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Chang DF, Donald J, Whitney J, Miao IY, Sahdra B. Does Mindfulness Improve Intergroup Bias, Internalized Bias, and Anti-Bias Outcomes?: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence and Agenda for Future Research. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1487-1516. [PMID: 37382426 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Whereas mindfulness has been shown to enhance personal well-being, studies suggest it may also benefit intergroup dynamics. Using an integrative conceptual model, this meta-analysis examined associations between mindfulness and (a) different manifestations of bias (implicit/explicit attitudes, affect, behavior) directed toward (b) different bias targets (outgroup or ingroup, e.g., internalized bias), by (c) intergroup orientation (toward bias or anti-bias). Of 70 samples, 42 (N = 3,229) assessed mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and 30 (N = 6,002) were correlational studies. Results showed a medium-sized negative effect of MBIs on bias outcomes, g = -0.56, 95% confidence interval [-0.72, -0.40]; I(2;3)2: 0.39; 0.48, and a small-to-medium negative effect between mindfulness and bias for correlational studies, r = -0.17 [-0.27, -0.03]; I(2;3)2: 0.11; 0.83. Effects were comparable for intergroup bias and internalized bias. We conclude by identifying gaps in the evidence base to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Donald
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Baljinder Sahdra
- Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Sacino A, Bicocchi N, Di Bernardo GA, Pecini C, Di Gesto C, Maragliano A, Vezzali L, Andrighetto L. Proxemic Behaviors During Gay/Straight Interactions: An Automated Analysis Through Kinect Depth-Sensing Camera. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:955-967. [PMID: 37010936 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2192696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Through two experimental studies (N = 150), we investigated proxemic behaviors featuring gay/straight dyadic interactions. In doing so, for the first time, we relied on an IR depth camera and considered the interpersonal volume between the interactants, a novel feature that exhaustively captures interactants' proxemic behaviors. Study 1 revealed that the straight participants' implicit sexual bias - but not the explicit prejudice - significantly predicted their volume while interacting with a study accomplice who was presented as gay (vs. straight). However, unlike previous research, mixed-model analyses revealed the higher their implicit bias was, the smaller the interpersonal volume that they maintained with the gay study accomplice, especially when the conversation focused on an intergroup-related (vs. neutral) topic. Study 2 was mainly designed to deepen this main finding. Results documented that highly implicitly biased participants who maintained a smaller interpersonal volume with a gay (vs. straight) study accomplice were more cognitively depleted after the interaction than low-biased participants, possibly suggesting that highly implicitly biased straight people can control this nonverbal behavior to appear as nonprejudiced in the gay interactant's eyes. Implications for research on sexual prejudice and intergroup nonverbal behaviors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sacino
- Department of Education, University of Genova
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Nicola Bicocchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | | | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
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3
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Beukeboom CJ, Burgers C, van Woerkom M, de Meijer S, de Vries L, Ferdinandus D. Stereotypical Questions: How Stereotypes About Conversation Partners Are Reflected in Question Formulations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231205084. [PMID: 37864469 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231205084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In conversations, activated stereotypes about conversation partners can influence communicative behaviors. We investigate whether and how stereotypes about categorized conversation partners shape topic choice and the types of questions asked. In three experiments, participants imagined having a conversation. Gender or age stereotypes of the conversation partner were manipulated by means of a picture. Results show a higher likelihood of addressing conversation and question topics consistent with stereotypic expectancies about conversation partners. Moreover, stereotypes were reflected in subtle variations in question formulations. When questions address stereotype-consistent topics, they are likelier formulated with high-frequency adverbs and positive valence, while questions addressing stereotype-inconsistent topics more likely contain low-frequency adverbs and negative valence. In addition, Experiment 4 suggests that recipients are sensitive to detect that questions reflect stereotypes about themselves, which can influence the evaluation of the conversation and partner. We discuss the consequences of biased question asking for interpersonal conversation and stereotype maintenance.
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4
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Aydogan AF, Gonsalkorale K. An intervention approach to reducing threat appraisal and avoidance associated with intergroup interactions. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37610994 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2249770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Although intergroup contact is effective at reducing prejudice, avoidance of intergroup contact often creates a barrier to prejudice reduction. The present study aimed to reduce majority members' desire to avoid intergroup interactions by devising an intervention aimed at altering cognitive appraisals. Majority group participants (156 Anglo Australians) were assigned to either the intervention or one of two control conditions. The intervention educated majority members about evidence-based techniques to improve interactions with minority members. Participants were provided with two interaction scenarios, one involving an outgroup minority and one involving an ingroup majority member. As predicted, the intervention reduced threat appraisal for the scenario involving outgroup minority member, but not for one involving ingroup majority member. The intervention similarly reduced avoidance desire, but this reduction was not restricted to the minority partner scenario; it was independent of the partner group. The importance of cognitive appraisals in improving intergroup relations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem F Aydogan
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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5
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Zhang T, Chen WT, He Q, Li Y, Peng H, Xie J, Hu H, Qin C. Coping strategies following the diagnosis of a fetal anomaly: A scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1055562. [PMID: 37089477 PMCID: PMC10118031 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1055562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many women experience severe emotional distress (such as grief, depression, and anxiety) following a diagnosis of fetal anomaly. The ability to cope with stressful events and regulate emotions across diverse situations may play a primary role in psychological wellbeing. This study aims to present coping strategies after disclosing a fetal anomaly to pregnant women. Methods This is a scoping review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Electronic databases, including Web of Science (WOS, BCI, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, SCIELO), CINAHL, and EBSCO PsycARTICLES, were used to search for primary studies from the inception of each database to 2021. The keywords were determined by existing literature and included: "fetal anomaly," "fetal abnormality," "fetal anomaly," "fetal abnormality" AND "cope," "coping," "deal," "manage," "adapt*," "emotion* regulate*," with the use of Boolean operators AND/OR. A total of 16 articles were reviewed, followed by advancing scoping review methodology of Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Results In this review, we identified 52 coping strategies using five questionnaires in seven quantitative studies and one mixed-method study. The relationship between coping strategies and mental distress was explored. However, the results were inconsistent and incomparable. We synthesized four coping categories from qualitative studies and presented them in an intersection. Conclusion This scoping review identified the coping strategies of women with a diagnosis of a fetal anomaly during pregnancy. The relationship between coping strategies and mental distress was uncertain and needs more exploration. We considered an appropriate measurement should be necessary for the research of coping in women diagnosed with fetal anomaly pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei-Ti Chen
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qingnan He
- Pediatric Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Pediatric Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Peng
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaying Xie
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hengfen Hu
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chunxiang Qin
- Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Claypool HM, Trujillo A. Are Rejection Fears during Interracial Interactions Moderated by the Racial Composition of the Interacting Partner’s Social Network? A Pre-Registered Replication and Extension Experiment. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2023.2173600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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7
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Wolsiefer KJ, Mehl M, Moskowitz GB, Cagno CK, Zestcott CA, Tejeda-Padron A, Stone J. Investigating the Relationship between Resident Physician Implicit Bias and Language Use during a Clinical Encounter with Hispanic Patients. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:124-132. [PMID: 34130567 PMCID: PMC9524003 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1936756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that the implicit biases of physicians are negatively associated with quality of medical care and patient satisfaction among minority patients. However, relatively little is known about how physicians express these subtle forms of bias in patient interactions. This study examined the implicit and explicit anti-Hispanic biases of 53 resident physicians and the relationship between anti-Hispanic bias and language use during outpatient medical appointments with 291 Hispanic patients. Physician implicit bias was positively associated with use of interrogatives and work-related words and negatively associated with the use of prepositions and relativity-related words (e.g., words related to time and the future). These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that, in addition to nonverbal and paraverbal behaviors, providers may communicate implicit bias to patients through the words they use during a clinical visit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colleen K Cagno
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Colin A Zestcott
- Department of Psychology & Sociology, College of St. Scholastica
| | | | - Jeff Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona
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8
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Is stress colorblind? Exploring endocrine stress responses in intergroup contexts using a virtual reality-based Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-VR). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 147:105970. [PMID: 36368123 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Are social stress reactions dependent on the group identities of interaction partners? This study explored the role of ethnic context in modulating endocrine stress responses using a virtual reality (VR)-based adaptation of a standardized stress induction protocol, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-VR). Previous research found no clear link between endocrine stress response and ethnic context in the TSST, but conclusions remain limited due to the quasi-experimental nature of manipulating ethnic context in real-life face-to-face interactions. The VR adaptation of the TSST circumvents quasi-experimental limitations and thus provides a first, randomized-controlled investigation of the effects of ethnic context on endocrine stress responses. Forty-three men participated in the study, facing either an ingroup ("White") or an outgroup ("Arab") panel of interviewers. As expected, the TSST-VR produced physiological and subjective stress reactions. However, endocrine stress reactions occurred independent of interviewer ethnicity and could not be predicted based on implicit bias, explicit prejudice, or prejudice-related appearance concerns. Other physiological and subjective stress reactivity parameters also remained comparable across intergroup conditions. Implications for stress research are discussed.
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9
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The upside of acknowledging prejudiced behavior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ruggs EN, Marshburn CK, Summerville KM, Grenier K. The Struggle Is Real: Employee Reactions to Indirect Trauma from Anti-Black Policing. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 38:25-44. [PMID: 35702385 PMCID: PMC9184814 DOI: 10.1007/s10869-022-09823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased media coverage of police using lethal force against Black civilians, little research aims to understand how such events affect employees, particularly Black employees, at work. We draw on spillover-transferring emotions and/or behaviors from one domain to another-to examine how collective, indirect trauma, or trauma experienced by a large group of people not directly involved in an event, affected employees at work. Across two studies, we investigated Black and White employees' differential cognitive (Study 1), emotional, and interpersonal reactions (Studies 1 & 2) to hearing about police officers' use of lethal force against Black civilians (i.e., collective, indirect racial trauma). Results from a survey with open- and close-ended questions (Study 1) supported our predictions that Black (vs. White) employees would be more upset about police shootings and would think about, talk about, and be more distracted by these incidents while at work. Open-ended responses revealed social support, seeking advice and comfort from our social networks, as a strategy Black and White employees may use to cope with collective, indirect racial trauma at work. Importantly, support communicating mutual understanding-or shared perspective-was particularly important for Black employees. An experiment (Study 2) further probed the emotional and relational consequences of interactions with coworkers and, counter to predictions, found coworkers who expressed pro-police attitudes (i.e., not communicating mutual understanding) in the aftermath of a racially biased shooting were negatively evaluated by Black and White employees. Our findings provide implications for research on spillover and understanding coworker/team dynamics in organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica N. Ruggs
- Department of Management and Leadership, University of Houston, 4750 Calhoun Rd, TX TX 77204 Houston, USA
| | | | | | - Kelcie Grenier
- Organizational Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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11
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Dwyer LA, Epstein RM, Feeney BC, Blair IV, Bolger N, Ferrer RA. Responsive social support serves important functions in clinical communication: Translating perspectives from relationship science to improve cancer clinical interactions. Soc Sci Med 2022; 315:115521. [PMID: 36384086 PMCID: PMC9722606 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patient-clinician interactions are critical to patient-centered care, including in cancer care contexts which are often defined by multiple patient-clinician interactions over an extended period. Research on these dyadic interactions has been guided by perspectives in clinical communication science, but the study of clinical communication has not been fully integrated with perspectives on interpersonal interactions from relationship science research. An overlapping concept in both fields is the concept of responsive socialsupport. In this article, we discuss responsiveness as a concept that offers opportunities for connections between these two disciplines. Next, we focus on how relationship science can be applied to research in clinical settings. We discuss how three areas of relationship science define responsiveness and have potential for extension to clinical communication: (1) (in)visibility of social support, (2) attachment orientations, and (3) shared meaning systems. We also discuss how social biases can impede responsiveness and suggest research avenues to develop ideas and understand potential challenges in connecting these two fields. Many opportunities exist for interdisciplinary theory development that can generate momentum in understanding interpersonal processes in cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald M Epstein
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brooke C Feeney
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Irene V Blair
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Robinson MN. Pushing Past Limits: How Efficacious Is High-Effort Coping for Self-Rated Health among African American and Caribbean Black Women? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13460. [PMID: 36294051 PMCID: PMC9603469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to systemic oppression, Black women experience distinct risks across the life course, such as exposure to various stressors that shape lower ratings of self-rated health. This is important given that self-rated health is a stronger indicator of current morbidity and subsequent mortality than physician assessments. However, there has been limited consideration of the role of coping in shaping self-rated health among this group. John Henryism, or high-effort coping, is a culturally relevant coping style that reflects the broader societal, cultural, and historical context that shapes lived experiences of Black populations navigating racism and capitalism in the U.S., and has received limited consideration in health research among Black women. Additionally, less is known regarding how ethnicity shapes John Henryism and health processes among Black women specifically. Therefore, the present study examined the association between John Henryism and self-rated health among African American and Caribbean Black women (n = 1580) collectively, and explored this association among Caribbean Black women specifically, utilizing the National Survey of American Life (NSAL 2001-2003). Findings show that while John Henryism was not directly associated with self-rated health among either group, once sociodemographic characteristics and stress exposure were accounted for, John Henryism was associated with lower odds of fair or poor self-rated health among both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent N Robinson
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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13
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Kachanoff FJ, Kteily N, Gray K. Equating silence with violence: When White Americans feel threatened by anti-racist messages. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Golubovich J, Ryan AM. Implications of diversity cues in recruitment and assessment materials: Reactions and performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Qian M, Heyman GD, Wu M, Fu G. Individuating multiple (not one) persons reduces implicit racial bias. Front Psychol 2022; 13:939811. [PMID: 35936246 PMCID: PMC9355476 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuation training that helps humans see multiple other-race targets as distinct rather than as interchangeable can reduce children’s implicit racial bias in the form of more negative other-race associations than own-race associations. However, little is known about which aspects of these interventions are critical for their effectiveness. The present research examines whether children need to learn to differentiate among multiple other-race individuals for these interventions to reduce their level of implicit racial bias, or whether differentiating a single other-race individual is sufficient. We addressed this question among 4-to-6-year-old Chinese children (N = 66, 31 girls) who engaged in coordinated movement with Black instructors for 2 min. There were two between-subject conditions: in a differentiation condition, there were four different Black instructors, and children had to learn to tell them apart, and in a no-differentiation condition, there was only one Black instructor. Implicit bias was measured using the IRBT, an implicit association test that was developed based on the IAT but is appropriate for young children. We found a reduction in implicit bias against Black people after this interaction in the differentiation condition, but not in the no-differentiation condition. These findings suggest that learning to differentiate among multiple other-race individuals plays a critical role in reducing children’s implicit racial bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qian
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Miao Qian,
| | - Gail D. Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mingzhan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Genyue Fu,
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16
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White patients' physical responses to healthcare treatments are influenced by provider race and gender. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2007717119. [PMID: 35749352 PMCID: PMC9271156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007717119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthcare workforce in the United States is becoming increasingly diverse, gradually shifting society away from the historical overrepresentation of White men among physicians. However, given the long-standing underrepresentation of people of color and women in the medical field, patients may still associate the concept of doctors with White men and may be physiologically less responsive to treatment administered by providers from other backgrounds. To investigate this, we varied the race and gender of the provider from which White patients received identical treatment for allergic reactions and measured patients' improvement in response to this treatment, thus isolating how a provider's demographic characteristics shape physical responses to healthcare. A total of 187 White patients experiencing a laboratory-induced allergic reaction interacted with a healthcare provider who applied a treatment cream and told them it would relieve their allergic reaction. Unbeknownst to the patients, the cream was inert (an unscented lotion) and interactions were completely standardized except for the provider's race and gender. Patients were randomly assigned to interact with a provider who was a man or a woman and Asian, Black, or White. A fully blinded research assistant measured the change in the size of patients' allergic reaction after cream administration. Results indicated that White patients showed a weaker response to the standardized treatment over time when it was administered by women or Black providers. We explore several potential explanations for these varied physiological treatment responses and discuss the implications of problematic race and gender dynamics that can endure "under the skin," even for those who aim to be bias free.
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17
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Ruba AL, McMurty R, Gaither SE, Wilbourn MP. How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion Reasoning. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:21-33. [PMID: 36046098 PMCID: PMC9383007 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For decades, affective scientists have examined how adults and children reason about others' emotions. Yet, our knowledge is limited regarding how emotion reasoning is impacted by race-that is, how individuals reason about emotions displayed by people of other racial groups. In this review, we examine the developmental origins of racial biases in emotion reasoning, focusing on how White Americans reason about emotions displayed by Black faces/people. We highlight how racial biases in emotion reasoning, which emerge as early as infancy, likely contribute to miscommunications, inaccurate social perceptions, and negative interracial interactions across the lifespan. We conclude by discussing promising interventions to reduce these biases as well as future research directions, highlighting how affective scientists can decenter Whiteness in their research designs. Together, this review highlights how emotion reasoning is a potentially affective component of racial bias among White Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Ruba
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Waisman Center 399, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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18
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Pauker K, Apfelbaum EP, Dweck CS, Eberhardt JL. Believing that prejudice can change increases children's interest in interracial interactions. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13233. [PMID: 35023598 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children begin interacting less across racial lines around middle childhood, but it remains unclear why. We examine the novel possibility that, at that time, children's prejudice theories-their understanding of prejudice as a fixed or malleable attribute-begin to influence their desire for interracial affiliation. We devise immersive behavioral experiences to evaluate when and how prejudice theories affect interracial affiliation. Study 1 measured prejudice theories among 8-13-year-olds (N = 152; 76 White, 76 racial minority) and observed children in a newly-developed social interaction task. In line with our hypothesis, children older than 10 years with stronger malleable-prejudice theories exhibited more interest and affiliation in a simulated cross- (versus same-race) interaction, regardless of their preexisting prejudice level. Study 2 randomly assigned children to listen to a fixed- or malleable-prejudice theory story before engaging in a real, first-time interaction with a same- or cross-race partner at a different school via live video-stream (N = 150; 96 White, 54 racial minority). The malleable theory increased children's interest in further interaction with their cross-race partner. These findings highlight the promise of malleable-prejudice theories for sustaining positive interracial relationships during a critical developmental window-when the frequency of cross-race friendships typically declines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Pauker
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822
| | - Evan P Apfelbaum
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Carol S Dweck
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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19
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Nguyen-Phuong-Mai M. What Bias Management Can Learn From Change Management? Utilizing Change Framework to Review and Explore Bias Strategies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:644145. [PMID: 34975601 PMCID: PMC8714784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper conducted a preliminary study of reviewing and exploring bias strategies using a framework of a different discipline: change management. The hypothesis here is: If the major problem of implicit bias strategies is that they do not translate into actual changes in behaviors, then it could be helpful to learn from studies that have contributed to successful change interventions such as reward management, social neuroscience, health behavioral change, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The result of this integrated approach is: (1) current bias strategies can be improved and new ones can be developed with insight from adjunct study fields in change management; (2) it could be more sustainable to invest in a holistic and proactive bias strategy approach that targets the social environment, eliminating the very condition under which biases arise; and (3) while implicit biases are automatic, future studies should invest more on strategies that empower people as "change agents" who can act proactively to regulate the very environment that gives rise to their biased thoughts and behaviors.
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Non-committed judgements of, versus feedback on, student essays: Is feedback inflation for students with a migration background? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-021-09674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhen providing feedback, teachers are concerned not only with the simple transmission of information, but also with motivational and interpersonal dynamics. To mitigate these concerns, teachers may inflate feedback by reducing negative or increasing positive content. The resulting difference between initial judgments and feedback may be even more drastic for ethnic minority students: In non-communicated judgments, negative stereotypes may result in more negative judgments, whereas in feedback, concerns about being or appearing prejudiced may inflate feedback towards ethnic minority students. These hypotheses were tested in a sample of 132 German teacher students in a 2 (between subjects: feedback vs. non-communicated judgment) × 2 (within subjects: target student's migration background: Turkish vs. none) design in which participants read supposed student essays and provided their written impressions to the research team or the supposed student. Findings revealed that teacher students’ feedback was more positive than their non-communicated judgments on a multitude of dimensions. Contrary to expectations, these effects were not stronger when the student had a Turkish migration background. Instead, teacher students rated the essay of the student with a Turkish migration background more favorably both in the judgment and feedback conditions. Our results suggest that teachers adapt their initial judgments when giving feedback to account for interpersonal or motivational dynamics. Moreover, ethnic minority students may be especially likely to receive overly positive feedback. While the motivational/interpersonal dynamics may warrant some inflation in feedback, negative consequences of overly positive feedback, for which ethnic minority students may be especially vulnerable, are discussed.
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Dobai A, Hopkins N. Ethnic identity concealment and disclosure: Contexts and strategies. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:790-807. [PMID: 34747018 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic minority group members' responses to their prejudicial treatment can take several forms. One involves identity concealment (e.g., 'passing'). In order to understand such a response, we must explore participants' understandings of the interactional context before them, their meta-perceptions of the identity others ascribe to them, and the varied meanings that identity concealment/non-disclosure may have in that context. Our analysis of interview data (N = 30) obtained with Roma in Hungary reveals diverse forms of, and motivations for, the concealment of their Roma identity. Some participants reported examples of proactive identity concealment, others reported more reactive forms (in which they went along with others' mistaken assumptions concerning their identity). The motivations for identity concealment (whether proactive or reactive) included the desire to: secure material benefits; avoid conflict; take pleasure from seeing others' assumptions blinding them to the reality before them; test (and expose) majority group members' attitudes; allow themselves opportunities to experience the world in new ways. Our analysis highlights the importance of social identity researchers recognizing the diverse motivations for ethnic identity concealment: From the actors' perspective concealment is not always assimilatory, and in some contexts can be experienced as empowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dobai
- School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nick Hopkins
- School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Is physician implicit bias associated with differences in care by patient race for metastatic cancer-related pain? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257794. [PMID: 34705826 PMCID: PMC8550362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Implicit racial bias affects many human interactions including patient-physician encounters. Its impact, however, varies between studies. We assessed the effects of physician implicit, racial bias on their management of cancer-related pain using a randomized field experiment. Methods We conducted an analysis of a randomized field experiment between 2012 and 2016 with 96 primary care physicians and oncologists using unannounced, Black and White standardized patients (SPs)who reported uncontrolled bone pain from metastatic lung cancer. We assessed implicit bias using a pain-adaptation of the race Implicit Association Test. We assessed clinical care by reviewing medical records and prescriptions, and we assessed communication from coded transcripts and covert audiotapes of the unannounced standardized patient office visits. We assessed effects of interactions of physicians’ implicit bias and SP race with clinical care and communication outcomes. We conducted a slopes analysis to examine the nature of significant interactions. Results As hypothesized, physicians with greater implicit bias provided lower quality care to Black SPs, including fewer renewals for an indicated opioid prescription and less patient-centered pain communication, but similar routine pain assessment. In contrast to our other hypotheses, physician implicit bias did not interact with SP race for prognostic communication or verbal dominance. Analysis of the slopes for the cross-over interactions showed that greater physician bias was manifested by more frequent opioid prescribing and greater discussion of pain for White SPs and slightly less frequent prescribing and pain talk for Black SPs with the opposite effect among physicians with lower implicit bias. Findings are limited by use of an unvalidated, pain-adapted IAT. Conclusion Using SP methodology, physicians’ implicit bias was associated with clinically meaningful, racial differences in management of uncontrolled pain related to metastatic lung cancer. There is favorable treatment of White or Black SPs, depending on the level of implicit bias.
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Dupree CH. Experts Are People, Too: Attitudes and Cognition Impact Experts’ Progress Toward Racial Equality. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1971443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cydney H. Dupree
- School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Paolini S, Azam F, Harwood J, Mackiewicz M, Hewstone M. Seeking and avoiding contact with Muslims at a Hijab Stall: Evidence for multilayer, multi-determined solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:214-252. [PMID: 34155661 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup contact is key to social cohesion, yet psychological barriers block engagement with diversity even when contact opportunities are abundant. We lack an advanced understanding of contact seeking because intergroup contact is often an independent variable in research, and studies on contact seeking have favoured experimental probing of selected factors or measured only broad behavioural intentions. This research carried out the first ecological tests of a novel multilayer-multivariate framework to contact seeking/avoiding. These tests were centred on a Muslim-led community contact-based initiative with visible support from local authorities following a terrorist attack. Non-Muslim Australian women (N = 1,347) contributed field data on their situated contact motivations, choices, and attendance at an intercultural educational stall; many (N = 559) completed a profiling test battery. Among those who responded to the initiative invite, the rate of taking up the high-salience contact opportunity in this heated setting was high and reflected multiple approach/avoidance motivations. Contact seeking/avoiding was not just allophilia/prejudice; it presented as new typologies of politicized solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. While intergroup predictors were significant across all profiling analyses, intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors also regularly contributed to explain variance in non-Muslims' contact motivations and choices, confirming their multilayer-multivariate nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima Azam
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake Harwood
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Matylda Mackiewicz
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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Paolini S, Harwood J, Logatchova A, Rubin M, Mackiewicz M. Emotions in Intergroup Contact: Incidental and Integral Emotions' Effects on Interethnic Bias Are Moderated by Emotion Applicability and Subjective Agency. Front Psychol 2021; 12:588944. [PMID: 34122208 PMCID: PMC8193362 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research draws from three distinct lines of research on the link between emotions and intergroup bias as springboard to integrative, new hypotheses. Past research suggests that emotions extrinsic to the outgroup (or “incidental”), and intrinsic to the outgroup (or “integral”), produce valence-congruent effects on intergroup bias when relevant or “applicable” to the outgroup (e.g., incidental/integral anger and ethnic outgroups). These emotions produce valence incongruent effects when irrelevant or “non-applicable” to the outgroup (e.g., incidental/integral sadness and happiness, and ethnic outgroups). Internally valid and ecologically sound tests of these contrasting effects are missing; hence we examined them experimentally in meaningful settings of interethnic contact. To this end, we hybridized established research paradigms in mood and intergroup contact research; this approach enabled us to use same materials and induction methods to instigate incidental and integral emotions in a single research design. In Experiment 1, White Australian students (N = 93) in in vivo real face-to-face contact with an ethnic tutor in their classroom displayed less interethnic bias when incidentally sad (vs. happy) or integrally happy (vs. sad). In Experiment 2, White American males' (N = 492) anti-Arab bias displayed divergent effects under incidental vs. integral (non-applicable) sadness/happiness and similar effects under incidental vs. integral (applicable) anger. The role of perceptions of agency in the emotion-inducing situation is also explored, tested, and explained drawing from mainstream emotion theory. As expected, integral and incidental applicable emotions caused valence congruent effects, at the opposite sides of the subjective agency spectrum, by encouraging the generalization of dislike from the outgroup contact partner to the outgroup as a whole. On the other hand, incidental-non-applicable emotions caused valence-incongruent effects on bias, under high agency conditions, by encouraging (non-partner-centered) heuristic processing. Because of the improved methodology, these effects can be regarded as genuine and not the byproduct of methodological artifacts. This theory-driven and empirically sound analysis of the interplay between emotion source, emotion applicability and subjective agency in intergroup contact can increase the precision of emotion-based bias reduction strategies by deepening understanding of the emotion conditions that lead to intergroup bias attenuation vs. exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake Harwood
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Mark Rubin
- School of Psychology, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Matylda Mackiewicz
- School of Psychology, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Robinson MN, Thomas Tobin CS. Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:136-151. [PMID: 34100655 PMCID: PMC8370445 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211009142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that John Henryism, a high-effort, active coping style, is associated with poor physical health, whereas others suggest it may be psychologically beneficial. As such, it is unclear whether John Henryism represents a health risk or resource for black Americans and whether its impact varies across sociodemographic and gender groups. The present study used data from a representative community sample of black Americans (n = 627) from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (2011-2014) to clarify the physical and mental health consequences of John Henryism by assessing its relationship with depressive symptoms and allostatic load (AL). Results indicate that John Henryism is associated with increased AL scores and fewer depressive symptoms. Additionally, the association between John Henryism and AL is conditional on socioeconomic status. Study results underscore the importance of evaluating both physical and mental health to clarify the health significance of John Henryism among black Americans.
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Wallace HM, McIntyre KP. Social autonomy ≠ social empowerment: The social self‐restriction model. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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The Weight of Racial Discrimination: Examining the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Change in Adiposity Among Emerging Adult Women Enrolled in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:909-920. [PMID: 33782906 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) emerging adult (EA) women are at disproportionate risk for obesity but experience limited benefit from behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs. Race-related stress could play a role; the goal of this study was to examine the association between racial discrimination (RD) and early (3 months) changes in adiposity, and to explore potential protective factors, among EA in an adapted BWL program. METHODS This is an ancillary study of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and NHB EA women enrolled in an adapted BWL trial (N = 49; 55.1% NHB; Age 21.2 (2.1); BMI = 33.0 + 4.3 kg/m2). At baseline, group- and personal-level RD (RD-group and RD-personal), racial identity (NHB women only), vigilant coping, and social support were assessed via validated questionnaires. Weight and waist circumference were measured objectively at 0 and 3 months. RESULTS NHW women manifested greater reductions in waist circumference relative to NHB women (p = .004). RD-personal did not predict change in waist circumference at 3 months (p = .402); however, the association between RD-group and change in waist circumference was statistically significant (p = .015), such that reporting greater group-level discrimination predicted a smaller decrease in waist circumference; the model explained 22% of the variance. Social support and vigilant coping were not statistically significant in the model. Among NHB women only, higher racial identity-centrality predicted greater reduction in waist circumference (p = .019). CONCLUSION Findings suggest racial discrimination could contribute to greater cardiometabolic risk during this developmental period. Future research should examine how experiences of racial discrimination unfold in the daily lives of NHB women to inform mechanistic interventions to enhance health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02736981. Low Intensity Weight Loss for Young Adults.
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Dupree CH, Kraus MW. Psychological Science Is Not Race Neutral. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:270-275. [PMID: 33651963 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620979820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In their analysis in a previous issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, Roberts and colleagues argued that the editors, authors, and participants throughout subfields of psychological science are overwhelmingly White. In this commentary, we consider some of the drivers and consequences of this racial inequality. Drawing on race scholarship from within and outside the field, we highlight three phenomena that create and maintain racial inequality in psychology: (a) racial ignorance, (b) threats to belonging, and (c) racial-progress narratives. We close by exploring steps that journals and authors can take to reduce racial inequality in our field, ending with an appeal to consider the experience of scholars of color in race scholarship and in psychological science more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael W Kraus
- School of Management, Yale University
- Department of Psychology, Yale University
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Muscatell KA. Social psychoneuroimmunology: Understanding bidirectional links between social experiences and the immune system. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:1-3. [PMID: 33383146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keely A Muscatell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Appiah O, Eveland W, Bullock O, Coduto K. Why we can’t talk openly about race: The impact of race and partisanship on respondents’ perceptions of intergroup conversations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220967978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conversations about race-specific issues with interracial conversation partners can be important to combat prejudice and foster mutual understanding. Using a national U.S. sample of 201 Black Democrats, 199 Black Republicans, 200 White Democrats, and 200 White Republicans, this study examined the role that race and partisanship play in individuals’ desire to have political discussions about race-specific topics with racial outgroups. Findings indicate that Blacks in general expected more negative outcomes of race talk with racial outgroups, and Republicans were more likely to attempt to avoid interracial conversations about race. However, these findings were qualified by an interaction between race and partisanship such that White Democrats anticipated fewer negative outcomes from cross-race conversations about race than all other subgroups, and Black Democrats expected more negative outcomes than all other subgroups. Black and White Republicans did not differ from one another and fell roughly between the two Democratic subgroups. Nonetheless, it was White Republicans who were most likely to want to avoid race-specific conversations with cross-race discussion partners, rating significantly more avoidant than Black Republicans and White Democrats, but not Black Democrats.
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Lloyd EP, Hugenberg K. Beyond bias: response bias and interpersonal (in)sensitivity as a contributors to race disparities. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1820699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Paige Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver 80210, USA
| | - Kurt Hugenberg
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Gordils J, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245671. [PMID: 33513192 PMCID: PMC7845962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There remains a dearth of research on causal roles of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. Towards this end, this research experimentally manipulated perceptions of group-level competition between Black and White individuals in the U.S. and tested for effects on negative psychological outcomes. In Study 1 (N = 899), participants assigned to the high interracial competition condition (HRC) reported perceiving more discrimination, behavioral avoidance, intergroup anxiety, and interracial mistrust relative to low interracial competition (LRC) participants. Study 2 -a preregistered replication and extension-specifically recruited similar numbers of only Black and White participants (N = 1,823). Consistent with Study 1, Black and White participants in the HRC condition reported more discrimination, avoidance, anxiety, and mistrust. Main effects for race also emerged: Black participants perceived more interracial competition and negative outcomes. Racial income inequality moderated effects; competition effects were stronger in areas with higher levels of inequality. Implications for theory development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordils
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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White FA, Harvey LJ, Verrelli S. Including Both Voices: A New Bidirectional Framework for Understanding and Improving Intergroup Relations. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A critical‐cultural‐relational approach to rupture resolution: A case illustration with a cross‐racial dyad. J Clin Psychol 2020; 77:369-383. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McCleary-Gaddy AT, James D. Skin tone, life satisfaction, and psychological distress among African Americans: The mediating effect of stigma consciousness. J Health Psychol 2020; 27:422-431. [PMID: 32929999 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320954251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the indirect effect of skin tone on psychological distress via (1) stigma consciousness and (2) life satisfaction among African American adults (N = 780; %Female = 57.65%; Mage = 37.68). Results show indirect effects of (1) skin tone on life satisfaction and (2) skin tone on psychological distress, each via stigma consciousness. Specifically, those with darker (vs. lighter) skin tones reported increased stigma consciousness, which then predicted (1) lower life satisfaction and (2) lower levels of psychological distress. Life satisfaction did not predict psychological distress. Implications for African American mental health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drexler James
- Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA
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Lemay EP, Ryan JE. Common Ingroup Identity, Perceived Similarity, and Communal Interracial Relationships. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:985-1003. [PMID: 32886043 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220953984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrating theory on interpersonal relationships and intergroup relations, this research examined the role of common ingroup recategorization (i.e., perceiving outgroup members as belonging to the same superordinate group as oneself) in fostering communal interracial relationships. A cross-sectional study (Study 1) and a short-term intensive longitudinal study (Study 2) involving Black and White friendship and romantic dyads suggested that recategorization predicted greater communal motivation and security via perceived similarity. These effects were found in terms of both enduring characteristics and changes over time. In turn, communal motivation and security predicted greater self-reported prosocial behavior and relationship satisfaction, suggesting that they are beneficial to interracial relationship quality. Communal motivation also predicted increases over time in recategorization and perceived similarity, suggesting bidirectional effects. Taken together, these results suggest a reciprocal process in which common ingroup recategorization and perceptions of similarity promote and derive from the communal nature of interracial relationships.
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Lehrer HM, Goosby BJ, Dubois SK, Laudenslager ML, Steinhardt MA. Race moderates the association of perceived everyday discrimination and hair cortisol concentration. Stress 2020; 23:529-537. [PMID: 31888404 PMCID: PMC7769195 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1710487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of discrimination on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is considered to be more pronounced for racial minority versus majority groups, although empirical support for this argument is not strong. This study examined whether the association of perceived discrimination was more strongly associated with long-term, retrospective cortisol output (as measured by hair cortisol concentration [HCC]) among African American compared to White adults. Participants included 141 community-dwelling adults (72 White, 69 African American; mean age 45.8 years; 67% females). The Everyday Discrimination Scale assessed perceived discrimination. The first 3 cm of proximal scalp hair was analyzed for HCC using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Associations between race, perceived discrimination and HCC were examined using hierarchical multiple regression. African Americans had higher HCC than Whites, but both groups reported perceived discrimination with similar frequency. Race moderated the association between perceived discrimination and HCC (R2 interaction = 0.03, p = 0.007) such that perceived discrimination was positively associated with HCC among African Americans (β = 0.28, p = 0.007), but not Whites (β = -0.11, p = 0.274). Perceived discrimination did not mediate the association between race and HCC (β for indirect effect = 0.025, 95% CI [-.003, 0.087]). Although perceived discrimination did not differ between races, perceived discrimination was positively associated with retrospective levels of cortisol in scalp hair among African Americans but not Whites. This may suggest that characteristics of discrimination other than frequency are particularly salient to HPA axis function among African Americans (e.g. attribution, severity, historical context).LAY SUMMARYThis study found that greater perceived discrimination frequency was associated with greater long-term cortisol secretion (i.e. hair cortisol concentration) among African American compared to White adults. Both groups reported similar discrimination frequency, so the uniqueness of African Americans' experience with discrimination may be salient to HPA axis upregulation for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Matthew Lehrer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bridget J. Goosby
- Department of Sociology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Susan K. Dubois
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark L. Laudenslager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary A. Steinhardt
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Cooley E, Brown-Iannuzzi JL, Lei RF, Philbrook LE, Cipolli W, McKee SE. Investigating the Health Consequences for White Americans Who Believe White Americans Are Wealthy. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620905219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poor White Americans report feeling “worse off” than poor Black Americans despite the persistent negative effects of racism on Black Americans. Additionally, some health issues are rising among White but not Black Americans. Across two representative samples, we test whether White = wealthy stereotypes lead White Americans to feel relatively worse off than their racial group and whether these perceptions have health consequences. Across both samples, White Americans perceived their own status to be significantly lower than the status of the majority of White Americans. In contrast, Black Americans perceived their own status to be significantly higher than the majority of Black Americans. Critically, status comparisons between the self and one’s racial group predicted the experience of fewer positive emotions among White, but not Black, Americans, which mediated reduced mental and physical health. We conclude that race/class stereotypes may shape how poverty subjectively feels.
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White FA, Maunder R, Verrelli S. Text-based E-contact: Harnessing cooperative Internet interactions to bridge the social and psychological divide. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1753459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A. White
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Maunder
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefano Verrelli
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Birtel MD, Stathi S, Brambilla M. Outgroup morality perceptions mediate secondary transfer effects from direct and extended contact: Evidence from majority and minority group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219879223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secondary transfer effect (STE), defined as contact with a primary outgroup improving attitudes towards a secondary outgroup uninvolved in contact, has mainly been studied with reference to direct contact and considering attitude generalization as the main mediating mechanism. Using a majority (422 Italians) and minority (130 immigrants) adolescent sample from high schools in Italy, we examined outgroup morality perceptions as a new mediating mechanism, and tested for the first time whether the STE emerges for extended contact. Results revealed that the STE emerged for direct contact among the majority group and for extended contact among the minority group, and it was sequentially mediated by perceptions of morality towards the primary outgroup, and by attitudes towards the primary outgroup and perceptions of morality towards the secondary outgroup. The STE also emerged for direct contact among the minority group, with morality perceptions towards the secondary outgroup and attitudes towards the primary outgroup being parallel mediators. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings, arguing that it is important to identify the conditions and underlying processes of the STE in order to reduce prejudice in the case of both majority and minority groups.
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MacInnis CC, Buliga E. “Don’t Get Above Yourself ”: Heterosexual Cross-Class Couples Are Viewed Less Favorably. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319878459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined perceptions of cross-class heterosexual couples, that is, couples where couple members differ in social class. Informed by social dominance theory, system justification theory, and equity theory, we predicted that (a) cross- (vs. same-) class couples would be perceived more negatively, (b) cross-class couples with the woman (vs. the man) in the higher class position would be evaluated more negatively, and (c) same-class low-low (vs. high-high) couples would be evaluated more negatively. We examined perceptions of cross-income, cross-education, and cross-occupation status relationships. We found support for our predicted patterns, with some exceptions. In general, high-high class couples were preferred. In three of four studies, a higher-class woman paired with a lower-class man was evaluated most negatively of all couples. Recognition of this prejudice may explain challenges faced by certain couples and couple members; as such, implications for clinicians and counselors are discussed. Further, our research generates directions for future research. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319878459
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C. MacInnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena Buliga
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Humour is serious: Minority group members’ use of humour in their encounters with majority group members. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Letting him B: A study on the intersection of gender and sexual orientation in the workplace. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thorson KR, Forbes CE, Magerman AB, West TV. Under threat but engaged: Stereotype threat leads women to engage with female but not male partners in math. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gordils J, Sommet N, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619837003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There exists a racial income gap in America: Blacks earn ∼38% less than Whites, but little is known about its relation to interracial psychological outcomes. Toward this end, the present research examined associations between the Black–White income gap and perceptions of interracial competition and, subsequently, negative intergroup outcomes. Study 1 extracted data from a large, preexisting data set ( N = 2,543) and provided initial support for the hypothesis that higher levels of racial income inequality are associated with increased perceptions of competition. Study 2 then recruited approximately equal numbers of White and Black participants ( N = 1,731) and demonstrated that increases in racial income inequality predict increased perceptions of competition, discrimination, behavioral avoidance, and intergroup anxiety. Implications for theory development and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordils
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Scary symptoms? Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for symptom interpretation bias in pathological health anxiety. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:195-207. [PMID: 28803349 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pathological health anxiety (PHA) tend to automatically interpret bodily sensations as sign of a severe illness. To elucidate the neural correlates of this cognitive bias, we applied an functional magnetic resonance imaging adaption of a body-symptom implicit association test with symptom words in patients with PHA (n = 32) in comparison to patients with depression (n = 29) and healthy participants (n = 35). On the behavioral level, patients with PHA did not significantly differ from the control groups. However, on the neural-level patients with PHA in comparison to the control groups showed hyperactivation independent of condition in bilateral amygdala, right parietal lobe, and left nucleus accumbens. Moreover, patients with PHA, again in comparison to the control groups, showed hyperactivation in bilateral posterior parietal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during incongruent (i.e., harmless) versus congruent (i.e., dangerous) categorizations of body symptoms. Thus, body-symptom cues seem to trigger hyperactivity in salience and emotion processing brain regions in PHA. In addition, hyperactivity in brain regions involved in cognitive control and conflict resolution during incongruent categorization emphasizes enhanced neural effort to cope with negative implicit associations to body-symptom-related information in PHA. These results suggest increased neural responding in key structures for the processing of both emotional and cognitive aspects of body-symptom information in PHA, reflecting potential neural correlates of a negative somatic symptom interpretation bias.
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Wakefield JR, Bowe M, Kellezi B, McNamara N, Stevenson C. When groups help and when groups harm: Origins, developments, and future directions of the “Social Cure” perspective of group dynamics. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Babbitt LG, Gaither SE, Toosi NR, Sommers SR. The Role of Gender in Racial Meta-Stereotypes and Stereotypes. SOCIAL COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2018.36.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Simon S, Shaffer E, Neel R, Shapiro J. Exploring Blacks’ Perceptions of Whites’ Racial Prejudice as a Function of Intergroup Behavior and Motivational Mindsets. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618778584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Simon
- Department of Psychology, Siena College, Albany, NY, USA
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