the predominant transgenic host species has been mouse, the genomes of rats, rabbits, chickens, and cows have also been modified to express human antibodies. The creation of transgenic animal platforms expressing human antibody repertoires has revolutionized therapeutic antibody drug discovery. The observation that the immune systems of these animals are able to recognize and respond to a wide range of therapeutically relevant human targets has led to a surge in antibody-derived drugs in current development. While the clinical success of fully human monoclonal antibodies derived from transgenic animals is well established, recent trends have seen increasingly stringent functional design goals and a shift in difficulty as the industry attempts to tackle the next generation of disease-associated targets. These challenges have been met with a number of novel approaches focused on the generation of large, high-quality, and diverse antibody repertoires. In this perspective, we describe some of the strategies and considerations we use for manipulating the immune systems of transgenic animal platforms (such as XenoMouse®) with a focus on maximizing the diversity of the primary response and steering the ensuing antibody repertoire toward a desired outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsu C Chen
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Murawsky
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
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11
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Analysis of peripheral B cells and autoantibodies against the anti-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor derived from patients with myasthenia gravis using single-cell manipulation tools. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185976. [PMID: 29040265 PMCID: PMC5645109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, harbor autoantibodies that attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR-Abs) at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, resulting in muscle weakness. Single cell manipulation technologies coupled with genetic engineering are very powerful tools to examine T cell and B cell repertoires and the dynamics of adaptive immunity. These tools have been utilized to develop mAbs in parallel with hybridomas, phage display technologies and B-cell immortalization. By applying a single cell technology and novel high-throughput cell-based binding assays, we identified peripheral B cells that produce pathogenic nAChR-Abs in patients with MG. Although anti-nAChR antibodies produced by individual peripheral B cells generally exhibited low binding affinity for the α-subunit of the nAChR and great sequence diversity, a small fraction of these antibodies bound with high affinity to native-structured nAChRs on cell surfaces. B12L, one such Ab isolated here, competed with a rat Ab (mAb35) for binding to the human nAChR and thus considered to recognize the main immunogenic region (MIR). By evaluating the Ab in in vitro cell-based assays and an in vivo rat passive transfer model, B12L was found to act as a pathogenic Ab in rodents and presumably in humans.These findings suggest that B cells in peripheral blood may impact MG pathogenicity. Our methodology can be applied not only to validate pathogenic Abs as molecular target of MG treatment, but also to discover and analyze Ab production systems in other human diseases.
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12
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Strategies to Obtain Diverse and Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies From Transgenic Animals. Transplantation 2017; 101:1770-1776. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Davé E, Adams R, Zaccheo O, Carrington B, Compson JE, Dugdale S, Airey M, Malcolm S, Hailu H, Wild G, Turner A, Heads J, Sarkar K, Ventom A, Marshall D, Jairaj M, Kopotsha T, Christodoulou L, Zamacona M, Lawson AD, Heywood S, Humphreys DP. Fab-dsFv: A bispecific antibody format with extended serum half-life through albumin binding. MAbs 2016; 8:1319-1335. [PMID: 27532598 PMCID: PMC5058625 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1210747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An antibody format, termed Fab-dsFv, has been designed for clinical indications that require monovalent target binding in the absence of direct Fc receptor (FcR) binding while retaining substantial serum presence. The variable fragment (Fv) domain of a humanized albumin-binding antibody was fused to the C-termini of Fab constant domains, such that the VL and VH domains were individually connected to the Cκ and CH1 domains by peptide linkers, respectively. The anti-albumin Fv was selected for properties thought to be desirable to ensure a durable serum half-life mediated via FcRn. The Fv domain was further stabilized by an inter-domain disulfide bond. The bispecific format was shown to be thermodynamically and biophysically stable, and retained good affinity and efficacy to both antigens simultaneously. In in vivo studies, the serum half-life of Fab-dsFv, 2.6 d in mice and 7.9 d in cynomolgus monkeys, was equivalent to Fab'-PEG.
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14
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Ditto NT, Brooks BD. The emerging role of biosensor-based epitope binning and mapping in antibody-based drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:925-37. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1229295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Generation of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies from Immunised Mice and Rabbits via Flow Cytometry and Sorting of Antigen-Specific IgG+ Memory B Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152282. [PMID: 27022949 PMCID: PMC4811437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single B cell screening strategies, which avoid both hybridoma fusion and combinatorial display, have emerged as important technologies for efficiently sampling the natural antibody repertoire of immunized animals and humans. Having access to a range of methods to interrogate different B cell subsets provides an attractive option to ensure large and diverse panels of high quality antibody are produced. The generation of multiple antibodies and having the ability to find rare B cell clones producing IgG with unique and desirable characteristics facilitates the identification of fit-for-purpose molecules that can be developed into therapeutic agents or research reagents. Here, we describe a multi-parameter flow cytometry single-cell sorting technique for the generation of antigen-specific recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single IgG+ memory B cells. Both mouse splenocytes and rabbit PBMC from immunised animals were used as a source of B cells. Reagents staining both B cells and other unwanted cell types enabled efficient identification of class-switched IgG+ memory B cells. Concurrent staining with antigen labelled separately with two spectrally-distinct fluorophores enabled antigen-specific B cells to be identified, i.e. those which bind to both antigen conjugates (double-positive). These cells were then typically sorted at one cell per well using FACS directly into a 96-well plate containing reverse transcriptase reaction mix. Following production of cDNA, PCR was performed to amplify cognate heavy and light chain variable region genes and generate transcriptionally-active PCR (TAP) fragments. These linear expression cassettes were then used directly in a mammalian cell transfection to generate recombinant antibody for further testing. We were able to successfully generate antigen-specific recombinant antibodies from both the rabbit and mouse IgG+ memory B cell subset within one week. This included the generation of an anti-TNFR2 blocking antibody from mice with an affinity of 90 pM.
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16
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McGivern JG, Howes R. JBS special issue on therapeutic antibody discovery and development: biologics come of age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:433-6. [PMID: 25805607 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115572999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this special issue of the Journal of biomolecular screening, we have assembled a series of articles that exemplify and discuss various aspects and challenges associated with the discovery, development, and manufacture of biologics with an emphasis on those topics that we feel will appeal to readers of this journal. We hope you enjoy them!
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