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Yamada T, Tobimatsu Y, Nge TT, Matsumoto Y, Yamada T. Acid-Catalyzed Solvolysis of Softwood in Caprylyl Glycol to Produce Lignin Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27610-27617. [PMID: 38947845 PMCID: PMC11209694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Glycol lignin (GL) is produced via the acid-catalyzed solvolysis of softwood meal using glycols such as polyethylene glycol. The physicochemical and thermal properties of GL are expected to be controllable by varying the glycol type. In this study, caprylyl glycol (CG), which is a biobased glycol derived from the caprylic acid component of coconut and palm oils, was used to investigate the effects on the acid-catalyzed solvolysis of softwood. The reactions were performed at 140, 150, and 160 °C for 30-120 min to obtain lignin derivatives (CG-lignin: CGL). The chemical and physical properties of CGLs were investigated. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance analysis suggested that CGL possesses an α-CG-β-O-4 structure as CG is grafted onto the lignin structure. CGLs prepared at higher reaction temperatures exhibited lower molecular weights. The thermomechanical analysis of CGL revealed a glass transition temperature of 89-96 °C and a viscous thermal flow temperature of 134-155 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamada
- Life
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research
Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Thi Thi Nge
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yamada
- Life
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Center
for Advanced Materials, Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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2
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Scott LN, Fiume M, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Alkane Diols as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:70S-131S. [PMID: 38174390 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231224234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 10 alkane diol ingredients as used in cosmetics. The alkane diols are structurally related to each other as small diols, and most are reported to function in cosmetics as solvents. The Panel reviewed the relevant data for these ingredients, and concluded that seven alkane diols are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, but that the available data are insufficient to make a determination of safety for three ingredients, namely 1,4-Butanediol, 2,3-Butanediol, and Octanediol.
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Key Words
- 1,10-Decanediol
- 1,4-Butanediol
- 1,5-Pentanediol
- 2,3-Butanediol
- Butyl Ethyl Propanediol (2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol)
- Cosmetics
- Hexanediol (1,6-hexanediol)
- Isopentyldiol (3-methyl-1,3-butanediol)
- Methylpropanediol (2-methyl-1,3-propanediol)
- Octanediol (1,8-octanediol)
- Propanediol (1,3-propanediol)
- Safety
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Scott
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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3
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Yu HL, Goh CF. Glycols: The ubiquitous solvent for dermal formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 196:114182. [PMID: 38224756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be attributed to their exceptional solvency characteristics and their ability to interact effectively with skin lipids and keratin for permeation enhancement. Notably, propylene glycol enjoys significant popularity in this regard. Ongoing research endeavours have been dedicated to scrutinising the impact of glycols on dermal drug delivery and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms by which glycols enhance skin permeation. This review aims to mitigate the discordance within the existing literature, assemble a holistic understanding of the impact of glycols on the percutaneous absorption of active compounds and furnish the reader with a profound comprehension of the foundational facets pertaining to their skin permeation enhancement mechanisms, while simultaneously delving deeper into the intricacies of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long Yu
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
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4
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Highly selective PDMS-PVDF composite membrane with hydrophobic crosslinking series for isopropanol-1,5 pentanediol pervaporation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Sensitive skin is characterized by symptoms such as stinging and tingling in response to stimuli that usually do not cause unpleasant sensations. Epidemiological studies show that individuals with sensitive skin are more prone to developing skin allergies, although the link between both conditions is unknown. Aiming to evaluate the presence of allergens in facial-skin products for sensitive skin, a pool of 88 cosmetic products from international brands marketed in pharmacies and parapharmacies was analyzed. A list of allergens identified in product labels was compiled and grouped according to their function. Fragrances were the most common allergens, followed by skin-conditioning agents, surfactants, and preservatives. Fragrances presenting the highest use percentages were linalool, benzyl alcohol, geraniol, and citronellol. Overall, the majority of cosmetic formulations were absent of fragrance allergens, being present only in 7% of products. Other allergens were found in most products (95%). This finding should be interpreted with caution, since many of these compounds are rare sensitizers and studies demonstrating their risk for individuals with sensitive skin are lacking. With this study, useful information for health professionals is provided to support their advice and to help consumers choosing cosmetic products.
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6
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Azorín C, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Green, rapid and simultaneous determination of 'alternative preservatives' in cosmetic formulations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114493. [PMID: 34864592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some hydroxylated compounds commonly used in cosmetic formulations including short chain glycols, benzylic alcohols, and organic acids show antimicrobial activity, although they are not considered as preservatives according to the existing European legislation. These 'alternative preservatives' are not exempt of potential side-effects for cosmetics users. The aim of this work is to develop a simple and affordable analytical method useful for the simultaneous and green determination of fourteen compounds used as 'alternative preservatives' in cosmetic samples with different matrices. The proposed method allows a rapid sample preparation by simple dissolution or dispersion of the sample in ethanol using ultrasound-assisted leaching of the analytes from the cosmetic matrix. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used for the analysis of the samples. Working conditions for the instrumental measure and the quantification of analytes were studied. The method was found to have high sensitivity and good precision (relative standard deviation below 13%) as well as low limits of detection (i.e., 0.01·10-3-2.14·10-3% w/w) and quantification (i.e., 0.04·10-3-7.14·10-3% w/w). The method was successfully applied to five commercial cosmetic samples of different composition. Recovery values near 100% were obtained. Each sample was found to contain at least three of the analytes of the study and their concentrations were determined with low standard deviations. The analytical features of the proposed method and the obtained results agree with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and make it a useful tool for controlling these alternative preservatives in the cosmetic industry in order to guarantee quality and safety of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Azorín
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Salvador
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Youenou B, Chauviat A, Ngari C, Poulet V, Nazaret S. In vitro study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of various multifunctional cosmetic ingredients and chlorphenesin on bacterial species at risk in the cosmetic industry. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:933-948. [PMID: 34333822 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the activity of the preservative chlorphenesin and of four antimicrobial cosmetic multifunctional ingredients against various strains of gram-negative and gram-positive human opportunistic pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Growth kinetics, modelling growth parameters and statistical analyses enabled comparing bacterial behaviour in the presence and in the absence of the compound. Whatever compound tested (i.e. chlorphenesin, phenylpropanol, hexanediol, ethylhexylglycerin, hydroxyacetophenone) and strain origin (i.e. clinical versus industrial), the growth of 42 strains belonging to Acinetobacter spp., Burkholderia cepacia complex and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, was totally inhibited. On the opposite all of the P. aeruginosa strains (n = 13) as well as 4 and 6 out of 10 strains of Pluralibacter gergoviae grew in the presence of chlorphenesin and ethylhexylglycerin, respectively. Some P. gergoviae and Staphylococcus hominis strains withstand hydroxyacetophenone. Within a species, the different strains show variable latency phase, growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K). They can be similar, lower or higher than those measured in control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Data showed differences in the antimicrobial activity of compounds. Upon exposure, strains differed in their behaviour between and within species. Whatever species and strains, compound sensitivity could not be related to antibiotic resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Most multifunctional ingredients showed significant antimicrobial properties against the wide panel of species and strains evaluated. This will help adjusting preservation strategies in the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Youenou
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amandine Chauviat
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Nazaret
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Okukawa M, Yoshizaki Y, Tanaka M, Yano S, Nonomura Y. Antibacterial Activity of the Mixed Systems Containing 1,2-Dodecanediol against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:787-797. [PMID: 33967172 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Alkanediols are characteristic cosmetic ingredients because these moisturizers exhibit the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). However, the antimicrobial behavior in mixed systems containing several active ingredients is unclear because previous reports focus on an antibacterial system containing only 1,2-alkanediol. In this study, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) were evaluated for 1,2-dodecanediol/lactic acid, 1,2-dodecanediol/myristic acid, 1,2-dodecanediol/methylparaben, and 1,2-dodecanediol/isopropyl methylphenol mixed systems to show the effect of the addition of other antimicrobial components to 1,2-dodecanediol. The antibacterial property of 1,2-dodecanediol/lactic acid mixed system was almost similar compared to 1,2-dodecanediol monomeric system. On the other hand, the antimicrobial activity of 1,2-dodecanediol against S. epidermidis was inhibited in the 1,2-dodecanediol/myristic acid mixed system. Because the selective antimicrobial activity of myristic acid against S. aureus was demonstrated in the mixed system. The present findings are useful for designing formulations of cosmetics and body cleansers containing 1,2-dodecanediol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Okukawa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yuika Yoshizaki
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Mayu Tanaka
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoshimune Nonomura
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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9
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Chaudhari S, Shin H, Choi S, Cho K, Shon M, Nam S, Park Y. Hydrophilic and organophilic pervaporation of industrially important α,β and α,ω-diols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9274-9284. [PMID: 35423423 PMCID: PMC8695363 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distillation-based purification of α,β and α,ω-diols is energy and resource intensive, as well as time consuming. Pervaporation separation is considered to be a remarkable energy efficient membrane technology for purification of diols. Thus, as a core pervaporation process, hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes for the removal of water from 1,2-hexanediol (1,2-HDO) and organophilic polydimethylsiloxane-polysulfone (PDMS-PSF) membranes for the removal of isopropanol from 1,5 pentanediol (1,5-PDO) were employed. For 1,2-HDO/water separation using a feed having a 1 : 4 weight ratio of 1,2-HDO/water, the membrane prepared using 4 vol% glutaraldehyde (GA4) showed the best performance, yielding a flux of 0.59 kg m-2 h-1 and a separation factor of 175 at 40 °C. In the organophilic pervaporation separation of the 1,5-PDO/IPA feed having a 9 : 1 weight ratio of components, the PDMS membrane prepared with a molar ratio of TEOS alkoxy groups to PDMS hydroxyl groups of 70 yielded a flux of 0.12 kg m-2 h-1 and separation factor of 17 638 at 40 °C. Long term stability analysis found that both hydrophilic (PVA) and organophilic (PDMS) membranes retained excellent pervaporation output over 18 days' continuous exposure to the feed. Both the hydrophilic and organophilic membranes exhibited promising separation performance at elevated operating conditions, showing their great potential for purification of α,β and α,ω-diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankar Chaudhari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - HyeonTae Shin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - SeoungYong Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - KieYong Cho
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - MinYoung Shon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - SeungEun Nam
- Center for Membranes, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - YouIn Park
- Center for Membranes, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
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10
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Canavez ADPM, de Oliveira Prado Corrêa G, Isaac VLB, Schuck DC, Lorencini M. Integrated approaches to testing and assessment as a tool for the hazard assessment and risk characterization of cosmetic preservatives. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1687-1699. [PMID: 33624850 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The safety assessment of cosmetic products is based on the safety of the ingredients, which requires information on chemical structures, toxicological profiles, and exposure data. Approximately 6% of the population is sensitized to cosmetic ingredients, especially preservatives and fragrances. In this context, the aim of this study was to perform a hazard assessment and risk characterization of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzyl alcohol (BA), caprylyl glycol (CG), ethylhexylglycerin (EG), chlorphenesin (CP), dehydroacetic acid (DHA), sodium dehydroacetate (SDH), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MIT), methylisothiazolinone (MIT), phenoxyethanol (PE), potassium sorbate (PS), and sodium benzoate (SB). Considering the integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) and weight of evidence (WoE) as a decision tree, based on published safety reports. The hazard assessment was composed of a toxicological matrix correlating the toxicity level, defined as low (L), moderate (M), or high (H) and local or systemic exposure, considering the endpoints of skin sensitization, skin irritation, eye irritation, phototoxicity, acute oral toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, and endocrine activity. In a risk assessment approach, most preservatives had a margin of safety (MoS) above 100, except for DHA, SDH, and EG, considering the worst-case scenario (100% dermal absorption). However, isolated data do not set up a safety assessment. It is necessary to carry out a rational risk characterization considering hazard and exposure assessment to estimate the level of risk of an adverse health outcome, based on the concentration in a product, frequency of use, type of product, route of exposure, body surface location, and target population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Lorencini
- Department of Safety Assessment, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
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11
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Kreeshan FC, Williams JDL. Allergic contact dermatitis to caprylyl glycol: A novel “para‐preservative” allergen. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:418-419. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firas C. Kreeshan
- Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Salford UK
| | - Jason D. L. Williams
- Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Salford UK
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12
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Abstract
Infection preventive practice of using disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 has become the new normal due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although disinfectants may not be applied directly to the human body, it remains at high risk of exposure including close skin contact on disinfected surfaces or during handling. This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. More importantly, disinfectants can react with skin components (proteins and lipids) to facilitate their skin penetration and disrupt the skin barrier function. Whereas the antimicrobial actions of disinfectants are well understood, much less is known regarding their dermatologic reactions, including but not limited to irritation and hypersensitivity. We reviewed the skin reactions created by those disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 approved by the European Chemical Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Li Ching Wong
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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13
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Weber LA, Puff C, Kalbitz J, Kietzmann M, Feige K, Bosse K, Rohn K, Cavalleri JMV. Concentration profiles and safety of topically applied betulinic acid and NVX-207 in eight healthy horses-A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:47-57. [PMID: 32845519 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX-207 show anticancer effects against equine malignant melanoma (EMM) cells and a potent permeation in isolated equine skin in vitro. The aim of the study was to determine the in vivo concentration profiles of BA and NVX-207 in equine skin and assess the compounds' local and systemic tolerability with the intent of developing a topical therapy against EMM. Eight horses were treated percutaneously in a crossover design with 1% BA, 1% NVX-207 or a placebo in a respective vehicle twice a day for seven consecutive days with a seven-day washout period between each formulation. Horses were treated at the neck and underneath the tail. Concentration profiles of the compounds were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography in the cervical skin. Clinical and histopathological examinations and blood analyses were performed. Higher concentrations of NVX-207 were found in the skin compared to BA. Good systemic tolerability and only mild local adverse effects were observed in all three groups. This study substantiates the topical application of BA and NVX-207 in further clinical trials with horses suffering from EMM; however, penetration and permeation of the compounds may be altered in skin affected by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Iliopoulos F, Sil BC, Monjur Al Hossain A, Moore DJ, Lucas RA, Lane ME. Topical delivery of niacinamide: Influence of neat solvents. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Peng K, Sottmann T, Stubenrauch C. Gelled non-toxic microemulsions: phase behavior & rheology. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8361-8371. [PMID: 31583394 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous microemulsions gelled with a low molecular weight gelator have been shown to be an orthogonally self-assembled system. With the mechanical stability provided by the gel network, gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsions have the potential to be an efficient transdermal drug delivery carrier. However, up to now no suitable system has been formulated for transdermal drug delivery. To fill this gap, we formulated and characterized a gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion suitable for the mentioned application. Starting from a previously studied scouting system, namely, H2O-n-octane-n-octyl β-d-glucopyranoside (β-C8G1)-1-octanol, the co-surfactant and the oil were replaced by non-toxic components. Subsequently, the expensive pure surfactant was replaced by cheap technical-grade surfactants (Plantacare® series) to make the system economical. Having formulated the non-toxic microemulsion H2O-IPM-Plantacare 1200 UP-1,2-octanediol, three low molecular weight gelators were studied with regard to the gelation of both the scouting system and the non-toxic system. The chosen gelators were 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-HOA), 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS), and N,N'-dibenzoyl-l-cystine (DBC). We found that only DBS gels the non-toxic microemulsion. The gelled non-toxic bicontinuous microemulsion H2O-IPM-Plantacare 1200 UP-1,2-octanediol was characterized with oscillatory shear rheometry and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at a DBS concentration of 0.3 wt% to verify that the system is indeed a gel and that the microstructure of the microemulsion is not altered by the gel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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Coelho EQ, Wu SLC, Nunes RS, Reis VMS. Contact urticaria following the use of a cosmetic containing caprylyl glycol: A case report. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:308-309. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Q. Coelho
- Department of Dermatology, Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo Brazil
| | - Susana L. C. Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Nunes
- Department of Dermatology, Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vitor M. S. Reis
- Department of Dermatology, Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Iliopoulos F, Sil BC, Moore DJ, Lucas RA, Lane ME. 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid: Characterisation and investigation of single solvent systems for delivery to the skin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100025. [PMID: 31517290 PMCID: PMC6733298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
l-ascorbic acid (AA), commonly known as vitamin C, has been widely used in topical formulations for many years as an antioxidant and anti-aging ingredient. However, the physicochemical properties of AA are not optimal for skin uptake and the molecule is also unstable, readily undergoing oxidation on exposure to air. The compound 3-o-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid (EA) has been developed as a stable vitamin C derivative and has been used in topical products. The aims of this work were to conduct a comprehensive characterisation of physicochemical properties of EA as well as to investigate the influence of various neat solvents on EA skin delivery. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterise the molecule. The pKa of the compound and the partition coefficient logP(o/w) were experimentally determined. A new HPLC method for analysis of the molecule was also developed and validated. A number of solvents for topical preparations were selected based on their wide use as excipients in topical formulations, their potential to act as skin penetration enhancers and their favourable safety profiles. The solubility and stability of EA was examined. Skin permeation of the molecule in full thickness porcine skin in vitro was investigated using Franz-type diffusion cells. The melting point, log P(o/w) value and pKa value of EA were determined to be 114.39 ± 0.5 °C, −1.07 ± 0.03 and 7.72 ± 0.01 respectively. Skin penetration of EA was evident for the following vehicles 1,2 hexanediol (HEX), glycerol (GLY), propylene glycol (PG), 1,2 pentanediol (1-2P), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) and propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC). Skin uptake but no permeation through the skin was observed for Transcutol® (TC) and dipropylene glycol (DiPG), while no penetration was observed for the solvents 1,5 pentanediol (1-5P) and tripropylene glycol (TriPG). The findings of the permeation experiments confirm the potential of simple formulations to deliver EA to the skin. Studies are ongoing to identify complex vehicles for synergistic enhancement of EA skin penetration. To our knowledge this is the first study to conduct a comprehensive characterization of EA and examine its skin uptake and permeation properties in porcine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Iliopoulos
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bruno C. Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - David J. Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Robert A. Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Majella E. Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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18
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Ferreira ESC, Voroshylova IV, Koverga VA, Pereira CM, Cordeiro MNDS. New Force Field Model for Propylene Glycol: Insight to Local Structure and Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10906-10921. [PMID: 29112448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we developed a new force field model (FFM) for propylene glycol (PG) based on the OPLS all-atom potential. The OPLS potential was refined using quantum chemical calculations, taking into account the densities and self-diffusion coefficients. The validation of this new FFM was carried out based on a wide range of physicochemical properties, such as density, enthalpy of vaporization, self-diffusion coefficients, isothermal compressibility, surface tension, and shear viscosity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed over a large range of temperatures (293.15-373.15 K). The comparison with other force field models, such as OPLS, CHARMM27, and GAFF, revealed a large improvement of the results, allowing a better agreement with experimental data. Specific structural properties (radial distribution functions, hydrogen bonding and spatial distribution functions) were then analyzed in order to support the adequacy of the proposed FFM. Pure propylene glycol forms a continuous phase, displaying no microstructures. It is shown that the developed FFM gives rise to suitable results not only for pure propylene glycol but also for mixtures by testing its behavior for a 50 mol % aqueous propylene glycol solution. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the addition of water to the PG phase produces a homogeneous solution and that the hydration interactions prevail over the propylene glycol self-association interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete S C Ferreira
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CIQ(UP), Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Iuliia V Voroshylova
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CIQ(UP), Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Volodymyr A Koverga
- Science and Technology, LASIR (UMR CNRS A8516), University of Lille , Bât. C5, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University , Svoboda sq., 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQ(UP), Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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19
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Steiner A, Kugarajan K, Wullimann M, Ruty B, Kunze G. Margin of safety of pentylene glycol derived using measurements of cutaneous absorption and volatility. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 87:106-111. [PMID: 28483712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The safety assessment of pentylene glycol (PG) has been based on a bioavailability extrapolated from those of other 1,2-glycols or an assumed 100% absorption. To make a better safety assessment and an accurate calculation of the margin of safety (MoS), the skin penetration of PG present in a commercially available sunscreen was measured in pig skin at different exposure durations. The mass balance of PG decreased with increasing exposure durations, from 98% (1 h) to 29% (24 h) and the amount of PG detected in the skin wash decreased over time from 93% to 3%. The decrease in mass balance was attributed to an unexpected volatility of PG, which was confirmed in additional experiments. The maximum bioavailable amount of PG was 123 μg/cm2 after 24 h and was considered to be worst case scenario (10 mg/cm2 i.e. 5-fold the recommended application standard dose, 2 mg/cm2). MoS values for the application of a standard dose of sunscreen after 1-24 h exposure were 140-671 in adults and, if calculated for children ratios, 87-217 Based on the available toxicological data for PG in comparison to the amounts determined to be potentially bioavailable, PG in the test sun protection product SPF 50 + does not show any safety concerns for daily usage at the recommended dosage of 2 mg/cm2 or lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steiner
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - K Kugarajan
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - M Wullimann
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - B Ruty
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - G Kunze
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Froschackerstrasse 6, CH-4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland.
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20
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Miralles P, Vrouvaki I, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Determination of alternative preservatives in cosmetic products by chromophoric derivatization followed by vortex-assisted liquid–liquid semimicroextraction and liquid chromatography. Talanta 2016; 154:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Fiume MM, Heldreth BA, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Alkyl Esters as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2016; 34:5S-69S. [PMID: 26362120 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815594027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 237 alkyl esters for use in cosmetics. The alkyl esters included in this assessment have a variety of reported functions in cosmetics, with skin-conditioning agent being the most common function. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety on these ingredients, and where there were data gaps, similarity in structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingredients allowed for extrapolation of the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group. The Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice M Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, WA, USA
| | | | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F Alan Andersen
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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Heterogeneous catalysis for the ketalisation of ethyl levulinate with 1,2-dodecanediol: Opening the way to a new class of bio-degradable surfactants. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Yogiara, Hwang S, Park S, Hwang JK, Pan JG. Food-grade antimicrobials potentiate the antibacterial activity of 1,2-hexanediol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 60:431-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogiara
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology; Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia; Jakarta Indonesia
| | - S.J. Hwang
- LG Household and Healthcare Ltd; Crystal CHO; Yuseong-Gu Daejeon Korea
| | - S. Park
- LG Household and Healthcare Ltd; Crystal CHO; Yuseong-Gu Daejeon Korea
| | - J.-K. Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - J.-G. Pan
- Superbacteria Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Yuseong Daejeon Korea
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24
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Analysis of 1,2-diol diesters in vernix caseosa by high-performance liquid chromatography – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1378:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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