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Shawky S, Kubacki K, Dietrich T, Weaven S. Is social media a panacea for social marketing communication? A scoping review. Health Mark Q 2022; 39:297-313. [PMID: 35670205 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2022.2082136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the potential of social media as an integral driver of communication that facilitates two-way conversations, this scoping review seeks to identify and synthesize salient benefits and challenges of social media usage reported in social marketing communication. Following a systematic literature review procedure, 31 social marketing studies utilizing social media communications channels were identified. The findings were thematically grouped under eight main topics: targeted reach and raising awareness, continuous consumer insight, ongoing interaction and dialogue, promoting behavior change, cost and time efficiency, discussing sensitive issues, building relationships and social media challenges. Identified taxonomies inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shawky
- Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Krzysztof Kubacki
- Marketing Department, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Timo Dietrich
- Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott Weaven
- Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Pearce E, Jolly K, Harris IM, Adriano A, Moore D, Price M, Ross J. What is the effectiveness of community-based health promotion campaigns on chlamydia screening uptake in young people and what barriers and facilitators have been identified? A mixed-methods systematic review. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 98:62-69. [PMID: 34446545 PMCID: PMC8785066 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2021-055142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK National Chlamydia Screening Programme uses an opportunistic approach. Many programmes use campaigns to raise awareness of chlamydia screening in young people. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of campaigns on uptake of chlamydia screening in young people. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of articles assessing the outcomes of community-based health-promotion campaigns to increase chlamydia screening in young people, their experiences of the campaigns and other facilitators and barriers to the conduct of the campaigns. We searched four databases for quantitative and qualitative studies with no language restrictions. MAIN RESULTS From 10 329 records identified, 19 studies (20 articles) were included in the review: 14 quantitative, 2 qualitative and 3 mixed methods. All studies with quantitative outcomes were before-after study designs or interrupted time series. The prediction interval for relative change (RC) in test counts ranged from 0.95 to 1.56, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 1.22 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.30, 13 studies, I2=97%). For test positivity rate, 95% prediction interval was 0.59 to 1.48, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 0.93 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.07, 8 studies, I2=91.8%). Large variation in characteristics between studies precluded exploring outcomes by type of campaign components. Seven major qualitative themes to improve screening were identified: targeting of campaigns; quality of materials and message; language; anonymity; use of technology; relevance; and variety of testing options. CONCLUSIONS Health promotion campaigns aiming to increase chlamydia testing in those aged 15-24 years may show some effectiveness in increasing overall numbers of tests, however numbers of positive tests do not follow the same trend. Qualitative findings indicate that campaigns require clear, relevant messaging that displays the full range of testing options and assures anonymity in order to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pearce
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kate Jolly
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Ada Adriano
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Moore
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcolm Price
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Ross
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Eastman-Mueller HP, Habel MA, Oswalt SB, Liddon N. Get Yourself Tested (GYT) Campaign: Investigating Campaign Awareness and Behaviors Among High School and College Students. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:63-71. [PMID: 30064270 PMCID: PMC6736513 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118788617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This study examined the association of GYT: Get Yourself Tested (GYT), a sexual health social marketing campaign, with several sexual health behaviors on a nationally representative sample of high school (HS) and college students ( n = 2,329) recruited through an online panel survey. Behaviors examined were STD testing, HIV testing, and whether students had communication with health care providers and their romantic partners about STDs and STD testing. Rao-Scott chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted. The results indicated college students were more aware of GYT than HS students. Awareness of GYT was significantly associated with STD testing ( p < .05), HIV testing ( p < .01), and talking with romantic partners ( p < .01) for college students but only with STD testing ( p < .05) and talking to a provider ( p < .05) for HS students. The differences between HS and college students provide insight for those developing and implementing interventions across such a broad age range of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. Habel
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nicole Liddon
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Research Application and Evaluation Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Nadarzynski T, Burton J, Henderson K, Zimmerman D, Hill O, Graham C. Targeted advertisement of chlamydia screening on social media: A mixed-methods analysis. Digit Health 2019; 5:2055207619827193. [PMID: 30746155 PMCID: PMC6360644 DOI: 10.1177/2055207619827193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in teenagers and young adults. This study used a mixed-methods analysis to investigate targeted promotion of chlamydia home-testing on social media. METHODS Our first study, in which face-to-face interviews with young women were conducted, sought to explore their attitudes and preferences towards social media-based health promotion. Our second study used Facebook and Google analytics to examine visits to a chlamydia testing page (where chlamydia testing kits could be ordered online), both before and after a targeted Facebook-based health promotion campaign was conducted. RESULTS The interviews revealed Facebook to be the preferred choice of social media, with participants perceiving it to be a powerful and far-reaching platform for social interaction. Participants also highlighted several aspects of promotional content to be important at increasing engagement with the target population, including appropriate use of colour, level of interactivity, use of humour and anonymity. The website analysis showed a 277% increase in the direct entrance on the chlamydia testing kit page and a 41% increase in chlamydia test kit orders, in comparison with the baseline period prior to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS The findings support social media as an engaging medium for the online promotion of chlamydia self-testing and implicate Facebook advertising as a useful tool in addition to community-based chlamydia screening services. Future research needs to identify whether targeted social media-based health promotion could lead to higher chlamydia diagnosis rate in comparison to traditional communication channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Nadarzynski
- School of Social Sciences, The University of Westminster, Westminster, UK
- Sexual Health Services, Solent NHS Trust, Solent, UK
| | - Jack Burton
- School of Psychology, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Orla Hill
- School of Psychology, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cynthia Graham
- School of Psychology, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Andrade EL, Evans WD, Barrett ND, Cleary SD, Edberg MC, Alvayero RD, Kierstead EC, Beltran A. Development of the place-based Adelante social marketing campaign for prevention of substance use, sexual risk and violence among Latino immigrant youth. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2018; 33:125-144. [PMID: 29329436 PMCID: PMC6658711 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Immigrant Latino youth represent a high-risk subgroup that should be targeted with health promotion efforts. However, there are considerable barriers to engagement in health-related programming. Little is known about the engagement possibilities of social marketing campaigns and digital strategies for traditionally 'hard-to-reach' immigrants, underscoring the importance of testing these techniques with immigrant Latino adolescents. We developed and piloted a place-based social marketing campaign in coordination with the branded, Positive Youth Development-based (PYD) Adelante intervention targeting risk factors for co-occurring youth substance abuse, sexual risk and violence. Building on prior research, we conducted a four-phase formative research process, and planned the Adelante social marketing campaign based on findings from one group interview and ongoing consultation with Adelante staff (n=8) and four focus groups with youth (n=35). Participants identified four overarching campaign themes, and suggested portrayal of resilient, proud youth who achieved goals despite adversity. Youth guided selection of campaign features and engagement strategies, including message/visual content, stylistic elements, and a mixed language approach. We developed a 12-month campaign to be delivered via print ads, multi-platform social media promotion, contests, youth-generated videos, blog posts, and text messaging. We describe the process and outcome of campaign development and make recommendations for future campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Andrade
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - W D Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - N D Barrett
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - S D Cleary
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - M C Edberg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - R D Alvayero
- Maryland Multicultural Youth Centers, 8700 Georgia Ave, Suite 500 Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - E C Kierstead
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - A Beltran
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Gabarron E, Luque LF, Schopf TR, Lau AY, Armayones M, Wynn R, Serrano JA. Impact of Facebook Ads for Sexual Health Promotion Via an Educational Web App. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF E-HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/ijehmc.2017040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background: The authors present a case study of a public health campaign, including social media, and aiming at maximizing the use of web app on sexual health. Objective: To analyze the impact of a Facebook fan page, Facebook advertisements, and posters to maximize the number of visits to the educational web app. Methods: The campaign is assessed for 1 year, using data tracked through Facebook statistics and Google Analytics. Results: The site had 3670 visits (10.1 visitors/day, 95%CI 8.7-11.4). During the one-month Facebook Ads campaign, the site received 1263 visits (42.1 visitors/day, 95%CI 37.3-46.9), multiplying by over four the average number of visitors/day. 34.4% of all the participants were recruited during the one-month Facebook ads campaign. Conclusions: Facebook advertisements seem to be a good tool to promote an educational web app on sexual health targeting youth, and to reach a huge number of users rapidly and at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gabarron
- Norwegian Centre for E-health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway & Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Luis Fernandez Luque
- Salumedia Tecnologias, Dos Hermanas, Spain & NORUT, Northern Research Institute, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Roger Schopf
- Norwegian Centre for E-health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annie Y.S. Lau
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuel Armayones
- Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain & PSINET, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway & Division of Mental Health and Addictions, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J. Artur Serrano
- Norwegian Centre for E-health Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway & Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Condran B, Gahagan J, Isfeld-Kiely H. A scoping review of social media as a platform for multi-level sexual health promotion interventions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.261-a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
While social media can present unique opportunities for sexual health promotion interventions that target social ecological levels beyond the intrapersonal, health promotion as a discipline has not yet fully realized the potential of these platforms. The following scoping review focuses on the use of social media in the delivery of sexual health interventions targeting the interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy levels of the social ecological model for change. A total of 398 articles on social media-based sexual health promotion interventions were identified. From this, 67 articles were reviewed in-depth, and 24 met the criteria for inclusion. Of these, four articles described interventions that focused on changing the knowledge, attitudes or behaviour of participants at the intrapersonal level. The remaining 20 articles targeted levels beyond the intrapersonal, with an emphasis on promoting change at broader levels to create environments that support sustained behavioural change. The examples provided by the 24 studies reviewed in this scoping review demonstrate how social media can offer unique health promotion tools for creating social networks and communities to support or deliver intervention activities, as well as for connecting individuals with appropriate and contextually responsive sexual health services. This scoping review provides valuable insights into potential strategies for developing and conducting multi-level social media-based sexual health promotion interventions and identifies areas where outcome and evaluative data are needed to demonstrate impact and potential for scale-up of intervention strategies.
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Health Communication and Social Marketing Campaigns for Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention and Control: What Is the Evidence of their Effectiveness? Sex Transm Dis 2016; 43:S83-101. [PMID: 26779691 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the ubiquity of sex in the media, a culture of silence surrounds sexual health in the United States, serving as a barrier to sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, testing, and treatment. Campaigns can increase STD-related knowledge, communication, and protective behaviors. This review assesses the effectiveness of STD prevention and testing campaigns in the United States to inform the field on their use as a strategy for affecting behavior change. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify original research articles, published between 2000 and 2014, which report on US media campaigns promoting community- or population-level STD testing or prevention behaviors and are evaluated for impact on one or more behavioral outcomes. Titles and abstracts were independently reviewed by 2 researchers. RESULTS The review yielded 26 articles representing 16 unique STD testing and/or prevention campaigns. Most campaigns were developed using formative research and social marketing or behavioral theory. Most campaigns (68.75%) used posttest-only or pretest-posttest designs without comparison groups for evaluation; only 5 campaigns used control groups, and these proved challenging (i.e., achieving necessary exposure and avoiding contamination). Nearly all campaigns found differences between exposed and unexposed individuals on one or more key behavioral outcomes. Several campaigns found dose-response relationships. Among evaluations with uncontaminated control groups whose campaigns achieved sufficient exposure, sustained campaign effects were observed among targeted populations. CONCLUSIONS Current findings suggest that campaigns can impact targeted STD-related behaviors and add to the evidence that greater exposure is associated with greater behavior change.
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Gabarron E, Wynn R. Use of social media for sexual health promotion: a scoping review. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:32193. [PMID: 27649758 PMCID: PMC5030258 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.32193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the World Health Organization recommends educating people on sexual health. With more than 2 billion active users worldwide, online social media potentially represent powerful channels for health promotion, including sexual health. OBJECTIVE To review the scientific literature on the use of online social media for sexual health promotion. DESIGN A search was conducted of scientific and medical databases, and grey literature was also included. The selected publications were classified according to their study designs, sexual health promotion main subject, target audience age, and social media use. RESULTS Fifty-one publications were included; 4 publications presenting randomized intervention studies, 39 non-randomized intervention studies, and 8 observational studies. In 29 publications (56.9%), the main subject of the sexual health promotion was 'general' or to increase STI testing. Thirty publications (58.8%) specifically focused on youth or young people (aged 11-29 years). Fourteen publications that used social media either as unique channels for sexual health promotion interventions or as a tool supporting the sexual health promotion reported an effect on behavior (27%), and two of those studies found a reduction in the number of positive chlamydia and gonorrhea cases linked to social media intervention. Forty-four publications (86.3%) involved Facebook in some way. CONCLUSIONS Although billions of people worldwide actively use social media, we identified only 51 publications on the use of social media for promoting sexual health. About a quarter of the publications have identified promising results, and the evidence for positive effects of social media interventions for promoting sexual health is increasing. There is a need for more studies that explicitly discuss their theoretical framework, and that have strong research designs, in order to further increase the evidence base of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Gabarron
- Norwegian Centre for eHealth Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addictions, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Garbers S, Friedman A, Martinez O, Scheinmann R, Bermudez D, Silva M, Silverman J, Chiasson MA. Adapting the Get Yourself Tested Campaign to Reach Black and Latino Sexual-Minority Youth. Health Promot Pract 2016; 17:739-50. [PMID: 27225216 PMCID: PMC4980262 DOI: 10.1177/1524839916647329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturally appropriate efforts are needed to increase sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing and care among Black and Latino sexual-minority youth, who are at high risk for STDs. Get Yourself Tested, a national testing campaign, has demonstrated success among youth, but it has yet to be assessed for relevance or impact among this population. METHOD This effort included (1) formative and materials-testing research through focus groups; (2) adaptation of existing Get Yourself Tested campaign materials to be more inclusive of Black and Latino sexual-minority youth; (3) a 3-month campaign in four venues of New York City, promoting STD testing at events and through mobile testing and online and social media platforms; (4) process evaluation of outreach activities; and (5) an outcome evaluation of testing at select campaign venues, using a preexperimental design. RESULTS During the 3-month campaign period, the number of STD tests conducted at select campaign venues increased from a comparable 3-month baseline period. Although testing uptake through mobile vans remained low in absolute numbers, the van drew a high-prevalence sample, with positivity rates of 26.9% for chlamydia and 11.5% for gonorrhea. This article documents the process and lessons learned from adapting and implementing a local campaign for Black and Latino sexual-minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Manel Silva
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jen Silverman
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
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Habel MA, Scheinmann R, Verdesoto E, Gaydos C, Bertisch M, Chiasson MA. Exploring pharmacy and home-based sexually transmissible infection testing. Sex Health 2015; 12:472-9. [PMID: 26409484 PMCID: PMC4809773 DOI: 10.1071/sh15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of pharmacy and home-based sexually transmissible infection (STI) screening as alternate testing venues among emergency contraception (EC) users. METHODS The study included two phases in February 2011-July 2012. In Phase I, customers purchasing EC from eight pharmacies in Manhattan received vouchers for free STI testing at onsite medical clinics. In Phase II, three Facebook ads targeted EC users to connect them with free home-based STI test kits ordered online. Participants completed a self-administered survey. RESULTS Only 38 participants enrolled in Phase I: 90% female, ≤29 years (74%), 45% White non-Hispanic and 75% college graduates; 71% were not tested for STIs in the past year and 68% reported a new partner in the past 3 months. None tested positive for STIs. In Phase II, ads led to >45000 click-throughs, 382 completed the survey and 290 requested kits; 28% were returned. Phase II participants were younger and less educated than Phase I participants; six tested positive for STIs. Challenges included recruitment, pharmacy staff participation, advertising with discretion and cost. CONCLUSIONS This study found low uptake of pharmacy and home-based testing among EC users; however, STI testing in these settings is feasible and the acceptability findings indicate an appeal among younger women for testing in non-traditional settings. Collaborating with and training pharmacy and medical staff are key elements of service provision. Future research should explore how different permutations of expanding screening in non-traditional settings could improve testing uptake and detect additional STI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Habel
- Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-44, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Gaydos
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 Wolfe Street, 530 Rangos Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maggie Bertisch
- New York Walk-In Medical Group, 1627 Broadway, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Chiasson
- Public Health Solutions, 40 Worth Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY, USA
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