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Ganguly K, Adhikary K, Acharjee A, Acharjee P, Trigun SK, Mutlaq AS, Ashique S, Yasmin S, Alshahrani AM, Ansari MY. Biological significance and pathophysiological role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Central Nervous System. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135967. [PMID: 39322129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are endopeptidase reliant on zinc, are low in embryonic tissues but increases in response to a variety of physiological stimulus and pathological stresses. Neuro-glial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leucocytes secrete MMPs, which cleave extracellular matrix proteins in a time-dependent manner. MMPs affect synaptic plasticity and the development of short-term memory by controlling the size, shape, and excitatory synapses' function through the lateral diffusion of receptors. In addition, MMPs influence the Extracellular Matrix proteins in the Peri-Neuronal Net at the Neuro-glial interface, which aids in the establishment of long-term memory. Through modulating neuronal, and glial cells migration, differentiation, Neurogenesis, and survival, MMPs impact brain development in mammals. In adult brains, MMPs play a beneficial role in physiological plasticity, which includes learning, memory consolidation, social interaction, and complex behaviors, by proteolytically altering a wide variety of factors, including growth factors, cytokines, receptors, DNA repair enzymes, and matrix proteins. Additionally, stress, depression, addiction, hepatic encephalopathy, and stroke may all have negative effects on MMPs. In addition to their role in glioblastoma development, MMPs influence neurological diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain damage, pain, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. To help shed light on the potential of MMPs as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, this review summarizes their regulation, mode of action, and participation in brain physiological plasticity and pathological damage. Finally, by employing different MMP-based nanotools and inhibitors, MMPs may also be utilized to map the anatomical and functional connectome of the brain, analyze its secretome, and treat neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ganguly
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Arup Acharjee
- Bichemistry Section, Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Papia Acharjee
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Sumel Ashique
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
- MM college of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
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Ellen O, Ye S, Nheu D, Dass M, Pagnin M, Ozturk E, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. The Heterogeneous Multiple Sclerosis Lesion: How Can We Assess and Modify a Degenerating Lesion? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11112. [PMID: 37446290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease of the central nervous system that is governed by neural tissue loss and dystrophy during its progressive phase, with complex reactive pathological cellular changes. The immune-mediated mechanisms that promulgate the demyelinating lesions during relapses of acute episodes are not characteristic of chronic lesions during progressive MS. This has limited our capacity to target the disease effectively as it evolves within the central nervous system white and gray matter, thereby leaving neurologists without effective options to manage individuals as they transition to a secondary progressive phase. The current review highlights the molecular and cellular sequelae that have been identified as cooperating with and/or contributing to neurodegeneration that characterizes individuals with progressive forms of MS. We emphasize the need for appropriate monitoring via known and novel molecular and imaging biomarkers that can accurately detect and predict progression for the purposes of newly designed clinical trials that can demonstrate the efficacy of neuroprotection and potentially neurorepair. To achieve neurorepair, we focus on the modifications required in the reactive cellular and extracellular milieu in order to enable endogenous cell growth as well as transplanted cells that can integrate and/or renew the degenerative MS plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ellen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sining Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary Dass
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Stilponos Kiriakides Str. 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Stilponos Kiriakides Str. 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melborune, VIC 3004, Australia
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Suzuki K, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Takaura M, Hotta R, Masuo Y. Biomarkers in the Rat Hippocampus and Peripheral Blood for an Early Stage of Mental Disorders Induced by Water Immersion Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043153. [PMID: 36834565 PMCID: PMC9960135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to evaluate the pre-symptomatic state of mental disorders and prevent its onset. Since stress could be a trigger of mental disorders, it may be helpful to identify stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) for the evaluation of stress levels. We have so far performed omics analyses of the rat brain and peripheral blood after various kinds of stress and have found numerous factors that respond to stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of relatively moderate stress on these factors in the rat to identify stress marker candidates. Adult male Wistar rats underwent water immersion stress for 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h. Stress caused weight loss and elevated serum corticosterone levels, and alterations regarded as anxiety and/or fear-like behaviors. Reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot analyses revealed significant alterations in the expressions of hippocampal genes and proteins by the stress for no longer than 24 h, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD), small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins 1/sentrin-specific peptidase 5 (SENP5), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1), and MKP-1, MMP-8, nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). Similar alterations were observed in three genes (MKP-1, CEBPD, MMP-8) in the peripheral blood. The present results strongly suggest that these factors may serve as stress markers. The correlation of these factors in the blood and brain may enable the evaluation of stress-induced changes in the brain by blood analysis, which will contribute to preventing the onset of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Functional Morphology, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, 16-48 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0806, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences and Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS2.0), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takaura
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Hotta
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Sadatpour O, Ebrahimi MT, Akhtari M, Ahmadzadeh N, Vojdanian M, Jamshidi A, Farhadi E, Mahmoudi M. A 2A adenosine receptor agonist reduced MMP8 expression in healthy M2-like macrophages but not in macrophages from ankylosing spondylitis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:908. [PMID: 36221125 PMCID: PMC9555099 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that mostly affects different joints of the body. Macrophages are the predominant cells that mediate disease progression by secreting several pro-inflammatory mediators. Different receptors are involved in macrophages' function including the adenosine receptors (AR). Our main objective in this study was to assess the effect of applying A2A adenosine receptor agonist (CGS-21,680) on the gene expression of inflammatory mediators including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, 4 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3, 8, 9, and 13 on the macrophages from AS patients compared to healthy macrophages. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from the whole blood of 28 individuals (AS patients and healthy controls in a 1:1 ratio). Macrophages were differentiated using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and flow cytometry was performed to confirm surface markers. CGS-21,680 was used to treat cells that had been differentiated. Using SYBR green real-time PCR, relative gene expression was determined. RESULTS Activating A2AAR diminished MMP8 expression in healthy macrophages while it cannot reduce MMP8 expression in patients' macrophages. The effect of A2AAR activation on the expression of BMP2 and MMP9 reached statistical significance neither in healthy macrophages nor in the patients' group. We also discovered a significant positive connection between MMP8 expression and patient scores on the Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI). CONCLUSION Due to the disability of A2AAR activation in the reduction of MMP8 expression in patients' macrophages and the correlation of MMP8 expression with BASFI index in patients, these results represent defects and dysregulations in the related signaling pathway in patients' macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Sadatpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Akhtari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Ahmadzadeh
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vojdanian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, P.O. Box: 1411713137, +98-218-822-1449, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, P.O. Box: 1411713137, +98-218-822-1449, Tehran, Iran.
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Karimi L, Eskandari N, Shaygannejad V. The Effect of Interferon-Beta Therapy on T-Helper 17/miR-326 and T-Helper 1/miR-29b-3p Axis in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:177-185. [PMID: 34808619 DOI: 10.1159/000519777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of interferon-beta (IFN-β) on hsa-miR29b-3p and hsa-miR326 in isolated T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells expressed by relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients before and after 1 year of treatment with IFN-β. METHODS The study was done on 19 RRMS patients pre- and posttreatment with IFN-β to evaluate the frequency of Th1 and Th17 cells by flow cytometry. The expression level of hsa-miR-29b-3p and hsa-miR-326 in isolated Th1 and Th17 cells was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was also used to measure the plasma levels of I interferon -gamma and interleukin (IL)-17A. RESULTS Th17 cells and plasma levels of IL-17A decreased in RRMS patients after IFN-β therapy but hsa-miR-29b-3p and hsa-miR-326 expression had no significant change in treated RRMS patients versus baseline. MxA gene expression was significantly induced upon IFN-β therapy in patients with RRMS. CONCLUSION IFN-β therapy is more effective on Th17 than Th1, but it does not reform altered expression of hsa-miR-326 and hsa-miR-29b-3p in Th17 and Th1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhukovsky C, Herman S, Wiberg A, Cunningham JL, Kultima K, Burman J. Urokinase, CX3CL1, CCL2, TRAIL and IL-18 induced by interferon-β treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:602-607. [PMID: 33626181 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify serum proteins associated with MS and affected by interferon beta treatment. METHODS Plasma samples from 29 untreated relapsing-remitting MS patients and 15 healthy controls were investigated with a multiplexed panel containing 92 proteins related to inflammation. Follow-up samples were available from 13 patients at 1 and 3 months after initiation of treatment with interferon beta-1a. RESULTS Ten proteins were differentially expressed in MS patients. Five of these were altered by treatment with IFN-β 1a: uPA, CX3CL1, CCL2, TRAIL and IL18. CONCLUSION CCL2 and TRAIL were confirmed to be modulated with interferon beta treatment in MS. As novel findings, we now report that uPA and CX3CL1 were differentially expressed in MS and increased after IFN-beta-1a treatment. Conflicting results have been reported on how interferon beta affects IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Herman
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Wiberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences Clinical Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience Neurology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Interferon-β alleviates delayed tPA-induced adverse effects via modulation of MMP3/9 production in ischemic stroke. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4366-4381. [PMID: 32926126 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for ischemic stroke. However, delayed tPA administration is associated with increased risk of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Interferon-β (IFNβ), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, is a cytokine with immunomodulatory properties. Previous studies, including ours, demonstrated that IFNβ or type I IFN receptor signaling conferred protection against ischemic stroke in preclinical models, suggesting IFNβ might have translational therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Currently, whether IFNβ could be coadministered with tPA to alleviate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects remains unknown. To elucidate that, IFNβ was coadministered with delayed tPA to ischemic stroke animals, and the severity and pathology of ischemic brain injury were assessed. We found delayed tPA treatment exacerbated ischemic brain injury, manifested by aggravated BBB disruption and HT. Notably, IFNβ ameliorated delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury and alleviated adverse effects. Mechanistic studies revealed IFNβ suppressed tPA-enhanced neuroinflammation and MMP3/9 production in the ischemic brain. Furthermore, we identified IFNβ suppressed MMP9 production in microglia and attenuated tight junction protein degradation in brain endothelial cells. Moreover, we observed that peripheral immune cells may participate to a lesser extent in delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury during the early phase of ischemic stroke. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that IFNβ can be coadministered with tPA to mitigate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects of BBB disruption and HT that could potentially extend the tPA therapeutic window for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Ten Bosch GJA, Bolk J, 't Hart BA, Laman JD. Multiple sclerosis is linked to MAPK ERK overactivity in microglia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1033-1042. [PMID: 33948692 PMCID: PMC8313465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reassessment of published observations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests a microglial malfunction due to inappropriate (over)activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ERK (MAPKERK). These observations regard biochemistry as well as epigenetics, and all indicate involvement of this pathway. Recent preclinical research on neurodegeneration already pointed towards a role of MAPK pathways, in particular MAPKERK. This is important as microglia with overactive MAPK have been identified to disturb local oligodendrocytes which can lead to locoregional demyelination, hallmark of MS. This constitutes a new concept on pathophysiology of MS, besides the prevailing view, i.e., autoimmunity. Acknowledged risk factors for MS, such as EBV infection, hypovitaminosis D, and smoking, all downregulate MAPKERK negative feedback phosphatases that normally regulate MAPKERK activity. Consequently, these factors may contribute to inappropriate MAPKERK overactivity, and thereby to neurodegeneration. Also, MAPKERK overactivity in microglia, as a factor in the pathophysiology of MS, could explain ongoing neurodegeneration in MS patients despite optimized immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatment. Currently, for these patients with progressive disease, no effective treatment exists. In such refractory MS, targeting the cause of overactive MAPKERK in microglia merits further investigation as this phenomenon may imply a novel treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J A Ten Bosch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolande Bolk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Altered astrocytic function in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:1341-1368. [PMID: 33247866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. In MS, the patients' immune system starts to attack the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, loss of vital neurological functions such as walking. There is currently no cure for MS and the available treatments only slow the initial phases of the disease. The later-disease mechanisms are poorly understood and do not directly correlate with the activity of immune system cells, the main target of the available treatments. Instead, evidence suggests that disease progression and disability are better correlated with the maintenance of a persistent low-grade inflammation inside the CNS, driven by local glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia. Depending on the context, astrocytes can (a) exacerbate inflammation or (b) promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. In this review, we will address the present knowledge that exists regarding the role of astrocytes in MS and experimental animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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10
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Hou M, Li Y, He L, Li X, Ding Z, Du Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li X. Effect of Interferon-Beta Treatment on the Proportion of T Helper 17 Cells and Related Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:771-779. [PMID: 31517556 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling He
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhibin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaping Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengxiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Heidari Barchi Nezhad R, Asadi F, Abtahi Froushani SM, Hassanshahi G, Kaeidi A, Khanamani Falahati-Pour S, Hashemi Z, Mirzaei MR. The effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells treated with 17-b estradiol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6135-6146. [PMID: 31555971 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted aimed at exploring the modulatory effects of 17-b estradiol (17-bED) on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Following the isolation of bone marrow-derived MSCs from the bilateral femurs and tibias of the male Wistar rats, the cells were harvested and cultured in the presence of 100 nM 17-bED for 24 h. EAE was induced in male Wistar rats (8-12 weeks old) using guinea pig spinal cord homogenate, in combination with the complete Freund's adjuvant. The MSC therapy was triggered when all of the animals obtained a disability score. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis throughout the study until the rats were euthanized. The mRNA expression of cytokines, including IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β together with MMP8 and MMP9 as the family members of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the brain and spinal cord tissues were examined using real-time PCR. The levels of splenocytes-originated IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines were also measured by ELISA. The MTT-based research findings showed that the infiltration of lymphocytes into the spleen decreased considerably. It was also observed that the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines decreased significantly, while the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased remarkably. It was also found that the mRNA levels of the examined matrix metalloproteinases (MMP8 and MMP9) were downregulated significantly. The findings of the present study indicated that the administration of 17-bED enhanced the efficacy of MSCs transplantation and modulated immune responses relatively in the EAE model, via the regulation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Heidari Barchi Nezhad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran
| | - Fateme Asadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran
| | - Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Hashemi
- Department of General Subjects, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirzaei
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran.
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Matrix metalloproteases 9 rs3918242 gene polymorphism and serum vit D in MS Egyptian patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 32:103-106. [PMID: 31082619 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of MS, especially among women in the Middle East countries as well as the high cost of caring has become a truly public concern. T-cell trafficking across the interrupted BBB, which constitutes a core immunological feature of the disease, needs activation of matrix metallo-proteinases. MMP-9 (which represents the largest and most complex of MMP family) was a subject for functional polymorphism of rs3918242 gene, but with controversial results among different MS ethnic groups. In this study, we evaluated the role of MMP9 genotypes of rs3918242 (-1562 C/T) in MS susceptibility and disability among patients using PCR-RFLP. Vitamin D assessment using ELISA, as an indirect indicator of MMP activity and proinflammatory status, was also measured to find out its relation to this polymorphism. Results: CT, CT+TT genotypes and T allele carriers were found most among MS patients as compared to healthy controls with a P value of 0.009 CI (1.216- 4.346), suggesting higher susceptibility risk for the disease. Also a significant decrease of Vitamin D in MS group (P < 0.001) were detected. Though this genetic polymorphism was found insignificantly among different clinical measures of MS disease severity, vitamin D level was significantly lower in patients with RRMS and for those with high disabilities. This low level was not influenced by the -1562 C/T polymorphism. In conclusion, MMP9 genotypes of rs3918242 have a role in MS susceptibility, but not with severity. Vitamin D deficiency was also a predominant feature among all MS patients irrespective of their MMP9 genotypes of rs3918242, implying its association with MS activity in different courses of the disease. The gentic susceptibility for MS disease is growing and needs to be studied well in different ethnic groups for their important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Chaudhry SR, Güresir E, Vatter H, Kinfe TM, Dietrich D, Lamprecht A, Muhammad S. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage lead to systemic upregulation of IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory axis. Cytokine 2017; 97:96-103. [PMID: 28609751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 and IL-17 are pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-23 is secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells, while IL-17 by Th17 cells. Serum IL-23 and IL-17 are known to be elevated in numerous inflammatory diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. The role of serum IL-23 and IL-17 in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has still not been investigated. The present work investigates the serum IL-23 and IL-17 levels and their association with post hemorrhagic complications and clinical outcome in patients with aSAH. METHODS In this study, 80 patients with aSAH (Hunt and Hess grade I-V) were prospectively recruited. We enrolled 24 control patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Peripheral venous blood was withdrawn from controls and from aSAH patients at day 1 and day 7, allowed to clot and centrifuged to obtain serum. Enzyme linked immunoassay kits were employed to quantify the serum levels of IL-23 and IL-17 by applying 50µL of serum samples. Post hemorrhagic complications and clinical outcome were documented prospectively from patient's hospital record. RESULTS Serum IL-23 and IL-17 levels were significantly elevated in aSAH patients at day 1 and day 7 (n=80) as compared to control patients (n=24). Further analysis after dichotomy of patients who suffered from post hemorrhagic complications including cerebral vasospasm, chronic hydrocephalus, seizures, cerebral ischemia, delayed neurological deficits showed differential correlations with different post hemorrhagic complications (Table 1). Serum IL-23 and IL-17 levels did not correlate with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Serum IL-23 and IL-17 levels were elevated in patients with aSAH showing upregulation of IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory axis after aSAH. Serum IL-23 and IL-17 showed differential correlations with post hemorrhagic complications and no correlation with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erdem Güresir
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Kinfe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Valado A, Leitão MJ, Martinho A, Pascoal R, Cerqueira J, Correia I, Batista S, Sousa L, Baldeiras I. Multiple sclerosis: Association of gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 with risk and clinical course the disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 11:71-76. [PMID: 28104261 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and axonal degeneration of the central nervous system and a leading cause of disability in young adults. The matrix metalloproteinases in general and specially gelatinase B/metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of the MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism in a Portuguese population of MS patients and assess its impact in susceptibility and course of the disease. The relation of MMP-9 serum levels with the polymorphism and with clinical and therapeutic factors will also be assessed. METHODS Our study included 355 Caucasian individuals distributed as MS patients (n=169) and controls (n=186). Samples were genotyped for -1562C/T polymorphism by PCR-RFLP analysis. MMP-9 concentration in serum was analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant increase in T-allele frequency was found in female MS patients, but not in the total patient population. No association between the presence of the polymorphism and disease progression was found. MMP-9 serum concentrations were increased in patients, and although not influenced by the -1562C/T polymorphism, were modified by INF-beta therapy. CONCLUSION Although we did not find an association of this polymorphism with disease susceptibility or prognosis, MMP-9 appears to be a good therapeutic response marker for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valado
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Rua 5 de Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Ap 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Leitão
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Martinho
- Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplant, Rua Escola Inês de Castro, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3040-226 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Pascoal
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Cerqueira
- School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Correia
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lívia Sousa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Cordiglieri C, Baggi F, Bernasconi P, Kapetis D, Faggiani E, Consonni A, Andreetta F, Frangiamore R, Confalonieri P, Antozzi C, Mantegazza R. Identification of a gene expression signature in peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying therapies. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:133-146. [PMID: 27720845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease with neurodegenerative alterations, ultimately progressing to neurological handicap. Therapies are effective in counteracting inflammation but not neurodegeneration. Biomarkers predicting disease course or treatment response are lacking. We investigated whether altered gene and protein expression profiles were detectable in the peripheral blood of 78 relapsing remitting MS (RR-MS) patients treated by disease-modifying therapies. A discovery/validation study on RR-MS responsive to glatiramer acetate identified 8 differentially expressed genes: ITGA2B, ITGB3, CD177, IGJ, IL5RA, MMP8, P2RY12, and S100β. A longitudinal study on glatiramer acetate, Interferon-β, or Fingolimod treated RR-MS patients confirmed that 7 out of 8 genes were downregulated with reference to the different therapies, whereas S100β was always upregulated. Thus, we identified a peripheral gene signature associated with positive response in RR-MS which may also explain drug immunomodulatory effects. The usefulness of this signature as a biomarker needs confirmation on larger series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cordiglieri
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Dimos Kapetis
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Faggiani
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consonni
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreetta
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Frangiamore
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Confalonieri
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Antozzi
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV - Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
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Interplay between Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, and Interleukins in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:3672353. [PMID: 27555667 PMCID: PMC4983323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3672353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) and cytokines have been involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no studies have still explored the possible associations between the two families of molecules. The present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of active MMP-9, active MMP-2, interleukin- (IL-) 17, IL-18, IL-23, and monocyte chemotactic proteins-3 to the pathogenesis of MS and the possible interconnections between MMPs and cytokines. The proteins were determined in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 89 MS patients and 92 other neurological disorders (OND) controls. Serum active MMP-9 was increased in MS patients and OND controls compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, resp.), whereas active MMP-2 and ILs did not change. CSF MMP-9, but not MMP-2 or ILs, was selectively elevated in MS compared to OND (p < 0.01). Regarding the MMPs and cytokines intercorrelations, we found a significant association between CSF active MMP-2 and IL-18 (r = 0.3, p < 0.05), while MMP-9 did not show any associations with the cytokines examined. Collectively, our results suggest that active MMP-9, but not ILs, might be a surrogate marker for MS. In addition, interleukins and MMPs might synergistically cooperate in MS, indicating them as potential partners in the disease process.
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The Role of Interleukin-23 in the Early Development of Emphysema in HIV1(+) Smokers. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3463104. [PMID: 27446965 PMCID: PMC4942665 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3463104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is upregulated in alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV1+ smokers who develop emphysema. Knowing that lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of HIV1+ smokers contains increased levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to HIV1− smokers, we hypothesized that upregulation of lung cytokines in HIV1+ smokers may be functionally related to increased MMP-9 expression. Methods. Cytokine arrays evaluated cytokine protein levels in ELF obtained from 5 groups of individuals: HIV1− healthy nonsmokers, HIV1− healthy smokers, HIV1− smokers with low diffusing capacity (DLCO), HIV1+ nonsmokers, and HIV1+ smokers with low DLCO. Results. Increased levels of the Th17 related cytokine IL-23 were found in HIV1− smokers with low DLCO and HIV1+ smokers and nonsmokers. Relative IL-23 gene expression was increased in AM of HIV1+ individuals, with greater expression in AM of HIV1+ smokers with low DLCO. Infection with HIV1 in vitro induced IL-23 expression in normal AM. IL-23 stimulation of AM/lymphocyte cocultures in vitro induced upregulation of MMP-9. Lung T lymphocytes express receptor IL-23R and interact with AM in order to upregulate MMP-9. Conclusion. This mechanism may contribute to the increased tissue destruction in the lungs of HIV1+ smokers and suggests that Th17 related inflammation may play a role.
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Vafadari B, Salamian A, Kaczmarek L. MMP-9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:91-114. [PMID: 26525923 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a member of the metzincin family of mostly extracellularly operating proteases. Despite the fact that all of these enzymes might be target promiscuous, with largely overlapping catalogs of potential substrates, MMP-9 has recently emerged as a major and apparently unique player in brain physiology and pathology. The specificity of MMP-9 may arise from its very local and time-restricted actions, even when released in the brain from cells of various types, including neurons, glia, and leukocytes. In fact, the quantity of MMP-9 is very low in the naive brain, but it is markedly activated at the levels of enzymatic activity, protein abundance, and gene expression following various physiological stimuli and pathological insults. Neuronal MMP-9 participates in synaptic plasticity by controlling the shape of dendritic spines and function of excitatory synapses, thus playing a pivotal role in learning, memory, and cortical plasticity. When improperly unleashed, MMP-9 contributes to a large variety of brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain injury, stroke, neurodegeneration, pain, brain tumors, etc. The foremost mechanism of action of MMP-9 in brain disorders appears to be its involvement in immune/inflammation responses that are related to the enzyme's ability to process and activate various cytokines and chemokines, as well as its contribution to blood-brain barrier disruption, facilitating the extravasation of leukocytes into brain parenchyma. However, another emerging possibility (i.e., the control of MMP-9 over synaptic plasticity) should not be neglected. The translational potential of MMP-9 has already been recognized in both the diagnosis and treatment domains. The most striking translational aspect may be the discovery of MMP-9 up-regulation in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, quickly followed by human studies and promising clinical trials that have sought to inhibit MMP-9. With regard to diagnosis, suggestions have been made to use MMP-9 alone or combined with tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor as disease biomarkers. MMP-9, through cleavage of specific target proteins, plays a major role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation, and by those virtues contributes to brain physiology and a host of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Hegen H, Auer M, Deisenhammer F. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon-β. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1803-19. [PMID: 26419922 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1094055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interferon-β (IFNβ) is well established as a disease-modifying treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis. Several preparations of the biopharmaceutical are available differing in protein structure, formulation, dose as well as frequency and route of administration. Recently, a pegylated form of IFNβ has been marketed. AREAS COVERED Following a PubMed database search, we provide an overview of what is presently known about the pharmacokinetics (PK) of IFNβ including its absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Also, we discuss the association with clinically relevant issues such as treatment efficacy, adverse events and anti-drug antibodies. EXPERT OPINION IFNβ has a bioavailability of ∼ 30% after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, shows peak serum concentrations within several hours, has a half-life of < 1 day and is eliminated by a renal and hepatic pathway. PK parameters do not substantially differ between the types of IFNβ and routes of administration; only pegylation of IFNβ results in substantially increased and prolonged PK. Although no clinical dose-effect relationship could be established, there is an association of IFNβ dose with magnetic resonance imaging outcome parameters. Furthermore, there is an association of IFNβ serum levels with the occurrence of adverse events and anti-drug antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hegen
- a 1 Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Auer
- a 1 Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Deisenhammer
- b 2 Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology Laboratory , Innsbruck, Austria +43 5 12 50 42 42 64 ; +43 5 12 50 42 42 66 ;
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Fellows K, Uher T, Browne RW, Weinstock-Guttman B, Horakova D, Posova H, Vaneckova M, Seidl Z, Krasensky J, Tyblova M, Havrdova E, Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M. Protective associations of HDL with blood-brain barrier injury in multiple sclerosis patients. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2010-8. [PMID: 26243484 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the associations of serum cholesterol and apolipoproteins with measures of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS inflammation following the first clinical demyelinating event. This study included 154 patients [67% female; age, 29.5 ± 8.2 years (mean ± SD)] enrolled in a multi-center study of interferon β1-a treatment following the first demyelinating event. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained at screening prior to treatment. A comprehensive serum lipid profile and multiple surrogate markers of BBB breakdown and CNS immune activity were obtained. Higher levels of serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and ApoA-I were associated with lower CSF total protein level, CSF albumin level, albumin quotient, and CSF IgG level (all P ≤ 0.001 for HDL-C and all P < 0.01 for ApoA-I). HDL-C was also associated with CSF CD80+ (P < 0.001) and with CSF CD80+CD19+ (P = 0.007) cell frequencies. Higher serum HDL is associated with lower levels of BBB injury and decreased CD80+ and CD80+CD19+ cell extravasation into the CSF. HDL may potentially inhibit the initiation and/or maintenance of pathogenic BBB injury following the first demyelinating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fellows
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Tomas Uher
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard W Browne
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Posova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Seidl
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krasensky
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Tyblova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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D'Ambrosio A, Pontecorvo S, Colasanti T, Zamboni S, Francia A, Margutti P. Peripheral blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1097-110. [PMID: 26226413 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpredictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the difficulties in obtaining spinal fluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced, the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However, currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkers could radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for intervention strategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview of this research field and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pontecorvo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francia
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Telesford K, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper LH. Gut commensalism, cytokines, and central nervous system demyelination. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:605-14. [PMID: 25084177 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing support for the importance of risk factors such as genetic makeup, obesity, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, and antibiotic exposure contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases, including human multiple sclerosis (MS). Perhaps the greatest environmental risk factor associated with the development of immune-mediated conditions is the gut microbiome. Microbial and helminthic agents are active participants in shaping the immune systems of their hosts. This concept is continually reinforced by studies in the burgeoning area of commensal-mediated immunomodulation. The clinical importance of these findings for MS is suggested by both their participation in disease and, perhaps of greater clinical importance, attenuation of disease severity. Observations made in murine models of central nervous system demyelinating disease and a limited number of small studies in human MS suggest that immune homeostasis within the gut microbiome may be of paramount importance in maintaining a disease-free state. This review describes three immunological factors associated with the gut microbiome that are central to cytokine network activities in MS pathogenesis: T helper cell polarization, T regulatory cell function, and B cell activity. Comparisons are drawn between the regulatory mechanisms attributed to first-line therapies and those described in commensal-mediated amelioration of central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel Telesford
- 1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
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Müller-Herrmann S, Scheibel T. Enzymatic Degradation of Films, Particles, and Nonwoven Meshes Made of a Recombinant Spider Silk Protein. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:247-259. [DOI: 10.1021/ab500147u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Müller-Herrmann
- Lehrstuhl
Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl
Biomaterialien, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 and 9 in the Pathogenesis of Acute Neuroinflammation. Implications for Disease Modifying Therapy. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:840-847. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Trentini A, Manfrinato MC, Castellazzi M, Tamborino C, Roversi G, Volta CA, Baldi E, Tola MR, Granieri E, Dallocchio F, Bellini T, Fainardi E. TIMP-1 resistant matrix metalloproteinase-9 is the predominant serum active isoform associated with MRI activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1121-30. [PMID: 25662349 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514560925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) depends on two isoforms, an 82 kDa active MMP-9 modulated by its specific tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1), and a 65 kDa TIMP-1 resistant active MMP-9. The relevance of these two enzymatic isoforms in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of the TIMP-1 modulated and resistant active MMP-9 isoforms to MS pathogenesis. METHODS We measured the serum levels of the 82 kDa and TIMP-1 resistant active MMP-9 isoforms by activity assay systems in 86 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, categorized according to clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of disease activity, and in 70 inflammatory (OIND) and 69 non-inflammatory (NIND) controls. RESULTS Serum levels of TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 were more elevated in MS patients than in OIND and NIND (p < 0.05, p < 0.02, respectively). Conversely, 82 kDa active MMP-9 was higher in NIND than in the OIND and MS patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.00001, respectively). MRI-active patients had higher levels of TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 and 82 kDa active MMP-9, than did those with MRI inactive MS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 seem to be the predominantly active isoform contributing to MS disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria C Manfrinato
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Tamborino
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Roversi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo A Volta
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Eleonora Baldi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria R Tola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Dallocchio
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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Haghikia A, Faissner S, Pappas D, Pula B, Akkad DA, Arning L, Ruhrmann S, Duscha A, Gold R, Baranzini SE, Malhotra S, Montalban X, Comabella M, Chan A. Interferon-beta affects mitochondrial activity in CD4+ lymphocytes: Implications for mechanism of action in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 21:1262-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514561909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Whereas cellular immune function depends on energy supply and mitochondrial function, little is known on the impact of immunotherapies on cellular energy metabolism. Objective: The objective of this paper is to assess the effects of interferon-beta (IFN-β) on mitochondrial function of CD4+ T cells. Methods: Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP) in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated CD4+ cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with IFN-β and controls were analyzed in a luciferase-based assay. Mitochondrial-transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in IFN-β-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by flow cytometry. Expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in CD4+ cells of IFN-β-treated individuals and correlations between genetic variants in the key metabolism regulator PGC-1α and IFN-β response in MS were analyzed. Results: IFN-β-treated MS patients exhibited a dose-dependent reduction of iATP levels in CD4+ T cells compared to controls ( p < 0.001). Mitochondrial effects were reflected by depolarization of ΔΨm. Expression data revealed changes in the transcription of OXPHOS-genes. iATP levels in IFN-β-responders were reduced compared to non-responders ( p < 0.05), and the major T allele of the SNP rs7665116 of PGC-1α correlated with iATP-levels. Conclusion: Reduced iATP-synthesis ex vivo and differential expression of OXPHOS-genes in CD4+ T cells point to unknown IFN-β effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, adding to potential pleiotropic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Derek Pappas
- Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis A Akkad
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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27
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Grine L, Dejager L, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. An inflammatory triangle in psoriasis: TNF, type I IFNs and IL-17. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:25-33. [PMID: 25434285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a skin disease where various cytokines play a detrimental role, yet our understanding of the disease is still limited. TNF is a validated drug target in psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases, but its use is associated with side effects. Some paradoxical side effects of anti-TNF treatment are supposedly associated with type I IFNs, which are also implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Recently, the IL-23/IL-17 axis has been associated with psoriasis as well, and new drugs targeting this axis have already been developed. Findings suggest that these cytokines are interwoven. We discuss recent findings reinforcing the role of TNF, Type I IFNs and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the apparent inflammatory interplay between these three cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Grine
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Dejager
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Byström S, Ayoglu B, Häggmark A, Mitsios N, Hong MG, Drobin K, Forsström B, Fredolini C, Khademi M, Amor S, Uhlén M, Olsson T, Mulder J, Nilsson P, Schwenk JM. Affinity proteomic profiling of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue within multiple sclerosis. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4607-19. [PMID: 25231264 DOI: 10.1021/pr500609e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a vital organ and because it is well shielded from the outside environment, possibilities for noninvasive analysis are often limited. Instead, fluids taken from the spinal cord or circulatory system are preferred sources for the discovery of candidate markers within neurological diseases. In the context of multiple sclerosis (MS), we applied an affinity proteomic strategy and screened 22 plasma samples with 4595 antibodies (3450 genes) on bead arrays, then defined 375 antibodies (334 genes) for targeted analysis in a set of 172 samples and finally used 101 antibodies (43 genes) on 443 plasma as well as 573 cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) samples. This revealed alteration of protein profiles in relation to MS subtypes for IRF8, IL7, METTL14, SLC30A7, and GAP43. Respective antibodies were subsequently used for immunofluorescence on human post-mortem brain tissue with MS pathology for expression and association analysis. There, antibodies for IRF8, IL7, and METTL14 stained neurons in proximity of lesions, which highlighted these candidate protein targets for further studies within MS and brain tissue. The affinity proteomic translation of profiles discovered by profiling human body fluids and tissue provides a powerful strategy to suggest additional candidates to studies of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Byström
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm 171 21, Sweden
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29
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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IL-17 and related cytokines involved in the pathology and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: Current and future developments. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:403-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Biomarker Studies in Multiple Sclerosis: From Proteins to Noncoding RNAs. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1661-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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33
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Baranger K, Rivera S, Liechti FD, Grandgirard D, Bigas J, Seco J, Tarrago T, Leib SL, Khrestchatisky M. Endogenous and synthetic MMP inhibitors in CNS physiopathology. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:313-51. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Javaid MA, Abdallah MN, Ahmed AS, Sheikh Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and their pathological upregulation in multiple sclerosis: an overview. Acta Neurol Belg 2013; 113:381-90. [PMID: 24002649 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-013-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteases associated with extracellular matrix remodeling. They are involved in many physiological and reparative processes. MMPs can break down all extracellular constituents; therefore, their expression is very tightly regulated and their abnormal activity or over production has been linked to many diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) which is a leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults in North America. Recently many studies, both in animals and humans, have been conducted to better elucidate the underlying causes, mechanisms and pathophysiology of MS. In this review, we discuss the potential role of pathological upregulation of MMPs in MS and future challenges which if properly addressed might help in development of potential cure for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Javaid
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada,
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35
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Alexander JS, Prouty L, Tsunoda I, Ganta CV, Minagar A. Venous endothelial injury in central nervous system diseases. BMC Med 2013; 11:219. [PMID: 24228622 PMCID: PMC3851779 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the venous system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory neurological/neurodegenerative diseases remains largely unknown and underinvestigated. Aside from cerebral venous infarcts, thromboembolic events, and cerebrovascular bleeding, several inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and optic neuritis, appear to be associated with venous vascular dysfunction, and the neuropathologic hallmark of these diseases is a perivenous, rather than arterial, lesion. Such findings raise fundamental questions about the nature of these diseases, such as the reasons why their pathognomonic lesions do not develop around the arteries and what exactly are the roles of cerebral venous inflammation in their pathogenesis. Apart from this inflammatory-based view, a new hypothesis with more focus on the hemodynamic features of the cerebral and extracerebral venous system suggests that MS pathophysiology might be associated with the venous system that drains the CNS. Such a hypothesis, if proven correct, opens new therapeutic windows in MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology of MS, ADEM, pseudotumor cerebri, and optic neuritis, with an emphasis on the roles of venous vascular system programming and dysfunction in their pathogenesis. We consider the fundamental differences between arterial and venous endothelium, their dissimilar responses to inflammation, and the potential theoretical contributions of venous insufficiency in the pathogenesis of neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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36
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Hegen H, Millonig A, Bertolotto A, Comabella M, Giovanonni G, Guger M, Hoelzl M, Khalil M, Killestein J, Lindberg R, Malucchi S, Mehling M, Montalban X, Polman CH, Rudzki D, Schautzer F, Sellebjerg F, Sørensen PS, Deisenhammer F. Early detection of neutralizing antibodies to interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis patients: binding antibodies predict neutralizing antibody development. Mult Scler 2013; 20:577-87. [PMID: 24009164 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513503597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) affect efficacy of interferon-beta (IFN-b) treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. NAbs evolve in up to 44% of treated patients, usually between 6-18 months on therapy. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether early binding antibody (BAb) titers or different IFN-b biomarkers predict NAb evolution. METHODS We included patients with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) receiving de novo IFN-b treatment in this prospective European multicenter study. Blood samples were collected at baseline, before and after the first IFN-b administration, and again after 3, 12 and 24 months on that therapy; for determination of NAbs, BAbs, gene expression of MxA and protein concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, sTRAIL, CXCL-10 and CCL-2. RESULTS We found that 22 of 164 (13.4%) patients developed NAbs during a median time of 23.8 months on IFN-b treatment. Of these patients, 78.9% were BAb-positive after 3 months. BAb titers ≥ 1:2400 predicted NAb evolution with a sensitivity of 74.7% and a specificity of 98.5%. Cross-sectionally, MxA levels were significantly diminished in the BAb/NAb-positive samples; similarly, CXCL-10 and sTRAIL concentrations in BAb/NAb-positive and BAb-positive/NAb-negative samples, respectively, were also diminished compared to BAb/NAb-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS BAb titers reliably predict NAbs. CXCL-10 is a promising sensitive biomarker for IFN-b response and its abrogation by anti-IFN-b antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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Interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis: the short-term and long-term effects on the patients' individual gene expression in peripheral blood. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:737-56. [PMID: 23636981 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapy with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a mainstay in the management of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), with proven long-term effectiveness and safety. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms of action of IFN-beta in the past years. Previous studies described more than a hundred genes to be modulated in expression in blood cells in response to the therapy. However, for many of these genes, the precise temporal expression pattern and the therapeutic relevance are unclear. We used Affymetrix microarrays to investigate in more detail the gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients receiving subcutaneous IFN-beta-1a. The blood samples were obtained longitudinally at five different time points up to 2 years after the start of therapy, and the patients were clinically followed up for 5 years. We examined the functions of the genes that were upregulated or downregulated at the transcript level after short-term or long-term treatment. Moreover, we analyzed their mutual interactions and their regulation by transcription factors. Compared to pretreatment levels, 96 genes were identified as highly differentially expressed, many of them already after the first IFN-beta injection. The interactions between these genes form a large network with multiple feedback loops, indicating the complex crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses during therapy. We discuss the genes and biological processes that might be important to reduce disease activity by attenuating the proliferation of autoreactive immune cells and their migration into the central nervous system. In summary, we present novel insights that extend the current knowledge on the early and late pharmacodynamic effects of IFN-beta therapy and describe gene expression differences between the individual patients that reflect clinical heterogeneity.
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38
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Rouse M, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. The role of IL-2 in the activation and expansion of regulatory T-cells and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:674-82. [PMID: 22954711 PMCID: PMC3582788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects ≈ 400,000 people in the US. It is a chronic, disabling disease with no cure, and the current treatment includes use of immunosuppressive drugs that often exhibit toxic side effects. Thus, there is a pressing need for alternate and more effective treatment strategies that target the components of inflammatory cells. In recent years, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) have been found to play an important role in preventing the development of autoimmunity. Thus, expansion of Tregs in vivo has the therapeutic potential against autoimmune diseases. Because Tregs constitutively express IL-2 receptors (IL-2Rs), we tested the effect of administration of IL-2 on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We used IL-2 both before (pre-treatment) or after (post-treatment) immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) peptide to induce EAE. The data demonstrated that pre-treatment with a moderate dose of IL-2 caused significant amelioration of EAE. Tissue histopathology of the central nervous system also confirmed the effectiveness of IL-2 pre-treatment by decreasing cellular infiltration in the spinal cord and preserving tissue integrity. IL-2 pretreatment expanded Treg cells while preventing the induction of Th17 during EAE development. In contrast, post-treatment with IL-2 failed to suppress EAE despite induction of Tregs. Together, these studies demonstrate that while expansion of Tregs using IL-2, prior to immunization or the onset of disease, can suppress the immune response, their role is limited after the antigen-specific response is triggered. Because IL-2 is used to treat certain types of cancers, and Tregs have applications in preventing the rejection of transplants, our studies also provide useful information on the use and limitations of Tregs in such clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rouse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Prakash S. Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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39
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Matrix-metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines in children with febrile convulsions and epilepsy--cause or consequence? Epilepsy Res 2013; 105:225-8. [PMID: 23313321 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This is the first investigation of MMPs in children with febrile seizures. In a prospective, cross sectional study, serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP8/9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP1/2), of children with FS (n=13), children with febrile infection (FI, n=13) and children with unprovoked generalized seizures (US, n=11) were compared. Neither provoked nor unprovoked seizures in FS and US seem to elevate levels of MMPs or TIMPs, whereas in case of febrile infection blood level of MMP8 was significant elevated. Seizures in general might have no influence on this distinctive inflammatory process or even might have suppressive impact.
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40
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Carrai V, Donnini I, Mazzanti B, Alterini R, Amato MP, Barilaro A, Bosi A, Massacesi L, Portaccio E, Repice AM, Rotunno G, Saccardi R. Immunohistochemistry analysis of bone marrow biopsies in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing autologous haematopoietic stem cells transplantation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012; 115:1044-8. [PMID: 23218837 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been introduced for the treatment of severe forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). As little data are available on bone marrow (BM) of MS patients undergoing AHSCT, we investigated the morphological and phenotypic characteristics of MS BM. METHODS BM biopsies of 14 MS patients screened for AHSCT and 10 control patients were evaluated to assess cellularity, morphology, immunological profile and bone marrow microenvironment. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD45, MMP-9. RESULTS 8 out of 14 MS (57%) patients showed a reduction of age-related bone marrow cellularity, possibly due to previous immunosuppressive therapies. There were no differences in the T CD3+ lymphocyte expression rate amongst MS and the control patients, the CD4/CD8 ratio (2:1) was maintained as was the rate of B lymphocytes. We found an increased, although not significant, MMP-9 expression (9.2%) in the bone marrow of MS patients, when compared to the control patients (6.3%). CONCLUSION The BM of MS patients showed a reduced cellularity and CD45+ cells content in comparison to the controls. A slightly increased expression of MMP-9 was also shown, possibly confirming an involvement of this compartment in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carrai
- Hematology Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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41
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Dhib-Jalbut S, Sumandeep S, Valenzuela R, Ito K, Patel P, Rametta M. Immune response during interferon beta-1b treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis who experienced relapses and those who were relapse-free in the START study. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 254:131-40. [PMID: 22999187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We measured immune markers in subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with IFNβ-1b for 12 months. IL-17 levels were significantly higher at Month 6 (p=0.036) in relapsing subjects while BDNF levels were significantly higher at Month 3 (p=0.028) in relapse-free subjects. Change from baseline in IL-4 levels inversely correlated with disability score whereas change from baseline in IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio inversely correlated with occurrence of relapses. CXCR3+CD8+ T-cells tended to be higher but declined with treatment in relapse-free compared with relapsing subjects. Findings show the potential of cytokine and neurotrophic factors as biomarkers of clinical response to IFNβ-1b.
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Larochelle C, Cayrol R, Kebir H, Alvarez JI, Lécuyer MA, Ifergan I, Viel É, Bourbonnière L, Beauseigle D, Terouz S, Hachehouche L, Gendron S, Poirier J, Jobin C, Duquette P, Flanagan K, Yednock T, Arbour N, Prat A. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule identifies encephalitogenic T lymphocytes and promotes their recruitment to the central nervous system. Brain 2012; 135:2906-24. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Fernandes KSDS, Brum DG, Palei AC, Sandrim VC, Guerreiro CT, Tanus-Santos JE, Barreira AA. Functional MMP-9 polymorphisms modulate plasma MMP-9 levels in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 249:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kürtüncü M, Tüzün E, Türkoğlu R, Petek-Balcı B, İçöz S, Pehlivan M, Birişik Ö, Ulusoy C, Shugaiv E, Akman-Demir G, Eraksoy M. Effect of short-term interferon-β treatment on cytokines in multiple sclerosis: Significant modulation of IL-17 and IL-23. Cytokine 2012; 59:400-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Minagar A, Maghzi AH, McGee JC, Alexander JS. Emerging roles of endothelial cells in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and therapy. Neurol Res 2012; 34:738-45. [PMID: 22828184 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been viewed and researched as an immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), its highly complex pathogenesis clearly includes a significant vascular inflammatory component and many therapeutic approaches achieve benefit by direct or indirect effects on cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Cerebral endothelial cells create and separate the compartments of the peripheral circulation and CNS creating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a selectively permeable boundary layer between these spaces. Interactions between activated leukocytes and cerebral endothelium play essential roles in mediating their trans-BBB diapedesis during normal immune surveillance and during pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases like MS. Extravasation of activated and committed leukocytes from the peripheral circulation through the endothelial layer of the BBB into the CNS milieu is the most fundamental step in formation of MS lesions. During MS pathogenesis, once the activated leukocytes enter the CNS environment, they propagate a massive wave of destruction which culminates in the loss of both myelin/oligodendrocyte complex and neurodegeneration. Multiple clinical and basic scientific observations support endothelial cell 'stress' and apoptosis as a hallmark characteristic of MS. The manipulation of the endothelial biology aiming to block trans-endothelial migration of activated immune cells into the CNS is a potent form of treatment for MS achieving significant reductions in disease activity and new lesion formation. In particular, endothelial microparticles are now well-recognized as important biomarkers and mediators of this type of stress. In this review, we discuss recent findings and new advances in our knowledge regarding leukocyte migration through the endothelial frontier of the BBB and how this can be exploited toward treating MS patients.
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Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-23 and IL-17 in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 243:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pharmacogenomics and multiple sclerosis: moving toward individualized medicine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012; 11:484-91. [PMID: 21701907 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-011-0211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the availability of disease-modifying treatments including interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab, a considerable proportion of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience continued progression of disease, clinical relapses, disease activity on MRI, and adverse effects. Application of gene expression, proteomic or genomic approaches is universally accepted as a suitable strategy toward the identification of biomarkers with predictive value for beneficial/poor clinical response to therapy and treatment risks. This review focuses on recent progress in research on the pharmacogenomics of disease-modifying therapies for MS. Although MS drug response biomarkers are not yet routinely implemented in the clinic, the diversity of reported, promising molecular markers is rapidly increasing. Even though most of these markers await further validation, given time, this research is likely to empower neurologists with an enhanced armamentarium to facilitate rational decisions on therapy and patient management.
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Romi F, Helgeland G, Gilhus NE. Serum Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases: Implications in Clinical Neurology. Eur Neurol 2012; 67:121-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000334862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kress-Bennett JM, Ehrlich GD, Bruno A, Post JC, Hu FZ, Scott TF. Preliminary study: treatment with intramuscular interferon beta-1a results in increased levels of IL-12Rβ2+ and decreased levels of IL23R+ CD4+ T - Lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:155. [PMID: 22182694 PMCID: PMC3292517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are a lack of biomarkers which can be used to predict clinical outcomes for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients receiving interferon beta (IFN-β). Thus the objective of this study was to characterize changes in CD4+ T-lymphocyte expression in an unbiased manner following initiation of intramuscular (IM) IFN-β-1a treatment, and then to verify those findings using marker-specific assays. Methods Peripheral blood specimens were collected from twenty MS patients before and after treatment with intramuscular (IM) IFN-β-1a and were used for isolation of mononuclear cells (PBMCs). mRNA expression patterns of negatively-selected CD4+ T-cells from the PBMCs were analyzed using microarray gene expression technology. IL-12 and IL-23 receptor levels on PBMC-derived CD4+ T-cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The phosphorylation status of Stat4 was measured by performing densitometry on western blots. Results Microarray analyses demonstrated that mRNA expression of the IL-12Rβ2 gene was uniformly up-regulated in response to IFN-β-1a treatment and was associated with an increased number of IL-12Rβ2+ CD4+ T-cells by flow cytometry in 4 of 6 patients. This finding was substantiated by demonstrating that Stat4 phosphorylation, a transcription factor for IL-12, was increased after treatment. Conversely, the number of IL-23R+ CD4+ T-cells was decreased following treatment. Conclusions The IL-12 receptor shares a common subunit, the IL-12Rβ2, with the IL-23 receptor. Both of these receptors have a probable role in regulating IL-17 and TH-17 cells, important mediators of inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, the changes in the numbers of CD4+ T-cells expressing these receptors in response to IFN-β-1a treatment may point to an important mechanism of action for this drug, but further large scale studies are needed to confirm these preliminary observations.
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Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Mahfooz N, Carl E, Drake A, Schneider J, Teter B, Hussein S, Mehta B, Weiskopf M, Durfee J, Bergsland N, Ramanathan M. Serum lipid profiles are associated with disability and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:127. [PMID: 21970791 PMCID: PMC3228782 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier vascular endothelium is critical for entry of immune cells into the MS brain. Vascular co-morbidities are associated with increased risk of progression. Dyslipidemia, elevated LDL and reduced HDL may increase progression by activating inflammatory processes at the vascular endothelium. Objective To assess the associations of serum lipid profile variables (triglycerides, high and low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL) and total cholesterol) with disability and MRI measures in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods This study included 492 MS patients (age: 47.1 ± 10.8 years; disease duration: 12.8 ± 10.1 years) with baseline and follow-up Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) assessments after a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.0 years. The associations of baseline lipid profile variables with disability changes were assessed. Quantitative MRI findings at baseline were available for 210 patients. Results EDSS worsening was associated with higher baseline LDL (p = 0.006) and total cholesterol (p = 0.001, 0.008) levels, with trends for higher triglyceride (p = 0.025); HDL was not associated. A similar pattern was found for MSSS worsening. Higher HDL levels (p < 0.001) were associated with lower contrast-enhancing lesion volume. Higher total cholesterol was associated with a trend for lower brain parenchymal fraction (p = 0.033). Conclusions Serum lipid profile has modest effects on disease progression in MS. Worsening disability is associated with higher levels of LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Higher HDL is associated with lower levels of acute inflammatory activity.
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