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Rahmati S, Moeinafshar A, Rezaei N. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in colorectal cancer: metastasis, immune suppression, therapy resistance, and autophagy crosstalk. J Transl Med 2024; 22:452. [PMID: 38741166 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures released by all cells and widely distributed in all biological fluids. EVs are implicated in diverse physiopathological processes by orchestrating cell-cell communication. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with metastasis being the leading cause of mortality in CRC patients. EVs contribute significantly to the advancement and spread of CRC by transferring their cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, to neighboring or distant cells. Besides, they can serve as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for early detection of CRC or be harnessed as effective carriers for delivering therapeutic agents. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that serves to remove damaged proteins and organelles by lysosomal degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy and EV release are coordinately activated in tumor cells and share common factors and regulatory mechanisms. Although the significance of autophagy and EVs in cancer is well established, the exact mechanism of their interplay in tumor development is obscure. This review focuses on examining the specific functions of EVs in various aspects of CRC, including progression, metastasis, immune regulation, and therapy resistance. Further, we overview emerging discoveries relevant to autophagy and EVs crosstalk in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Rahmati
- Student Research Committee, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysan Moeinafshar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Ye J, Chen L, Waltermire J, Zhao J, Ren J, Guo Z, Bartlett DL, Liu Z. Intratumoral Delivery of Interleukin 9 via Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Elicits Potent Antitumor Effects in Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1021. [PMID: 38473379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy is largely associated with immunologically hot tumors. Approaches that promote the infiltration of immune cells into tumor beds are urgently needed to transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Oncolytic viruses can transform the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in immunologically hot tumors. Cytokines are good candidates for arming oncolytic viruses to enhance their function in this transformation. Here, we used the oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV) to deliver interleukin-9 (IL-9) into the tumor bed and explored its antitumor effects in colon and lung tumor models. Our data show that IL-9 prolongs viral persistence, which is probably mediated by the up-regulation of IL-10. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment elevated the expression of Th1 chemokines and antitumor factors such as IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin. IL-9 expression increased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME and decreased the percentage of oVV-induced immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), leading to potent antitumor effects compared with parental virus treatment. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment also increased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME and elevated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, but not GITR. The combination therapy of vvDD-IL-9 and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, but not the anti-GITR antibody, induced systemic tumor-specific antitumor immunity and significantly extended the overall survival of mice, indicating a potential translation of the IL-9-expressing oncolytic virus into a clinical trial to enhance the antitumor effects elicited by an immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lingjuan Chen
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Julia Waltermire
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongsheng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Ambrosio MR, Niccolai E, Petrelli F, Di Gloria L, Bertacca G, Giusti A, Baldi S, Cavazzana A, Palmeri M, Perotti B, Ramazzotti M, Arganini M, Amedei A. Immune landscape and oncobiota in HPV-Associated Colorectal Cancer: an explorative study. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5101-5112. [PMID: 37612430 PMCID: PMC10725376 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide more than 550,000 new patients suffering from malignant tumors are associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection. However, only a small portion of patients infected progress to cancer, suggesting that other factors other than HPV may play a role. Some studies have investigated HPV infection in colorectal cancer (CRC) with discordant results; moreover, the role of HPV in CRC development is still unknown. We investigated HPV infection in 50 CRC from different regions, excluding the anal one, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR and RNA-seq. For each patient, we studied the tumor microenvironment in neoplastic and matched non-neoplastic samples, and we compared the tumor-infiltrating immune cell phenotypes among HPV-positive and negative samples. Finally, we compared the CRC-associated microbiota in HPV-positive and negative neoplastic samples by 16S rRNA sequencing. HPV infection was identified in 20% of CRC from the right side (caecum, ascending and transverse colon) and in 40% from the left side (descending colon and rectum). In all HPV-positive CRCs we found no expression of p53 and RB, thus suggesting HPV involvement in tumorigenesis. As far as the tumor microenvironment is concerned, in HPV-related cancers we observed a neoplastic environment with a reduced immune surveillance but an enhanced cytotoxic response by lymphocytes. HPV-positive and -negative CRC showed a different microbiota with lack of species normally found in CRC in the HPV-positive ones. Our results support the carcinogenic significance of HPV in CRC, suggesting a role of HPV in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertacca
- Clinical Chemical Analysis and Immuno Allergology Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Palmeri
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Perotti
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Arganini
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
- Internal Interdisciplinary Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Sadeghian HK, Mohri M. Comparison of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, parathormone and immunity marker concentrations between dogs with transmissible venereal tumour and healthy dogs. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2026-2031. [PMID: 37534440 PMCID: PMC10508550 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) is vital in the homeostasis of calcium and bone health as well as in the prevention of many disorders such as neoplasms. Epidemiological data show that low concentrations of both 1,25(OH)2 D and its precursor 25(OH) vitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with an increased risk of a variety of human tumours. OBJECTIVES To investigate 25(OH)D, parathormone (PTH) and immunity marker concentrations in dogs with transmissible venereal tumour (TVT). METHODS 25(OH)D, PTH and various biochemical and immunity markers were evaluated in dogs with TVT (n = 26) and in healthy (n = 30) dogs. RESULTS 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with TVT in comparison with healthy dogs. In contrast, PTH, immunoglobulin G and interleukin (IL)-9 concentrations were higher in the dogs with TVT. Other variables, including IL-10, interferon γ, calcium and inorganic phosphate, were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Decreased serum 25(OH)D concentration may be a risk factor for the development of canine TVT; however, cause-and-effect remains incompletely understood. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact role of 25(OH)D in canine TVT and whether vitamin D supplementation may be useful prophylactically or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Kamali Sadeghian
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mehrdad Mohri
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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Mielcarska S, Dawidowicz M, Kula A, Kiczmer P, Skiba H, Krygier M, Chrabańska M, Piecuch J, Szrot M, Ochman B, Robotycka J, Strzałkowska B, Czuba Z, Waniczek D, Świętochowska E. B7H3 Role in Reshaping Immunosuppressive Landscape in MSI and MSS Colorectal Cancer Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3136. [PMID: 37370746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the expression of B7H3 concerning clinicopathological and histological parameters, including MSI/MSS status, CD-8 cells, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), budding, TNM scale and grading. Moreover, we analyzed the B7H3-related pathways using available online datasets and the immunological context of B7H3 expression, through the 48-cytokine screening panel of cancer tissues homogenates, immunogenic features and immune composition. The study included 158 patients diagnosed with CRC. To assess B7H3 levels, we performed an immunohistochemistry method (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To elucidate the immune composition of colorectal cancer, we performed the Bio-Plex Pro Human 48-cytokine panel. To study biological characteristics of B7H3, we used online databases. Expression of B7H3 was upregulated in CRC tumour tissues in comparison to adjacent noncancerous margin tissues. The concentrations of B7H3 in tumours were positively associated with T parameter of patients and negatively with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes score. Additionally, Principal Component Analysis showed that B7H3 expression in tumours correlated positively with cytokines associated with M2-macrophages and protumour growth factors. The expression of B7H3 in tumours was independent of MSI/MSS status. These findings will improve our understanding of B7H3 role in colorectal cancer immunity. Our study suggests that B7-H3 is a promising potential target for cancer therapy. Further studies must clarify the mechanisms of B7H3 overexpression and its therapeutic importance in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Mielcarska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Miriam Dawidowicz
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kula
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Kiczmer
- Department and Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 13-15 3 Maja, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Hanna Skiba
- Department and Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 13-15 3 Maja, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krygier
- Department and Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 13-15 3 Maja, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chrabańska
- Department and Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 13-15 3 Maja, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jerzy Piecuch
- Department of General and Bariatric Surgery and Emergency Medicine in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 10 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Szrot
- Department of General and Bariatric Surgery and Emergency Medicine in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 10 Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Błażej Ochman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Julia Robotycka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Strzałkowska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dariusz Waniczek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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6
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Cannon A, Pajulas A, Kaplan MH, Zhang J. The Dichotomy of Interleukin-9 Function in the Tumor Microenvironment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:229-245. [PMID: 37319357 PMCID: PMC10282829 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine with potent proinflammatory properties that plays a central role in pathologies such as allergic asthma, immunity to parasitic infection, and autoimmunity. More recently, IL-9 has garnered considerable attention in tumor immunity. Historically, IL-9 has been associated with a protumor function in hematological malignancies and an antitumor function in solid malignancies. However, recent discoveries of the dynamic role of IL-9 in cancer progression suggest that IL-9 can act as both a pro- or antitumor factor in various hematological and solid malignancies. This review summarizes IL-9-dependent control of tumor growth, regulation, and therapeutic applicability of IL-9 blockade and IL-9-producing cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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7
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Gokhale S, Victor E, Tsai J, Spirollari E, Matracz B, Takatsuka S, Jung J, Kitamura D, Xie P. Upregulated Expression of the IL-9 Receptor on TRAF3-Deficient B Lymphocytes Confers Ig Isotype Switching Responsiveness to IL-9 in the Presence of Antigen Receptor Engagement and IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1059-1073. [PMID: 36883978 PMCID: PMC10073299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 signals to target cells by binding to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of the unique subunit IL-9R and the common subunit γ-chain shared by multiple cytokines of the γ-chain family. In the current study, we found that the expression of IL-9R was strikingly upregulated in mouse naive follicular B cells genetically deficient in TNFR-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a critical regulator of B cell survival and function. The highly upregulated IL-9R on Traf3-/- follicular B cells conferred responsiveness to IL-9, including IgM production and STAT3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, IL-9 significantly enhanced class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells, which was not observed in littermate control B cells. We further demonstrated that blocking the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway abrogated the enhancing effect of IL-9 on class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells. Our study thus revealed, to our knowledge, a novel pathway that TRAF3 suppresses B cell activation and Ig isotype switching by inhibiting IL-9R-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Taken together, our findings provide (to our knowledge) new insights into the TRAF3-IL-9R axis in B cell function and have significant implications for the understanding and treatment of a variety of human diseases involving aberrant B cell activation such as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Brygida Matracz
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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8
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B7H4 Expression Is More Frequent in MSS Status Colorectal Cancer and Is Negatively Associated with Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060861. [PMID: 36980202 PMCID: PMC10046962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapies based on ICIs in CRC are nowadays limited to microsatellite unstable tumours which are approximately 15% of all CRC cases. There are a few new immune checkpoints belonging to the B7 family, including B7H4. B7H4 expression is associated with so-called “cold tumours”, and its function is linked to the downregulation of various immune cell populations. Our study aimed to investigate whether B7H4 expression is dependent on microsatellite status in CRC and on elucidating the immunological context in which the expression of B7H4 occurs. We enrolled 167 patients in the study. We prepared the homogenates from tumour tissues and healthy adjacent tissue to assess the B7H4 levels and the Bio-Plex Pro Human 48-cytokine panel. We assessed the microsatellite status of the tumour, B7H4 expression, CD8+ T cell population, and the TILs and budding in H + E stained slides by the IHC method. We used an online available database for further exploring the biological characteristics of B7H4. The expression of B7H4 was more frequent in microsatellite stable tumours, and was negatively associated with TILs. B7H4 is positively correlated with antitumour immunosuppressive iTME, thus contributing to the immunosuppressive environment in CRC.
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9
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Uchendu I, Zhilenkova A, Pirogova Y, Basova M, Bagmet L, Kohanovskaia I, Ngaha Y, Ikebunwa O, Sekacheva M. Cytokines as Potential Therapeutic Targets and their Role in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2552-2567. [PMID: 37916493 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128268111231024054240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The death rate from cancer is declining as a result of earlier identification and more advanced treatments. Nevertheless, a number of unfavourable adverse effects, including prolonged, long-lasting inflammation and reduced immune function, usually coexist with anti-cancer therapies and lead to a general decline in quality of life. Improvements in standardized comprehensive therapy and early identification of a variety of aggressive tumors remain the main objectives of cancer research. Tumor markers in those with cancer are tumor- associated proteins that are clinically significant. Even while several tumor markers are routinely used, they don't always provide reliable diagnostic information. Serum cytokines are promising markers of tumor stage, prognosis, and responsiveness to therapy. In fact, several cytokines are currently proposed as potential biomarkers in a variety of cancers. It has actually been proposed that the study of circulatory cytokines together with biomarkers that are particular to cancer can enhance and accelerate cancer diagnosis and prediction, particularly via blood samples that require minimal to the absence of invasion. The purpose of this review was to critically examine relevant primary research literature in order to elucidate the role and importance of a few identified serum cytokines as prospective therapeutic targets in oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Uchendu
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Angelina Zhilenkova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Pirogova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Basova
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Bagmet
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Iana Kohanovskaia
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yvan Ngaha
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Obinna Ikebunwa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University of The Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- Institute for Personalized Oncology, Center for Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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10
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Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
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11
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The Cytokine Network in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for New Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010138. [PMID: 36611932 PMCID: PMC9818504 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide with only limited therapeutic options. CRC is not only a genetic disease with several mutations in specific oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes such as APC, KRAS, PIC3CA, BRAF, SMAD4 or TP53 but also a multifactorial disease including environmental factors. Cancer cells communicate with their environment mostly via soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines or growth factors to generate a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME, a heterogeneous population of differentiated and progenitor cells, plays a critical role in regulating tumor development, growth, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance. In this context, cytokines from cancer cells and cells of the TME influence each other, eliciting an inflammatory milieu that can either enhance or suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, several lines of evidence exist that the composition of the microbiota regulates inflammatory processes, controlled by cytokine secretion, that play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the cytokine networks between cancer cells and the TME and microbiome in colorectal cancer and the related treatment strategies, with the goal to discuss cytokine-mediated strategies that could overcome the common therapeutic resistance of CRC tumors.
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12
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Chemopreventive Effect on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells of Styrylquinolines: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Proapoptotic Effect and Molecular Docking Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207108. [PMID: 36296703 PMCID: PMC9607578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven styrylquinolines were synthesized in this study. Two of these styrylquinolines are new and were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The chemopreventive potential of these compounds was evaluated against SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cells, its metastatic derivative SW620, and normal cells (HaCaT). According to the results, compounds 3a and 3d showed antiproliferative activity in SW480 and SW620 cells, but their effect seemed to be caused by different mechanisms of action. Compound 3a induced apoptosis independent of ROS production, as evidenced by increased levels of caspase 3, and had an immunomodulatory effect, positively regulating the production of different immunological markers in malignant cell lines. In contrast, compound 3d generated a pro-oxidant response and inhibited the growth of cancer cells, probably by another type of cell death other than apoptosis. Molecular docking studies indicated that the most active compound, 3a, could efficiently bind to the proapoptotic human caspases-3 protein, a result that could provide valuable information on the biochemical mechanism for the in vitro cytotoxic response of this compound in SW620 colon carcinoma cell lines. The obtained results suggest that these compounds have chemopreventive potential against CRC, but more studies should be carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of each of them in depth.
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13
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Braoudaki M, Ahmad MS, Mustafov D, Seriah S, Siddiqui MN, Siddiqui SS. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer; multifarious roles and clinical impact. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:436-449. [PMID: 35700938 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The early diagnosis plays a key role in patient prognosis and subsequently overall survival. Similar to several types of cancer, colorectal cancer is also characterised by drug resistance and heterogeneity that contribute to its complexity -especially at advanced stages. However, despite the extensive research related to the identification of biomarkers associated to early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and the management of CRC patients, little progress has been made thus far. Therefore, the mortality rates, especially at advanced stages, remain high. A large family of chemoattractant cytokines called chemokines are known for their significant role in inflammation and immunity. Chemokines released by the different tumorous cells play a key role in increasing the complexity of the tumour's microenvironment. The current review investigates the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer and their potential as clinical molecular signatures that could be effectively used as a personalised therapeutic approach. We discussed how chemokine and chemokine receptors regulate the microenvironment and lead to heterogeneity in CRC. An important aspect of chemokines is their role in drug resistance which has been extensively discussed. This review also provides an overview of the current advances in the search for chemokines and chemokine receptors in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Braoudaki
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohammed Saqif Ahmad
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Denis Mustafov
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sara Seriah
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohammad Naseem Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- Dept of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK.
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14
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Daghestani MH, Ambreen K, Hakami HH, Omair MA, Saleem AM, Aleisa NA, AlNeghery LM, Amin MH, Alobaid HM, Omair MA, Hassen LM. Venom of the desert black snake Walterinnesia aegyptia enhances anti-tumor immunity via its beneficial modulatory effects on pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators in cultured colon cancer cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1116-1128. [PMID: 34956615 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in colon cancer is understood as a well-accepted factor that has the tendency to release multiple pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators. Inflammation-induced increased expression of anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators and decreased expression of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators encourage beneficial inflammatory effects in terms of powerful anti-tumor immunity. The present study aims to screen the beneficial inflammatory effects of Walterinnesia aegyptia venom via determining its modulatory tendency on the expression of 40 pro- and anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators (cytokines/growth factors/chemokines) in LoVo human colon cancer cell line. LoVo-cells were treated with varying doses of crude venom of W. aegyptia. Cell viability was checked utilizing flow cytometry, and IC50 of venom was determined. Venom-induced inflammatory effects were evaluated on the expression of 40 different inflammatory mediators (12 anti-tumorigenic cytokines, 11 pro-tumorigenic cytokines, 7 pro-tumorigenic growth factors, 9 pro-tumorigenic chemokines and 1 anti-tumorigenic chemokine) in treated LoVo-cells [utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] and compared with controls. Treatment of venom induced significant cytotoxic effects on inflamed LoVo-cells. IC50 treatment of venom caused significant modulations on the expression of 22 inflammatory mediators in treated LoVo-cells. The beneficial modulatory effects of venom were screened via its capability to significantly increase the expression of five powerful anti-tumorigenic mediators (IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-15, IL-1RA and Fractalkine) and decrease the expression of four major pro-tumorigenic mediators (IL-1β, VEGF, MCP-1 and MCP-3). Walterinnesia aegyptia venom-induced beneficial modulations on the expression of nine crucial pro/anti-tumorigenic inflammatory mediators can be effectively used to enhance powerful anti-tumor immunity against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha H Daghestani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushboo Ambreen
- Department of Biotechnology, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Hana H Hakami
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Omair
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Saleem
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia A Aleisa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina M AlNeghery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad H Amin
- College of Dentistry, Riyadh ELM University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussah M Alobaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Omair
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lena M Hassen
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Czajka-Francuz P, Cisoń-Jurek S, Czajka A, Kozaczka M, Wojnar J, Chudek J, Francuz T. Systemic Interleukins' Profile in Early and Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:124. [PMID: 35008550 PMCID: PMC8745135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by mutual interactions of the tumor, stromal and immune cells. Early and advanced colorectal tumors differ in structure and present altered serum cytokine levels. Mutual crosstalk among TME infiltrating cells may shift the balance into immune suppressive or pro-inflammatory, antitumor response this way influencing patients' prognosis. Cancer-related inflammation affects all the body and this way, the systemic level of cytokines could reflect TME processes. Despite numerous studies, it is still not known how systemic cytokines levels change during colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor development. Better understanding tumor microenvironment processes could help in planning therapeutic interventions and more accurate patient prognosis. To contribute to the comprehension of these processes within TME, we reviewed cytokines levels from clinical trials in early and advanced colorectal cancer. Presented data were analyzed in the context of experimental studies and studies analyzing tumor infiltration with immune cells. The review summarizes clinical data of cytokines secreted by tumor microenvironment cells: lymphocytes T helper 1 (Th1), lymphocytes T helper 2 (Th2), lymphocytes T helper 17 (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg cells), regulatory T cells (Breg cells), M1/M2 macrophages, N1/N2 neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), dendritic cells (DC), innate lymphoid cells (ILC) natural killer (NK) cells and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Czajka-Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Sylwia Cisoń-Jurek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Aleksander Czajka
- Department of General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Maciej Kozaczka
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Public Research Institute in Gliwice, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wojnar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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16
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Interleukin (IL)-9 Supports the Tumor-Promoting Environment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246301. [PMID: 34944921 PMCID: PMC8699356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Interleukin 9 (IL-9), a soluble factor secreted by immune cells, has been found in several tumor niches where, depending on the specific tumor type, it either promotes or counteracts tumor development. Recently, IL-9 has been implicated in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the roles of IL-9 in disease, with a focus on its implication in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 is a soluble factor secreted by immune cells into the microenvironment. Originally identified as a mediator of allergic responses, IL-9 has been detected in recent years in several tumor niches. In solid tumors, it mainly promotes anti-tumor immune responses, while in hematologic malignancies, it sustains the growth and survival of neoplastic cells. IL-9 has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its contribution to this complex neoplasia are still unclear. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of IL-9 in the tumor microenvironment, with a focus on its role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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17
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NLRP7 Promotes Choriocarcinoma Growth and Progression through the Establishment of an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122999. [PMID: 34203890 PMCID: PMC8232770 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory gene NLRP7 is the major gene responsible for recurrent complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), an abnormal pregnancy that can develop into gestational choriocarcinoma (CC). However, the role of NLRP7 in the development and immune tolerance of CC has not been investigated. Three approaches were employed to define the role of NLRP7 in CC development: (i) a clinical study that analyzed human placenta and sera collected from women with normal pregnancies, CHM or CC; (ii) an in vitro study that investigated the impact of NLRP7 knockdown on tumor growth and organization; and (iii) an in vivo study that used two CC mouse models, including an orthotopic model. NLRP7 and circulating inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in tumor cells and in CHM and CC. In tumor cells, NLRP7 functions in an inflammasome-independent manner and promoted their proliferation and 3D organization. Gravid mice placentas injected with CC cells invalidated for NLRP7, exhibited higher maternal immune response, developed smaller tumors, and displayed less metastases. Our data characterized the critical role of NLRP7 in CC and provided evidence of its contribution to the development of an immunosuppressive maternal microenvironment that not only downregulates the maternal immune response but also fosters the growth and progression of CC.
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18
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Pasvenskaite A, Liutkeviciene R, Gedvilaite G, Vilkeviciute A, Liutkevicius V, Uloza V. The Role of IL-9 Polymorphisms and Serum IL-9 Levels in Carcinogenesis and Survival Rate for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030601. [PMID: 33803218 PMCID: PMC8001846 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have described the dichotomous function of IL-9 in various cancer diseases. However, its function has still not been analysed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In the present study, we evaluated five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) and determined their associations with the patients' five-year survival rate. Additionally, we analysed serum IL-9 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three hundred LSCC patients and 533 control subjects were included in this study. A significant association between the patients' survival rate and distribution of IL-9 rs1859430 variants was revealed: patients carrying AA genotype had a higher risk of dying (p = 0.005). Haplotypes A-G-C-G-G of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) were associated with 47% lower odds of LSCC occurrence (p = 0.035). Serum IL-9 levels were found detectable in three control group subjects (8.99 ± 12.03 pg/mL). In summary, these findings indicate that the genotypic distribution of IL-9 rs1859430 negatively influences the five-year survival rate of LSCC patients. The haplotypes A-G-C-G-G of IL-9 (rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884) are associated with the lower odds of LSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Pasvenskaite
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6532-3034
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.L.); (G.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Vykintas Liutkevicius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
| | - Virgilijus Uloza
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS), LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.L.); (V.U.)
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19
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Gouyou B, Ongaro T, Cazzamalli S, De Luca R, Kerschenmeyer A, Valet P, Villa A, Neri D, Matasci M. Antibody-based delivery of interleukin-9 to neovascular structures: Therapeutic evaluation in cancer and arthritis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:940-951. [PMID: 33475433 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220981578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 is a cytokine with multiple functions, including the ability to activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells, which has been postulated to be therapeutically active in mouse models of arthritis. Similarly, interleukin-9 has been suggested to play an important role in tumor immunity. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and characterization of three fusion proteins based on murine interleukin-9 and the F8 antibody, specific to the alternatively spliced EDA domain of fibronectin. EDA is strongly expressed in cancer and in various arthritic conditions, while being undetectable in the majority of healthy organs. Interleukin-9-based fusion proteins with an irrelevant antibody specific to hen egg lysozyme served as negative control in our study. The fusion proteins were characterized by quantitative biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice using radioiodinated protein preparations. The highest tumor uptake and best tumor:organ ratios were observed for a format, in which the interleukin-9 moiety was flanked by two units of the F8 antibody in single-chain Fv format. Biological activity of interleukin-9 was retained when the payload was fused to antibodies. However, the targeted delivery of interleukin-9 to the disease site resulted in a modest anti-tumor activity in three different murine models of cancer (K1735M2, CT26, and F9), while no therapeutic benefit was observed in a collagen induced model of arthritis. Collectively, these results confirm the possibility to deliver interleukin-9 to the site of disease but cast doubts about the alleged therapeutic activity of this cytokine in cancer and arthritis, which has been postulated in previous publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziano Ongaro
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen 8112, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Cedex 4, Toulouse 31432, France
| | | | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Matasci
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen 8112, Switzerland
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20
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Niccolai E, Russo E, Baldi S, Ricci F, Nannini G, Pedone M, Stingo FC, Taddei A, Ringressi MN, Bechi P, Mengoni A, Fani R, Bacci G, Fagorzi C, Chiellini C, Prisco D, Ramazzotti M, Amedei A. Significant and Conflicting Correlation of IL-9 With Prevotella and Bacteroides in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:573158. [PMID: 33488574 PMCID: PMC7820867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Gut microbiota (GM) can support colorectal cancer (CRC) progression by modulating immune responses through the production of both immunostimulatory and/or immunosuppressive cytokines. The role of IL-9 is paradigmatic because it can either promote tumor progression in hematological malignancies or inhibit tumorigenesis in solid cancers. Therefore, we investigate the microbiota–immunity axis in healthy and tumor mucosa, focusing on the correlation between cytokine profile and GM signature. Methods In this observational study, we collected tumor (CRC) and healthy (CRC-S) mucosa samples from 45 CRC patients, who were undergoing surgery in 2018 at the Careggi University Hospital (Florence, Italy). First, we characterized the tissue infiltrating lymphocyte subset profile and the GM composition. Subsequently, we evaluated the CRC and CRC-S molecular inflammatory response and correlated this profile with GM composition, using Dirichlet multinomial regression. Results CRC samples displayed higher percentages of Th17, Th2, and Tregs. Moreover, CRC tissues showed significantly higher levels of MIP-1α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IP-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, P-selectin, and IL-9. Compared to CRC-S, CRC samples also showed significantly higher levels of the following genera: Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus2, and Ruminococcus. Finally, the abundance of Prevotella spp. in CRC samples negatively correlated with IL-17A and positively with IL-9. On the contrary, Bacteroides spp. presence negatively correlated with IL-9. Conclusions Our data consolidate antitumor immunity impairment and the presence of a distinct microbiota profile in the tumor microenvironment compared with the healthy mucosa counterpart. Relating the CRC cytokine profile with GM composition, we confirm the presence of bidirectional crosstalk between the immune response and the host’s commensal microorganisms. Indeed, we document, for the first time, that Prevotella spp. and Bacteroides spp. are, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with IL-9, whose role in CRC development is still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedone
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti", Florence, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bacci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence, Italy
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21
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Fang H, Li R, Gu Y, Fei Y, Jin K, Chen Y, Cao Y, Liu X, Lv K, Wang J, Yu K, Lin C, Liu H, Li H, He H, Zhang W, Zhang H, Shen Z. Intratumoral interleukin-9 delineates a distinct immunogenic class of gastric cancer patients with better prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapeutic response. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1856468. [PMID: 33354409 PMCID: PMC7738302 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1856468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a T cell cytokine that is associated with inflammation and allergy, but the expression level of IL-9 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance are less well established. Our study aims to uncover the critical role of IL-9 in the progression of gastric cancer. Here, a total of 453 patients with gastric cancer undergoing curative resection were enrolled for immunohistochemical analyses, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to compare overall survival of patients in different subgroups. We further investigated the correlation between IL-9 expression and functional status of intratumoral CD8+ T cells by means of Flow cytometry. Moreover, in vitro study was preformed to further explore the influence of IL-9 on anti-tumor immunity. Results indicated that gastric cancer patients with high IL-9 expression showed improved overall survival and gained more benefit from 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). High IL-9 expression was associated with increased numbers and elevated function of intratumoral CD8+ T cells. In vitro study revealed that recombinant human IL-9 (rhIL-9) exhibit anti-tumor activity via enhancing the function of intratumoral CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we found rhIL-9 could augment the efficacy of Pembrolizumab in gastric cancer. In summary, these results suggest that IL-9 expression could act as an independent predictor for overall survival and ACT response and enhancing IL-9 signaling might represent an important therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Fei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaifeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunpeng Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieti Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Daghestani MH, H. Hakami H, Ambreen K, Saleem AM, Aleisa NA, Al Neghery LM, Amin MH. Assessment of tumor-suppressive inflammatory tendency of Echis coloratus venom against colon carcinogenesis, via up-regulation of anti-tumorigenic inflammatory cells and down-regulation of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory cells, in colon cancer cell lines. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha H. Daghestani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana H. Hakami
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushboo Ambreen
- Department of Biotechnology, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Abdulaziz M. Saleem
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia A. Aleisa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Centre for Scientific and Medical Female Colleges, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina M. Al Neghery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Apetoh L. Anticancer effects of the microbiota: how the microbiome shapes the development of IL-9-producing T cells. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:497-498. [PMID: 32624577 PMCID: PMC7435171 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9-producing T cells can harbour potent anti-cancer functions. In this issue of the British Journal of Cancer, Almeida et al. found that the host microbiota enhances in vivo T cell-derived secretion of IL-9, thereby limiting cancer outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM, U1231, Dijon, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
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24
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Li J, Huang L, Zhao H, Yan Y, Lu J. The Role of Interleukins in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2323-2339. [PMID: 32760201 PMCID: PMC7378639 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great progress has been made in treatment strategies, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the predominant life-threatening malignancy with the feature of high morbidity and mortality. It has been widely acknowledged that the dysfunction of immune system, including aberrantly expressed cytokines, is strongly correlated with the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. As one of the most well-known cytokines that were discovered centuries ago, interleukins are now uncovering new insights into colorectal cancer therapy. Herein, we divide currently known interleukins into 6 families, including IL-1 family, IL-2 family, IL-6 family, IL-8 family, IL-10 family and IL-17 family. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the oncogenic or antitumour function of each interleukin involved in CRC pathogenesis and progression by elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, by providing interleukins-associated clinical trials, we have further driven the profound prospect of interleukins in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 2017, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 2017, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hanzhang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 2017, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 2017, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
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25
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Park SM, Do-Thi VA, Lee JO, Lee H, Kim YS. Interleukin-9 Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Melanoma through Stimulating Anti-Tumor M1 Macrophages. Mol Cells 2020; 43:479-490. [PMID: 32326670 PMCID: PMC7264476 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is well known for its role in allergic inflammation. For cancer, both pro- and anti-tumor effects of IL-9 were controversially reported, but the impact of IL-9 on tumor metastasis has not yet been clarified. In this study, IL-9 was expressed as a secretory form (sIL-9) and a membrane-bound form (mbIL-9) on B16F10 melanoma cells. The mbIL-9 was engineered as a chimeric protein with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic region of TNF-α. The effect of either mbIL-9 or sIL-9 expressing cells were analyzed on the metastasis capability of the cancer cells. After three weeks of tumor implantation into C57BL/6 mice through the tail vein, the number of tumor modules in lungs injected with IL-9 expressing B16F10 was 5-fold less than that of control groups. The percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and M1 macrophages considerably increased in the lungs of the mice injected with IL-9 expressing cells. Among them, the M1 macrophage subset was the most significantly enhanced. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages, which were stimulated with either sIL-9 or mbIL-9 expressing transfectant, exerted higher anti-tumor cytotoxicity compared with that of the mock control. The IL-9-stimulated peritoneal macrophages were highly polarized to M1 phenotype. Stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages with sIL-9 or mbIL-9 expressing cells also significantly increased the cytotoxicity of those macrophages against wild-type B16F10 cells. These results clearly demonstrate that IL-9 can induce an anti-metastasis effect by enhancing the polarization and proliferation of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Korea
| | - Van Anh Do-Thi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 414, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 3434, Korea
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26
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Cui G. T H9, T H17, and T H22 Cell Subsets and Their Main Cytokine Products in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1002. [PMID: 31637216 PMCID: PMC6787935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several newly identified T helper (TH) cell subsets, such as TH9, TH17, and TH22 cells, and their respective cytokine products, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, have been reported to play critical roles in the development of chronic inflammation in the colorectum. Since chronic inflammation is a potent driving force for the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the contributions of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the pathogenesis of CRC have recently become an increasingly popular area of scientific investigation. Extensive laboratory and clinical evidence suggests a positive relationship between these new TH subsets and the growth and formation of CRC, whereas, administration of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 signaling inhibitors can significantly alter the formation of colorectal chronic inflammation or CRC lesions in animal models, suggesting that blocking these cytokine signals might represent promising immunotherapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings and currently available data for understanding the vital role and therapeutic significance of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the development of colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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