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Fernandes ACDST, da Silva DMC, Queiroga FL, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Regenerative anemia identification in cats: Red blood cell indices or morphology, what to use? Vet World 2024; 17:1591-1595. [PMID: 39185061 PMCID: PMC11344099 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1591-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Anemia, a clinical condition characterized by reduced erythrocytes, is often observed in cats. Regeneration indicates that the bone marrow can respond appropriately to anemia. The absolute reticulocyte count is the reference for differentiating regenerative and non-regenerative anemia, while red blood cell (RBC) indices and morphology provide supplementary information. This study aimed to identify anemia types and establish the most reliable RBC indices and morphology methods in agreement with the reference method. Materials and Methods One hundred forty-five cases of cat anemia were prospectively classified using two methods: RBC indices and RBC morphology, and subsequently compared with the absolute reticulocyte count. Results Based on RBC indices assessment, 27 cases (19%) exhibited regenerative anemia. Based on RBC morphology, 29 (20%) cases were identified as having regenerative anemia. Using the reticulocyte absolute count as a reference method, 34 (23.4%) cases of regenerative anemia were identified. The findings indicated that RBC indices and RBC morphology did not align in evaluating medullary regeneration and that there is a good degree of agreement between RBC morphology assessment and the reticulocyte absolute count in identifying regenerative anemias. Conclusion Blood smear analysis of RBC morphology was more dependable for classifying regenerative anemia than RBC indices. Further studies should be conducted with a larger number of animals and that allow the identification of the cause of anemia and the monitoring of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felisbina Luísa Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
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2
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Nunes NJS, Valle SDF, Okano FY, Almeida BA, Menin A, Costa FVA, Duda NCB, González FHD. Reference intervals for bone marrow cells in juvenile and young adult cats bone marrow cytology. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:280-284. [PMID: 38684480 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current bone marrow (BM) reference intervals (RI) are based on a limited number of cats. Age-related changes in BM variables might be important,possibly affecting the interpretation of the results. OBJECTIVES Establish BM cytologic reference intervals (RIs) and association of age and sex on these findings, in healthy juvenile and young adult cats. METHODS BM aspirates of cats deemed healthy based on history and clinical, CBC, serum chemistry findings, and negative retrovirus serology were obtained and examined cytologically. The examination included a 1000-nucleated differential cell count and cell morphologic assessment. RIs were calculated using parametric, robust, and nonparametric methods. The cytologic findings were examined for associations with sex and age. RESULTS The study included 40 cats (females, 22 [55%]; males, 18 [45%]) with a median age of 1.5 years (range 0.5-5). Most calculated RIs were similar to those previously reported. BM plasma cell and monocyte counts were weakly and positively correlated with age (rs, .312 and .373, respectively; P < .05). Metarubricytes were higher infemales (mean, 25.1%; SD, 6.0%) than males (mean, 21.2%; SD, 6.0%; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The BM differential cell counts determined in this study can serve as RIs for cats aged 0.5-5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson J S Nunes
- Veterinary Medicine College, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Stella de Faria Valle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Y Okano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angélica Menin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V A Costa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Naila C B Duda
- Veterinary Medicine College, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Félix H D González
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Martins TDO, Ramos RC, Possidonio G, Bosculo MRM, Oliveira PL, Costa LR, Zamboni VAG, Marques MG, de Almeida BFM. Feline obesity causes hematological and biochemical changes and oxidative stress - a pilot study. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:167-177. [PMID: 35778642 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, an extremely important factor in feline clinical practice, is estimated to affect up to one third of the feline population. Moreover, it can trigger chronic inflammation, which could predispose to oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species, thereby generating potentially irreversible cellular damage. This study analyzed hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress profiles at various degrees of feline obesity. Forty-five cats were selected and divided into three groups: control (n = 17), overweight (n = 13) and obese (n = 15), after clinical and laboratory evaluation and body condition score. Biochemical and oxidative stress analyses were performed using a photocolorimeter and hematological analyses were performed in a veterinary cell counter. Obese cats showed increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) than control cats, although within the reference ranges for the species. As for oxidative stress, obese cats showed higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), by the inhibition of 2,2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS), inhibition of ABTS associated with horseradish peroxidase (ABTS + HRP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, while overweight cats had a higher TAC-ABTS + HRP and TAC-FRAP than control cats. We conclude that the conditions of natural obesity and overweight in the feline species alter its hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainara de Oliveira Martins
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cápera Ramos
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Possidonio
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Rachel Melo Bosculo
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Lima Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ramos Costa
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Aquiles Gomes Zamboni
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Gambin Marques
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Fernando Martins de Almeida
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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Robveille C, Kim MW, Stayt J, Sharp CR, Langner KFA. Disseminated T-cell lymphoma with non-epitheliotropic cutaneous involvement in a cat with erythematous patches and regenerative anemia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:42-46. [PMID: 36317261 PMCID: PMC9751472 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221133543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-y-old, castrated male, diabetic, domestic longhaired cat was presented for investigation of anemia. General examination revealed widespread cutaneous erythematous macules and patches. Hematology and bone marrow aspiration revealed severe regenerative anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia, respectively. Low numbers of intermediate-to-large, atypical lymphocytes were observed in the blood smear and bone marrow aspirates. Various imaging modalities demonstrated a diffuse pulmonary bronchial pattern, multifocal mural thickening of the urinary bladder, splenomegaly, and mild tri-cavitary effusion. Skin biopsies and cytologic examination of the pleural effusion demonstrated round-cell neoplasia consistent with lymphoma. Autopsy confirmed disseminated T-cell lymphoma, mostly affecting the urinary bladder, stomach, lymph nodes, and interscapular subcutis and muscles. Angiocentrism and nerve infiltration were present. The cutaneous erythematous patches, characterized by perivascular neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrates and angiodestruction, were a manifestation of the disseminated lymphoma in this cat, similar to the lesions reported in humans affected by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Robveille
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mark W. Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Jason Stayt
- VetPath Laboratory Services, Ascot, WA, Australia
- NovaVet Diagnostics, Bayswater, WA, Australia
| | - Claire R. Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Centre for Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability–Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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5
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deLaforcade A, Bacek L, Blais M, Boyd C, Brainard BM, Chan DL, Cortellini S, Goggs R, Hoareau GL, Koenigshof A, Li R, Lynch A, Ralph A, Rozanski E, Sharp CR. 2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 1- Defining populations at risk. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:289-314. [PMID: 35499966 PMCID: PMC9322658 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To expand the number of conditions and interventions explored for their associations with thrombosis in the veterinary literature and to provide the basis for prescribing recommendations. DESIGN A population exposure comparison outcome format was used to represent patient, exposure, comparison, and outcome. Population Exposure Comparison Outcome questions were distributed to worksheet authors who performed comprehensive searches, summarized the evidence, and created guideline recommendations that were reviewed by domain chairs. The revised guidelines then underwent the Delphi survey process to reach consensus on the final guidelines. Diseases evaluated in this iteration included heartworm disease (dogs and cats), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (cats), protein-losing nephropathy (cats), protein-losing enteropathy (dogs and cats), sepsis (cats), hyperadrenocorticism (cats), liver disease (dogs), congenital portosystemic shunts (dogs and cats) and the following interventions: IV catheters (dogs and cats), arterial catheters (dogs and cats), vascular access ports (dogs and cats), extracorporeal circuits (dogs and cats) and transvenous pacemakers (dogs and cats). RESULTS Of the diseases evaluated in this iteration, a high risk for thrombosis was defined as heartworm disease or protein-losing enteropathy. Low risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs with liver disease, cats with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, protein-losing nephropathy, sepsis, or hyperadrenocorticism. CONCLUSIONS Associations with thrombosis are outlined for various conditions and interventions and provide the basis for management recommendations. Numerous knowledge gaps were identified that represent opportunities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lenore Bacek
- Bluepearl Specialty and Emergency Pet HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Marie‐Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealSaint‐HyacintheQCCanada
| | - Corrin Boyd
- School of Veterinary MedicineMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Clinical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Daniel L. Chan
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Stefano Cortellini
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Amy Koenigshof
- Department of Emergency CareTwo by Two Animal HospitalBerrien SpringsMichiganUSA
| | - Ron Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alex Lynch
- Department of Clinical SciencesNC State College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary MedicineMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
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6
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Baptista LFMDM, Kelly D. Use of human intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia in two cats. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Kelly
- Internal Medicine Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood Hampshire UK
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7
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Chan PK, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Evaluation of the role of Babesia species and Cytauxzoon felis in feline anemia cases in Colorado, USA. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211024967. [PMID: 34221442 PMCID: PMC8221686 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211024967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood of cats in Colorado, USA, with suspected infectious causes of anemia for the presence of Babesia species and Cytauxzoon felis DNA. Results of PCR testing for other common vector-borne diseases potentially associated with anemia are also reported. Methods Samples from 101 cats were tested using a PCR assay that coamplified the DNA of C felis and Babesia species mitochondrial DNA. PCR testing for DNA of hemoplasmas, Bartonella species, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma species, Neorickettsia risticii and Wolbachia genera was also performed if not carried out previously. Results Twenty-two cats (21.8%) were positive for DNA of an infectious agent. DNA from hemoplasma species were amplified from 14 cats (13.9%). Bartonella species DNA was amplified from four cats (4%) and Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Wolbachia genera DNA were amplified from one cat each. Babesia species and C felis mitochondrial DNA were not amplified from any sample. Conclusions and relevance Based on the results of this study, it does not appear that Babesia species or C felis are clinically relevant in anemic cats in Colorado, USA. For C felis, this suggests that the vector Amblyomma americanum is still uncommon in this geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce K Chan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collin, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collin, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collin, CO, USA
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8
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Kinsman R, Casey R, Murray J. Owner-Reported Pica in Domestic Cats Enrolled onto a Birth Cohort Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041101. [PMID: 33921455 PMCID: PMC8070519 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated the types of materials targeted by cats eating non-nutritive materials (‘pica’), at about 6, 12 and 18 months of age, as reported by owners. Pica was most common at about 6 months, as compared to the older age categories. Most cats targeted a single type of material, with plastics and other materials being chewed or eaten more commonly than wool or other fabrics. The factors associated with the occurrence of “chronic pica” (pica exhibited at all three timepoints) in cats were also investigated. Moving to a new house, renting rather than owning a home, and living in a household without a dog(s) were factors found to increase the odds of a cat displaying chronic pica. Abstract The prevalence and cooccurrence of pica towards different target materials were investigated using prospective data from three questionnaires completed by owners participating in a longitudinal study of UK pet cats. Pica towards one or more material types was reported in 42.9% (229/534), 32.0% (171/534), and 30.9% (165/534) of cats aged approximately 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. At all timepoints, it was most common for only one material type to be targeted. Associations between potential explanatory variables and “chronic pica” (pica exhibited at all three timepoints) were also explored. Multivariable logistic regression revealed moving to a new house when the cat was aged approximately 6–12 months, renting rather than owning a home, and living in a household without a dog(s) when the cat was aged 2–4 months increased the odds of chronic pica occurrence. This study provides novel data from a cohort of UK pet cats and it is hoped this will increase the understanding of pica and provide direction for areas for future research.
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Winzelberg Olson S, Hohenhaus AE. Feline non-regenerative anemia: Diagnostic and treatment recommendations. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:615-631. [PMID: 31234748 PMCID: PMC10814193 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19856178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Non-regenerative anemia, or anemia with reticulocytopenia, is a daily diagnosis in feline practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The disease processes underlying non-regenerative anemia are many and diverse. A major diagnostic evaluation may be required to correctly diagnose and treat the underlying cause. AUDIENCE All veterinarians caring for cats will face the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of non-regenerative anemia. Readers will benefit from the review of diagnostic testing and therapeutic options for non-regenerative anemia. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarizes the currently available literature informing diagnostic and treatment recommendations related to non-regenerative anemia. The evidence available to support the recommendations in this review is graded as low and includes predominantly expert opinion, case reports and cases series, on which the authors' interpretation/consensus is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Winzelberg Olson
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Hohenhaus
- DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Pavlick M, Webster CRL, Penninck DG. Bleeding risk and complications associated with percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:529-536. [PMID: 30099964 PMCID: PMC10814532 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18788883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver biopsy is necessary for a diagnosis of liver disease; however, post-biopsy bleeding is a concern. The aim of this study was to describe the extent of bleeding and the occurrence of complications after percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (PUGLB) in cats. METHODS The medical records of 30 cats that had a PUGLB were retrospectively reviewed. Using human guidelines, bleeding was classified as minor or major when the absolute change in packed cell volume (ΔPCV) was <0 and >-6% or ≤-6%, respectively. Complications were defined as physiologic compromise necessitating an intervention, or death. The relationship between ΔPCV and the occurrence of complications and the signalment, initial PCV, coagulation parameters, serum liver enzymes and bilirubin, number of biopsies, histological diagnosis, ultrasound findings, radiologist experience, concurrent procedures and vitamin K administration were assessed using Fisher's exact test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient, with a P value <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS All cats had a decrease in PCV after biopsy. The mean ΔPCV was -6.9% ± 4.1%. Minor and major bleeding occurred in 13/30 (43.3%) and 17/30 (56.7%) cats, respectively, and non-lethal bleeding complications occurred in 5/30 (16.7%). Cats with complications had a lower pre-biopsy PCV ( P <0.003). Major bleeding was more likely with a diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis ( P = 0.03). There was no correlation between ΔPCV or complications and signalment, coagulation parameters, serum parameters, number of biopsies, ultrasound findings, radiologist experience, concurrent procedures and vitamin K administration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PUGLB is a relatively safe procedure in cats, although many cats have a subclinical decrease in PCV. As conventional coagulation tests did not predict complications or the magnitude of ΔPCV, there is a need for more sensitive indicators of bleeding risk in cats undergoing PUGLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pavlick
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia RL Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
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11
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Kopke MA, Pemberton S, Ruaux CG. Presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with pregnancy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919841689. [PMID: 30992997 PMCID: PMC6449813 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919841689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old female entire Birman presented with acute-onset haemorrhagic
vulvar discharge. Moderate, normocytic, normochromic, non-/pre-regenerative
anaemia, along with a moderate mature neutrophilia, were seen on
haematology. Saline test for agglutination was positive. No haemotropic
mycoplasmas were identified. Serum biochemistry revealed severe
hyperbilirubinaemia. Retroviral testing was negative. Serology for
toxoplasmosis revealed a titre of 1:512. Abdominal ultrasound identified a
large uterus, containing at least three advanced-stage fetuses, two of which
failed to exhibit independent motion or cardiac activity. Ovariohysterectomy
was performed. Histology demonstrated mild, multifocal suppurative
placentitis, with Gram staining revealing no evidence of bacteria. Complete
resolution of the anaemia was seen within 1.5 months of
ovariohysterectomy. Relevance and novel information Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) in association with pregnancy has
not been previously reported in cats. This case represents a potential novel
cause for IMHA in cats, which resolved following ovariohysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig G Ruaux
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Paltrinieri S, Fossati M, Menaballi V. Diagnostic performances of manual and automated reticulocyte parameters in anaemic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:122-127. [PMID: 29172918 PMCID: PMC11129255 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17699067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of manual and instrumental measurement of reticulocyte percentage (Ret%), reticulocyte number (Ret#) and reticulocyte production index (RPI) to differentiate regenerative anaemia (RA) from non-regenerative anaemia (NRA) in cats. Methods Data from 106 blood samples from anaemic cats with manual counts (n = 74; 68 NRA, six RA) or instrumental counts of reticulocytes (n = 32; 25 NRA, seven RA) collected between 1995 and 2013 were retrospectively analysed. Sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) were calculated using either cut-offs reported in the literature or cut-offs determined from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results All the reticulocyte parameters were significantly higher in cats with RA than in cats with NRA. All the ROC curves were significantly different ( P <0.001) from the line of no discrimination, without significant differences between the three parameters. Using the cut-offs published in literature, the Ret% (cut-off: 0.5%) was sensitive (100%) but not specific (<75%), the RPI (cut-off: 1.0) was specific (>92%) but not sensitive (<15%), and the Ret# (cut-off: 50 × 10³/µl) had a sensitivity and specificity >80% and the highest LR+ (manual count: 14; instrumental count: 6). For all the parameters, sensitivity and specificity approached 100% using the cut-offs determined by the ROC curves. These cut-offs were higher than those reported in the literature for Ret% (manual: 1.70%; instrumental: 3.06%), lower for RPI (manual: 0.39; instrumental: 0.59) and variably different, depending on the method (manual: 41 × 10³/µl; instrumental: 57 × 10³/µl), for Ret#. Using these cut-offs, the RPI had the highest LR+ (manual: 22.7; instrumental: 12.5). Conclusions and relevance This study indicated that all the reticulocyte parameters may confirm regeneration when the pretest probability is high, while when this probability is moderate, RA should be identified using the RPI providing that cut-offs <1.0 are used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentina Menaballi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Veterinary Clinic Artemedica, Valmadrera, Italy
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Hematologic disorders are relatively common in cats, as inflammatory, immune-mediated and infectious diseases have the potential to impact erythroid, myeloid and thrombopoietic lines within the bone marrow. Clinical challenges: Clinicians often benefit from information obtained from bone marrow cytology and histopathology in diagnosing hematologic disorders in feline patients. However, these sampling procedures are ones that many veterinarians are intimidated by and thus not comfortably performing in clinical practice. AUDIENCE This review, aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats, highlights the reasons a clinician may elect to sample bone marrow, and details the collection of bone marrow for both cytology and histopathology. Potential complications and limitations of each procedure are also reviewed. Evidence base: The collection of bone marrow for cytology and histopathology is not new to feline medicine and several research studies have investigated various sampling modalities in cats. This article offers a comprehensive review of the currently accepted best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Byers
- VCA MidWest Veterinary Referral & Emergency Center, 9706 Mockingbird Drive, Omaha, NE, 68127, USA
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14
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Black V, Adamantos S, Barfield D, Tasker S. Feline non-regenerative immune-mediated anaemia: features and outcome in 15 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:597-602. [PMID: 26116621 PMCID: PMC10816389 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and non-regenerative immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (NRIMHA) are uncommon causes of non-regenerative anaemia affecting the bone marrow in the cat. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical features, treatment and outcome (remission and survival) of cats with these disorders. METHODS Cases of PRCA and NRIMHA presenting between 2009 and 2013 were retrieved. Clinical features including signalment, history, clinical signs and diagnostic investigations were recorded, as well as treatment(s) used and outcome (remission and survival). Outcome was compared for PRCA and NRIMHA. RESULTS Fifteen cats met inclusion criteria: seven with PRCA and eight with NRIMHA. The majority (12/15) were younger than 3 years of age. Volume overload was common (8/11). Treatment with whole blood transfusions with or without Oxyglobin was necessary in most cats (14/15) and resulted in congestive heart failure in one cat. Most cats (11/15) achieved remission 12-42 days after starting immunosuppressive treatment. Treatment protocols associated with remission were glucocorticoids alone (remission in 6/7 cats), glucocorticoids and chlorambucil (remission in 3/6 treated cats), glucocorticoids and ciclosporin (one cat only) and ciclosporin alone (one cat only). Relapse was observed in 3/11 cats, and 8/11 cats were still receiving treatment at the time of follow-up. Outcome (remission and survival) did not differ between PRCA and NRIMHA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PRCA and NRIMHA are uncommon causes of anaemia in predominantly young cats. The prognosis is reasonable, with a mortality rate of 27%, and it can take at least 6 weeks before remission is observed. Following clinical remission, gradual withdrawal of immunosuppressive treatments should be attempted, with close monitoring for relapse; some cats may require long-term treatment. This study is the first to report the use of chlorambucil as an adjunctive immunosuppressant in these cases. Outcome did not differ for PRCA and NRIMHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Black
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Sophie Adamantos
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Dominic Barfield
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, UK
| | - Séverine Tasker
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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15
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Demontigny-Bédard I, Beauchamp G, Bélanger MC, Frank D. Characterization of pica and chewing behaviors in privately owned cats: a case-control study. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:652-7. [PMID: 26088566 PMCID: PMC10816388 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15591589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize pica behavior in cats. METHODS Cat owners were recruited to participate in a questionnaire survey on pica behavior exhibited by their cats. Emphasis was put on the type of item ingested. Questions on early history and environment, as well as general health and gastrointestinal signs, were asked. Owners of healthy cats not showing pica were also recruited into a control group. Associations between variables and groups were statistically tested. RESULTS Pica was directed most commonly at shoelaces or threads, followed by plastic, fabric, other items, rubber, paper or cardboard and wood. Some cats ingested specific items but only chewed others. A significant positive association was found between sucking and ingesting fabric (P = 0.002). Ad libitum feeding was significantly lower in the pica group than the control group (P = 0.01). Prevalence of self-sucking behavior was significantly higher in the pica group than the control group (P = 0.001). Cats with pica vomited significantly more often than control cats (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Pica, the ingestion of inedible items, does not seem to be the consequence of a suboptimal environment or early weaning. Cats with pica were less commonly fed ad libitum than healthy cats. As frequently reported, pica and vomiting were related, but the causative association is not well established and thus warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Demontigny-Bédard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bélanger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Diane Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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16
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Lynch AM, Respess M, Boll AE, Bozych M, McMichael M, Fletcher DJ, De Laforcade AM, Rozanski EA. Hospital-acquired Anemia in Critically Ill Dogs and Cats: A Multi-Institutional Study. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:141-6. [PMID: 26578290 PMCID: PMC4913629 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired anemia is commonly described in people but limited information currently is available regarding its prevalence in animals. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Assess the prevalence of hospital-acquired anemia in hospitalized critically ill dogs and cats, and examine its relationship with phlebotomy practices, transfusion administration, and survival to discharge. ANIMALS Eight hundred and fifty-one client-owned animals (688 dogs and 163 cats). METHODS A multicenter, observational study was conducted in which packed cell volume (PCV) was recorded at the time of admission and on subsequent hospitalization days. Signalment, number of blood samples obtained, underlying disease, whether or not blood products were administered, duration of hospitalization, and survival to discharge were recorded. RESULTS Admission anemia prevalence was 32%, with overall prevalence during the hospitalization period of 56%. The last recorded PCV was significantly lower than the admission PCV for both dogs (admission PCV, 42% [range, 6-67%]; last recorded PCV, 34% [range, 4-64%], P < .0001) and cats (admission PCV, 31% [range, 6-55%]; last recorded PCV, 26% [range, 10-46%], P < .0001). Patients that developed anemia had significantly more blood samples obtained (nonanemic, 5 blood samples [range, 2-54]; anemic, 7 blood samples [range, 2-49], P < .0001). Hospitalized cats were significantly more likely to develop anemia compared to dogs (P < .0001), but anemic dogs were significantly less likely to survive to discharge (P = .0001). Surgical patients were at higher risk of developing hospital-acquired anemia compared to medical patients (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hospital-acquired anemia occurred frequently, especially in surgical patients. Additional studies focused on the direct effect of phlebotomy practices on the likelihood of anemia development in hospitalized animals are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lynch
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - A E Boll
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Bozych
- College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - M McMichael
- College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - D J Fletcher
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - A M De Laforcade
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - E A Rozanski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
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17
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Tynes VV, Sinn L. Abnormal repetitive behaviors in dogs and cats: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:543-64. [PMID: 24766699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) represent a diverse group of behaviors whose underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Their neurobiology likely involves several different neurotransmitter systems. These behaviors have been referred to as compulsive disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders and stereotypies. Underlying medical conditions and pain can often cause changes in behavior that are mistaken for ARBs. A complete medical work-up is always indicated prior to reaching a presumptive diagnosis. The frequency of ARBs can be reduced but not always eliminated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in conjunction with behavior modification and environmental enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie V Tynes
- Premier Veterinary Behavior Consulting, PO Box 1413, Sweetwater, TX 79556, USA.
| | - Leslie Sinn
- Northern Virginia Community College, Veterinary Technology Program, 21200 Campus Drive, Sterling, VA, 20164, USA; Behavior Solutions, PO Box 116, Hamilton, VA 20159, USA
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18
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Furman E, Leidinger E, Hooijberg E, Bauer N, Beddies G, Moritz A. A retrospective study of 1,098 blood samples with anemia from adult cats: frequency, classification, and association with serum creatinine concentration. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1391-7. [PMID: 25274437 PMCID: PMC4895589 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequency and classification of anemia in terms of regeneration status and erythrocyte indices are not well described in cats. OBJECTIVE To determine frequency and regenerative status of anemia in samples from adult cats, to assess the sensitivity and specificity of macrocytosis and hypochromasia for detecting regenerative anemia (RA), and to evaluate the association of anemia with increased serum creatinine concentration (SC). STUDY POPULATION Laboratory records from 30,503 blood samples from cats (2003-2011). METHODS Clinicopathologic data reviewed retrospectively. Anemia defined as hematocrit (Ht) ≤27%, red blood cell count (RBC) ≤5.5 × 10(6)/μL and hemoglobin (Hb) ≤9.0 g/dL. RA defined by manual absolute reticulocyte count >50 × 10(3)/μL. Macrocytosis was defined as mean corpuscular volume (MCV) >55 fL and hypochromasia as mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) <31 g/dL. Cutoff for increased serum creatinine concentration was 1.6 mg/dL. RESULTS Overall, 1,098 of 30,503 blood samples (3.6%) from cats fulfilled criteria for anemia, 633 of 1,098 (57.7%) classified as nonregenerative (NRA) and 465 of 1,098 (42.3%) as regenerative. RBC, Ht, and Hb were significantly lower in the RA compared to NRA group (P < .05). Sensitivity and specificity of the combined high MCV and low MCHC to detect samples with RA were 19.5 and 90.7%. SC was increased in 572 of the 1,098 anemic samples (52.1%) and in 11,121 of 29,405 of nonanemic samples (37.8%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Majority of anemic samples were classified as NRA. Anemia was more severe in cats with RA. Erythrocyte indices were not sensitive indicators of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Furman
- Laboratory InVitro GmbHViennaAustria
| | | | | | - N. Bauer
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - G. Beddies
- Bayer Animal Health GmbHLeverkusenGermany
| | - A. Moritz
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
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19
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Lalor SM, Gunn-Moore DA, Cash R, Foot A, Reed N, Mellanby RJ. Serum Cardiac Troponin I concentrations in cats with anaemia - a preliminary, single-centre observational study. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:320-2. [PMID: 24645736 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A range of cardiovascular abnormalities have been associated with anaemia. However, it remains unclear whether anaemia is associated with cardiac myocyte damage in cats. The aim of this study was to assess if cats with anaemia have an increased prevalence of cardiac myocyte damage, as assessed by serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I, compared to non-anaemic, ill cats. METHODS Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured in 18 anaemic cats and in 31 non-anaemic, ill cats with non-primary cardiac, non-renal and non-primary haematological disorders. RESULTS The serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in the anaemic group (0·43 ng/mL) were significantly higher (P=0·0002) than in the non-anaemic ill group (0·04 ng/mL). Using a cut-off of less than 0·16 ng/mL, 12 of the 18 anaemic cats had an increased serum cardiac troponin I concentration, which was significantly higher (P=0·005) than the non-anaemic ill cats (7 of 31 cats). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were higher in cats with anaemia in this study. Further studies are required to establish whether the anaemia or other confounding factors is the cause of the increased serum cardiac troponin I concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lalor
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
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20
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Treatment of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) tends to focus on minimising the adverse effects of reduced renal function, rather than addressing an underlying cause. Despite this, and the progressive nature of CKD, treatment can improve quality of life and enable many cats to have long survival times. EVIDENCE BASE Strong evidence supports the provision of renal diets, which are protein and phosphorus restricted; compliance is improved by gradual dietary transition. Additional phosphorus restriction is achieved by the use of phosphate binding agents, although it is unknown if these yield similar survival benefits to those provided by renal diets. Interventions to control hypokalaemia and hypertension in affected cats are important to prevent serious complications. Administration of benazepril to cats with proteinuric kidney disease has been shown to significantly improve their appetite but not their survival. As CKD progresses, many cats will benefit from treatment to control clinical signs of uraemic gastroenteritis and anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Korman
- Feline Friendly Practice, Veterinary Specialist Services, Underwood 4009, Australia
| | - Joanna D White
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
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21
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Murphy K, Hibbert A. The flat cat: 2. the emergency database and management of common metabolic abnormalities. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:189-99. [PMID: 23422363 PMCID: PMC11383067 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13477539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Detailed information regarding the causes and treatment of acute collapse in the cat can be difficult to locate in a single published source. This two-part review aims to provide a logical approach to the clinical assessment and stabilisation of the critically ill collapsed cat. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Laboratory evaluation, in the form of an emergency database, is an important part of the initial assessment of a collapsed patient and should be considered in conjunction with physical abnormalities. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Rapid identification and correction of life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, including hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia, is essential in stabilising this group of patients. Clinicians often lack confidence if they are not dealing with these problems regularly. AUDIENCE The information provided in this article will be of use to any veterinarian working with feline patients and particularly those dealing with emergencies on a regular basis. EVIDENCE BASE There is an extensive body of published literature, both original studies and textbook chapters, pertaining to the causes and treatment of the important metabolic abnormalities covered in this article. The authors draw on information from original articles, reviews and their clinical experience to provide simple but detailed practical information to guide interpretation of the emergency database and its application to therapy in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Murphy
- Bath Veterinary Referrals, Rosemary Lodge, Wellsway, Bath BA2 5RL, UK.
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22
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Murphy K, Hibbert A. The flat cat: 1. a logical and practical approach to management of this challenging presentation. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:175-88. [PMID: 23422362 PMCID: PMC11383071 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13477538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
AIM Detailed information regarding the causes and treatment of acute collapse in the cat can be difficult to locate in a single published source. This two-part review aims to provide a logical approach to the clinical assessment and stabilisation of the critically ill collapsed cat. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Cats are particularly challenging when presented as emergency patients, often in the later stages of an illness or with a vague history and non-specific signs. The nuances of the critically ill cat are considered, especially for shock and its management. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Shocked cats do not present in the classic stages typically seen in dogs, and the signs are more subtle. Therefore, the clinician must consider whether physical parameters are appropriate for the state and environment of the patient; for example, a normal heart rate in a shocked cat would be considered inappropriate. AUDIENCE This review is directed at any veterinarian working with feline patients, and particularly those dealing with emergencies on a regular basis. EVIDENCE BASE There is an extensive body of published literature, both original studies and textbook chapters, pertaining to the causes and treatment of collapse in the cat. In this article the authors draw on information from original publications, reviews and their clinical experience to provide practical guidance to assist in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Murphy
- Bath Veterinary Referrals, Rosemary Lodge, Wellsway, Bath BA2 5RL, UK.
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