1
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Samus M, Rot A. Atypical chemokine receptors in cancer. Cytokine 2024; 176:156504. [PMID: 38266462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are a group of seven-transmembrane spanning serpentine receptors that are structurally homologous to classical G-protein-coupled receptors and bind cognate chemokines with high affinities but do not signal via G-proteins or mediate cell migration. However, ACKRs efficiently modify the availability and function of chemokines in defined microanatomical environments, can signal via intracellular effectors other than G-proteins, and play complex roles in physiology and disease, including in cancer. In this review, we summarize the findings on the diverse contributions of individual ACKRs to cancer development, progression, and tumor-host interactions. We discuss how changes in ACKR expression within tumor affect cancer growth, tumor vascularization, leukocyte infiltration, and metastasis formation, ultimately resulting in differential disease outcomes. Across many studies, ACKR3 expression was shown to support tumor growth and dissemination, whereas ACKR1, ACKR2, and ACKR4 in tumors were more likely to contribute to tumor suppression. With few notable exceptions, the insights on molecular and cellular mechanisms of ACKRs activities in cancer remain sparse, and the intricacies of their involvement are not fully appreciated. This is particularly true for ACKR1, ACKR2 and ACKR4. A better understanding of how ACKR expression and functions impact cancer should pave the way for their future targeting by new and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Samus
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
For our immune system to contain or eliminate malignant solid tumours, both myeloid and lymphoid haematopoietic cells must not only extravasate from the bloodstream into the tumour tissue but also further migrate to various specialized niches of the tumour microenvironment to functionally interact with each other, with non-haematopoietic stromal cells and, ultimately, with cancer cells. These interactions regulate local immune cell survival, proliferative expansion, differentiation and their execution of pro-tumour or antitumour effector functions, which collectively determine the outcome of spontaneous or therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. None of these interactions occur randomly but are orchestrated and critically depend on migratory guidance cues provided by chemokines, a large family of chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors. Understanding the functional organization of the tumour immune microenvironment inevitably requires knowledge of the multifaceted roles of chemokines in the recruitment and positioning of its cellular constituents. Gaining such knowledge will not only generate new insights into the mechanisms underlying antitumour immunity or immune tolerance but also inform the development of biomarkers (or 'biopatterns') based on spatial tumour tissue analyses, as well as novel strategies to therapeutically engineer immune responses in patients with cancer. Here we will discuss recent observations on the role of chemokines in the tumour microenvironment in the context of our knowledge of their physiological functions in development, homeostasis and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia K Lill
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Tittarelli A, Barría O, Sanders E, Bergqvist A, Brange DU, Vidal M, Gleisner MA, Vergara JR, Niechi I, Flores I, Pereda C, Carrasco C, Quezada-Monrás C, Salazar-Onfray F. Co-Expression of Immunohistochemical Markers MRP2, CXCR4, and PD-L1 in Gallbladder Tumors Is Associated with Prolonged Patient Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3440. [PMID: 37444550 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare pathology in Western countries. However, it constitutes a relevant health problem in Asia and Latin America, with a high mortality in middle-aged Chilean women. The limited therapeutic options for GBC require the identification of targetable proteins with prognostic value for improving clinical management support. We evaluated the expression of targetable proteins, including three epithelial tumor markers, four proteins associated with multidrug and apoptosis resistance, and eleven immunological markers in 241 primary gallbladder adenocarcinomas. We investigated correlations between tumor marker expression, the primary tumor staging, and GBC patients' survival using automated immunohistochemistry, a semi-automatic method for image analysis, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, and machine learning algorithms. Our data show a significant association between the expression of MRP2 (p = 0.0028), CXCR4 (p = 0.0423), and PD-L1 (p = 0.0264), and a better prognosis for patients with late-stage primary tumors. The expression of the MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 cluster of markers discriminates among short-, medium-, and long-term patient survival, with an ROC of significant prognostic value (AUC = 0.85, p = 0.0012). Moreover, a high MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 co-expression is associated with increased survival time (30 vs. 6 months, p = 0.0025) in GBC patients, regardless of tumor stage. Hence, our results suggest that the MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 cluster could potentially be a prognostic marker for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile
| | - Omar Barría
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Evy Sanders
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Anna Bergqvist
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe Brange
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Molecular and Traslational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Computer Science Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jorge Ramón Vergara
- Departamento de Informática y Computación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800002, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Iván Flores
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Cristian Carrasco
- Subdepartamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Base de Valdivia, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Yu X, Lu W, Ng CW, Xu S, Wu Y, Chen S, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Liu Y, Li S. Computer-aided assessment of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in gallbladder carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7670-7674. [PMID: 32512633 PMCID: PMC7339221 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a vicious and invasive disease. The major challenge in the clinical treatment of GBC is the lack of a suitable prognosis method. Chemokine receptors such as CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 play vital roles in the process of tumour progression and metastasis. Their expression levels and distribution are proven to be indicative of the progression of GBC, but are hard to be decoded by conventional pathological methods, and therefore, not commonly used in the prognosis of GBC. In this study, we developed a computer‐aided image analysis method, which we used to quantitatively measure the expression levels of CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the nuclei and cytoplasm of glandular and interstitial cells from a cohort of 55 GBC patients. We found that CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expressions are associated with the clinicopathological variables of GBC. Cytoplasmic CXCR3, nuclear CXCR7 and cytoplasmic CXCR7 were significant predictive factors of histology invasion, whereas cytoplasmic CXCR4 and nuclear CXCR4 were significantly correlated with T and N stage and were associated with the overall survival and disease‐free survival. These results suggest that the quantification and localisation of CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 expressions in different cell types should be considered using computer‐aided assessment to improve the accuracy of prognosis in GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Way Ng
- Invitrocue Pte Ltd., Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Invitrocue Pte Ltd., Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shili Chen
- Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuren Gao
- Department of Urology, the second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xu Zhou Center Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diesases, Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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5
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Fan H, Wang W, Yan J, Xiao L, Yang L. Prognostic significance of CXCR7 in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:212. [PMID: 30574021 PMCID: PMC6300004 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumors. Nevertheless, whether CXCR7 can be used as a tumor prognosis marker has not been systematically assessed. The current meta-analysis was performed to obtain an accurate evaluation of the relationship between CXCR7 level and the prognosis of cancer patients. Methods Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically searched according to a defined search strategy up to June 11, 2018. Then, the required data were extracted from all qualified studies which were screened out based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of CXCR7 in tumor patients. Results A total of 28 original research studies comprising 33 cohorts and 5685 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that CXCR7 overexpression was significantly related to worse overall survival (OS) (HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.49–1.99), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 5.58; 95% CI 3.16–9.85), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 2.83; 95% CI 1.66–4.85) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.34–1.88) in cancer patients. Furthermore, for certain types of cancer, significant associations between higher CXCR7 expression and worse OS of glioma (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.43–2.19), breast cancer (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.28–1.63), esophageal cancer (HR 2.72; 95% CI 1.11–6.66) and pancreatic cancer (HR 1.46; 95% CI 1.12–1.90) were found. However, for lung cancer and hepatocellular cancer, there was no significant relationship between CXCR7 expression level and OS, (HR 2.40; 95% CI 0.34–17.07) and (HR 1.37; 95% CI 0.84–2.24) respectively. Conclusions Increased CXCR7 level could predict poor prognosis of tumor patients and might be regarded as a novel prognostic biomarker for tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Fan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Liu Y, Ren CC, Yang L, Xu YM, Chen YN. Role of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer metastasis and CXCL12-CXCR4 blockade with AMD3100 suppresses tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3897-3909. [PMID: 30191987 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecologic tumor, which brings its mortality to the head. CXCL12 and its receptor chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR4) have been found to be highly expressed in OC and contribute to the disease progression by affecting tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Here, in this study, we aim to explore whether the blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis with AMD3100 (a selective CXCR4 antagonist) has effects on the progression of OC. On the basis of the gene expression omnibus database of OC gene expression chips, the OC differentially expressed genes were screened by microarray analysis. OC (nonmetastatic and metastatic) and normal ovarian tissues were collected to determine the expressions of CXCL12 and CXCR4. A series of AMD3100, shRNA against CXCR4, and pCNS-CXCR4 were introduced to treat CAOV3 cells with the highest CXCR4 was assessed. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were all evaluated. The microarray analysis screened out the differential expression of CXCL12-CXCR4 in OC. CXCL12 and CXCR4 expressions were increased in OC tissues, particularly in the metastatic OC tissues. Downregulation of CXCR4 by AMD3100 or shRNA was observed to have a critical role in inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of the CAOV3 OC cell line while promoting cell apoptosis. Overexpressed CXCR4 brought significantly promoting effects on the proliferation and invasiveness of OC cells. These results reinforce that the blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis with AMD3100 inhibits the growth of OC cells. The antitumor role of the inhibition of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis offers a preclinical validation of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis as a therapeutic target in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen-Chen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Nan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Zhao Q, Zhang P, Qin G, Ren F, Zheng Y, Qiao Y, Sun T, Zhang Y. Role of CXCR7 as a Common Predictor for Prognosis in Solid Tumors: a Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2018; 9:3138-3148. [PMID: 30210637 PMCID: PMC6134830 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence indicated that the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 7 (CXCR7) was overexpressed in a variety of tumors. However, the value of the CXCR7 expression in predicting prognosis in solid tumors remains controversial. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation between CXCR7 expression and lymph node metastasis (LNM), tumor pathological grade and survival, including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Methods: Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and PMC up to April 2018. A total of 27 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were used as effect measures. Results: The meta-analysis showed that high expression of CXCR7 predicted a high risk of LNM (pooled OR = 2.22, 95%CI: 1.41-3.50), high tumor grade (pooled OR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.20-3.13), poor OS (pooled HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.30-2.03), and poor DFS/RFS (pooled HR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.21-2.43). Subgroup analysis showed that CXCR7 expression had a positive correlation with LNM in pan-adenocarcinoma subgroup (pooled OR = 3.73, 95%CI: 2.21-6.30), while no correlation was found in pan-squamous cancer subgroup (pooled OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 0.56-2.96). Subgroup analysis of tumor grade revealed that high expression of CXCR7 predicted high tumor grade both in pan-squamous cancer and pan-adenocarcinoma (pooled OR = 3.58, 95%CI: 1.39-9.22, pooled OR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.20-4.20). As in OS group, we divided the data based on analysis method and it turned out that overexpressed CXCR7 predicted worse OS both in multivariate analysis (pooled HR =1.57, 95%CI: 1.12-2.01) and univariate analysis subgroup (pooled HR =1.86, 95%CI: 1.23-2.49). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis revealed that high expression of CXCR7 predicted unfavorable prognosis and may serve as potential targets of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Penghua Zhang
- Imaging Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guohui Qin
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feifei Ren
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yamin Qiao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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8
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Yang J, Tang H, Huang J, An H. Upregulation of CXCR7 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Prostate Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5185-5191. [PMID: 30047547 PMCID: PMC6074061 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent cancer in males. CXCR7 exhibits oncogenic actions in various cancers. The aim of our study was to explore the clinical significance of CXCR7 in patients with PCa. Material/Methods QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of CXCR7 in PCa tissues. The relationship between CXCR7 expression and clinicopathologic parameters was evaluated by chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used for the survival analysis of patients. Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the potential of CXCR7 as a prognosis biomarker for PCa patients. We performed MTT and Transwell assays to determine the effect of CXCR7 on proliferative and migratory abilities of PCa cells, respectively. Results CXCR7 was upregulated in PCa tissues (P<0.05) and was correlated with PSA (P=0.023), differentiation (P=0.022), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.018). The results of MTT and Transwell assays demonstrated that inhibition of CXCR7 suppressed PCa cells growth and migration. Additionally, high CXCR7 level predicted poor overall survival (log rank test, P=0.019). CXCR7 was a valuable prognostic biomarker for PCa patients (HR=2.271, 95%CI=1.093–4.719, P=0.028). Conclusions CXCR7 is an oncogene in PCa that can promote aggressive progression of PCa through enhancing proliferation and migration of the tumor cells. CXCR7 is an independent biomarker for the prognosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Yang
- Department of Oncology, Naval General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Huaijie An
- Central Laboratory, Naval General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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9
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Nemunaitis JM, Brown-Glabeman U, Soares H, Belmonte J, Liem B, Nir I, Phuoc V, Gullapalli RR. Gallbladder cancer: review of a rare orphan gastrointestinal cancer with a focus on populations of New Mexico. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:665. [PMID: 29914418 PMCID: PMC6006713 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy of the biliary tract with a poor prognosis, frequently presenting at an advanced stage. While rare in the United States overall, gallbladder cancer has an elevated incidence in geographically distinct locations of the globe including Chile, North India, Korea, Japan and the state of New Mexico in the United States. People with Native American ancestry have a much elevated incidence of gallbladder cancer compared to Hispanic and non-Hispanic white populations of New Mexico. Gallbladder cancer is also one of the few bi-gendered cancers with an elevated female incidence compared to men. Similar to other gastrointestinal cancers, gallbladder cancer etiology is likely multi-factorial involving a combination of genomic, immunological, and environmental factors. Understanding the interplay of these unique epidemiological factors is crucial in improving the prevention, early detection, and treatment of this lethal disease. Previous studies have failed to identify a distinct genomic mutational profile in gallbladder cancers, however, work to identify promising clinically actionable targets is this form of cancer is ongoing. Examples include, interest in the HER2/Neu signaling pathway and the recognition that chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of gallbladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment with a specific focus on the rural and Native American populations of New Mexico. We conclude this review by discussing future research directions with the goal of improving clinical outcomes for patients of this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn M Nemunaitis
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ursa Brown-Glabeman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heloisa Soares
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica Belmonte
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ben Liem
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Itzhak Nir
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Victor Phuoc
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rama R Gullapalli
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Room 333A, MSC08-4640, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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10
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Mishan MA, Ahmadiankia N, Bahrami AR. CXCR4 and CCR7: Two eligible targets in targeted cancer therapy. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:955-67. [PMID: 27248053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common cause of death in the world with high negative emotional, economic, and social impacts. Conventional therapeutic methods, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have not proven satisfactory and relapse is common in most cases. Recent studies have focused on targeted therapy with more precise identification and targeted attacks to the cancer cells. For this purpose, chemokine receptors are proper targets and among them, CXCR4 and CCR7, with a crucial role in cancer metastasis, are being considered as desired candidates for investigation. In this review paper, the most important experimental results are highlighted on the potential targeted therapies based on CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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11
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Hong H, Jiang L, Lin Y, He C, Zhu G, Du Q, Wang X, She F, Chen Y. TNF-alpha promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of gallbladder cancer through the ERK1/2/AP-1/VEGF-D pathway. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:240. [PMID: 26992854 PMCID: PMC4799527 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a key player in cancer-related inflammation, was recently demonstrated to be involved in the lymphatic metastasis of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a key lymphangiogenic factor that is associated with lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in GBC. However, whether VEGF-D is involved in TNF-α-induced lymphatic metastasis of GBC remains undetermined. Methods The expression of VEGF-D in patient specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry and the relationship between VEGF-D in the tissue and TNF-α in the bile of the matching patients was analyzed. The VEGF-D mRNA and protein levels after treatment with exogenous TNF-α in NOZ, GBC-SD and SGC-996 cell lines were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA. The promoter activity and transcriptional regulation of VEGF-D were analyzed with the relative luciferase reporter assay, mutant constructs, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, RNA interference and Western blotting. Inhibitors of JNK, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 were used to explore the upstream signaling effector of AP-1. We used lentiviral vector expressing a VEGF-D shRNA construct to knockdown VEGF-D gene in NOZ and GBC-SD cells. The role of the TNF-α-VEGF-D axis in the tube formation of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) was determined using a three-dimensional coculture system. The role of the TNF-α - VEGF-D axis in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis was studied via animal experiment. Results TNF-α levels in the bile of GBC patients were positively correlated with VEGF-D expression in the clinical specimens. TNF-α can upregulate the protein expression and promoter activity of VEGF-D through the ERK1/2 - AP-1 pathway. Moreover, TNF-α can promote tube formation of HDLECs, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of GBC by upregulation of VEGF-D in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Taken together, our data suggest that TNF-α can promote lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of GBC through the ERK1/2/AP-1/VEGF-D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiJie Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - YanFei Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - CaiLong He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - GuangWei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - XiaoQian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - FeiFei She
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - YanLing Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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12
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CXCR4 over-expression and survival in cancer: a system review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5022-40. [PMID: 25669980 PMCID: PMC4467131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is frequently over-expressed in various types of cancer; many agents against CXCR4 are in clinical development currently despite variable data for the prognostic impact of CXCR4 expression. Here eighty-five studies with a total of 11,032 subjects were included to explore the association between CXCR4 and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in subjects with cancer. Pooled analysis shows that CXCR4 over-expression is significantly associated with poorer PFS (HR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.72-2.42) and OS (HR=1.94; 95% CI, 1.71-2.20) irrespective of cancer types. Subgroup analysis indicates significant association between CXCR4 and shorter PFS in hematological malignancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, gynecologic cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer; the prognostic effects remained consistent across age, risk of bias, levels of adjustment, median follow-up period, geographical area, detection methods, publication year and size of studies. CXCR4 over-expression predicts unfavorable OS in hematological malignancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cancer, lung cancer, gynecologic cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer and gallbladder cancer; these effects were independence of age, levels of adjustment, publication year, detection methods and follow-up period. In conclusion, CXCR4 over-expression is associated with poor prognosis in cancer.
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13
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CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis contributes to cell motilities of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:567-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Stacer AC, Fenner J, Cavnar SP, Xiao A, Zhao S, Chang SL, Salomonnson A, Luker KE, Luker GD. Endothelial CXCR7 regulates breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2015; 35:1716-24. [PMID: 26119946 PMCID: PMC4486335 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 (ACKR3) functions as a scavenger receptor for chemokine CXCL12, a molecule that promotes multiple steps in tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer and multiple other malignancies. While normal vascular endothelium expresses low levels of CXCR7, marked upregulation of CXCR7 occurs in tumor vasculature in breast cancer and other tumors. To investigate effects of endothelial CXCR7 in breast cancer, we conditionally deleted this receptor from vascular endothelium of adult mice, generating CXCR7ΔEND/ΔEND animals. CXCR7ΔEND/ΔEND mice appeared phenotypically normal, although these animals exhibited a modest 35 ± 3% increase in plasma CXCL12 as compared with control. Using two different syngeneic, orthotopic tumor implant models of breast cancer, we discovered that CXCR7ΔEND/ΔEND mice had significantly greater local recurrence of cancer following resection, elevated numbers of circulating tumor cells, and more spontaneous metastases. CXCR7ΔEND/ΔEND mice also showed greater experimental metastases following intracardiac injection of cancer cells. These results establish that endothelial CXCR7 limits breast cancer metastasis at multiple steps in the metastatic cascade, advancing understanding of CXCL12 pathways in tumor environments and informing ongoing drug development targeting CXCR7 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Stacer
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Fenner
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S P Cavnar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Xiao
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S L Chang
- Depatment of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Salomonnson
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K E Luker
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G D Luker
- University of Michigan Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School and College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Zhang C, Li J, Han Y, Jiang J. A meta-analysis for CXCR4 as a prognostic marker and potential drug target in non-small cell lung cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3267-78. [PMID: 26150700 PMCID: PMC4484670 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s81564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent reports have shown that C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a candidate oncogene in several types of human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the correlation between CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC remains controversial and has not been emphasized. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the association of CXCR4 expression with the incidence of NSCLC and clinicopathological characteristics by performing a meta-analysis. Methods A detailed literature search was carried out for related research publications. Only articles in which CXCR4 expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining were included. Odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and summarized. Results Final analysis of 1,872 NSCLC patients from 19 eligible studies was performed. We observed that CXCR4 expression was significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissue, based on the pooled OR from ten studies, including 678 NSCLCs and 189 normal lung tissues (OR =16.66, 95% CI =6.94–40.02, P<0.00001). CXCR4 expression was also significantly associated with clinical stages, metastatic status, and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients. In addition, CXCR4 mRNA high expression was found to correlate with worse OS of all NSCLC patients followed for 20 years, HR =1.24, P=0.0047. Conclusion The present meta-analysis indicated that CXCR4 protein expression is associated with an increased risk and worse survival in NSCLC patients. The aberrant CXCR4 protein and mRNA expression play an important role in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yun HJ, Ryu H, Choi YS, Song IC, Jo DY, Kim S, Lee HJ. C-X-C motif receptor 7 in gastrointestinal cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1227-1232. [PMID: 26622655 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are key mediators of normal physiology and numerous pathological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. This receptor family is an emerging target for anticancer drug development. C-X-C motif receptor 7 (CXCR7) is an atypical chemokine receptor that was first cloned from a canine cDNA library as an orphan receptor and was initially named receptor dog cDNA 1 (RDC1). Shortly after demonstrating that RDC1 binds with its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1α and interferon-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant, RDC1 was officially deorphanized and renamed CXCR7, as the seventh receptor in the CXC class of the chemokine receptor family. Recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated that CXCR7 expression is augmented in the majority of tumor cells compared with their normal counterparts and is involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis during the initiation and progression of breast, lung and prostate cancer. In the present review, the expression and role of CXCR7, as well as its clinical relevance in cancer of the gastrointestinal system, were investigated. In addition, the potential of this chemokine receptor as a therapeutic target in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Jung Yun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Ryu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Yeon Jo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Samyong Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
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17
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Expression of the Chemokine Receptors CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR7 and Their Ligands in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Zhou XM, He L, Hou G, Jiang B, Wang YH, Zhao L. Clinicopathological significance of CXCR4 in non-small cell lung cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1349-58. [PMID: 25834393 PMCID: PMC4357617 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s71060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence indicates that C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a candidate oncogene in several types of human tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the correlation between CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC remains unclear. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association of CXCR4 expression with the incidence of NSCLC and clinicopatho-logical characteristics. Methods A detailed literature search was made from Medline and Web of Science for related research publications written in English and Chinese. The methodological quality of the studies was also evaluated. Analyses of pooled data were performed. Odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated and summarized. Results The final analysis of 1,446 NSCLC patients from 13 eligible studies was performed. We observed that CXCR4 expression was significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissue from the pooled OR from five studies including 380 NSCLC and 118 normal lung tissue (OR=12.86, 95% confidence interval =3.63–45.59, P<0.0001). CXCR4 expression was not associated with smoking status and type of pathology. However, CXCR4 expression was significantly associated with clinical stages, metastatic status, and overall survival in NSCLC patients. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis suggest that CXCR4 expression is associated with an increased risk and worse survival in NSCLC patients. The aberrant CXCR4 expression plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan He
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-He Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Shin HC, Seo J, Kang BW, Moon JH, Chae YS, Lee SJ, Lee YJ, Han S, Seo SK, Kim JG, Sohn SK, Park TI. Clinical significance of nuclear factor κB and chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received rituximab-based therapy. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:785-92. [PMID: 25378977 PMCID: PMC4219968 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.6.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study investigated the expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the chemokine receptor (CXCR4) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who received rituximab-based therapy. METHODS Seventy patients with DLBCL and treated with rituximab-CHOP (R-CHOP) were included, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of NF-κB (IκB kinase α, p50, and p100/p52) and CXCR4. To classify DLBCL cases as germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and non-GCB, additional immunohistochemical expression of CD10, bcl-6, or MUM1 was used in this study. The expression was divided into two groups according to the intensity score (negative, 0 or 1+; positive, 2+ or 3+). RESULTS The median age of the patients was 66 years (range, 17 to 87), and 58.6% were male. Twenty-seven patients (38.6%) had stage III or IV disease at diagnosis. Twenty-three patients (32.9%) were categorized as high or high-intermediate risk according to their International Prognostic Indexs (IPIs). The overall incidence of bone marrow involvement was 5.7%. Rates of positive NF-κB and CXCR4 expression were 84.2% and 88.6%, respectively. High NF-κB expression was associated with CXCR4 expression (p = 0.002), and 56 patients (80.0%) showed coexpression. However, the expression of NF-κB or CXCR4 was not associated with overall survival and EFS. On multivariate analysis that included age, gender, performance status, stage, and the IPI, no significant association between the grade of NF-κB or CXCR4 expression and survival was observed. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that the tissue expression of NF-κB and CXCR4 may not be an independent prognostic marker in DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/chemistry
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- NF-kappa B/analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prednisone/administration & dosage
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Receptors, CXCR4/analysis
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Rituximab
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Cheol Shin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jongwon Seo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Woog Kang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yee Soo Chae
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seoae Han
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Seo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Gwang Kim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Sohn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-In Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Zhang Y, Yang CQ, Gao Y, Wang C, Zhang CL, Zhou XH. Knockdown of CXCR7 inhibits proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and β-arrestin pathways. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:965-72. [PMID: 24969680 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) has been implicated in tumor development and metastasis in multiple malignancies. Yet, the function and molecular mechanisms of CXCR7 in human osteosarcoma (OS) are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CXCR7 in human OS. The expression of CXCR7 was assessed by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure in 45 cases of OS tissues. A loss‑of-function approach was used to observe the effects of lentiviral vector-mediated CXCR7 siRNA (Lv-siCXCR7) on biological behaviors including proliferative activities and invasive potential, as indicated by MTT and Transwell assays in OS (MG-63 and U-2 OS) cells. The results showed that the expression of CXCR7 protein in OS tissues was significantly increased compared to that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (68.9 vs. 53.3%, P=0.033), and was correlated with the distant metastasis of the tumors (P=0.004). Knockdown of CXCR7 suppressed proliferation and invasion of OS cells through decreased expression of PI3K, AKT, β-arrestin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In addition, the tumor volume in U-2 OS subcutaneous tumor models treated with Lv-siCXCR7 was significantly smaller than the tumor volume in the negative control group (P<0.01). Collectively, our findings indicate that upregulation of CXCR7 expression is correlated with distant metastasis of OS, while knockdown of CXCR7 blocks the development of OS cells through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and β-arrestin pathways, suggesting that CXCR7 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Qun Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Hui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Zhu G, Du Q, Wang X, Tang N, She F, Chen Y. TNF-α promotes gallbladder cancer cell growth and invasion through autocrine mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1431-40. [PMID: 24676340 PMCID: PMC4055436 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been suggested to be a putative tumor promoter gene, and autocrine of TNF-α expression has been found in colon cancer and ovarian cancer. As the role of autocrine TNF-α in human gallbladder cancer has not yet been elucidated, the present study examined the expression of TNF-α in gallbladder cancer-derived cell lines. Based on the data, TNF-α mRNA and TNF-α protein expression differed significantly different between the cell lines. In addition, using siRNA targeting TNF-α, the vector, pGPU-GFP-siTNF-α, was constructed and then transfected into the SGC-996 cells (gallbladder cancer cell line) which express high levels of endogenous TNF-α. In vitro experiments indicated that the silencing of TNF-α in the SGC-996 cells significantly suppressed proliferation and invasion. However, apoptosis was not induced by the silencing of TNF-α. Furthermore, we traced the mechanisms underlying these effects and found that the silencing of TNF-α affected the TNF-α-AKT-NF-κB-Bcl-2 pathway in the SGC-996 cells. Our data provide evidence that autocrine TNF-α plays a role as a tumor promoter gene in gallbladder cancer cells, possibly by promoting proliferation and invasion through autocrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Feifei She
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
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22
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Melo RDCC, Longhini AL, Bigarella CL, Baratti MO, Traina F, Favaro P, de Melo Campos P, Saad STO. CXCR7 is highly expressed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and potentiates CXCR4 response to CXCL12. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85926. [PMID: 24497931 PMCID: PMC3908922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel CXCL12-binding receptor, has been identified. This CXCL12-binding receptor commonly known as CXCR7 (CXC chemokine receptor 7), has lately, based on a novel nomenclature, has received the name ACKR3 (atypical chemokine receptor 3). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of CXCR7 in leukemic cells, as well as its participation in CXCL12 response. Interesting, we clearly demonstrated that CXCR7 is highly expressed in acute lymphoid leukemic cells compared with myeloid or normal hematopoietic cells and that CXCR7 contributed to T-acute lymphoid leukemic cell migration induced by CXCL12. Moreover, we showed that the cellular location of CXCR7 varied among T-lymphoid cells and this finding may be related to their migration capacity. Finally, we hypothesized that CXCR7 potentiates CXCR4 response and may contribute to the maintenance of leukemia by initiating cell recruitment to bone marrow niches that were once occupied by normal hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Leda Longhini
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana Ozello Baratti
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Favaro
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paula de Melo Campos
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
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Abstract
Chemokines have fundamental roles in regulating immune and inflammatory responses, primarily through their control of leukocyte migration and localization. The biological functions of chemokines are typically mediated by signalling through G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, but chemokines are also bound by a small family of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), the members of which are unified by their inability to initiate classical signalling pathways after ligand binding. These ACKRs are emerging as crucial regulatory components of chemokine networks in a wide range of developmental, physiological and pathological contexts. In this Review, we discuss the biochemical and immunological properties of ACKRs and the potential unifying themes in this family, and we highlight recent studies that identify novel roles for these molecules in development , homeostasis, inflammatory disease, infection and cancer.
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24
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Hung CS, Su HY, Liang HH, Lai CW, Chang YC, Ho YS, Wu CH, Ho JD, Wei PL, Chang YJ. High-level expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1581-8. [PMID: 24101191 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most life-threatening complication in all cancers. The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is expressed at high levels in many breast-cancer tumors and may modulate metastasis. We compared the time-to-metastasis and the sites of metastasis between breast-cancer tumors expressing CXCR4 at high or low levels. We enrolled 191 early breast cancer patients in our study. The expression of CXCR4 was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, and the patients were divided into low-level (CXCR4-) and high-level (CXCR4+) CXCR4 expression groups. Associations between the patients' level of CXCR4 expression and their basic clinical characteristics, time-to-metastasis, and metastatic sites were examined using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. A total of 107 CXCR4+ patients (56 %) were identified. No statistical differences were evident in basic characteristics between the CXCR4+ and CXCR4- groups. The CXCR4+ group had a higher incidence of distant metastasis during the first year (10.3 % versus 1.1 %, P = 0.009) and shorter event-free survival (17.43 months versus 27.5 months, P = 0.026) than those of the CXCR4- group. The CXCR4+ group also had a higher incidence of bone metastasis (P = 0.008) than the CXCR4- group. No significant difference in metastasis sites in other organs was observed between the two groups. A high level of CXCR4 expression in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. The CXCR4+ phenotype may be a useful predictor for the prevention of early treatment failure and bone metastasis in breast cancer patients. This retrospective study shows that a high expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with earlier distant metastasis and bone metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Chronic inflammation and gallbladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:242-8. [PMID: 23981574 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary tract malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis. Epidemiological data have demonstrated that chronic inflammation resulting from infection of gallbladder or gallstones predispose individuals to GBC. Recent studies have begun to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the development of GBC in the setting of chronic inflammation. It is possible that persistently local inflammatory reactions may contribute to the development and progression of GBC through inducing genetic alterations, and subsequent promoting survival and proliferation of mutated sells, inhibiting apoptosis, stimulating angiogenesis and metastasis. This article reviews the current understanding of the involvement of chronic inflammation in gallbladder tumorigenesis.
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26
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Kremer KN, Peterson KL, Schneider PA, Meng XW, Dai H, Hess AD, Smith BD, Rodriguez-Ramirez C, Karp JE, Kaufmann SH, Hedin KE. CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells via regulation of the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-XL, Noxa, and Bak. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22899-914. [PMID: 23798675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.449926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 chemokine receptor promotes survival of many different cell types. Here, we describe a previously unsuspected role for CXCR4 as a potent inducer of apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and a subset of clinical AML samples. We show that SDF-1, the sole ligand for CXCR4, induces the expected migration and ERK activation in the KG1a AML cell line transiently overexpressing CXCR4, but ERK activation did not lead to survival. Instead, SDF-1 treatment led via a CXCR4-dependent mechanism to apoptosis, as evidenced by increased annexin V staining, condensation of chromatin, and cleavage of both procaspase-3 and PARP. This SDF-1-induced death pathway was partially inhibited by hypoxia, which is often found in the bone marrow of AML patients. SDF-1-induced apoptosis was inhibited by dominant negative procaspase-9 but not by inhibition of caspase-8 activation, implicating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Further analysis showed that this pathway was activated by multiple mechanisms, including up-regulation of Bak at the level of mRNA and protein, stabilization of the Bak activator Noxa, and down-regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-XL. Furthermore, adjusting expression levels of Bak, Bcl-XL, or Noxa individually altered the level of apoptosis in AML cells, suggesting that the combined modulation of these family members by SDF-1 coordinates their interplay to produce apoptosis. Thus, rather than mediating survival, SDF-1 may be a means to induce apoptosis of CXCR4-expressing AML cells directly in the SDF-1-rich bone marrow microenvironment if the survival cues of the bone marrow are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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27
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Ramsey DM, McAlpine SR. Halting metastasis through CXCR4 inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:20-5. [PMID: 23211868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis occurs when cancer cells leave the primary tumor site and migrate to distant parts of the body. The CXCR4-SDF-1 pathway facilitates this migration, and its expression has become the hallmark of several metastatic cancers. Targeted approaches are currently being developed to inhibit this pathway, and several candidates are now in clinical trials. Continued exploration of CXCR4 inhibitors will generate compounds that have improved activity over current candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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28
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Zhu B, Xu D, Deng X, Chen Q, Huang Y, Peng H, Li Y, Jia B, Thoreson WB, Ding W, Ding J, Zhao L, Wang Y, Wavrin KL, Duan S, Zheng J. CXCL12 enhances human neural progenitor cell survival through a CXCR7- and CXCR4-mediated endocytotic signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2012; 30:2571-83. [PMID: 22987307 PMCID: PMC3969741 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 is widely expressed in the central nervous system and essential for the proper functioning of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). Although CXCL12 is known to function through its receptor CXCR4, recent data have suggested that CXCL12 binds to chemokine receptor CXCR7 with higher affinity than to CXCR4. However, little is known about the function of CXCR7 in hNPCs. Using a primary hNPC culture system, we demonstrated that CXCL12 promotes hNPC survival in the events of camptothecin-induced apoptosis or growth factor deprivation, and that this effect requires both CXCR7 and CXCR4. Through fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immunocytochemistry, we determined that CXCR7 is mainly localized in the early endosome, while CXCR4 is more broadly expressed at the cell surface and on both early and recycling endosomes. Furthermore, we found that endocytosis is required for the prosurvival function of CXCL12. Using dual-color total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that CXCR7 quickly trafficks to plasma membrane in mediating CXCL12 endocytosis and colocalizes with CXCR4 after CXCL12 treatment. Investigating the molecular mechanisms, we found that ERK1/2 endocytotic signaling pathway is essential for hNPC survival upon apoptotic challenges. Consistent with these findings, a significantly higher number of apoptotic NPCs were found in the developing brain of CXCR7 knockout mice. In conclusion, CXCL12 protects hNPCs from apoptotic challenges through CXCR7- and CXCR4-mediated endocytotic signaling. Since survival of hNPCs is important for neurogenesis, CXCR7 may become a new therapeutic target to properly regulate critical processes of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yu Hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobei Deng
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yu Hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Hui Peng
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Yuju Li
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Beibei Jia
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Wallace B. Thoreson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5840
| | - Wenjun Ding
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Kristin Leland Wavrin
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yu Hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Regenerative Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930
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29
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Cereda S, Belli C, Reni M. Adjuvant treatment in biliary tract cancer: To treat or not to treat? World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2591-6. [PMID: 22690066 PMCID: PMC3369994 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i21.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer is a rare malignant tumor. There is limited knowledge about biology and natural history of this disease and considerable uncertainty remains regarding its optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management. The role of adjuvant therapy is object of debate and controversy. Although resection is identified as the most effective and the only potentially curative treatment, there is no consensus on the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy on the high incidence of disease recurrence and on survival. This is mainly due to the rarity of this disease and the consequent difficulty in performing randomized trials. The only two prospectively controlled trials concluded that adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival. Most of the retrospective trials, which had limited sample size and included heterogeneous patients population and non-standardized therapies, suggested a marginal benefit of chemoradiotherapy in reducing locoregional recurrence and an uncertain impact on survival. Well-designed multi-institutional randomized trials are necessary to clarify the role of adjuvant therapy. Two ongoing phase III trials may provide relevant information.
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