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Lupariello F, Tattoli L, Mattioda G, Lauria B, Aguzzi S, Racalbuto SS, Castagno E, Bondone C. The impact of SARS-Co-V pandemic on violence against children: one institution's experience. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00890-9. [PMID: 39212778 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Violence against children (VAC) is a global issue due to its biological, psychological, and social effects. Research in this field is valuable for understanding unknown aspects of VAC and for defining updated intervention strategies. Until now, there have been no clear indications about the possible effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on VAC. In this study, the authors compared quantitative and qualitative variables of pre-pandemic and pandemic cases evaluated at an Italian center specialized in VAC. The aims were to determine if the cases referred for VAC changed during the pandemic and if there were statistically significant differences in variables' distributions between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. The referrals during the first 13 months of the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were compared to cases referred over 13 months (2018-2019) to the same center. The analysis showed no statistical differences between age distributions and most qualitative variables. A decrease in the number of cases was observed. The comparison of frequency distributions of most variables between pre and post-pandemic samples did not differ. The most important result of the analysis is that the volume of observed VAC cases decreased during the pandemic period, confirming the indications of the scientific literature. It could not be excluded that the decrease was due to the negative impact of the pandemic on the child protection system. The above data could help develop innovative prevention tools and corrective intervention programs for future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lupariello
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Galileo Galilei 22 - 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Tattoli
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Galileo Galilei 22 - 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Mattioda
- Legal Medicine Unit of the Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 4 (ASLTO4), via Po 11, Chivasso, 10034, TO, Italy
| | - Barbara Lauria
- Department of Paediatric Emergency and Acceptance of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza", Corso Bramante 88-89, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Sonia Aguzzi
- Department of Paediatric Emergency and Acceptance of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza", Corso Bramante 88-89, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Sara Simona Racalbuto
- Department of Paediatric Emergency and Acceptance of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza", Corso Bramante 88-89, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Emanuele Castagno
- Department of Paediatric Emergency and Acceptance of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza", Corso Bramante 88-89, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Claudia Bondone
- Department of Paediatric Emergency and Acceptance of the "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza", Corso Bramante 88-89, Torino, 10126, Italy
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Le DQ, Le LKD, Le PH, Yap MBH, Mihalopoulos C. Cost effectiveness of interventions to prevent the occurrence and the associated economic impacts of child maltreatment: A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024:106863. [PMID: 38816302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a pressing public health concern that poses long-lasting health and economic impacts on children and society. While several preventive interventions have demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing the occurrence of child maltreatment and its associated economic impacts, the cost-effectiveness of such interventions remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview and a narrative synthesis of the available economic evidence on child maltreatment preventive interventions in both high-income and low-middle-income countries. METHOD Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Econlit to identify full economic evaluations and return-on-investment studies on child maltreatment preventive interventions. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed using Drummond's 10-point checklist. This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines, and summarized findings in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, eight evaluated home visiting, four evaluated early childhood education (ECE), four assessed multi-component (MC), and three examined group-based parent education (GPE) interventions. The remaining studies assessed interventions to prevent abusive head trauma (AHT; n = 2), child sexual abuse (n = 2), physical abuse at school (n = 1), as well as individualized intensive parenting (IIP; n = 2), and counseling (n = 1) interventions. Two studies were conducted in low-middle-income countries, while the others were all in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS The included studies generally exhibited high methodological quality. Only AHT, ECE, IIP, and MC interventions demonstrated promising cost-effectiveness credentials in preventing child maltreatment. More economic evaluations are needed for interventions with mixed findings (e.g. GPE) and in low-middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Quy Le
- Monash University Health Economics Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Long Khanh-Dao Le
- Monash University Health Economics Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phuong Hong Le
- Monash University Health Economics Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie Bee Hui Yap
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- Monash University Health Economics Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jetiyanuwat S, Kawilapat S, Narkpongphun A, Pojanapotha P. Association between Family Functioning, Child Emotional and Behavioral Problems, and Parental Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:270. [PMID: 38667066 PMCID: PMC11047722 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on people of all ages, especially children. This is a cross-sectional study in Thailand to explore the emotional and behavioral problems of school-aged children and associated factors during the lockdown. An online survey was conducted with 942 parents of school-age children. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores showed that total difficulties and all subscale difficulties (hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, and emotional problems) were increased, whereas prosocial behaviors were decreased in the pandemic period. The factors significantly associated with higher parental stress were higher emotional and peer problems after the COVID-19 outbreak, high family difficulty, and sleep problems. Sleep problems were associated with all children's difficulties, except prosocial behavior. High score in family difficulty subscale was associated with increased emotional problems, whereas poor family communication was associated with increased hyperactivity. Appetite change was negatively associated with parental stress and some children's difficulties. Higher household income, family time, physical activities, and recreational activities were associated with a decreased level of some difficulties and family functioning problems, but positively with an increase in the prosocial behavior of children. Additionally, higher screen time was associated with a higher level of hyperactivity, conduct problems, and poor family communication. This study demonstrated that Thai children were at high risk of developing mental health problems during the pandemic lockdown. We suggest that intervention to promote physical activities and reduce screen time is needed. Moreover, efficient monetary policy is urgently required. The limitations here include a recall bias with no baseline to compare and a potential selection bias due to parental selection and a webpage announcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suttipong Kawilapat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Assawin Narkpongphun
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Pichaya Pojanapotha
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.K.); (A.N.)
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Carsley S, Thomas S, Oei T, Smith B, Harrington D, Pike I, Macpherson AK, Richmond SA. Child abuse and neglect during the COVID-19 pandemic: An umbrella review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106645. [PMID: 38241804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple child health experts postulated that the stay-at-home orders would negatively impact child abuse and neglect. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child abuse and neglect in children ages 18 and under; and review author recommendations for future emergency lockdown procedures. METHODS We completed a systematic search of articles across five databases. Review-level studies were included if they examined any abuse or neglect related outcomes in children and youth (e.g., injuries, case openings), and were published in English. We completed quality appraisals of each included article using the Health Evidence™ tool. We categorized the findings by data source including administrative and survey data, or other data sources. We also narratively summarized reported recommendations. RESULTS In total, 11 reviews were included. Two reviews were of strong quality, 7 moderate, and 2 were weak. Overall, studies within reviews that reported from administrative data sources demonstrated decreased child abuse and neglect outcomes compared to before the pandemic. Studies using cross-sectional data demonstrated increases. Reviews with mixed results often reported increases in emotional, neglect and psychological abuse cases and decreases physical and sexual abuse cases. CONCLUSIONS This study found consistent results across reviews; depending on the data source and study design, child abuse and neglect outcomes either increased or decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future work should enhance data collection methods for surveillance and intervention of child abuse and neglect during public health emergencies when traditional mechanisms are limited, with an increased focus on the rigor of reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Carsley
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sera Thomas
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tiffany Oei
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brendan Smith
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Harrington
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian Pike
- British Columbia Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sarah A Richmond
- Department of Health Promotion Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Baghdadi S, Momtaz D, Torres-Izquierdo B, Pereira DE, Gonuguntla R, Mittal M, Hosseinzadeh P. The shifting trends in the epidemiology and risk factors of non-accidental fractures in children. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106692. [PMID: 38395018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractures are a common presentation of non-accidental trauma (NAT) in the pediatric population. However, the presentation could be subtle, and a high degree of suspicion is needed not to miss NAT. OBJECTIVE To analyze a comprehensive database, providing insights into the epidemiology of fractures associated with NAT. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The TriNetX Research Network was utilized for this study, containing medical records from 55 healthcare organizations. TriNetX was queried for all visits in children under the age of 6 years from 2015 to 2022, resulting in a cohort of over 32 million. METHODS All accidental and non-accidental fractures were extracted and analyzed to determine the incidence, fracture location, and demographics of NAT. Statistical analysis was done on a combination of Python and Epipy. RESULTS Overall, 0.36 % of all pediatric patients had a diagnosis of NAT, and 4.93 % of fractures (34,038 out of 689,740 total fractures) were determined to be non-accidental. Skull and face fractures constituted 17.9 % of all NAT fractures, but rib/sternum fractures had an RR = 6.7 for NAT. Children with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had a 9 times higher risk for non-accidental fractures. The number of non-accidental fractures significantly increased after 2019. CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that nearly 1 out of all 20 fractures in children under age 6 are caused by NAT, and that rib/sternum fractures are most predictive of an inflicted nature. The study also showed a significant increase in the incidence of NAT, during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Baghdadi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Momtaz
- UT Health San Antonio, Department of Orthopaedics, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Pereira
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rishi Gonuguntla
- UT Health San Antonio, Department of Orthopaedics, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Pooya Hosseinzadeh
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Katz C, Attrash-Najjar A, Maguire-Jack K, Varela N, Priolo-Filho SR, Bérubé A, Chang OD, Collin-Vézina D, Fouché A, Jacobson M, Kaawa-Mafigiri D, Massarweh N, Munoz P, Tarabulsy GM, Tiwari A, Walker-Williams H, Werkele C. Experiences and responses of child protection professionals during COVID-19: Lessons learned from professionals around the globe. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024:106688. [PMID: 38355365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 significantly worsened already challenging circumstances for children and their families and globally increased the likelihood of child maltreatment. This risk heightened the urgency of child protection professionals in preventing child maltreatment and defending children's rights. The vast and growing body of research on protecting children from child maltreatment during COVID-19 has emphasized practitioners' tremendous difficulty in this arena. OBJECTIVE The current international study sought to identify the experiences and responses of child protection professionals to child maltreatment during COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Five real-time, virtual focus groups were conducted among professionals who work with children from countries around the globe. METHOD Reflexive thematic analysis was employed to analyze the focus group transcripts. RESULTS The participants identified their experiences and challenges in performing their role of protecting children. Additionally, they shared context-adapted and innovative responses to child maltreatment, while emphasizing self-care and their mental health. CONCLUSIONS The results highlighted that child protection was significantly more challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, they underlined the importance of establishing practices and policies for child protection in crisis times as well as ensuring both children's and professionals' well-being and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Katz
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Afnan Attrash-Najjar
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Kathryn Maguire-Jack
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Natalia Varela
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Externado University, Calle 12 No. 1-17 Este, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sidnei Rinaldo Priolo-Filho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Prevenção e Intervenção em Psicologia Forense - Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Annie Bérubé
- The Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada.
| | - Olivia D Chang
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Delphine Collin-Vézina
- The Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Suite 106, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada.
| | - Ansie Fouché
- Department of Social Wellbeing, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, COMPRES research entity, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Ma'ayan Jacobson
- Haruv Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - David Kaawa-Mafigiri
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Nadia Massarweh
- The Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, P.O. Box 124, Baqa-El-Gharbia 3010000, Israel
| | - Pablo Munoz
- Departamento de Psicología, Nacional Universidad de Colombia, Building 205 - Of. 117, Bogota, DC, Colombia.
| | - George M Tarabulsy
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Pavillon Charles-De Koninck 1030, Avenue des Sciences-Humaines Suite 3456, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Ashwini Tiwari
- The Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th St, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Hayley Walker-Williams
- North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, COMPRES research entity, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Christine Werkele
- The Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. - MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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McTier A, Soraghan J. The Utility of Administrative Data in Understanding the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Child Maltreatment: Learning From the Scotland Experience. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2024; 29:14-23. [PMID: 35702015 PMCID: PMC9204123 DOI: 10.1177/10775595221108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health 'stay at home' restrictions have intensified familial risk factors. Children would appear to be at increased risk of harm and abuse, yet administrative data from the early months of the pandemic showed falling cases of child maltreatment. Using weekly administrative data from Scotland, UK that span the first 17 months of the pandemic, this article found that child maltreatment activity levels fluctuated as 'stay at home' restrictions changed. During lockdown periods, the number of children subject to Inter-agency Referral Discussion fell but a higher number of children were placed on the Child Protection Register. When restrictions were eased, the number of Inter-agency Referral Discussions increased but the number of children placed on the Child Protection Register fell. To explain the fluctuations, the article asserts that the pandemic's impact on services' ability to engage directly with children and families has been critical, but the limitations of administrative data in providing an accurate measure of child maltreatment levels also need to be recognised. The article advocates that analysis of administrative data is best done in tandem with wider quantitative and qualitative sources in order to understand the impact of crisis events on children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander McTier
- Evidence and Evaluation Specialist, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Joanna Soraghan
- Evidence and Evaluation Specialist, University of Strathclyde, UK
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Cankardas S, Tagiyeva-Milne N, Loiseau M, Naughton A, Grylli C, Sammut-Scerri C, Pivoriene J, Schöggl J, Pantazidou A, Quantin C, Mora-Theuer EA. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on characteristics, extent and trends in child maltreatment in 34 Euro-CAN COST Action countries: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080183. [PMID: 38171627 PMCID: PMC10773372 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the factors commonly associated with an increased risk of child maltreatment (CM) were found to be increased during COVID-19, reports of actual maltreatment showed varying trends. Similarly, evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on CM within the European Cooperation on Science and Technology and Network Collaborative (COST) Action countries remains inconsistent. This scoping review aims to explore the extent and nature of evidence pertaining to CM within the countries affiliated with the Child Abuse and Neglect in Europe Action Network (Euro-CAN), funded by the COST. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Key electronic databases were searched to identify eligible papers, reports and other material published between January 2020 and April 2023: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice, Scopus and Web of Science. To cover the breadth of evidence, a systematic and broad search strategy was applied using a combination of keywords and controlled vocabulary for four concepts: children, maltreatment, COVID-19 and Euro-CAN countries, without restrictions on study design or language. Grey literature was searched in OpenGrey and Google Scholar. Two reviewers will independently screen full-text publications for eligibility and undertake data extraction, using a customised grid. The screening criteria and data charting will be piloted by the research team.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews will be followed to present the results. Results will be summarised in a tabular form and narratively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review will identify and summarise publicly available data, without requiring ethical approval. The findings will be disseminated to the Euro-CAN Network and reported to the COST Association. They will also be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This protocol is registered on Open Science Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Cankardas
- School of Health, Social Work & Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - Mélanie Loiseau
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Inserm, UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, CHU Dijon Bourgogn, Dijon, France
| | | | - Chryssa Grylli
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clarissa Sammut-Scerri
- Faculty for Social Wellbeing, Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Jolanta Pivoriene
- Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Johanna Schöggl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Pantazidou
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Eva Anna Mora-Theuer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kim B, Royle M. Domestic Violence in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:476-493. [PMID: 36847221 PMCID: PMC9974382 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231155530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic meta-review aimed to map out, characterize, analyze, and synthesize the overarching findings of systematic reviews on domestic violence (DV) in the context of COVID-19. Specifically, a systematic meta-review was conducted with three main objectives: (1) to identify what types and aspects of DV during COVID-19 have been reviewed systematically to date (research trends), (2) to synthesize the findings from recent systematic reviews of the theoretical and empirical literature (main findings), and (3) to discuss what systematic reviewers have proposed about implications for policy and practice as well as for future primary research (implications). We identified, appraised, and synthesized the evidence contained in systematic reviews by means of a so-called systematic meta-review. In all, 15 systematic reviews were found to be eligible for inclusion in the current review. Thematic codes were applied to each finding or implication in accordance with a set of predetermined categories informed by the DV literature. The findings of this review provide clear insight into current knowledge of prevalence, incidence, and contributing factors, which could help to develop evidence-informed DV prevention and intervention strategies during COVID-19 and future extreme events. This systematic meta-review does offer a first comprehensive overview of the research landscape on this subject. It allows scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to recognize initial patterns in DV during COVID-19, identify overlooked areas that need to be investigated and understood further, and adjust research methods that will lead to more robust studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitna Kim
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Meghan Royle
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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Garner JB, Self-Brown S, Emery V, Wootten K, Tiwari A. COVID-19 and Caregiver Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment: The Pandemic in Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:613-629. [PMID: 36935570 PMCID: PMC10030880 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231158609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered an environment for increased risk of child maltreatment (CM) as families experience increased psychosocial and financial burdens and spend unprecedented amounts of time together in the home. This narrative review aimed to summarize empirical findings on existing or new pandemic-related risk factors among caregivers. A combination of search terms related to CM and COVID-19 were used to identify articles published within five databases between February 2020 and July 2022. Literature searches produced 113 articles, of which 26 published across 12 countries met inclusion criteria. Four previously well-established risk factors for CM perpetration continued to persist during the pandemic, including stress, parental mental health, financial concerns, and parental substance use. Of note, inconsistent definitions and measures were used to capture these risk factors. Several additional emerging and understudied risk factors were also identified among limited articles, such as food insecurity and parental education. Findings emphasize the ongoing need for evidence-based interventions to address CM risk during the pandemic, including parent training programs. However, consolidated measures and consistent conceptualization of risk factors are needed to advance the study of CM. Going forward, practitioners and researchers should (a) strengthen the identification process for families at greatest risk for CM, and particularly those vulnerable to pandemic-related stressors; and (b) augment delivery of CM prevention strategies and evidence-based programs to fit the pandemic context.
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11
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Shadik JA, Harris E, McDonald E. Learning from child welfare staff experiences during the pandemic: Practices to maintain and discontinue. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106481. [PMID: 37801759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led to multiple changes in the ways child welfare agencies operate. Child protection agencies had to make rapid changes that impacted where and how staff operate. Minimal research has examined child welfare workers' views of these practices. OBJECTIVE This qualitative study seeks to understand CPS workers' perspectives regarding practices utilized during the pandemic. Staff provided input into practices they found beneficial and hope to see maintained and those they hope to see discontinued. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The full study involved 267 staff members from 50 agencies across Ohio; this study examines qualitative data from 100 staff members who responded to two open ended survey questions. METHODS This qualitative study used thematic analysis to analyze two open ended questions from a survey sent to all the child welfare agencies in Ohio. RESULTS Thematic analysis of practices staff hoped to continue after the pandemic resulted in five themes: Nontraditional Site and Schedule, Remote Meetings, Safety Protocols, Communication and Support, and Helping Children and Families. Thematic analysis or practices staff hoped would end after the pandemic resulted in six themes: Masking, Virtual Meetings, Mandated Work Location, Unreasonable Policies, Overloading and Overwhelming Staff, and Separation from Coworkers. CONCLUSIONS Study results fill a gap in the research by asking CPS staff about their experiences and recommendations after practicing during COVID-19 restrictions. The most common recommendation from staff was to continue offering a nontraditional site and schedule. This study highlights the importance of soliciting and learning from staff perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Shadik
- Department of Social Work, Ohio University, Morton Hall 535, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
| | - Evan Harris
- Department of Social Work, Ohio University, Morton Hall 535, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
| | - Erin McDonald
- Department of Social Work, Ohio University, Morton Hall 535, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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12
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Amado V, Trott S, Möller J, Couto MT, Wallis L, Laflamme L. Changing patterns in the burden of paediatric injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study in Mozambique's central hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1071. [PMID: 37803444 PMCID: PMC10559493 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a substantial body of knowledge on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on injuries showing frequent but inconsistent reductions in both volume and pattern. Yet, studies specifically addressing children are less common, not least from low- and middle-income countries. This study investigated whether changes in the pattern and outcome of paediatric injury admissions to Mozambique's four regional referral hospitals during 2020. METHODS Clinical charts of paediatric patients presenting to the targeted hospitals with acute injuries were reviewed using a set of child, injury, and outcome characteristics during each of two consecutive restriction periods in 2020 using as a comparator the same periods in 2019, the year before the pandemic. Differences between 2020 and 2019 proportions for any characteristic were examined using the t-test (significance level 0.05). RESULTS During both restriction periods, compared with the previous year, reductions in the number of injuries were noticed in nearly all aspects investigated, albeit more remarkably during the first restriction period, in particular, greater proportions of injuries in the home setting and from burns (7.2% and 11.5% respectively) and a reduced one of discharged patients (by 2.5%). CONCLUSION During the restrictions implemented to contend the pandemic in Mozambique in 2020, although each restriction period saw a drop in the volume of injury admissions at central hospitals, the pattern of child, injury and outcome characteristics did not change much, except for an excess of home and burn injuries in the first, more restrictive period. Whether this reflects the nature of the restrictions only or, rather, other mechanisms that came into play, individual or health systems related, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Amado
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Sebastien Trott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jette Möller
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Tereza Couto
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Medical Council Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lee Wallis
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucie Laflamme
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Goodman KL, Kamke K, Mullin TM. Online Help-Seeking Among Youth Victims of Sexual Violence Before and During COVID-19 (2016-2021): Analysis of Hotline Use Trends. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e44760. [PMID: 37566446 PMCID: PMC10457693 DOI: 10.2196/44760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three years since the onset of COVID-19, pandemic-related trends in child sexual abuse (CSA) remain poorly understood. Common administrative surveillance metrics may have underestimated abuse during the pandemic, given youths' limited access to mandatory reporters. Research using anonymous service-use data showed increased violence-related online help-seeking but overlooked youth-specific help-seeking for CSA during COVID-19. Understanding pandemic-related trends in CSA can inform abuse detection practices and mental health service provision for youth victims. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to harness anonymous help-seeking data from the National Sexual Assault Online Hotline (NSAOH) to glean insights about CSA occurrence in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We used an archival sample of victims who contacted NSAOH from 2016 to 2021 (n=41,561). We examined differences in the proportion of youth and adult victims contacting NSAOH during the first COVID-19 year (March 2020 to February 2021) compared to the prior year (March 2019 to February 2020; n=11,719). Further, we compared key characteristics of hotline interactions among youth victims during the first COVID-19 year to the prior year (n=5913). Using joinpoint regression analysis, we examined linear trends in the number of monthly sampled youth and adult victims (excluding victims of unknown age) from 2016 to 2021 who discussed any victimization event (n=26,904) and who discussed recent events (ie, events occurring during the pandemic; n=9932). RESULTS Most youth victims were abused by family members prior to (1013/1677, 60.4%) and after (2658/3661, 72.6%) the onset of COVID-19. The number of youth victims contacting NSAOH spiked in March 2020 and peaked in November 2020 for all youth (slope=28.2, 95% CI 18.7-37.7) and those discussing recent events (slope=17.4, 95% CI 11.1-23.6). We observed a decline in youth victims into spring 2021 for all youth (slope=-56.9, 95% CI -91.4 to -22.3) and those discussing recent events (slope=-33.7, 95% 47.3 to -20.0). The number of adult victims discussing any victimization event increased steadily from January 2018 through May 2021 (slope=3.6; 95% CI 2.9-4.2) and then declined (slope=-13.8, 95% CI -22.8 to -4.7). Trends were stable for adults discussing recent events. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the use of hotline data to understand the implications of the pandemic on CSA. We observed increased youth help-seeking through the NSAOH coinciding with the onset of COVID-19. Trends persisted when limiting analyses to recent victimization events, suggesting increased help-seeking reflected increased CSA during COVID-19. These findings underscore the utility of anonymous online services for youth currently experiencing abuse. Further, the findings support calls for increased youth mental health services and efforts to incorporate online chat into youth-targeted services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristyn Kamke
- Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tara M Mullin
- Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network, Washington, DC, United States
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Katz C, Glucklich T, Attrash-Najjar A, Jacobson M, Cohen N, Varela N, Priolo-Filho SR, Bérubé A, Chang OD, Collin-Vézina D, Fouché A, Haffejee S, Katz I, Maguire-Jack K, Massarweh N, O'Reilly M, Tiwari A, Truter E, de Andrade Vieira RV, Walker-Williams H, Zibetti MR, Werkele C. The global impact of COVID-19 on child protection professionals: A scoping review and thematic analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023:106347. [PMID: 37479549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic triggered new risks for child maltreatment (CM) and exacerbated existing challenges for families and children, elevating the importance of child protection professionals (CPPs) while also adding barriers to their work. During the pandemic, many CPPs experienced increased workloads, a disrupted work environment, and personal pandemic-related hardships. However, the scope of how COVID-19 impacted CPPs globally, as well as their adopted coping strategies, have not been well explored. OBJECTIVE This study addresses these gaps in the research by conducting an international scoping review to explore and analyze these topics. METHOD The scoping review was performed in six languages: English, Hebrew, Arabic, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, across 16 databases. Sixteen manuscripts were included in the final thematic analysis of this review. RESULTS Two main themes were identified: 1) the impact of COVID-19 on CPPs, and 2) the coping and adaptation strategies employed by CPPs during COVID-19. This review revealed and emphasized the importance of CPPs' resilience during COVID-19, underpinned by the theoretical framework of the social ecology of resilience. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the responsibility of social ecologies and organizational structures to create readiness for a rapid response in times of crisis as well as valuable evidence to inform how CPPs, children, and families may be better supported in the event of a future crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Katz
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Talia Glucklich
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Afnan Attrash-Najjar
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ma'ayan Jacobson
- Haruv Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Noa Cohen
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Chaim Levanon 30, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Natalia Varela
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Externado University, Calle 12 No. 1-17 Este, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sidnei Rinaldo Priolo-Filho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa, Prevenção e Intervenção em Psicologia Forense - Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Annie Bérubé
- The Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada.
| | - Olivia D Chang
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Delphine Collin-Vézina
- The Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Suite 106, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada.
| | - Ansie Fouché
- Department of Social Wellbeing, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, COMPRES Research Entity, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Sadiyya Haffejee
- Centre for Social Development in Africa, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Maguire-Jack
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Nadia Massarweh
- The Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, P.O. Box 124, Baqa-El-Gharbia 3010000, Israel
| | - Michelle O'Reilly
- School of Media, Communication, and Sociology, University of Leicester and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, UK.
| | - Ashwini Tiwari
- The Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th St, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Elmien Truter
- North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, COMPRES Research Entity, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | | | - Hayley Walker-Williams
- North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, COMPRES Research Entity, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | | | - Christine Werkele
- The Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. - MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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15
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Backhaus S, Leijten P, Jochim J, Melendez-Torres G, Gardner F. Effects over time of parenting interventions to reduce physical and emotional violence against children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 60:102003. [PMID: 37251634 PMCID: PMC10209692 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against children affects over one billion children globally. International organisations promote parenting interventions as a main strategy to reduce violence against children. Parenting interventions have therefore been implemented rapidly across the globe. Yet, evidence for their longer-term effects remains unclear. We integrated global evidence to estimate effects over time of parenting interventions to reduce physical and emotional violence against children. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 26 databases and trial registries (14 non-English: Spanish, Chinese, Farsi, Russian, Thai) and conducted an extensive grey literature search up to August 01, 2022. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parenting interventions based on social learning theory for parents of children aged 2-10 years, without time or context restrictions. We critically appraised studies using Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. Data were synthesised using robust variance estimation meta-analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019141844. Findings We screened 44,411 records and included 346 RCTs. Sixty RCTs reported outcomes on physical or emotional violence. Trials were distributed across 22 countries (22% LMICs). Risk of bias was high for various domains. Outcome data ranged from 0 weeks to 2 years after the intervention, and was largely based on parent self-report. Parenting interventions reduced physical and emotional violent parenting behaviours immediately after the intervention (n = 42, k = 59; d = -0.46; 95% CI: -0.59, -0.33), at 1-6 months follow-up (n = 18, k = 31; d = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.11) and at 7-24 months follow-up (n = 12, k = 19; d = -0.18; 95% CI: -0.34, -0.02), but effects were smaller over time. Interpretation Our findings suggest that parenting interventions can reduce physical and emotional violence against children. Effects are maintained up to 24 months follow-up, but with diminished effect sizes. With global policy interest and imminent importance, research beyond 2 years and how effects can be better sustained over time is urgently needed. Funding Student scholarship from the Economic Social Research Council, Clarendon, and Wolfson Isaiah Berlin Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Backhaus
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
| | - Patty Leijten
- Research Institute Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, Postbus 15776, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janina Jochim
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
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16
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The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent injuries in children: a literature review. Adv Pediatr 2023. [PMCID: PMC10070782 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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17
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Augusti EM, Myhre MC, Wentzel-Larsen T, Hafstad GS. Violence and sexual abuse rates before and during the Covid-19 pandemic: A prospective population-based study on Norwegian youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 136:106023. [PMID: 36628828 PMCID: PMC9825257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable concern is raised as to whether the pandemic has led to an increase in violence and sexual abuse against children. OBJECTIVE The present study objective is to provide rates of violence and sexual abuse against adolescents the year before the pandemic compared to one year into the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two samples of Norwegian 12-16-year-olds were approached. A representative pre-pandemic sample of 9240 adolescents (M age (SD) = 14.11(0.88), and a sample recruited one year into the pandemic resulting in 3540 responses (M age (SD) = 14.5 (0.96)). METHODS An online survey was administered during school hours including established measures of violence and sexual abuse exposure. Sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. RESULTS There was 1.4 percentage point increase in sexual abuse by an adult, and a 3.9 percentage point decrease in psychological violence by a parent during the pandemic compared to the year before the pandemic. Otherwise, violence and sexual abuse rates remained stable across these two time periods. Risk factors for violence and sexual abuse were amplified during the pandemic. CONCLUSION Norway, a high-income welfare state, imposed measures to counteract the burden of the pandemic mitigation actions for adolescents. This might partly explain the absence of the feared increase in violence towards adolescents. The disproportionate risk for violence and sexual abuse for some groups of adolescents is however concerning, and should be followed up over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tore Wentzel-Larsen
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway; Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP), Norway
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Axelrad-Levy T, Schwartz Tayri TM, Achdut N, Sarid O. The Perceived Job Performance of Child Welfare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL 2023; 51:175-187. [PMID: 36713302 PMCID: PMC9864503 DOI: 10.1007/s10615-022-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While the evidence on the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of frontline social workers is emerging, the research on the impact of the pandemic on their performance is scarce. The presented study explores how the relationship between work environment predictors and perceived stress explains the job performance of child welfare social workers during the pandemic using survey responses of 878 child welfare social workers. The findings revealed the mechanism through which environment predictors and perceived stress interacted in explaining job performance during a time of large-scale crisis. We found that C.W. social workers who experienced greater COVID-19-related service restrictions reported poorer job performance, that perceived stress disrupted workers' supervision and autonomy, and that supervision and job autonomy protected C.W. social workers from the adverse effects of perceived stress and workload on their job performance. Conclusions included the importance of autonomy and supervision in mitigating job-related stressors and the need to adapt and enhance child welfare supervision during times of national crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Axelrad-Levy
- The Charlotte Jack Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Child psychiatry and the Center for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4 Canada
| | - Talia Meital Schwartz Tayri
- The Charlotte Jack Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Netta Achdut
- The Charlotte Jack Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Sarid
- The Charlotte Jack Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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19
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Blair DL, Shields M, Tonmyr L. Concerns about Household Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14633. [PMID: 36429353 PMCID: PMC9691068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence about how the pandemic affected household violence in Canada is mixed, but inarguably, the risk factors increased. This study used data from the 2020 Canadian Perspective Survey Series and the 2020 and 2021 Surveys of COVID-19 and Mental Health to examine the following: changes in the prevalence of concern about violence in individuals' own homes during the pandemic; the characteristics of those who expressed concern; and the prevalence of concerns for specific household members. Among Canadians, the prevalence of concern about violence in individuals' own homes decreased significantly between July and Fall 2020 (5.8% to 4.2%). Among women, the characteristics that were significantly associated with higher adjusted odds of concern about household violence included larger household size and lower household income. Lower education among women was associated with lower adjusted odds of concern. The associations with higher adjusted odds of concern among men included: being an immigrant, larger household size, and lower household income. From Fall 2020 to Spring 2021, the prevalence of concerns for oneself and for a child/children increased (1.7% to 2.5% and 1.0% to 2.5%, respectively), but concern for other adults in the household decreased (1.9% to 1.2%). Ongoing surveillance is needed to understand vulnerable populations' exposure to household violence and to inform policies and programs.
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Van de Casteele M, Waterschoot J, Anthierens S, DeSmet A, Galand B, Goossens H, Morbée S, Vansteenkiste M. Saliva testing among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on health concerns, well-being, and precautionary behavior. Soc Sci Med 2022; 311:115295. [PMID: 36067619 PMCID: PMC9394098 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE At the start of 2021, several SARS-CoV-2 cluster outbreaks in schools threatened in-person education and created a fairly chaotic and frightening environment for school personnel. To keep the schools open while preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, intensive diagnostic testing in teachers and school personnel was strongly recommended but missing at the time. OBJECTIVES A project was launched in Belgian schools to weekly analyze the morning saliva of school personnel using PCR-testing to detect and prevent COVID-19 positive cases. In this quasi-experimental study, we aimed to examine whether the implementation of this saliva testing project impacted school personnel's pandemic-related health concerns, well-being, and adherence to the health-protective measures, contrasting experimental with control schools. METHODS The data were collected during the third wave (Alpha-wave, February-March 2021) of the pandemic. The sample consisted of 435 participants from 34 different schools across Flanders (Belgium) (78.8% female; M age = 43.87 years, range = 21-67) of which 82% participated in the weekly saliva tests (i.e., experimental group) and 18% took part in the control group. RESULTS Results from a series of linear mixed regression models showed that saliva testing buffered against an increase in health concerns among tested school personnel but did not affect participants' general well-being. Slight declines in adherence to the health-protective behaviors were observed, yet this was only the case for participants who felt less supported by their school principal. High degrees of principals' support also fostered the sharpest decreases in school staff's pandemic-related health concerns. CONCLUSIONS When keeping the schools open in unstable pandemic times, weekly saliva testing is a promising strategy to prevent cluster outbreaks while simultaneously safeguarding health concerns among school personnel. School principals appear to play a critical role in the implementation of saliva testing to secure positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann DeSmet
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sofie Morbée
- Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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21
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Park WJ, Walsh KA. COVID-19 and the unseen pandemic of child abuse. BMJ Paediatr Open 2022; 6:e001553. [PMID: 36645748 PMCID: PMC9471211 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Park
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristen A Walsh
- Department of Family Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Toros K, Falch-Eriksen A. The voices of parents in child protective services: A qualitative analysis of families' struggles with COVID-19. DEVELOPMENTAL CHILD WELFARE 2022; 4:97-113. [PMID: 38603234 PMCID: PMC9047598 DOI: 10.1177/25161032221094045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected children and families worldwide, disrupting their daily lives and well-being. A small-scale study involving 13 parents in Child Protective Services in Estonia was conducted using in-depth, semi-structured interviews to explore parents' experiences with COVID-19 and its impact on their families' well-being. The findings indicated that one of the areas most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic was schooling, as the implementation of remote schooling often created tensions and conflicts at home. Parents reported regression in daily functioning, attributing this to the lack of supportive services during lockdown and additional distress resulting from increased workload at home and problems with balancing home and work life. Parents were exhausted by the various problems caused by the pandemic and questioned their ability to provide their children the support they needed. Discontinuation of services intensified existing challenges for both parents and children. Furthermore, a lack of trust in Child Protective Services was identified, serving as a barrier to asking for help in times of crisis.
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Laupacis M, Acai A, MacMillan HL, Vanstone M, Stewart D, Dimitropoulos G, Kimber M. A Qualitative Description of Resident Physicians' Understanding of Child Maltreatment: Impacts, Recognition, and Response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3319. [PMID: 35329006 PMCID: PMC8949331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is a public health problem with devastating effects on individuals, families, and communities. Resident physicians have varied formal education in CM, and report feeling inadequately trained in identifying and responding to CM. The purpose of this study is to explore residents' understanding of the impacts of CM, and their perceptions of their role in recognizing and responding to CM to better understand their educational needs. This study analyzed qualitative data obtained from a larger project on family violence education. Twenty-nine resident physicians enrolled in pediatric, family medicine, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and psychiatry training programs in Alberta, Ontario, and Québec participated in semi-structured interviews to elicit their ideas, experiences, and educational needs relating to CM. Conventional (inductive) content analysis guided the development of codes and categories. Residents had thorough knowledge about the impacts of CM and their duty to recognize CM, but there was less consistency in how residents understood their role in responding to CM. Residents identified the need for more education about recognizing and responding to CM, and the need for educational content to be responsive to training, patient and family factors, and systemic issues. Despite knowledge about the impacts of CM and laws pertaining to mandated reporting, residents reported challenges with responding to concerns of CM. Findings of this study emphasize the need for better training in response to CM. Future educational interventions should consider a multidisciplinary, experiential approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Laupacis
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (M.L.); (H.L.M.)
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Anita Acai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (M.L.); (H.L.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Meredith Vanstone
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Donna Stewart
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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