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Budiarto R, Mubarok S, Sholikin MM, Sari DN, Khalisha A, Sari SL, Rahmat BPN, Ujilestari T, Adli DN. Vitamin C variation in citrus in response to genotypes, storage temperatures, and storage times: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29125. [PMID: 38644865 PMCID: PMC11033113 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous published studies have highlighted discrepancies in the duration and storage temperature used for preserving vitamin C content on various citrus genotypes worldwide. The present study aimed to analyze the variation in vitamin C content as influenced by citrus genotype, duration, and storage temperature using meta-analysis approaches. Data searching, selection, and tabulation resulted in a comprehensive database constructed from 1412 data points gathered from 54 individual studies, following PRISMA-P guidelines. The vitamin C content varied widely, ranging from 0 to 76.2 mg/100 mL in whole data of citrus fruit. Meta-analysis findings revealed that the duration of storage significantly impacted the vitamin C content in citrus fruits. Specifically, for grapefruit, mandarin, and orange, the length of storage significantly influenced their vitamin C levels (P < 0.01), with a consistent decrease observed over time. The correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.63 for grapefruit, 0.9 for mandarin, and 0.69 for orange. In contrast, no significant difference was found in terms of vitamin C levels between hybrid and lime citrus concerning the impact of storage time. However, other results indicated a significant influence of storage temperature on the variation in vitamin C levels for both citrus and hybrid varieties (P < 0.001). Depending on the genotype, tangerine had significantly lower vitamin C content compared to other varieties, at 16.9 mg/100 mL, with vitamin C ranging from 13.2 to 20.9 mg/100 mL (P < 0.001). The highest vitamin C content was found in lemon and hybrid varieties, around 65.5 (range 59.3-76.2) and 48.3 (range 29.6-75.5), respectively, all in mg/100 mL (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a tendency for decreasing vitamin C concentration due to temperature (P = 0.078), while citrus variety experienced a decrease, although not significant. The ideal temperature (15 °C) and duration of storage (56 days) to minimize vitamin C loss in citrus fruits are at their optimum point. In conclusion, the deterioration of vitamin C in citrus fruits is influenced by both temperature and storage duration, and its content is also impacted by the variety of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Budiarto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Meta-Analysis in Plant Science (MAPS) Research Group, Bandung 40621, Indonesia
| | - Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization of Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor 16915, Indonesia
- Meta-Analysis in Plant Science (MAPS) Research Group, Bandung 40621, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, IPB University, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Center for Tropical Animal Studies (CENTRAS), The Institute of Research and Community Empowerment of IPB (LPPM IPB), Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Novanda Sari
- Study Program of Agrotechnopreneur, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ana Khalisha
- Study Program of Agrotechnopreneur, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Stefina Liana Sari
- Study Program of Agrotechnopreneur, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Tri Ujilestari
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia
| | - Danung Nur Adli
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group, IPB University, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
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Winarti C, Widaningrum, Widayanti SM, Setyawan N, Qanytah, Juniawati, Suryana EA, Widowati S. Nutrient Composition of Indonesian Specialty Cereals: Rice, Corn, and Sorghum as Alternatives to Combat Malnutrition. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:471-482. [PMID: 38188078 PMCID: PMC10764230 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.4.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stunted growth (stunting) caused by malnutrition is a growing concern in Indonesia. The nutritional composition of cereals is important information for improving people's nutrition. This research aimed to comparatively study the nutritional values of several Indonesian local cereal crops and provide a nutritional database for promoting local food with the aim of combating malnutrition. The cereals investigated included varieties of rice, corn, and sorghum. The nutritional analysis included ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. A purposive sampling method was performed by collecting five lots from each sampling area and forming composite samples by combining 1∼2 kg of each sample, then mixed before laboratory analysis. The results showed that colored rice, colored corn and sorghum, contain richer essential nutrients, dietary fiber, and essential amino acids compared to white rice and corn. The highest protein content was found in sorghum (13.26%), followed by corn (9.18%), and rice (8.0%). The highest energy value was also found in sorghum (380.5 kcal/100 g), followed by corn (379.9 kcal/100 g), and rice (362.1 kcal/100 g). The same sequence was seen for the mineral contents, where the zinc and iron contents were 1.57 and 2.39 mg/100 g, respectively for sorghum; 1.36 and 0.79 mg/100 g for corn; and 0.93 and 0.58 mg/100 g for rice. Accordingly, it can be concluded that sorghum has the highest nutritional value and therefore potential for combating malnutrition, while corn and rice are also highly nutritious and can be grown locally in order to combat malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Winarti
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Integrated Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Widaningrum
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Integrated Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Siti Mariana Widayanti
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Integrated Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Nurdi Setyawan
- Research Center for Food Process and Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Qanytah
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Integrated Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Juniawati
- Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Instrument Standardization (IAAIS), Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Esty Asriyana Suryana
- Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Instrument Standardization (IAAIS), Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - S Widowati
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Soekarno Integrated Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
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Darko BA, Owusu-Asenso CM, Addo-Osafo K, Appiah-Lawson E, Afrane YA, Tette EMA. Malaria, gastrointestinal parasite infection and nutritional status among febrile children In Accra, Ghana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2891006. [PMID: 37214835 PMCID: PMC10197738 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2891006/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Malaria and intestinal parasite infection are common in developing countries. These Parasites causes anaemia and malnutrition mostly in children. For this reason, it is important to study these infections and their effects in order to monitor interventions to control them. This study aims to determine prevalence of malaria and intestinal parasite infections and their association with nutritional status among febrile children in Accra, Ghana. Methods The study was conducted among febrile children aged 6 months to 5 years attending three health facilities in Accra from May to October, 2022. A total of 315 children were selected for the study. Anthropometric measurement was done for each participant. Blood and stool samples were collected for investigation. Thick and thin blood smears stained with 10% Giemsa were prepared and examined for Plasmodium parasite using microscopy. Stool samples were processed using direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration method and examined for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Haemoglobin concentration was measured using automatic haematology analyzer. Results A total of 24% (76/315) were positive for malaria. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 77.6% (59/76) of parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium malariae was 22.4% (17/76). Prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 10.7% (34/315). Giardia lamblia accounted for 17/315 (5.3%) of the entire children, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 8/315 (2.5%), Hookworm 6/315 (1.9%) and Trichuris trichiura 3/315 (0.9%). A total of 15/315 (5%) of the participants had co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasite infection. Prevalence of anaemia, malnutrition, stunting, wasting and underweight were (72%), (30.7%), (16.2%), (24.4%) and (57.1%) respectively. Malaria was significantly associated with anaemia (p = 0.000) and underweight (p = 0.013). Ascaris lumbricoides was significantly associated with wasting (p = 0.010). Giardia lamblia was significantly association with malnutrition (p = 0.000) and Stunting (p = 0.000), whereas Hookworm was found to be significantly associated with anaemia (p = 0.021). Conclusion Prevalence of IPI in this study was less than previously reported, most likely due to regular deworming of most of the children. However, Malaria and intestinal parasitic infection were significantly associated with anaemia and malnutrition including wasting, stunting, and underweight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School
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Imdad A, Rogner J, Sherwani RN, Sidhu J, Regan A, Haykal MR, Tsistinas O, Smith A, Chan XHS, Mayo-Wilson E, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 3:CD009384. [PMID: 36994923 PMCID: PMC10061962 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009384.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, and is considered a significant risk factor for morbidity, mortality, and linear growth failure. The effectiveness of preventive zinc supplementation in reducing prevalence of zinc deficiency needs to be assessed. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of zinc supplementation for preventing mortality and morbidity, and for promoting growth, in children aged 6 months to 12 years. SEARCH METHODS A previous version of this review was published in 2014. In this update, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases, and one trials register up to February 2022, together with reference checking and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of preventive zinc supplementation in children aged 6 months to 12 years compared with no intervention, a placebo, or a waiting list control. We excluded hospitalized children and children with chronic diseases or conditions. We excluded food fortification or intake, sprinkles, and therapeutic interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We contacted study authors for missing information and used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. The primary outcomes of this review were all-cause mortality; and cause-specific mortality, due to all-cause diarrhea, lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI, including pneumonia), and malaria. We also collected information on a number of secondary outcomes, such as those related to diarrhea and LRTI morbidity, growth outcomes and serum levels of micronutrients, and adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included 16 new studies in this review, resulting in a total of 96 RCTs with 219,584 eligible participants. The included studies were conducted in 34 countries; 87 of them in low- or middle-income countries. Most of the children included in this review were under five years of age. The intervention was delivered most commonly in the form of syrup as zinc sulfate, and the most common dose was between 10 mg and 15 mg daily. The median duration of follow-up was 26 weeks. We did not consider that the evidence for the key analyses of morbidity and mortality outcomes was affected by risk of bias. High-certainty evidence showed little to no difference in all-cause mortality with preventive zinc supplementation compared to no zinc (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.03; 16 studies, 17 comparisons, 143,474 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence showed that preventive zinc supplementation compared to no zinc likely results in little to no difference in mortality due to all-cause diarrhea (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.31; 4 studies, 132,321 participants); but probably reduces mortality due to LRTI (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.15; 3 studies, 132,063 participants) and mortality due to malaria (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.06; 2 studies, 42,818 participants); however, the confidence intervals around the summary estimates for these outcomes were wide, and we could not rule out a possibility of increased risk of mortality. Preventive zinc supplementation likely reduces the incidence of all-cause diarrhea (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93; 39 studies, 19,468 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) but results in little to no difference in morbidity due to LRTI (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.08; 19 studies, 10,555 participants; high-certainty evidence) compared to no zinc. There was moderate-certainty evidence that preventive zinc supplementation likely leads to a slight increase in height (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.12, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.14; 74 studies, 20,720 participants). Zinc supplementation was associated with an increase in the number of participants with at least one vomiting episode (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.46; 5 studies, 35,192 participants; high-certainty evidence). We report a number of other outcomes, including the effect of zinc supplementation on weight and serum markers such as zinc, hemoglobin, iron, copper, etc. We also performed a number of subgroup analyses and there was a consistent finding for a number of outcomes that co-supplementation of zinc with iron decreased the beneficial effect of zinc. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Even though we included 16 new studies in this update, the overall conclusions of the review remain unchanged. Zinc supplementation might help prevent episodes of diarrhea and improve growth slightly, particularly in children aged 6 months to 12 years of age. The benefits of preventive zinc supplementation may outweigh the harms in regions where the risk of zinc deficiency is relatively high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jaimie Rogner
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rida N Sherwani
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jasleen Sidhu
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Allison Regan
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maya R Haykal
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Tsistinas
- Health Sciences Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Smith
- Health Sciences Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Xin Hui S Chan
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evan Mayo-Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public HealthMcGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, Canada
- Center of Excellence for Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Mohamad NS, Tan LL, Ali NIM, Mazlan NF, Sage EE, Hassan NI, Goh CT. Zinc status in public health: exploring emerging research trends through bibliometric analysis of the historical context from 1978 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28422-28445. [PMID: 36680719 PMCID: PMC9864505 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to provide a roadmap for future research by analyzing the research structures and trends in scholarly publications related to the status of zinc in public health. Only journal articles published between 1978 and 2022 are included in the refined bibliographical outputs retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The first section announces findings based on WoS categories, such as discipline heterogeneity, times cited and publications over time, and citation reports. The second section then employs VoSViewer software for bibliometric analysis, which includes a thorough examination of co-authorship among researchers, organizations, and countries and a count of all bibliographic databases among documents. The final section discusses the research's weaknesses and strengths in zinc status, public health, and potential future directions; 7158 authors contributed to 1730 papers (including 339 with publications, more than three times). "Keen, C.L." is a researcher with the most publications and a better understanding of zinc status in public health. Meanwhile, the USA has been the epicenter of research on the status of zinc in public health due to the highest percentage of publications with the most citations and collaboration with the rest of the world, with the top institution being the University of California, Davis. Future research can be organized collaboratively based on hot topics from co-occurrence network mapping and bibliographic couplings to improve zinc status and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syamimi Mohamad
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Tan
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzati Mohd Ali
- Environment Management Program, Center for Research in Development, Social and Environment, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nur-Fadhilah Mazlan
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Edison Eukun Sage
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Choo Ta Goh
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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Thomas M, Coneyworth L, Welham S. Influence of income on diet quality and daily iron and zinc intake: analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British females aged 11-14 and 15-18 years. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:499-510. [PMID: 36149464 PMCID: PMC9510520 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A negative socio-economic gradient exists for diet and health outcomes. Since cheaper diets are associated with increased energy and lower nutrient density, we investigated the influence of income on iron and zinc intakes and overall diet quality for adolescent (DQI-A) females aged 11-18 years. METHODS National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS years 7 and 8) data for iron and zinc intake and overall diet quality was assessed by household income quintile across females aged 11-18 years. RESULTS Equivalised household income positively correlated with Diet quality index for adolescents (DQI-A) (P < 0.001) Females aged 15-18 years in income quintiles (IQs) I and 2, had a greater proportion of respondents with low to intermediate DQI-A score compared to higher IQs (P = 0.002). NDNS data showed intake was negatively influenced by income amongst females aged 11-14 years for iron (P = 0.009) and zinc (P = 0.001) with those from the lowest incomes consistently consuming significantly less than those from the highest. DQI-A was positively correlated with iron intakes for 11-14 (P = 0.001) and 15-18 years (P < 0.001). Forty-one percent of 15-18-year-olds plasma ferritin stores were below the 15 µg L-1 and 21% had some form of anaemia. Cereal and cereal products were the greatest contributors to iron in all groups. CONCLUSION Females in the lowest income groups are at greater risk of lower overall diet quality and inadequate iron and zinc intakes. Amongst older adolescents, there is evidence of iron stores being depleted and an increased prevalence of anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Thomas
- Division of Nutritional Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Lisa Coneyworth
- Division of Nutritional Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Simon Welham
- Division of Nutritional Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD UK
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Rashed S, Hameed O, Al-Helaly L. Changes in the level of zinc and copper and some biochemical parameters in patients with chronic kidney failure. BIOMEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL (BBRJ) 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_22_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Mutsuddi A, Das J, Tashrik S, Ara R, Hawlader MDH. Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31518. [PMID: 36316853 PMCID: PMC9622657 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent kidney illness in children and those on dialysis therapy, risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies due to abnormal renal metabolism, anorexia, inadequate intake, poor gastrointestinal absorption, drug-nutrient interaction, and dialysis-related losses. Adequate nutritional management is essential to achieve and maintain an optimal nutritional status for the usual pattern of growth, sexual and neurocognitive development, metabolic abnormalities, and ultimately reducing the risk of chronic mortality and morbidity in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to describe a protocol for a systematic review to assess the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation in children with chronic renal disease. METHODS This systematic review protocol is developed according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) as well as the Cochrane group guidelines. Comprehensive searching for all possible relevant works of literature- such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Science-Direct, Scopus, Research-Gate, Clinical Trials for all randomized controlled studies, full paper articles, and articles written in English will be considered. The primary outcome of this review will be measuring any changes (such as changes in body mass, BMI, and overall Z-score) in the nutritional status of the children (age < 18 years) with chronic kidney disease following vitamin and mineral supplementations. This review will help better understand the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation to improve nutritional status in CKD children and will create a guideline to determine the applicability of these interventions in different feasible settings. CONCLUSION The systematic review protocol has been evaluated and approved by the institutional review board of North South University. Finding will be shared using traditional approaches, including scientific presentations, open-access peer-reviewed platforms. PROSPERO REGISTERED NUMBER CRD42022341339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archi Mutsuddi
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jyoti Das
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Symom Tashrik
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rifat Ara
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Khalid W, Arshad MS, Ranjha MMAN, Różańska MB, Irfan S, Shafique B, Rahim MA, Khalid MZ, Abdi G, Kowalczewski PŁ. Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1075-1093. [PMID: 36133422 PMCID: PMC9462539 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based foods are becoming an increasingly frequent topic of discussion, both scientific and social, due to the dissemination of information and exchange of experiences in the media. Plant-based diets are considered beneficial for human health due to the supply of many valuable nutrients, including health-promoting compounds. Replacing meat-based foods with plant-based products will provide many valuable compounds, including antioxidants, phenolic compounds, fibers, vitamins, minerals, and some ω3 fatty acids. Due to their high nutritional and functional composition, plant-based foods are beneficial in acute and chronic diseases. This article attempts to review the literature to present the most important data on nutrients of plant-based foods that can then help in the prevention of many diseases, such as different infections, such as coronavirus disease, pneumonia, common cold and flu, asthma, and bacterial diseases, such as bronchitis. A properly structured plant-based diet not only provides the necessary nutrients but also can help in the prevention of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Barbara Różańska
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shafeeqa Irfan
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Bakhtawar Shafique
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdul Rahim
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
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Kumar D, Yadav A, Ahmad R, Dwivedi UN, Yadav K. CRISPR-Based Genome Editing for Nutrient Enrichment in Crops: A Promising Approach Toward Global Food Security. Front Genet 2022; 13:932859. [PMID: 35910203 PMCID: PMC9329789 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.932859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global malnutrition burden imparts long-term developmental, economic, social, and medical consequences to individuals, communities, and countries. The current developments in biotechnology have infused biofortification in several food crops to fight malnutrition. However, these methods are not sustainable and suffer from several limitations, which are being solved by the CRISPR-Cas-based system of genome editing. The pin-pointed approach of CRISPR-based genome editing has made it a top-notch method due to targeted gene editing, thus making it free from ethical issues faced by transgenic crops. The CRISPR-Cas genome-editing tool has been extensively used in crop improvement programs due to its more straightforward design, low methodology cost, high efficiency, good reproducibility, and quick cycle. The system is now being utilized in the biofortification of cereal crops such as rice, wheat, barley, and maize, including vegetable crops such as potato and tomato. The CRISPR-Cas-based crop genome editing has been utilized in imparting/producing qualitative enhancement in aroma, shelf life, sweetness, and quantitative improvement in starch, protein, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), oleic acid, anthocyanin, phytic acid, gluten, and steroidal glycoalkaloid contents. Some varieties have even been modified to become disease and stress-resistant. Thus, the present review critically discusses CRISPR-Cas genome editing-based biofortification of crops for imparting nutraceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, Banaskantha, India
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era Medical University and Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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11
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Contamination and Health Risk Assessments of Metals in Selected Fruits from Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Khasawneh RA, Al‐Shatnawi SF, Alhamad H, Kheirallah KA. Perceptions toward the use of over-the-counter dietary supplements during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross sectional study of the general public in Jordan. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e716. [PMID: 35844824 PMCID: PMC9273937 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Over-the-counter (OTC) dietary supplements gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic as a preventive measure. Lack of complete understanding among the general population of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the severity and progression of infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has further encouraged the use of supplements. The present study aimed to assess the perceptions of the general public toward the efficacy and safety of the use of OTC dietary supplements as immune enhancers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The factors impacting these perceptions were also explored. Methods This was an online survey-based, cross-sectional study conducted in Jordan over 4 months. A validated survey which comprised 28 questions covering aspects related to the respondents' demographic characteristics, their perceptions toward the efficacy of OTC dietary supplements and their awareness regarding the safety of popular OTC supplements and healthy dietary habits was used to collect responses. Associations between patient characteristics with perception and awareness were explored. Results A total of 1487 responses were included in the analysis. Ascorbic acid, zinc, and vitamin D were the most popular OTC supplements, as indicated by the percentages of users (48.8%, 38.6%, and 34.6%, respectively). Perceptions toward OTC supplement use were suboptimal, with a reported mean perception score of 27.82 ± 8.56 (range 0-45). The multivariate analysis showed that participants who were of older age (>65 years) (AOR = 6.29, 95% CI = 2.2-17.9), had an income level >1500 (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.80-3.56), and used chronic medications had better perceptions than did younger participants, those with no income, and non-users of chronic medications, respectively. The mean safety awareness score was 5.36 ± 1.58 (maximum 7), with a significant direct relationship identified between perceptions and safety awareness scores (Spearman's correlation = 0.136, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study highlighted the needs to organize educational campaigns that promote general public perceptions toward the safe use of OTC supplements to enhance immunity during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawand A. Khasawneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of PharmacyJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Samah F. Al‐Shatnawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of PharmacyJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Hamza Alhamad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of PharmacyZarqa UniversityZarqaJordan
| | - Khalid A. Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
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13
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Batiha GES, Al-Gareeb AI, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Kaushik D, Verma R, Al-Kuraishy HM. Deciphering the immunoboosting potential of macro and micronutrients in COVID support therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43516-43531. [PMID: 35391642 PMCID: PMC8989262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system protects human health from the effects of pathogenic organisms; however, its activity is affected when individuals become infected. These activities require a series of molecules, substrates, and energy sources that are derived from diets. The consumed nutrients from diets help to enhance the immunity of infected individuals as it relates to COVID-19 patients. This study aims to review and highlight requirement and role of macro- and micronutrients of COVID-19 patients in enhancing their immune systems. Series of studies were found to have demonstrated the enhancing potentials of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, copper, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, and selenium) in supporting the immune system's fight against respiratory infections. Each of these nutrients performs a vital role as an antiviral defense in COVID-19 patients. Appropriate consumption or intake of dietary sources that yield these nutrients will help provide the daily requirement to support the immune system in its fight against pathogenic viruses such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, Gurugram, 122103, India
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
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14
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Fahim SM, Alam MA, Alam J, Gazi MA, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Inadequate Vitamin C Intake and Intestinal Inflammation Are Associated with Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency in Young Children: Results from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071408. [PMID: 35406021 PMCID: PMC9003322 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Children living in resource-limited settings often suffer from multiple micronutrient deficiencies (MMD). However, there lacks evidence on the correlates of MMD in young children. We investigated the role of diets, water, sanitation and hygiene practice, enteric infections, and impaired gut health on MMD in children at 24 months of age using data from the multi-country MAL-ED birth cohort study. Co-existence of more than one micronutrient deficiency (e.g., anemia, iron, zinc, or retinol deficiency) was considered as MMD. We characterized intestinal inflammation by fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neopterin (NEO) measured in the non-diarrheal stool samples. Bayesian network analysis was applied to investigate the factors associated with MMD. A total of 1093 children were included in this analysis. Overall, 47.6% of the children had MMD, with the highest prevalence in Pakistan (90.1%) and lowest in Brazil (6.3%). MMD was inversely associated with the female sex [OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.92]. A greater risk of MMD was associated with lower vitamin C intake [OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.94] and increased fecal concentrations of MPO [OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.51]. The study results imply the importance of effective strategies to ameliorate gut health and improve nutrient intake during the early years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Mohammad Fahim
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Jinat Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Md Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, 33100 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-01-712-214-205
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (S.M.F.); (M.A.A.); (J.A.); (M.A.G.); (T.A.)
- Office of the Executive Director, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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15
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Kory P, Meduri GU, Iglesias J, Varon J, Cadegiani FA, Marik PE. "MATH+" Multi-Modal Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Infection: Clinical and Scientific Rationale. J Clin Med Res 2022; 14:53-79. [PMID: 35317360 PMCID: PMC8912998 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe respiratory illness caused by the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. The greatest impact that COVID-19 had was on intensive care units (ICUs), given that approximately 20% of hospitalized cases developed acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring ICU admission. Based on the assumption that COVID-19 represented a viral pneumonia and no anti-coronaviral therapy existed, nearly all national and international health care societies recommended "supportive care only" avoiding other therapies outside of randomized controlled trials, with a specific prohibition against the use of corticosteroids in treatment. However, early studies of COVID-19-associated ARF reported inexplicably high mortality rates, with frequent prolonged durations of mechanical ventilation (MV), even from centers expert in such supportive care strategies. These reports led the authors to form a clinical expert panel called the Front-Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (www.flccc.net). The panel collaboratively reviewed the emerging clinical, radiographic, and pathological reports of COVID-19 while initiating multiple discussions among a wide clinical network of front-line clinical ICU experts from initial outbreak areas in China, Italy, and New York. Based on the shared early impressions of "what was working and what wasn't working", the increasing medical journal publications and the rapidly accumulating personal clinical experiences with COVID-19 patients, a treatment protocol was created for the hospitalized patients based on the core therapies of methylprednisolone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, heparin and non-antiviral co-interventions (MATH+). This manuscript reviews the scientific and clinical rationale behind MATH+ based on published in-vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical data in support of each medicine, with a special emphasis of studies supporting their use in the treatment of patients with viral syndromes and COVID-19 specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kory
- Front Line Critical Care Consortium (FLCCC.org), Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Jose Iglesias
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Hackensack School of Medicine at Seton Hall, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Varon
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul E. Marik
- Front Line Critical Care Consortium (FLCCC.org), Washington DC, USA
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16
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Kashyap P, Kumar S. Ice structuring protein extract of Hordeum vulgare var. dolma grain reduces drip loss and loss of soluble vitamin content in peas during frozen storage. Cryobiology 2022; 104:1-7. [PMID: 34826400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan plants face low temperature during their life cycle and are expected to possess antifreeze proteins. The present work describes screening of six plant species that grow in Himalayas, for their ice structuring properties with an aim to provide a vegetarian source of ice structuring proteins. The ice-structuring protein extract of barley [Hordeum vulgare; variety Dolma (HvISE)] and wheat [Triticum aestivum; variety Him Pratham DH 114 (TaISE) ]showed inhibition of growth of ice crystals during the process of recrystallization. This property was analyzed for its application in frozen peas by pretreatment with HvISE before freezing. The drip loss was measured in frozen peas after thawing. Further, the water-soluble vitamins; thiamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid were quantified before and after freezing of green peas by UHPLC-PDA. The pretreatment with HvISE reduced the loss of ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and pyridoxine during their frozen storage. The present study identified barley as a remarkable source of ice structuring proteins and validated its potential for frozen peas. The work has enormous implications in frozen food industry, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Kashyap
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
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17
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Al-Shatnawi SF, Khasawneh RA, Alhamad H. Healthcare Providers’ Perspectives Toward the Integration of over the Counter Supplements During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study from Jordan. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221095825. [PMID: 35503234 PMCID: PMC9069600 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221095825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: During COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare providers (HCPs) have been inundated with consultations related to over the counter (OTC) dietary supplements’ protective role. Thus, the present study focused on assessing HCPs perceptions toward OTC products integration during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Pertinent data was collected using validated-online survey comprising four sections: demographics, OTC supplementation perceptions, awareness related to safety of OTC supplements, confidence in recommending dosage and counseling to patients regarding OTC supplements’ safety, and some health-related behaviors. Quantified perception score represented by corrected confidence-concern ratio was used in assessing perceptions, and associations between demographics with perception and awareness were explored. Results: A total of 600 responses were included in the final analysis. Vitamin C, zinc, and vitamin D were the most popularly recommended OTC supplements. Most respondents indicated positive perceptions toward dietary supplementation while around 60% of respondents reported reluctance about the protective role of COVID-19 vaccination. Bachelor’s degree holders (AOR = 4.39, 95% CI = 2.25–10.33), pharmacists (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.5–9.5), and junior HCPs (<1 year experience) had improved perceptions compared to college graduates, physicians, and senior practitioners (AOR = .17, 95% CI = .04–.78 and AOR = .15, 95% CI = .02–.93), respectively. Conclusion: Suboptimal knowledge among HCPs toward the safety and hazards associated with integration of different OTC supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic dictates further education to ensure the safe integration of OTC supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah F. Al-Shatnawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rawand A. Khasawneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hamza Alhamad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
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18
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Lobanov VP, Combot D, Pelissier P, Labbé L, Joyce A. Improving Plant Health Through Nutrient Remineralization in Aquaponic Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683690. [PMID: 34194456 PMCID: PMC8236952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of readily bioavailable fish excreta as a source of plant nutrients lies at the cornerstone of aquaponics farming. Research on nutrient cycling in aquaponic systems has devoted considerable attention to the plant uptake of dissolved nutrients in fish excreta, however, the integration of particulate-bound nutrients into downstream hydroponic farming has remained elusive. The high amount of organic carbon present in fish sludge may lead to biofouling if directly incorporated into hydroponic circulation systems, reducing the utility of incorporating fish solids on a large scale. In this study, we implemented a novel treatment system capable of reducing the carbon and nitrogen load of fish solids to produce a liquid fertilizer for a downstream hydroponics unit. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) fertilized with exclusively a commercial nutrient solution, the biofilter effluent (coupled aquaponic system), effluent from the solids treatment system, or the latter two combined were grown in nutrient flow technique gutters downstream of a recirculating aquaculture system stocked with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). While crop yields were lower for the aquaponic treatments compared to lettuce grown in a commercial nutrient solution, plant sap analysis demonstrated a contrasting picture with respect to internal nutrient concentrations. Lettuce grown in the commercial hydroponic solution were deficient in several mineral nutrients (Mg, Ca, Na, and Si) nor did they have higher iron concentrations despite the significantly higher EDTA-chelated aqueous iron (460 × greater than other treatments) in the nutrient solution. Nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere was not investigated on a molecular level, although stunted rhizosphere growth in the commercial nutrient solution control suggests a weakened capacity for nutrient uptake in comparison to other treatments. Alongside the remineralization of micronutrients, the solids treatment system addressed the common issue of excess carbon leading to biofouling via a total suspended solids reduction of 87.27% ± 9.95 during the coupled aquaponics cultivation period. Ultimately, these data lead to two important conclusions. Firstly, optimizing nutrient bioavailability is not synonymous to increasing the presence of a nutrient in the water column. Secondly, estimating ideal nutrient solution concentrations involves both preventing nutrient blocking and improving bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P. Lobanov
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doriane Combot
- PEIMA-INRAe, UE0937, Fish Farming Systems Experimental Facility, Sizun, France
| | - Pablo Pelissier
- PEIMA-INRAe, UE0937, Fish Farming Systems Experimental Facility, Sizun, France
| | - Laurent Labbé
- PEIMA-INRAe, UE0937, Fish Farming Systems Experimental Facility, Sizun, France
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Changes in the nutritional content of children's lunches after the Food Dudes healthy eating programme. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e40. [PMID: 34367625 PMCID: PMC8342193 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research into the effectiveness of healthy eating programmes has shown increases in healthful eating behaviour in primary schools; however, data collection methods have not been sufficiently sensitive to detect micronutrient changes. The present study extends the literature by measuring individual children's intake of macro- and micronutrients at lunchtime, before and after a programme targeting children's consumption of fruit and vegetables, to identify evidence-based health benefits of programme participation. Baseline data were collected over 4 d at lunchtime in two primary schools. The Food Dudes programme was then implemented in the intervention school. Follow-up data were collected over 4 d in each school 2 months after baseline. We employed a validated and sensitive photographic method to estimate individual children's (N 112) consumption of fruit, vegetables, and their intake of calories, macro- and selected micronutrients. Significant changes were observed in the intervention school but not in the control school: Children's consumption of fruit, vegetables, vitamin C and E intake increased, while their total energy consumption, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake decreased. The present results show that the Food Dudes programme produced a positive nutritional change, with implications for its application as a healthy eating and obesity prevention intervention. These optimistic conclusions should be tested by further research to establish the longevity of the positive effects presented here.
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20
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Ilardi L, Proto A, Ceroni F, Morniroli D, Martinelli S, Mosca F, Giannì ML. Overview of Important Micronutrients Supplementation in Preterm Infants after Discharge: A Call for Consensus. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:331. [PMID: 33920163 PMCID: PMC8069002 DOI: 10.3390/life11040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants have a lower level of nutrient body stores and immature body systems, resulting in a higher risk of malnutrition. Imbalanced complementary feeding could lead to further risk of nutritional deficits and excesses. However, evidence on their nutritional requirements following hospital discharge is limited. When planning complementary feeding, appropriate micronutrient intake should be considered for their critical role in supporting various body functions. This narrative review summarizes the need for iron, zinc, vitamin D, calcium, phosphate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) supplementation in preterm infants during complementary feeding. Regarding iron and vitamin D, the scientific community is reaching an agreement on supplementation in some categories of prematures. On the contrary, there is still not enough evidence to detail possible recommendations for LCPUFAs, zinc, calcium and phosphorus supplementation. However, these micronutrients are paramount for preterms' health: LCPUFAs can promote retinal and brain development while calcium and phosphorus supplementation is essential to prevent preterms' metabolic bone disease (MBD). Waiting for a consensus on these micronutrients, it is clear how the knowledge of the heterogeneity of the prematures population can help adjust the nutritional planning regarding the growth rate, comorbidities and comprehensive clinical history of the preterm infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ilardi
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (L.I.); (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Alice Proto
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (L.I.); (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Federica Ceroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Martinelli
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (L.I.); (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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21
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Ghaffari J, Alizadeh-navaei R, Dabaghzadeh A, Ghaffari N. Serum zinc level and children`s asthma: A systematic and meta-analysis review article. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2021; 12:236-242. [PMID: 34221271 PMCID: PMC8223044 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.12.3.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disorder. Nutritional conditions affect allergic diseases such as asthma. The aim of this study was to review the serum zinc level in children with asthma. METHODS This is a review article found in databases such as Google, PubMed, SID, Irandoc, Scopus and up-to-date. Key words for search included zinc, asthma, children and pediatric. There was no time limitation for the search. These articles on zinc levels in asthmatic children were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Out of the 40 articles, 19 articles were excluded and 21 articles were included in this analysis. 15 articles evaluated serum zinc levels, 4 articles on hair zinc levels, one article evaluated nail zinc levels and another on zinc level in erythrocyte cells in children with asthma. Only 3 articles evaluated effects of zinc supplement treatment in children with asthma. Meta-analysis of studies showed that there was no significant difference between the standard mean differences of zinc level in asthmatic patients compared to the control group. We cannot analyze the association between zinc levels in hair and nail in children with asthma. All clinical trial studies show that zinc supplement improves clinical manifestations of asthma and patient's pulmonary function test. CONCLUSION We found that the mean serum zinc level difference is not significant in children with asthma than healthy control group and it seems that there is no relation between mean serum zinc level and severity of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ghaffari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandarn University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Dabaghzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Negar Ghaffari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Correspondence: Javad Ghaffari, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 1133344506, Fax: 0098 1133344506
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Fatima S, Zaidi SS, Alsharidah AS, Aljaser FS, Banu N. Possible Prophylactic Approach for SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Combination of Melatonin, Vitamin C and Zinc in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:585789. [PMID: 33344529 PMCID: PMC7744567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, an epidemic, causes severe stress in both human and animals and may induce oxidative stress (OS) and increases susceptibility to infection. Domestic animals are found infected by their COVID-2 suffering owners. Chronic immobilization stress (CIS), a model of psychological and physical stress of confinement, can trigger depression and anxiety in animals. We evaluated the ameliorative effect of the proposed SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic drugs melatonin, vitamin C, and zinc on CIS-induced OS, inflammation, and DNA damage in rats. Forty male Swiss albino rats (200–250 g, 7–9 weeks old) were divided into five groups as controls, CIS, treated with melatonin (20 mg/kg), and vitamin C plus zinc [VitC+Zn (250 + 2.5 mg/kg)] alone or in combination (melatonin+VitC+zinc) subjected to CIS for 3 weeks. CIS was induced by immobilizing the whole body of the rats in wire mesh cages of their size with free movement of head. Exposure to CIS significantly compromised the circulatory activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione with enhanced malondialdehyde, inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL10, and TNFα), and lymphocyte DNA damage in comparison to controls. Treatment with melatonin and VitC+Zn alone or in combination significantly restored the altered biochemical parameters and DNA damage of stressed rats to their respective control values. However, the cumulative action of melatonin with VitC+Zn was more effective in alleviating the CIS-induced OS, inflammation, and DNA damage. The present study indicates that the antioxidant combination can be an effective preventive measure to combat severe psychological and confinement stress-induced biochemical changes in animals due to abnormal conditions such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Fatima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shams Zaidi
- Director of Pharmacy, Goulburn Valley Health, Shepparton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Feda S Aljaser
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Banu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Kory P, Meduri GU, Iglesias J, Varon J, Marik PE. Clinical and Scientific Rationale for the "MATH+" Hospital Treatment Protocol for COVID-19. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 36:135-156. [PMID: 33317385 DOI: 10.1177/0885066620973585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, COVID-19, a severe respiratory illness caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. The greatest impact that COVID-19 had was on intensive care units (ICUs), given that approximately 20% of hospitalized cases developed acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring ICU admission. Based on the assumption that COVID-19 represented a viral pneumonia and no anti-coronaviral therapy existed, nearly all national and international health care societies' recommended "supportive care only" avoiding other therapies outside of randomized controlled trials, with a specific prohibition against the use of corticosteroids in treatment. However, early studies of COVID-19-associated ARF reported inexplicably high mortality rates, with frequent prolonged durations of mechanical ventilation (MV), even from centers expert in such supportive care strategies. These reports led the authors to form a clinical expert panel called the Front-Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (www.flccc.net). The panel collaboratively reviewed the emerging clinical, radiographic, and pathological reports of COVID-19 while initiating multiple discussions among a wide clinical network of front-line clinical ICU experts from initial outbreak areas in China, Italy, and New York. Based on the shared early impressions of "what was working and what wasn't working," the increasing medical journal publications and the rapidly accumulating personal clinical experiences with COVID-19 patients, a treatment protocol was created for the hospitalized patients based on the core therapies of methylprednisolone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, heparin and co-interventions (MATH+). This manuscript reviews the scientific and clinical rationale behind MATH+ based on published in-vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical data in support of each medicine, with a special emphasis of studies supporting their use in the treatment of patients with viral syndromes and COVID-19 specifically. The review concludes with a comparison of published multi-national mortality data with MATH+ center outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kory
- 22392Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G Umberto Meduri
- Memphis VA Medical Center, 12326University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jose Iglesias
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Hackensack School of Medicine at Seton Hall, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Varon
- 12340University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul E Marik
- 6040Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Name JJ, Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Pereira CPM. Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity. Front Nutr 2020; 7:606398. [PMID: 33365326 PMCID: PMC7750357 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.606398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some nutrients play key roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the immune system, presenting synergistic actions in steps determinant for the immune response. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the immune system to prevent or lower the risk of severe progression and prognosis of this viral infection become relevant. Thus, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of zinc and vitamins C and D in the immune response to viral infections, focusing on the synergistic action of these nutrients in the maintenance of physical tissue barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The evidence found in the literature shows that deficiency of one or more of these three elements compromises the immune response, making an individual more vulnerable to viral infections and to a worse disease prognosis. Thus, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequate intake of zinc and vitamins C and D may represent a promising pharmacological tool due to the high demand for these nutrients in the case of contact with the virus and onset of the inflammatory process. Ongoing clinical trials will help to clarify the role of these nutrients for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- José João Name
- Kilyos Consultoria, Assessoria, Cursos e Palestras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Escobedo-Monge MF, Ayala-Macedo G, Sakihara G, Peralta S, Almaraz-Gómez A, Barrado E, Marugán-Miguelsanz JM. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112671. [PMID: 31694220 PMCID: PMC6893698 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human beings and its deficiency affects their normal growth and development. OBJECTIVE The main aim was to evaluate the effect of two doses of zinc supplementation (ZS) on the nutritional status in chronic kidney disease (CKD) children. METHODS A randomized-trial multicentric study was conducted in 48 CKD (23 females) patients under 18-years-old, for a year. At random, participants took 30 or 15 mg/day of ZS, respectively. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were performed. Hypozincemia was determined by serum zinc concentration (SZC) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The positive or negative change in patients' body mass index (BMI) Z-score, serum albumin, zinc and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were used to evaluate the effect of ZS. RESULTS Mean SZC was normal before and after ZS. Despite ZS, there were no significant changes in serum albumin, zinc and CRP levels. A positive and significant association was observed between SZC and serum albumin before (p = 0.000) and after (p = 0.007) ZS. In both groups of ZS, there was a small but positive and significant change in body mass and normalization in BMI Z-score, hypoalbuminemia, hypozincemia and high CRP, especially with 30 mg/day of ZS. CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation may be beneficial for nutritional status in children and adolescents with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Fabiola Escobedo-Monge
- Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Cangallo 818, 15001 Cercado de Lima, Peru
- National Institute of Child Health, Paediatric Nephrology Service, Avenida Brasil 600, 15083 Breña, Peru;
- Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University, Avenida Ramón y Cajal, 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-639-590-467
| | - Guido Ayala-Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Cangallo 818, 15001 Cercado de Lima, Peru
| | - Graciela Sakihara
- National Institute of Child Health, Paediatric Nephrology Service, Avenida Brasil 600, 15083 Breña, Peru;
| | - Silvia Peralta
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, National Agrarian University, Avenida la Molina, s/n, 15024 La Molina, Lima, Peru;
| | - Ana Almaraz-Gómez
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Enrique Barrado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Calle Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - J. M. Marugán-Miguelsanz
- Department of Paediatrics of the Faculty of Medicine, Valladolid University, Section of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
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Qin X, Liu J, Du Y, Li Y, Zheng L, Chen G, Cao Y. Different doses of vitamin C supplementation enhances the Th1 immune response to early Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection in BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:387-395. [PMID: 30852294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is maintained at high levels in most immune cells and can affect many aspects of the immune response. Here, we evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the immune response to Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (P. yoelii 17XL) infection in BALB/c mice. Two orally administered doses (25 mg/kg/day and 250 mg/kg/day) of vitamin C significantly reduced levels of parasitemia during the early stages of P. yoelii 17XL infection. The numbers of activated Th1 cells and macrophages in the groups receiving vitamin C supplementation were both higher than those in the untreated group. Meanwhile, vitamin C administration reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α secreted by splenocytes. Vitamin C also regulated the protective anti-malarial immune response by increasing the number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as the expression of dendritic cell maturation markers, such as major histocompatibility complex class II and cluster of differentiation 86. In conclusion, the doses of vitamin C (25 mg/kg/day, 250 mg/kg/day) during the early stages of malaria infection may better enhance host protective immunity, but have no dose dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yunting Du
- Clinical Lab, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Medical School, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 317700, China.
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, China.
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Vitamin C and immune cell function in inflammation and cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1147-1159. [PMID: 30301842 PMCID: PMC6195639 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is maintained at high levels in most immune cells and can affect many aspects of the immune response. Intracellular levels generally respond to variations in plasma ascorbate availability, and a combination of inadequate intake and increased turnover during severe stress can result in low plasma ascorbate status. Intracellular ascorbate supports essential functions and, in particular, acts as an enzyme cofactor for Fe- or Cu-containing oxygenases. Newly discovered enzymes in this family regulate cell metabolism and epigenetics, and dysregulation of their activity can affect cell phenotype, growth and survival pathways, and stem cell phenotype. This brief overview details some of the recent advances in our understanding of how ascorbate availability can affect the hydroxylases controlling the hypoxic response and the DNA and histone demethylases. These processes play important roles in the regulation of the immune system, altering cell survival pathways, metabolism and functions.
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Azzouz-Olden F, Hunt A, DeGrandi-Hoffman G. Transcriptional response of honey bee (Apis mellifera) to differential nutritional status and Nosema infection. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:628. [PMID: 30134827 PMCID: PMC6106827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bees are confronting several environmental challenges, including the intermingled effects of malnutrition and disease. Intuitively, pollen is the healthiest nutritional choice, however, commercial substitutes, such as Bee-Pro and MegaBee, are widely used. Herein we examined how feeding natural and artificial diets shapes transcription in the abdomen of the honey bee, and how transcription shifts in combination with Nosema parasitism. Results Gene ontology enrichment revealed that, compared with poor diet (carbohydrates [C]), bees fed pollen (P > C), Bee-Pro (B > C), and MegaBee (M > C) showed a broad upregulation of metabolic processes, especially lipids; however, pollen feeding promoted more functions, and superior proteolysis. The superiority of the pollen diet was also evident through the remarkable overexpression of vitellogenin in bees fed pollen instead of MegaBee or Bee-Pro. Upregulation of bioprocesses under carbohydrates feeding compared to pollen (C > P) provided a clear poor nutritional status, uncovering stark expression changes that were slight or absent relatively to Bee-Pro (C > B) or MegaBee (C > M). Poor diet feeding (C > P) induced starvation response genes and hippo signaling pathway, while it repressed growth through different mechanisms. Carbohydrate feeding (C > P) also elicited ‘adult behavior’, and developmental processes suggesting transition to foraging. Finally, it altered the ‘circadian rhythm’, reflecting the role of this mechanism in the adaptation to nutritional stress in mammals. Nosema-infected bees fed pollen compared to carbohydrates (PN > CN) upheld certain bioprocesses of uninfected bees (P > C). Poor nutritional status was more apparent against pollen (CN > PN) than Bee-Pro (CN > BN) or MegaBee (CN > MN). Nosema accentuated the effects of malnutrition since more starvation-response genes and stress response mechanisms were upregulated in CN > PN compared to C > P. The bioprocess ‘Macromolecular complex assembly’ was also enriched in CN > PN, and involved genes associated with human HIV and/or influenza, thus providing potential candidates for bee-Nosema interactions. Finally, the enzyme Duox emerged as essential for guts defense in bees, similarly to Drosophila. Conclusions These results provide evidence of the superior nutritional status of bees fed pollen instead of artificial substitutes in terms of overall health, even in the presence of a pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5007-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for humans, with pleiotropic functions related to its ability to donate electrons. It is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for a family of biosynthetic and gene regulatory enzymes. Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Vitamin C supports epithelial barrier function against pathogens and promotes the oxidant scavenging activity of the skin, thereby potentially protecting against environmental oxidative stress. Vitamin C accumulates in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, and can enhance chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately microbial killing. It is also needed for apoptosis and clearance of the spent neutrophils from sites of infection by macrophages, thereby decreasing necrosis/NETosis and potential tissue damage. The role of vitamin C in lymphocytes is less clear, but it has been shown to enhance differentiation and proliferation of B- and T-cells, likely due to its gene regulating effects. Vitamin C deficiency results in impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infections. In turn, infections significantly impact on vitamin C levels due to enhanced inflammation and metabolic requirements. Furthermore, supplementation with vitamin C appears to be able to both prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections. Prophylactic prevention of infection requires dietary vitamin C intakes that provide at least adequate, if not saturating plasma levels (i.e., 100–200 mg/day), which optimize cell and tissue levels. In contrast, treatment of established infections requires significantly higher (gram) doses of the vitamin to compensate for the increased inflammatory response and metabolic demand.
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30
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Hojyo S, Bin BH, Fukada T. Dysregulated zinc homeostasis in rare skin disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1394184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hojyo
- Osteoimmunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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van der Gaag EJ, Wieffer R, van der Kraats J. Advising Consumption of Green Vegetables, Beef, and Full-Fat Dairy Products Has No Adverse Effects on the Lipid Profiles in Children. Nutrients 2017; 9:E518. [PMID: 28534861 PMCID: PMC5452248 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In children, little is known about lipid profiles and the influence of dietary habits. In the past, we developed a dietary advice for optimizing the immune system, which comprised green vegetables, beef, whole milk, and full-fat butter. However, there are concerns about a possible negative influence of the full-fat dairy products of the diet on the lipid profile. We investigated the effect of the developed dietary advice on the lipid profile and BMI (body mass index)/BMI-z-score of children. In this retrospective cohort study, we included children aged 1-16 years, of whom a lipid profile was determined in the period between June 2011 and November 2013 in our hospital. Children who adhered to the dietary advice were assigned to the exposed group and the remaining children were assigned to the unexposed group. After following the dietary advice for at least three months, there was a statistically significant reduction in the cholesterol/HDL (high-density lipoproteins) ratio (p < 0.001) and non-HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.044) and a statistically significant increase in the HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.009) in the exposed group, while there was no difference in the BMI and BMI z-scores. The dietary advice has no adverse effect on the lipid profile, BMI, and BMI z-scores in children, but has a significant beneficial effect on the cholesterol/HDL ratio, non-HDL-cholesterol, and the HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romy Wieffer
- Isala Zwolle, Dokter van Heesweg 2, Zwolle 8025 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith van der Kraats
- Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Hengelo, Geerdinksweg 141, Hengelo 7555 DL, The Netherlands.
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Yami SG, Chandravanshi BS, Wondimu T, Abuye C. Assessment of selected nutrients and toxic metals in fruits, soils and irrigation waters of Awara Melka and Nura Era farms, Ethiopia. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:747. [PMID: 27386230 PMCID: PMC4910932 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of essential nutrients (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in selected varieties of fruits (banana, grape, guava, mandarin and orange), farmland soils and irrigation waters to assess nutritional impact on health. The freeze dried fruits were digested using HNO3 and HClO4 and the levels of the elements determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The highest amount of K (3480) and Mg (281) and the lowest amount of Na (6.4) and Ca (75) µg/g were obtained in banana compared to other analyzed fruits. Cd was detected in guava (0.2 µg/g), orange (0.3 µg/g) and mandarin (0.1 µg/g), but not detected in banana and grape. Pb was not detected in all the fruits. Appreciable amount of total ascorbic acid was found in guava (1170 µg/g) compared to that of other fruits. Furthermore, farmland soils and irrigation waters were analyzed for the selected metals and physico-chemical properties of soils including pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, texture and available phosphorus determined to elucidate factors controlling the availability of metals in fruits. Applying statistical packages, analysis of variances and Pearson correlation, links between metal levels in fruits and those in soil and water samples were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambel G Yami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Taddese Wondimu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Department of Chemistry, Johannesburg University, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Cherinet Abuye
- Nutritional and Food Science Department, Ethiopian Health and Nutritional Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Martinez-Estevez NS, Alvarez-Guevara AN, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Effects of zinc supplementation in the prevention of respiratory tract infections and diarrheal disease in Colombian children: A 12-month randomised controlled trial. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:368-75. [PMID: 27255474 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the preventive strategies for lowering the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and acute diarrhoea episodes, two of the most common diseases in children, zinc supplementation has received special interest. However, there is a need for additional studies that determine the preventive effects of different doses of zinc on URTI and diarrhoeal disease episodes in children. METHODS In a randomised, triple-blind clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy of 12 months of daily zinc supplementation in the incidence of URTI and acute diarrhoea in a population of healthy children aged between 6 and 12 months living in Bogota, Colombia. The outcomes analysed were incidence of URTI, acute diarrhoeal disease episodes, and side effects of the interventions. RESULTS Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 355 children underwent randomisation, with 174 assigned to the zinc supplementation group and 181 to the control group. In the multivariate analyses, having been randomised to the non-supplemented control group (IRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.52-1.97, p<0.001), and nursery attendance (IRR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07-1.87, p=0.016) were independently linked to the number of URTI. Likewise, having been randomised to the non-supplemented group (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.71, p<0.001), and lower socioeconomic status (IRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11-3.13, p=0.018) were independently associated to the number of diarrhoeal disease episodes. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation of 5mg of zinc during 12 months significantly decreased the incidence of URTI and diarrhoeal disease episodes in a healthy population of children aged between 6 and 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Martinez-Estevez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - A N Alvarez-Guevara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - C E Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.
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Sumbele IUN, Bopda OSM, Kimbi HK, Ning TR, Nkuo-Akenji T. Nutritional status of children in a malaria meso endemic area: cross sectional study on prevalence, intensity, predictors, influence on malaria parasitaemia and anaemia severity. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1099. [PMID: 26541669 PMCID: PMC4635657 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contradictory results on the interaction between nutritional status and malaria warrants further investigation in various epidemiological settings, to assert the antagonistic or synergistic relationship. This study examines the prevalence, severity and predictors of malnutrition and its influence on malaria parasitaemia and anaemia severity in children in the Mount Cameroon area. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 454 children ≤ 14 years was carried out from February to May 2013 in Muea community. Anthropometric measures of malnutrition (z-scores < -2 standard deviations below mean) were obtained and spleen size assessed. The prevalence and density of malaria parasites were determined and haemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count obtained using an automated haematology analyzer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate influence of malnutrition on anaemia, malaria parasitaemia and predictors respectively. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 22.8 %, with stunting being the most common form (17.1 %), followed by underweight (8.2 %) and wasting (5.5 %). Stunting was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in males (23.1 %) than in females (11.9 %). The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly highest (P = 0.03) in children ≤5 years old (29.5 %) than their counterparts. Severe stunting, wasting and underweight were prevalent in 4.9 %, 1.6 % and 1.8 % of the children respectively. Clinical malaria parasitaemia was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in children who were stunted (16.9 %) and underweight (21.6 %) than their normal counterparts (7.5 %; 8.2 % respectively). The model demonstrated sex (P = 0.006) and age group 1.1-3 years (P = 0.03) as significant predictors of malnutrition. In children who were malaria parasite negative, the prevalence of anaemia as well as severities were significantly higher (P = 0.04 and P = 0.001 respectively) in those malnourished. CONCLUSIONS The presence of stunting in the community significantly augmented the prevalence and clinical presentation of Plasmodium infection. Malnutrition enhanced the severity of anaemia in malaria parasite negative children hence, their health and growth potential needs to be improved upon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Teh Rene Ning
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
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Chai LK, Macdonald-Wicks L, Hure AJ, Burrows TL, Blumfield ML, Smith R, Collins CE. Disparities exist between the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the dietary intakes of young children aged two to three years. Nutr Diet 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li K Chai
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Lesley Macdonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Alexis J Hure
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Michelle L Blumfield
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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Unckless RL, Rottschaefer SM, Lazzaro BP. The complex contributions of genetics and nutrition to immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005030. [PMID: 25764027 PMCID: PMC4357385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both malnutrition and undernutrition can lead to compromised immune defense in a diversity of animals, and "nutritional immunology" has been suggested as a means of understanding immunity and determining strategies for fighting infection. The genetic basis for the effects of diet on immunity, however, has been largely unknown. In the present study, we have conducted genome-wide association mapping in Drosophila melanogaster to identify the genetic basis for individual variation in resistance, and for variation in immunological sensitivity to diet (genotype-by-environment interaction, or GxE). D. melanogaster were reared for several generations on either high-glucose or low-glucose diets and then infected with Providencia rettgeri, a natural bacterial pathogen of D. melanogaster. Systemic pathogen load was measured at the peak of infection intensity, and several indicators of nutritional status were taken from uninfected flies reared on each diet. We find that dietary glucose level significantly alters the quality of immune defense, with elevated dietary glucose resulting in higher pathogen loads. The quality of immune defense is genetically variable within the sampled population, and we find genetic variation for immunological sensitivity to dietary glucose (genotype-by-diet interaction). Immune defense was genetically correlated with indicators of metabolic status in flies reared on the high-glucose diet, and we identified multiple genes that explain variation in immune defense, including several that have not been previously implicated in immune response but which are confirmed to alter pathogen load after RNAi knockdown. Our findings emphasize the importance of dietary composition to immune defense and reveal genes outside the conventional "immune system" that can be important in determining susceptibility to infection. Functional variation in these genes is segregating in a natural population, providing the substrate for evolutionary response to pathogen pressure in the context of nutritional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Unckless
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan M Rottschaefer
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Jurowski K, Szewczyk B, Nowak G, Piekoszewski W. Biological consequences of zinc deficiency in the pathomechanisms of selected diseases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:1069-79. [PMID: 24748223 PMCID: PMC4175048 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From many points of view, zinc is one of the most important trace elements in biological systems. Many articles describe the well-known role of this metal in human physiology and pathophysiology, but in the related literature, there is a lack of current and reliable reviews of the role of zinc deficiency in many diseases. In this article, we describe the role of zinc deficiency in the oxidative stress control, immune response, proliferation, and pathogenesis and pathophysiology of selected diseases such as depression, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and Wilson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jurowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Malopolska Centre for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Gabriel Nowak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Probiotics and vitamin C for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool: a randomised controlled pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:373-9. [PMID: 25205320 PMCID: PMC4351422 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: This pilot study investigates the efficacy of a probiotic consortium (Lab4) in combination with vitamin C on the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool facilities. Subjects/methods: In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study with children aged 3–6 years, 57 received 1.25 × 1010 colony-forming units of Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) plus 50 mg vitamin C or a placebo daily for 6 months. Results: Significant reductions in the incidence rate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI; 33%, P=0.002), the number of days with URTI symptoms (mean difference: −21.0, 95% confidence interval (CI):−35.9, −6.0, P=0.006) and the incidence rate of absence from preschool (30%, P=0.007) were observed in the active group compared with the placebo. The number of days of use of antibiotics, painkillers, cough medicine or nasal sprays was lower in the active group and reached significance for use of cough medicine (mean difference: −6.6, 95% CI: −12.9, −0.3, P=0.040). No significant differences were observed in the incidence rate ratio or duration of lower respiratory tract infection or in the levels of plasma cytokines, salivary immunoglobulin A or urinary metabolites. Conclusions: Supplementation with a probiotic/vitamin C combination may be beneficial in the prevention and management of URTIs.
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Mayo-Wilson E, Imdad A, Junior J, Dean S, Bhutta ZA. Preventive zinc supplementation for children, and the effect of additional iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004647. [PMID: 24948745 PMCID: PMC4067863 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc deficiency is widespread, and preventive supplementation may have benefits in young children. Effects for children over 5 years of age, and effects when coadministered with other micronutrients are uncertain. These are obstacles to scale-up. This review seeks to determine if preventive supplementation reduces mortality and morbidity for children aged 6 months to 12 years. DESIGN Systematic review conducted with the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group. Two reviewers independently assessed studies. Meta-analyses were performed for mortality, illness and side effects. DATA SOURCES We searched multiple databases, including CENTRAL and MEDLINE in January 2013. Authors were contacted for missing information. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomised trials of preventive zinc supplementation. Hospitalised children and children with chronic diseases were excluded. RESULTS 80 randomised trials with 205 401 participants were included. There was a small but non-significant effect on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.95 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.05)). Supplementation may reduce incidence of all-cause diarrhoea (RR 0.87 (0.85 to 0.89)), but there was evidence of reporting bias. There was no evidence of an effect of incidence or prevalence of respiratory infections or malaria. There was moderate quality evidence of a very small effect on linear growth (standardised mean difference 0.09 (0.06 to 0.13)) and an increase in vomiting (RR 1.29 (1.14 to 1.46)). There was no evidence of an effect on iron status. Comparing zinc with and without iron cosupplementation and direct comparisons of zinc plus iron versus zinc administered alone favoured cointervention for some outcomes and zinc alone for other outcomes. Effects may be larger for children over 1 year of age, but most differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Benefits of preventive zinc supplementation may outweigh any potentially adverse effects in areas where risk of zinc deficiency is high. Further research should determine optimal intervention characteristics and delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mayo-Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Trials and Evidence Synthesis, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jean Junior
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sohni Dean
- Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- SickKids Center for Global Child Health, Toronto, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Yap P, Utzinger J, Hattendorf J, Steinmann P. Influence of nutrition on infection and re-infection with soil-transmitted helminths: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:229. [PMID: 24885622 PMCID: PMC4032457 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between nutrition and soil-transmitted helminthiasis is complex and warrants further investigation. We conducted a systematic review examining the influence of nutrition on infection and re-infection with soil-transmitted helminths (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis) in humans. Emphasis was placed on the use of nutritional supplementation, alongside anthelminthic treatment, to prevent re-infection with soil-transmitted helminths. Methods We searched eight electronic databases from inception to 31 July 2013, with no restriction of language or type of publication. For studies that met our inclusion criteria, we extracted information on the soil-transmitted helminth species, nutritional supplementation and anthelminthic treatment. Outcomes were presented in forest plots and a summary of findings (SoF) table. An evidence profile (EP) was generated by rating the evidence quality of the identified studies according to the GRADE system. Results Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria; eight randomised controlled trials and seven prospective cohort studies. Data on A. lumbricoides were available from all studies, whereas seven and six studies additionally contained data on T. trichiura and hookworm, respectively. None of the studies contained data on S. stercoralis. Positive effects of nutritional supplementation or the host’s natural nutritional status on (re-)infection with soil-transmitted helminths were reported in 14 studies, while negative effects were documented in six studies. In terms of quality, a high, low and very low quality rating was assigned to the evidence from four, six and five studies, respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the current evidence-base is weak, precluding guidelines on nutrition management as a potential supplementary tool to preventive chemotherapy targeting soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Moreover, several epidemiological, immunological and methodological issues have been identified, and these should be considered when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Yap
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
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Mayo-Wilson E, Junior JA, Imdad A, Dean S, Chan XHS, Chan ES, Jaswal A, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD009384. [PMID: 24826920 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009384.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, and contributes to significant diarrhoea-, pneumonia-, and malaria-related morbidity and mortality among young children. Zinc deficiency also impairs growth. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of zinc supplementation for preventing mortality and morbidity, and for promoting growth, in children aged six months to 12 years of age. SEARCH METHODS Between December 2012 and January 2013, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase, African Index Medicus, Conference Proceedings Citation Index, Dissertation Abstracts, Global Health, IndMED, LILACS, WHOLIS, metaRegister of Controlled Trials, and WHO ICTRP. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of preventive zinc supplementation in children aged six months to 12 years compared with no intervention, a placebo, or a waiting list control. We excluded hospitalised children and children with chronic diseases or conditions. We excluded food fortification or intake, sprinkles, and therapeutic interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We contacted trial authors for missing information. MAIN RESULTS We included 80 randomised controlled trials with 205,401 eligible participants. We did not consider that the evidence for the key analyses of morbidity and mortality outcomes were affected by risk of bias. The risk ratio (RR) for all-cause mortality was compatible with a reduction and a small increased risk of death with zinc supplementation (RR 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.05, 14 studies, high-quality evidence), and also for cause-specific mortality due to diarrhoea (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.31, four studies, moderate-quality evidence), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.15, three studies, moderate-quality evidence), or malaria (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.06, two studies, moderate-quality evidence).Supplementation reduced diarrhoea morbidity, including the incidence of all-cause diarrhoea (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.89, 26 studies, moderate-quality evidence), but the results for LRTI and malaria were imprecise: LRTI (RR 1, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.07, 12 studies, moderate-quality evidence); malaria (RR 1.05, 95% 0.95 to 1.15, four studies, moderate-quality evidence).There was moderate-quality evidence of a very small improvement in height with supplementation (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.09, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.06; 50 studies), but the size of this effect might not be clinically important. There was a medium to large positive effect on zinc status.Supplementation was associated with an increase in the number of participants with at least one vomiting episode (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.46, five studies, high-quality evidence). We found no clear evidence of benefit or harm of supplementation with regard to haemoglobin or iron status. Supplementation had a negative effect on copper status. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In our opinion, the benefits of preventive zinc supplementation outweigh the harms in areas where the risk of zinc deficiency is relatively high. Further research should determine optimal intervention characteristics such as supplement dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mayo-Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD, MD, USA, 21205
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Khanbabaee G, Omidian A, Imanzadeh F, Adibeshgh F, Ashayeripanah M, Rezaei N. Serum level of zinc in asthmatic patients: a case-control study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:19-21. [PMID: 23312452 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypozincemia could lead to a variety of defects in growth and the immune system, while it seems to be associated with increased rate of asthmatic attacks in children. METHODS This study was performed to assess the serum zinc level in 100 paediatric asthmatic patients in comparison with a control group. RESULTS Mean serum level of zinc in the asthmatic patients was 70.5±22.6 μg/dL, which was significantly lower than 80.9±16.9 μg/dL in the control group (p<0.001). Forty-two asthmatic patients (42%) had hypozincemia, while this rate was 12% in healthy children (p<0.001). There was a significant association between the zinc level and severity of asthma (p<0.001). However, no significant association was detected between the serum level of zinc and other factors, including control and treatment of the disease. CONCLUSIONS As for high rate of hypozincemia in the asthmatic children, evaluation of serum zinc level in asthmatic children could be suggested, while zinc substitution in the diet of those with hypozincemia could be recommended.
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Tomat AL, Juriol LV, Gobetto MN, Veiras LC, Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Zilberman J, Fasoli H, Elesgaray R, Costa MÁ, Arranz CT. Morphological and functional effects on cardiac tissue induced by moderate zinc deficiency during prenatal and postnatal life in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1574-83. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00578.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether moderate zinc restriction in rats throughout fetal life, lactation, and/or postweaning growth results in early changes in cardiac morphology predisposing the onset of cardiac dysfunction in adult life as well as sex-related differences in the adaptation to this nutritional injury. Female Wistar rats received low or control zinc diets from the beginning of pregnancy up to offspring weaning. After being weaned, offspring were fed either a low or control zinc diet until 81 days. Systolic blood pressure was measured. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations, morphological experiments, and apoptosis by TUNEL assay were performed in the left ventricle. In the early stages, zinc-deficient male and female offspring showed an increase in cardiomyocyte diameter, probably associated with an increase in cardiac apoptotic cells, but smaller myocyte diameters in adulthood. In adult males, this nutritional injury induced decreased contractility and dilatation of the left ventricle, not allowing the heart to compensate the higher levels of blood pressure, and hypertrophic remodeling of coronary arteries associated with increased blood pressure. Adequate zinc intake during postweaning life did not overcome blood pressure levels but reversed some of the detrimental effects of earlier zinc deficiency in cardiac morphology and function. Females were less sensitive to this deficiency, exhibiting normal levels of blood pressure and no structural or functional heart alterations in adult life. The present study demonstrates that the effects of zinc deficiency on blood pressure, cardiac morphology, and function differ between sexes, with males more predisposed to develop cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia Lorena Tomat
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Lorena Vanesa Juriol
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Natalia Gobetto
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Luciana Cecilia Veiras
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Judith Zilberman
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Héctor Fasoli
- Laboratorio de Química y Ciencia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicomatemáticas e Ingeniería, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Ángeles Costa
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Cristina Teresa Arranz
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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Enos MK, Burton JP, Dols J, Buhulata S, Changalucha J, Reid G. Probiotics and nutrients for the first 1000 days of life in the developing world. Benef Microbes 2013; 4:3-16. [PMID: 23257014 DOI: 10.3920/bm2012.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinically proven probiotics are, for the most part, not available in the developing world and certainly not affordable for the majority of people. This is unconscionable considering these products can alleviate diarrhoea and various infections, which are by far the major cause of death in children and in adults who are HIV positive. Indeed, some of these products have been proven in developing world settings. Distribution networks exist along with pharmacies and clinics that dispense drugs and products that require refrigeration. So, are lack of profit or company resources the problem? Our university has shown that alternative community based kitchen models that produce probiotics can be established. These empower local people, are socially responsible, produce affordable products and deliver benefits to over 3,000 children and adults daily. Surely, other institutions and corporations can multiply this effect and develop social business models across the developing world that are supported by clinical and basic science studies? In this review, we will discuss the application of probiotics and selected nutrients in the first 1000 days of life, a critical timepoint which is particularly challenging in resource disadvantaged countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Enos
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, F2-116, The Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
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Maggini S, Beveridge S, Suter M. A combination of high-dose vitamin C plus zinc for the common cold. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:28-42. [PMID: 22429343 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C and zinc play important roles in nutrition, immune defence and maintenance of health. Intake of both is often inadequate, even in affluent populations. The common cold continues to place a great burden on society in terms of suffering and economic loss. After an overview of the literature on the effects of the separate administration of either vitamin C or zinc against the common cold, this article presents data from two preliminary, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, conducted with a combination of 1000 mg vitamin C plus 10 mg zinc in patients with the common cold. In both studies, a nonsignificant reduction of rhinorrhoea duration (range 9-27%) was seen. In pooled analyses of both studies (n=94), vitamin C plus zinc was significantly more efficient than placebo at reducing rhinorrhoea over 5 days of treatment. Furthermore, symptom relief was quicker and the product was well tolerated. In view of the burden associated with the common cold, supplementation with vitamin C plus zinc may represent an efficacious measure, with a good safety profile, against this infectious viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maggini
- Bayer Consumer Care Ltd, Peter-Merian-Strasse 84, Postbox 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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46
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A vitamin C electrochemical biosensor based on one-step immobilization of ascorbate oxidase in the biocompatible conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-lauroylsarcosinate film for agricultural application in crops. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kawamura T, Ogawa Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamizo S, Ohta Y, Nakano H, Kabashima K, Katayama I, Koizumi S, Kodama T, Nakao A, Shimada S. Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:722-32. [PMID: 22214844 DOI: 10.1172/jci58618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency can be an inherited disorder, in which case it is known as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE), or an acquired disorder caused by low dietary intake of zinc. Even though zinc deficiency diminishes cellular and humoral immunity, patients develop immunostimulating skin inflammation. Here, we have demonstrated that despite diminished allergic contact dermatitis in mice fed a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in these mice was more severe and prolonged than that in controls. Further, histological examination of ICD lesions in ZD mice revealed subcorneal vacuolization and epidermal pallor, histological features of AE. Consistent with the fact that ATP release from chemically injured keratinocytes serves as a causative mediator of ICD, we found that the severe ICD response in ZD mice was attenuated by local injection of soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase. In addition, skin tissue from ZD mice with ICD showed increased levels of ATP, as did cultured wild-type keratinocytes treated with chemical irritants and the zinc-chelating reagent TPEN. Interestingly, numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), which play a protective role against ATP-mediated inflammatory signals, were decreased in ZD mice as well as samples from ZD patients. These findings suggest that upon exposure to irritants, aberrant ATP release from keratinocytes and impaired LC-dependent hydrolysis of nucleotides may be important in the pathogenesis of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Schmidt K, Zirkler S. [Dietary efficacy of a micronutrient combination in patients with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Results of a placebo-controlled doubleblind study.]. MMW Fortschr Med 2011; 153:83-89. [PMID: 29178046 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-011-1630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An optimal vitamin and mineral supply may contribute to the enhancement of immune defenses and thus favorably influence the course and intensity of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). In the present study the dietary efficacy and benefits of a micronutrient combination in patients with recurrent URIs was evaluated. METHODS 192 patients with recurrent URIs were enrolled in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial for a study duration of 16 weeks. Efficacy variables were number, intensity and course of URIs (as assessed using a total common cold score [CCS]) and the alterations in micronutrient supply (vitamins C and D3, folic acid and selenium) during the study. RESULTS In subjects who initially had at least two common cold symptoms (N = 107) the symptoms improved in the active group (AG) significantly more than in the placebo group (PG; ΔCCS: AG -6.9 ± 4.8; PG -5.4 ± 4.5; p = 0.034). In patients with initially severe common cold (CC) episodes the symptoms improved in the AG to a statistically significant extent (ΔCCS: AG -93.8%, PG -91.2%, p = 0.043). In the age group below 45 years significantly fewer AG than PG patients were absent from their job during the second or third CC episode (AG: 14.3%, PG: 47.8%, p = 0.038). Patients with vitamin-D deficiency and/or insufficient vitamin-C supply reported significantly fewer CC episodes in AG than in PG. In the course of the trial, in AG vs. PG the serum vitamin C, folic acid and selenium levels increased (p ? 0.001). The concentration of 25(OH)D3 decreased in both groups, but less so in the AG (AG -8.8%; PG -14%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Study results show the efficacy of a nutritional medical treatment with a special micronutrient combination in patients susceptible to infections and suffering from recurrent respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Schmidt
- Karlheinz Schmidt, Gomaringen, Deutschland.,Karlheinz Schmidt, Äußere Weilerstr. 12, 72810, Gomaringen, Deutschland
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Junior JA, Dean S, Mayo-Wilson E, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality and morbidity, and promoting growth, in children aged 6 months to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For over a decade, the importance of zinc in the treatment of acute diarrhea has been recognized. More recently, the mechanisms of action of zinc are becoming clearer. This review is focused on the new evidence on the mechanisms of action of zinc in acute diarrhea. RECENT FINDINGS The vast majority of data derive from in-vitro studies using intestinal cell lines or from animal model. The positive action by zinc in acute diarrhea derives from a regulation of intestinal fluid transport, mucosal integrity, immunity, gene expression, and oxidative stress. A complex homeostatic network is also able to regulate zinc status at cellular and extracellular level. SUMMARY All these data support the use of zinc in the treatment of acute diarrhea, but further clinical studies are needed to explore the selective effects of zinc against specific pathogens responsible for diarrhea.
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