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Sutherland L, McGarty AM, Melville CA, Hughes-McCormack LA. Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:405-436. [PMID: 33590605 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate in low levels of physical activity. To inform the development of interventions, we need to better understand factors associated with physical activity. The aim of this study was therefore to systematically review correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with ID. METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched between 1 January 1990 and 29 February 2020 to identify English-language studies, which examined correlates of free-living physical activity in children and adolescents (0-19 years) with ID. Study quality was assessed. Correlates were analysed using a narrative synthesis and classified using the socioecological model as intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational or environmental. RESULTS Fifteen studies published between 2010 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Forty-eight individual correlates were identified. Studies were predominantly focused on intrapersonal-level correlates. Of those correlates investigated in more than one study (n = 6), having better motor development was positively associated with physical activity. Inconsistent results were found for age and cardiorespiratory fitness. Sex, percentage body fat and body mass index were not correlated. No interpersonal-level, organisational-level or environmental-level correlates were included in more than one study. CONCLUSIONS To date, we have limited and inconclusive evidence about correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with ID. Only when future studies unravel correlates and determinants, across all domains of the socioecological model, will the potential opportunities to improve health by increasing physical activity levels be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sutherland
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M McGarty
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C A Melville
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Vancampfort D, Van Damme T, Firth J, Stubbs B, Schuch F, Suetani S, Arkesteyn A, Van Biesen D. Physical activity correlates in children and adolescents, adults, and older adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4189-4200. [PMID: 33861676 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1909665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding enablers of and barriers for physical activity (PA) participation in people with intellectual disability (ID) is an essential first step to develop effective interventions. This systematic review examined correlates of PA across the socio-ecological model (i.e., intra-personal, inter-personal, environmental and policy level) in people with ID across the lifespan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Major electronic databases were searched from inception until 15 February 2021. Keywords included "physical activity" or "exercise" and "intellectual disability" or "mental retardation." A summary coding was used to analyze the data for adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 < 50 years), and older adults (50≤ years). RESULTS Out of 83 PA correlates, retrieved from 39 studies (n = 26,456), only three consistent (i.e., reported in four or more studies) correlates were identified. In adults, older age (7/11, 64%), more severe ID (9/9, 100%) and the presence of physical mobility problems (3/4, 75%) were associated with decreased PA. From 38 correlates identified, no consistent correlates were identified for children and adolescents and older people. CONCLUSIONS Despite the abundance of evidence of the PA benefits for people with ID, we only found consistent evidence for three correlates reliably being related to PA in adults with ID. More research, particularly among young and older people is urgently needed.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMore severe intellectual disability is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.Presence of physical health problems is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Shuichi Suetani
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Anke Arkesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Westrop SC, Melville CA, Muirhead F, McGarty AM. Gender differences in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 32:1359-1374. [PMID: 31373127 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with intellectual disabilities are reported to be highly inactive, with research required to understand contributory factors. This systematic review aimed to investigate gender differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) in adults with intellectual disabilities. METHODS This systematic review was reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases were searched up to, and including, January 2018. Screening identified papers that assessed gender-specific PA and/or SB outcomes in adults with intellectual disabilities. Data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis and random effects model meta-analyses. RESULTS Twenty-six papers were included; 25 measured PA, and eight assessed SB. Women with intellectual disabilities were least active with a significant overall effect of gender identified. For SB, no consistent gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS Reflecting the general population, men with intellectual disabilities were most active. Intellectual disability research should consider the role of gender to inform future interventions targeting inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Westrop
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig A Melville
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fiona Muirhead
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arlene M McGarty
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Robertson J, Beyer S, Emerson E, Baines S, Hatton C. The association between employment and the health of people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 32:1335-1348. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Robertson
- Centre for Disability Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Steve Beyer
- School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Eric Emerson
- Centre for Disability Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Centre for Disability Research and Policy University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Susannah Baines
- Centre for Disability Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Chris Hatton
- Centre for Disability Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University Lancaster UK
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Walsh D, Belton S, Meegan S, Bowers K, Corby D, Staines A, McVeigh T, McKeon M, Hoey E, Trépel D, Griffin P, Sweeney MR. A comparison of physical activity, physical fitness levels, BMI and blood pressure of adults with intellectual disability, who do and do not take part in Special Olympics Ireland programmes: Results from the SOPHIE study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2018; 22:154-170. [PMID: 28125943 DOI: 10.1177/1744629516688773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
People with an intellectual disability are less physically active, live more sedentary lives, have lower fitness levels and are more likely to be overweight or obese than the general population. No evidence exists on the impact of participation in Special Olympics Ireland (SOI) on physical activity and physical fitness levels. Adults with intellectual disabilities (16-64 years) were recruited from services and SOI clubs. Physical measures included waist circumference, height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate and 6-min walking test. Self-report questionnaires gathered data on physical activity levels. Actigraph (GT3X) accelerometers were used to gain an objective measure of physical activity. SOI participants accumulated more moderate to vigorous physical activity per day, had higher fitness levels and more positive health profile scores than those not taking part in SOI. SOI has the potential to make a positive difference to people's physical health and subsequently their overall health and well-being.
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Pitchford EA, Dixon-Ibarra A, Hauck JL. Physical Activity Research in Intellectual Disability: A Scoping Review Using the Behavioral Epidemiological Framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:140-163. [PMID: 29480777 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through a scoping review, the current state of physical activity research in people with intellectual disability was examined. A search of publications between 2000 and 2014 retrieved 362 articles that met inclusion criteria. Eligible studies were coded according to the Behavioral Epidemiological Framework. Of the articles identified, 48% examined associations between physical activity and health outcomes, 9% developed or tested methodology to measure physical activity, 34% examined factors that influence physical activity, 8% evaluated interventions to change physical activity, and 1% examined the dissemination of physical activity/health promotion programming. The categories with lower proportions of studies represent the need for greater population-specific research in physical activity measurement, interventional designs, and translational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janet L Hauck
- Janet L. Hauck, Michigan State University. E. Andrew Pitchford is now at Iowa State University
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Dunkley AJ, Tyrer F, Spong R, Gray LJ, Gillett M, Doherty Y, Martin-Stacey L, Patel N, Yates T, Bhaumik S, Chalk T, Chudasama Y, Thomas C, Sadler S, Cooper SA, Gangadharan SK, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Screening for glucose intolerance and development of a lifestyle education programme for prevention of type 2 diabetes in a population with intellectual disabilities: the STOP Diabetes research project. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is believed to be higher among people with intellectual disability (ID) than in the general population. However, research on prevalence and prevention in this population is limited.ObjectivesThe objectives of this programme of work were to establish a programme of research that would significantly enhance the knowledge and understanding of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and T2DM in people with ID; to test strategies for the early identification of IGR and T2DM in people with ID; and to develop a lifestyle education programme and educator training protocol to promote behaviour change in a population with ID and IGR (or at a high risk of T2DM/CVD).SettingLeicestershire, UK.ParticipantsAdults with ID were recruited from community settings, including residential homes and family homes. Adults with mild to moderate ID who had an elevated body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2and/or IGR were invited to take part in the education programme.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome of the screening programme was the prevalence of screen-detected T2DM and IGR. The uptake, feasibility and acceptability of the intervention were assessed.Data sourcesParticipants were recruited from general practices, specialist ID services and clinics, and through direct contact.ResultsA total of 930 people with ID were recruited to the screening programme: 58% were male, 80% were white and 68% were overweight or obese. The mean age of participants was 43.3 years (standard deviation 14.2 years). Bloods were obtained for 675 participants (73%). The prevalence of previously undiagnosed T2DM was 1.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5% to 2%] and of IGR was 5% (95% CI 4% to 7%). Abnormal IGR was more common in those of non-white ethnicity; those with a first-degree family history of diabetes; those with increasing weight, waist circumference, BMI, diastolic blood pressure or triglycerides; and those with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We developed a lifestyle educational programme for people with ID, informed by findings from qualitative stakeholder interviews (health-care professionals,n = 14; people with ID,n = 7) and evidence reviews. Subsequently, 11 people with ID (and carers) participated in pilot education sessions (two groups) and five people attended education for the feasibility stage (one group). We found that it was feasible to collect primary outcome measures on physical activity and sedentary behaviour using wrist-worn accelerometers. We found that the programme was relatively costly, meaning that large changes in activity or diet (or a reduction in programme costs) would be necessary for the programme to be cost-effective. We also developed a quality development process for assessing intervention fidelity.LimitationsWe were able to screen only around 30% of the population and involved only a small number in the piloting and feasibility work.ConclusionsThe results from this programme of work have significantly enhanced the existing knowledge and understanding of T2DM and IGR in people with ID. We have developed a lifestyle education programme and educator training protocol to promote behaviour change in this population.Future workFurther work is needed to evaluate the STOP Diabetes intervention to identify cost-effective strategies for its implementation.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02513277.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Research Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 5, No. 11. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Dunkley
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Freya Tyrer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rebecca Spong
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mike Gillett
- School of Health & Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yvonne Doherty
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Naina Patel
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sabyasachi Bhaumik
- Learning Disabilities Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Chalk
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yogini Chudasama
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chloe Thomas
- School of Health & Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Susannah Sadler
- School of Health & Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Cooper
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Heron N, Kee F, Cupples ME, Tully MA. Correlates of sport participation in adults with long-standing illness or disability. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2015; 1:e000003. [PMID: 27900117 PMCID: PMC5117005 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about why people with a long-standing illness/disability are less likely to participate in sport than others. This study aimed to identify for the first time sport participation levels and their correlates among Northern Ireland (NI) adults who report a long-standing illness/disability. Method Using data collected in the Continuous Household Survey, an annual survey of a random sample of the NI population, during 2007–2011, we examined responses for the total sample, those with a long-term illness/disability and those with no long-term health issues. We conducted univariate binary regression analysis for the whole sample and for those with a long-standing illness or disability, using sport participation as the dependent variable, and then carried significant variables into a multivariate analysis. Results The sample included 13 683 adults; 3550 (26%) reported a long-term illness or disability. Multivariate analysis showed that, for the total sample and for those with a long-standing illness or disability, sport participation correlated positively with being male, aged <56 years, having a household car/van, health being ‘fairly good’/‘good’ in the previous year, doing work and living in an urban location. Also, for those with a long-standing illness or disability, being single and less socioeconomically deprived correlated positively with sport participation. Conclusions The findings suggest that more focused efforts may promote sport participation for people with a long-standing illness or disability who are female, older, not working, living rurally, married/cohabiting, socioeconomically deprived and report having had poor health in the past year. Our findings should inform public health policy and help in developing initiatives to support sport participation and reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Heron
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Margaret E Cupples
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark A Tully
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Blick RN, Saad AE, Goreczny AJ, Roman K, Sorensen CH. Effects of declared levels of physical activity on quality of life of individuals with intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 37:223-229. [PMID: 25528082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Routine physical fitness improves health and psychosocial well-being of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The current study investigated impact of physical fitness on quality of life by comparing individuals who maintain a physically active lifestyle with those who do not report exercising. We assessed several indicators of quality of life, including inclusion and community participation; satisfaction with professional services, home life, and day activities; dignity, rights, and respect received from others; fear; choice and control; and family satisfaction. Our data suggested that individuals who regularly exercise reported having more frequent outings into the community than did their peers who reported exercising infrequently; regular exercisers were also more likely to live in intermediate care facilities (ICF) as opposed to living independently or with family members. We discuss possible reasons for this as well as ideas for future research needed to expand on this area.
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Havercamp SM, Scott HM. National health surveillance of adults with disabilities, adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and adults with no disabilities. Disabil Health J 2014; 8:165-72. [PMID: 25595297 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with disabilities experience worse health and poorer access to health care compared to people without disability. Large-scale health surveillance efforts have largely excluded adults with intellectual and developmental disability. This study expands knowledge of health status, health risks and preventative health care in a representative US sample comparing the health of adults with no disability to adults with intellectual and developmental disability and to adults with other types of disability. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were (1) to identify disparities between adults with intellectual and developmental disability and adults with no disability and (2) compare this pattern of disparities to the pattern between adults with other types of disability and adults without disability. METHODS This study compares health status, health risks and preventative health care in a national sample across three groups of adults: No Disability, Disability, and Intellectual and Developmental Disability. Data sources were the 2010 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey and the National Core Indicators Consumer Survey. RESULTS Adults with disability and with intellectual and developmental disability were more likely to report being in poor health compared to adults without disability. Disability and intellectual and developmental disability conferred unique health risks and health care utilization patterns. CONCLUSIONS Significant disparities in health and health care utilization were found for adults with disability and developmental disability relative to adults without disability. Disability training for health care providers and health promotion research that identifies disability as a demographic group is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Havercamp
- The Ohio State University Nisonger Center, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Haleigh M Scott
- The Ohio State University Nisonger Center, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Nordstrøm M, Hansen BH, Paus B, Kolset SO. Accelerometer-determined physical activity and walking capacity in persons with Down syndrome, Williams syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:4395-4403. [PMID: 24139709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe by use of accelerometers the total physical activity (PA), intensity pattern and walking capacity in 87 persons age 16-45 years with Down syndrome (DS), Williams syndrome (WS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Participants were recruited from all over Norway, and lived either with their parents or in community residences with support. On average the participants generated 294 counts per minute (cpm) or 6712 steps per day, with most of the day spent in sedentary activity, 522 min/day, followed by 212 min/day in light PA, 71 min/day in lifestyle activity and 27 min/day in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Inactivity was prevalent, as only 12% meet the current Nordic recommendations for PA. When compared, no differences for total physical activity or time in MVPA were observed between the three groups. However, participant with DS spent a mean of 73 min/day less and 43 min/day less in sedentary activities compared to participants with PWS and WS, respectively, (p=0.011, 95% CI: -10.9; -80.1). In addition the DS-group spent a mean of 66 min/day more in light PA than the PWS-group and 41 min/day more than the WS-group, (p<0.001, 95% CI: 29.3; 79.7). Participants with PWS spent on average 30 min/day less in lifestyle activities compared to both participants with DS and WS, (p<0.001, 95% CI: -14.2; -45.4). No association between total PA and BMI were observed. Males were more active than females across all diagnoses. Males accumulated on average 85 counts per minutes more than females, (p=0.002, 95% CI: 33.3; 136.7), 2137 more steps per day, (p=0.002, 95% CI: 778; 3496). The mean walking capacity during six-minutes was 507 m (SD 112 m) for males and 466 m (SD 88 m) for females. Distance walked during testing decreased with 33.6 m when comparing normal or underweight participants to overweight participants, and 78.1 m when comparing overweight to obese participants (p<0.001 95% CI: -40.4; -85.8). When adjusted for BMI no differences in walking capacity between the three genetic conditions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Nordstrøm
- Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Sandbakkveien 18, 1404 Siggerud, Norway; University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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