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Williams AC, Jelsma E, Varner F. The role of perceived thought control ability in the psychological functioning of Black American mothers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2021; 91:246-257. [PMID: 33983773 PMCID: PMC9878470 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which perceived thought control ability (PTCA) promotes the psychological functioning of Black American mothers, as well as moderates the negative effects of key stressors faced by this population, including discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress. METHODS An online survey was administered to 305 Black American mothers across the U.S. Participants completed measures of PTCA, psychological well-being (life satisfaction and emotional well-being), psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms), and stressors (discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress). RESULTS Discrimination experiences, financial strain, and parenting stress were related to higher anxiety and depressive symptoms. Financial strain and parenting stress were also related to lower life satisfaction and emotional well-being. PTCA protected against the link between discrimination experiences and depressive symptoms (β = -.15, p < .001), discrimination experiences and anxiety (β = -.15, p < .001), and parenting stress on anxiety (β = .08, p = .04). PTCA also was associated with higher life satisfaction (β =.19, p = .001) and emotional well-being (β =.42, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that PTCA is a culturally relevant and practical psychological resource for psychological functioning among Black American mothers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Jelsma
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Fatima Varner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
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2
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Validation du biais contre les indices infirmatoires chez un échantillon francophone de patients schizophrènes. Encephale 2019; 45:147-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Barth V, Heitland I, Kruger THC, Kahl KG, Sinke C, Winter L. Shifting Instead of Drifting - Improving Attentional Performance by Means of the Attention Training Technique. Front Psychol 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30728792 PMCID: PMC6351493 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Attention Training Technique (ATT) as part of Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) has shown to be a promising treatment element for several psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. ATT predicts improvements of the ability to shift attention away from internal and non-relevant stimuli (e.g., ruminative thoughts) toward the relevant stimuli and aims to increase attentional flexibility and control. The current study investigated the impact of the Attention Training Technique on attentional performance. Methods: Eighty-five healthy participants (29 in two doses ATT, 28 in four doses ATT and 28 in the control group; 18-37 years of age) were administered a test battery for attentional performance before and after an intervention of two doses ATT (23 min duration) vs. four doses of ATT (46 min duration) vs. a control condition (non-intervention audio file via headphones. The test battery measured selective attention, inhibition, working memory, and attentional disengagement and comprised the following tasks: dichotic listening, attentional bias, attentional network, stroop, 2-back and a 3-back. Results: After ATT (both two and four doses), reaction time during dichotic listening was significantly faster compared to the control condition. Furthermore, reaction time to neutral stimuli in the attentional bias task was faster after four-doses ATT compared to two doses ATT and the control condition. We found a trend toward a reduced stroop effect for both ATT conditions compared to control group. There were no effects of ATT with regard to the attentional network task, the 2-back or the 3-back task. Conclusion: This first empirical evidence suggests that ATT promotes specific attentional flexibility in healthy participants. Based on the same mechanism, ATT may have beneficial effects on attentional performance in clinical populations and might be a promising tool in both healthy and clinical participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Barth
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tillmann H. C. Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lotta Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Laloyaux J, Della Libera C, Larøi F. Source flexibility in schizophrenia: specificity and role in auditory hallucinations. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2018; 23:393-407. [PMID: 30289058 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1530648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One important aspect of human cognition relies on the ability to bias attention towards stimulus-independent and stimulus-oriented thoughts and to switch between these states - or source flexibility. This mechanism has received very little attention in the literature, and in particular in schizophrenia. Moreover, there is good reason to believe that this mechanism could also be implicated in hallucinations, but this hypothesis has never been examined. Thus, the aim of the present study was, for the first time in the literature, to explore source flexibility abilities in schizophrenia and their potential relations with auditory hallucinations. METHODS Forty persons diagnosed with schizophrenia and 26 healthy controls were evaluated with tasks assessing source flexibility, cognitive flexibility and processing speed. Patients were also assessed with a measure of hallucinations and delusions. RESULTS Results revealed that persons diagnosed with schizophrenia presented a poorer performance than healthy controls for source flexibility. Moreover, results demonstrated that source flexibility performance could not be explained by a more general impairment of processing speed or buy difficulties in cognitive flexibility. Finally, source flexibility was found to be related to hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Source flexibility plays an important role in schizophrenia and in particular is a cognitive mechanism involved in hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laloyaux
- a Department of Biological and Medical Psychology , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b NORMENT - Norwegian Center of Excellence for Mental Disorders Research , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,c Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Clara Della Libera
- c Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Frank Larøi
- a Department of Biological and Medical Psychology , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b NORMENT - Norwegian Center of Excellence for Mental Disorders Research , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,c Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit , University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
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Effects of the Attention Training Technique on Auditory Hallucinations in Schizo-Affective Disorder: A Single Case Study. Case Rep Psychiatry 2018; 2018:1537237. [PMID: 30174977 PMCID: PMC6106726 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1537237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 41-year-old female with schizo-affective disorder presenting with an eight-year history of auditory hallucinations participated in a single case treatment study (A-B-A-B-A-C-B) of the effects of the Attention Training Technique (ATT). No antipsychotic medication was prescribed in this case following a serious adverse reaction in the past. The aim of the study was to test the impact of ATT on the frequency and duration of hallucinations using a repeated return to baseline followed by an alternating treatment design. The alternative intervention consisted of autogenic relaxation instructions. The patient monitored the frequency, duration, and her distress over the voices on a daily basis during baseline and intervention phases across a study period of 80 weeks. Visual analysis of the data showed that ATT when introduced at three phases following baselines or control conditions was associated with a reduction in auditory hallucination frequency and duration compared to the other phases. This contrasted with the autogenic relaxation intervention that was associated with an increase in duration and frequency of voices. The perceived benefits of ATT were maintained for varying periods of time.
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Sellers R, Emsley R, Wells A, Morrison AP. The role of cognitive and metacognitive factors in non-clinical paranoia and negative affect. Psychol Psychother 2018; 91:169-185. [PMID: 28980765 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is increasingly accepted that paranoia lies on a continuum of severity that can be observed in the general population. Several psychological factors have been implicated in the development of more distressing persecutory ideas including negative affect (i.e., anxiety and depression), beliefs about oneself and other people (i.e., schemas), and metacognitive beliefs. This study aimed to explore the combined role of cognition and metacognition in paranoia. Specifically, unhelpful metacognitive beliefs and schematic beliefs were tested as potential moderators of the relationship between non-clinical paranoid ideation and negative affect. METHODS Measures from 227 people who took part in a cross-sectional online survey were analysed using structural equation modelling. A series of models grounded in cognitive and metacognitive theory were tested sequentially. RESULTS The results demonstrated that unhelpful metacognitive beliefs had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between paranoia and negative affect. Negative beliefs about oneself and other people did not moderate negative affect but positive beliefs about other people had a negative moderating effect. In a final model, negative schematic beliefs predicted paranoid ideation whilst metacognitive beliefs predicted and moderated affect. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that consideration of metacognitive beliefs, as well as schemas, may be important in understanding non-clinical paranoia. PRACTITIONER POINTS Metacognitive beliefs may be an important determinant of negative affect in the context of non-clinical paranoia. The consideration of both cognitive and metacognitive factors may be helpful when working with people with distressing paranoid ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sellers
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Richard Emsley
- Centre for Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Adrian Wells
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Anthony P Morrison
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.,Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, UK
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Sellers R, Wells A, Parker S, Morrison AP. Do people with psychosis engage in unhelpful metacognitive coping strategies? A test of the validity of the Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS) in a clinical sample. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:243-250. [PMID: 29091823 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model assumes that unhelpful metacognitive coping strategies characterised by worry, rumination, threat monitoring and attempts to control thoughts, have a central role in psychological disorders and prolonged negative affect. Collectively, these strategies constitute the Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS). This research aims to test whether a questionnaire designed to capture these responses (the CAS-1: Wells, 2009, p. 268) is a valid assessment tool in clinical psychosis, and to test whether activation of the CAS is associated with positive and negative outcomes. A sample of 60 people with psychosis completed a semi-structured interview about psychotic symptoms, the CAS-1 self-report measure and validated self-report measures of metacognitive beliefs, negative affect, quality of life and recovery. The CAS-1 demonstrated good internal consistency, concurrent validity and predictive validity. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that negative metacognitive beliefs predict negative affect, perceptions of recovery and quality of life in people with psychosis over and above psychotic symptoms. CAS-1 scores did not contribute additional variance in the final regression models. Implications for theory and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sellers
- School of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester M25 3BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Adrian Wells
- School of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Parker
- School of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester M25 3BL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Morrison
- School of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester M25 3BL, United Kingdom
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8
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Sellers R, Wells A, Morrison AP. Are experiences of psychosis associated with unhelpful metacognitive coping strategies? A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017; 25:31-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sellers
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Psychosis Research Unit; Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust; Manchester UK
| | - Adrian Wells
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Anthony P. Morrison
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Psychosis Research Unit; Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust; Manchester UK
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Sellers R, Varese F, Wells A, Morrison AP. A meta-analysis of metacognitive beliefs as implicated in the self-regulatory executive function model in clinical psychosis. Schizophr Res 2017; 179:75-84. [PMID: 27670237 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigated whether the five metacognitive beliefs implicated in the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model (Wells and Matthews, 1994; Wells and Matthews, 1996) are elevated in people with clinical psychosis compared to people with emotional disorder and non-psychiatric controls. The review followed guidance set-out in the PRISMA statement. Primary analyses compared summary effect sizes on each sub-scale of the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) for people with psychosis and non-psychiatric controls; and people with psychosis and people with emotional disorder. Eleven eligible studies were identified comprised of 568 psychosis participants, 212 emotional disorder participants and 776 non-psychiatric controls. Findings indicated that people with psychosis had higher scores on all sub-scales of the MCQ compared to non-psychiatric controls; and higher scores on the positive beliefs about worry sub-scale compared to people with emotional disorder. This suggests metacognitive beliefs may be associated with the presence of psychological disorder and distress in general, rather than specific diagnoses. Implications for models of psychosis and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sellers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester, M25 3BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Filippo Varese
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Wells
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Morrison
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester, M25 3BL, United Kingdom
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10
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Sellers R, Gawęda Ł, Wells A, Morrison AP. The role of unhelpful metacognitive beliefs in psychosis: Relationships with positive symptoms and negative affect. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:401-406. [PMID: 27788460 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (s-REF) model assumes that a common set of unhelpful metacognitive beliefs have a central role in predisposition to psychological disorder and the maintenance of symptoms and distress. This research aims to test whether the five unhelpful metacognitive beliefs implicated in the model are associated with positive symptoms of psychosis and whether they are a better predictor of negative affect than topological characteristics of positive symptoms. A sample of people with psychosis completed a semi-structured interview about psychotic symptoms and self-report measures of metacognitive beliefs (MCQ-30), anxiety and depression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggested that unhelpful metacognitive beliefs predict negative affect in people with psychosis over and above symptom frequency and other topological characteristics of symptoms captured by the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale (PSYRATS). The findings support the application of the metacognitive model to emotional distress in people with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sellers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester M25 3BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Wells
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Morrison
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich, Manchester M25 3BL, United Kingdom
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Preliminary study of a rehabilitation program based on attentional processes to treat auditory hallucinations. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21:315-334. [PMID: 27424464 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2016.1208610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment, residual hallucinations do not completely resolve in some medicated patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of attention training for reducing hallucinations in individuals with psychosis. METHODS A randomised controlled trial was performed in which 20 individuals suffering auditory hallucinations received auditory stimulation similar to their internal voices, which was integrated into the RehaCom program of attention training. An equal number of individuals suffering auditory hallucinations did not receive this training. Cognitive and symptomatological variables were evaluated before and after the intervention period in both groups. RESULTS Only data of 16 subjects were analysed. Auditory hallucinations no longer occurred by the end of the training program in five of eight individuals, whereas their frequency, intensity and negative content and associated anxiety were significantly reduced in the remaining three. No changes in hallucinations were observed in the control group. Attentional processes and executive functions were significantly better in patients who underwent the training than in those who did not at the end of the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS Attention training can help people with auditory hallucinations develop an ability to ignore them, which can reduce or eliminate them entirely.
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12
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Knowles MM, Foden P, El-Deredy W, Wells A. A Systematic Review of Efficacy of the Attention Training Technique in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples. J Clin Psychol 2016; 72:999-1025. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Wells
- University of Manchester
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology
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13
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Billieux J, Philippot P, Schmid C, Maurage P, De Mol J, Van der Linden M. Is Dysfunctional Use of the Mobile Phone a Behavioural Addiction? Confronting Symptom-Based Versus Process-Based Approaches. Clin Psychol Psychother 2014; 22:460-8. [PMID: 24947201 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dysfunctional use of the mobile phone has often been conceptualized as a 'behavioural addiction' that shares most features with drug addictions. In the current article, we challenge the clinical utility of the addiction model as applied to mobile phone overuse. We describe the case of a woman who overuses her mobile phone from two distinct approaches: (1) a symptom-based categorical approach inspired from the addiction model of dysfunctional mobile phone use and (2) a process-based approach resulting from an idiosyncratic clinical case conceptualization. In the case depicted here, the addiction model was shown to lead to standardized and non-relevant treatment, whereas the clinical case conceptualization allowed identification of specific psychological processes that can be targeted with specific, empirically based psychological interventions. This finding highlights that conceptualizing excessive behaviours (e.g., gambling and sex) within the addiction model can be a simplification of an individual's psychological functioning, offering only limited clinical relevance. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE The addiction model, applied to excessive behaviours (e.g., gambling, sex and Internet-related activities) may lead to non-relevant standardized treatments. Clinical case conceptualization allowed identification of specific psychological processes that can be targeted with specific empirically based psychological interventions. The biomedical model might lead to the simplification of an individual's psychological functioning with limited clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cécile Schmid
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jan De Mol
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martial Van der Linden
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, Psychology Department, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.,Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, Psychology Department, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Porter RJ, Bowie CR, Jordan J, Malhi GS. Cognitive remediation as a treatment for major depression: A rationale, review of evidence and recommendations for future research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:1165-75. [PMID: 23956342 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413502090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is considerable literature regarding the effectiveness of cognitive remediation (CR) in schizophrenia and in conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) present with significant cognitive impairment which in many cases may not resolve with treatment. Neurobiological data suggest that this may relate to underlying dysfunction of pre-frontal cortical areas of the brain and their connections with limbic structures. There has been limited research into specific CR to activate these areas and target impaired cognitive function in MDD. We therefore review current evidence, examine the theoretical basis for and present a rationale for research into CR in MDD. In addition, we will examine important methodological issues in developing such an approach. METHOD Based on preliminary studies using CR-based techniques, data from CR in schizophrenia, data regarding baseline and residual cognitive impairment in depression, and knowledge of the neurobiology of MDD, we examine the possible utility of CR strategies in the treatment of MDD and make recommendations for research in this area. RESULTS A small number of previous studies have examined specific CR in MDD. The studies are small and inconclusive. However, data on the neuropsychological function and neurobiology of MDD suggest that this is an approach that deserves further attention and research. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required in carefully selected populations, using well-defined CR techniques and some form of comparator treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Porter
- 1Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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15
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Ernst A, Blanc F, Voltzenlogel V, de Seze J, Chauvin B, Manning L. Autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis patients: assessment and cognitive facilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2012; 23:161-81. [PMID: 22978301 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2012.724355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The multifocal nature of lesions in multiple sclerosis hints at the occurrence of autobiographical memory (AbM) impairment. However, the dearth of studies on AbM in multiple sclerosis is noticeable, notwithstanding the importance of AbM in everyday life. In the first section of this study, 25 multiple sclerosis patients and 35 controls underwent a detailed episodic AbM assessment. Results obtained by means of ANOVA suggested an AbM retrieval deficit in every patient. That pattern of performance paved the way for the second section of the study, in which we followed up 10 out of the 25 patients. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of a cognitive facilitation programme designed to alleviate AbM retrieval deficits, based on the key role of mental visual imagery on AbM. Statistical group analyses by means of ANOVA and individual analyses using the χ(2) test showed significant differences in AbM test results, in post-facilitation relative to pre-facilitation training, in all 10 patients. Moreover, the patients' comments showed that the positive effects were transferred in their daily life functioning. We would like to suggest that the facilitation programme efficiently enhanced the process of self-centred mental visual imagery, which might have compensated for poor retrieval of personal memories by providing better access to visual details and detailed visual scenes of personal recollections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ernst
- Imaging and Cognitive Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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